Advances
TABLE of CONTENTS
in Molten Slags, Fluxes, and Salts: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Molten Slags, Fluxes and Salts
Preface ...........................................................................................................xxiii
Conference Organizing Committees ................................................................xxv
Proceedings Reviewers ..................................................................................xxix
Plenary Session
Waste to Value in Steelmaking ............................................................................3
Samane Maroufi, Irshad Mansuri, Paul O’Kane, Catherine Skidmore, Zheshi Jin, Andrea Fontana, Magdalena Zaharia, and Veena Sahajwalla
Current Status of Slag Design in Metallurgical Processes .................................17
Dong Joon Min and Sung Mo Jung
Refractory Metals Recovery from Industrial Wastes .........................................29
Tran Van Long, Hironori Murase, Takahiro Miki, Yasushi Sasaki, and Mitsutaka Hino
Industrial Applications: Ferroalloys and Silicon
Softening and Melting of SiO , an Important Parameter for Reactions with Quartz in Si Production ......................................................................................43
Eli Ringdalen and Merete Tangstad
High Temperature Corrosion Mechanisms of Refractories and Ferro-Alloy Slags...................................................................................................................53
Stefan Luidold, Christine Wenzl, Christoph Wagner, and Christoph Sagadin
Fundamental Investigation of Reduction and Dissolution Behavior of Manganese Ore at High Temperature ................................................................63
Yusuke Fujii, Yoshie Nakai, Yu-ichi Uchida, Naoki Kikuchi, and Yuji Miki
An Investigation on the Formation of Molten Salt Containing Chromium Oxide during Roasting of Chromite Ore with Sodium and Potassium Hydroxides .........................................................................................................71
L. Escudero-Castejon, S. Sanchez-Segado, S. Parirenyatwa, and A. Jha
Effect of the CaO Addition in the Fusion Process of Nickeliferous Laterites for Ferronickel Production .................................................................................79
Sandra Díaz Bello, Oscar J. Restrepo, and Álvaro H. Forero P
Defining the Operating Regime and Methodology for the Furnace Method for the Production of Low Carbon Ferrochrome ................................................87
Heine Weitz and Andrie Garbers-Craig
Optimized Slag Design for Maximum Metal Recovery during the Pyrometallurgical Processing of Polymetallic Deep-Sea Nodules ....................97
David Friedmann and Bernd Friedrich
Review of Liquidus Surface and Phase Equilibria in the TiO -SiO -Al O -MgO-CaO Slag System at PO Applicable in Fluxed Titaniferous Magnetite Smelting .....................................................................105
Xolisa Goso, Johannes Nell, and Jochen Petersen
Inclusions and Clean Steelmaking
Effect of Ladle Furnace Slag Composition in Si-Mn Killed Steel Transient Inclusion Changes ............................................................................................117
Stephano P.T. Pivaand P. Chris Pistorius
Reduction of Slag and Refractories by Aluminium in Steel and Inclusion Modification ....................................................................................................127
Haoyuan Mu, Bryan A. Webler, and Richard J. Fruehan
Reactivity of Selected Oxide Inclusions with CaO-Al O -SiO -(MgO) Slags .................................................................................................................135
B.J. Monaghan, H. Abdeyazdan, R.J. Longbottom, N. Dogan, M.A. Rhamdhani,andM.W. Chapman
A Study on Calcium Transferfrom Slag to Steel and ts Effect on Modification of Alumina and Spinel Inclusions ..............................................145
Deepoo Kumar and P. Chris Pistorius
Effect of Al O Content in Top Slag on Cleanness of Stainless Steel Fe-13Cr ............................................................................................................155
Qi Wang, Lijun Wang, and Kuochih Chou
Slag and Salt Structure
Understanding of Cr-Containing Slags by Sulphide Capacity and Structural Study ................................................................................................................167
Lijun Wang and Kuo-chih Chou
Structure Studies of Silicate Glasses by Raman Spectroscopy ........................175
Chen Han, Mao Chen, Ron Rasch, Ying Yu, and Baojun Zhao
Relation between Acoustic Properties and Structures on Molten Alkali Silicates ............................................................................................................183
Miyuki Hayashi
Useof Slags, Fluxes and Salts in Recycling
-SiO -Al O
Slag in WEEE Smelting at 1300 °C .................................................................193
Katri Avarmaa, Hugh O’Brien, and Pekka Taskinen
Experimental Study on Smelting of Waste Smartphone PCBs Based on A O - -SiO Slag System ........................................................................203
Youqi Fan, Yaowu Gu, Qiyong Shi, Songwen Xiao, and Fatian Jiang
Recovery of Valuable Metals from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries by Smelting Reduction Process Based on MnO-SiO -Al O Slag System .........................211
Ren Guoxing, Xiao Songwen, Xie Meiqiu, Pan Bing, Fan Youqi, Wang Fenggang,and Xia Xing
Crystallization/Freeze Linings
In-Situ Observation of Rare Earth Containing Precipitated Phase
Crystallization and Solidification of CaO-SiO -Nd O and CaO-SiO -Nd O -P O Melts .........................................................................221
Thu Hoai Le, Mayu Aketagawa, Annelies Malfliet, Bart Blanpain, and Muxing Guo
In-Situ Studies on the Crystallization of CaO-SiO -CaF -CeO System by a Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope ...........................................................229
Zengwu Zhao, Zhuang Ma, Fushun Zhang, Yongzhi Li, Yongli Jin, Xuefeng Zhan, and Baowei Li
Crystallization Kinetics of CaO-SiO -Al O -MgO Slags ...............................237
Shaghayegh Esfahaniand Mansoor Barati
Freeze-Lining Formation from Fayalite-Based Slags ......................................245
Liugang Chen, Muxing Guo, Shuigen Huang, Peter Tom Jones, Bart Blanpain, and Annelies Malfliet
Mold Flux
Root Cause Analysis of Surface Defects in Coils Produced through Thin Slab Route ........................................................................................................255
Diptak Bhattacharya, Siddhartha Misra, Avinash Kumar, and Vinay V Mahashabde
Advanced Mold Flux Development for the Casting of High-Al Steels ...........263
Dan Xiao, Wanlin Wang, Boxun Lu, and Xinwang Zhang
A Reaction Model to Simulate Composition Change of Mold Flux during Continuous Casting of High Al Steel ...............................................................271
Min-Su Kim and Youn-Bae Kang
Evaluation of Mold Flux for Continuous Casting of High-Aluminum Steel ...279
Wei Yan, Alexander McLean, Yindong Yang, Weiqing Chen, and Mansoor Barati
The Structure and the Crystallization Behaviour of the CaO-SiO -Al O -Based Mold Flux for High-Al Steels Casting .....................291
Jinxing Gao, Guanghua Wen, Ting Huang, and Ping Tang
Fundamental Investigations for the Design of Fluorine Free Mold Powder Compositions ...................................................................................................299
Irmtraud Marschall, Xiao Yang, and Harald Harmuth
Cold-Finger Measurement of Heat Transfer through Solidified Mold Flux Layers ..............................................................................................................307
Karina Lara Santos AssisandP. Chris Pistorius
Application of Cathodoluminescence in Analyzing Mold Flux Films .............317
Elizabeth Nolte, Jeffrey D. Smith, Michael Frazee, Neil Sutcliffe, and Ronald J. O’Malley
Effects of CaF on the Radiative Heat Transfer in Mould Fluxes for Continuous Steel Casting .................................................................................327
Masahiro Susa, Yuta Kono, Rie Endo, and Yoshinao Kobayashi
Effect of Na O on Crystallisation Behaviour and Heat Transfer of Fluorine-Free Mould Fluxes ............................................................................335
Jian Yang, Jianqiang Zhang, Yasushi Sasaki, Oleg Ostrovski, Chen Zhang, Dexiang Cai, and Yoshiaki Kashiwaya
Effect of Carbon Pickup on the Slab with Slag Pool Thickness in Ultra-Low Carbon Steel ....................................................................................................343
Min-Seok Park and Shin Yoo
Techniques for Controlling Heat Transfer in the Mould-Strand Gap in Order to Use Fluoride Free Mould Powder for Continuous Casting of Peritectic Steel Grades .....................................................................................349
Adam Hunt and Bridget Stewart
Reduction of Iron Oxides in Mould Fluxes with Additions of CaSi ..............357
Min Wang, Rie Endo, Yoshinao Kobayashi, Zuoyong Dou, and Masahiro Susa
Physical Properties: Viscosity
Viscosity Measurement at the International Conferences on Molten Slags and Fluxes from 1980 to the Present ................................................................369 Steven Wright and Wan-Yi Kim
A Structure-Based Viscosity Model and Database for Multicomponent Oxide Melts .....................................................................................................397
Guixuan Wu, Sören Seebold, Elena Zayhenskikh, Klaus Hack, and Michael Müller
Thermo-Physical-Chemical Properties of Blast Furnace Slag Bearing High TiO ........................................................................................................405
Chenguang Bai, Zhiming Yan, Shengping Li, Pingsheng Lai, Chen Shan, Xuewei Lv, and Guibao Qiu
The Effect of TiO on theLiquid sZone andApparent Viscosity of SiO -CaO-8wt.%MgO-14wt.%Al O System ................................................415
Zhiming Yan, Xuewei Lv, Jie Zhang, and Jian Xu
Electrorheology of Ti-Bearing Slag with Different Composition of TiC at 1723K.............................................................................................................423
Tao Jiang, Hongrui Yue, Xiangxin Xue, and Peining Duan
Study on Apparent Viscosity of Foaming Slag - Cold Model and High Temperature Experiments ................................................................................431
Johan Martinsson, BjörnGlaser, and Du Sichen
Effect of Al O and SiO Addition on the Viscosity of BOF Slag ..................439
Zhuangzhuang Liu, Lieven Pandelaers, Peter Tom Jones, Bart Blanpain, and Muxing Guo
Viscoelastic Properties of Calcium Silicate Based Mold Fluxes at 1623K.....447
Seung-Ho Shin, Jung-Wook Cho, and Seon-Hyo Kim
Viscosity Property and Raman Spectroscopy of FeO-SiO -V O -TiO -Cr O Slags .................................................................455
Weijun Huang, Min Chen, Xiang Shen, Yu Shan, Meile He, and Nan Wang
Physical Properties: Thermal Propertiesand Electrical Conductivity
Techniques for Measuring Solubility and Electrical Conductivity in Molten Salts .................................................................................................................465
Shizhao Su, Thomas Villalon Jr., Uday Pal, and Adam Powell
A New Method for Apparent Thermal Conductivity Measurement of Mould Flux ......................................................................................................477
Mu Li, Rie Endo, Li Ju Wang, and Masahiro Susa
Controlling Heat Transfer through Mold Flux Film by Scattering Effects ......485
Dae-Woo Yoon, Jung-Wook Cho, and Seon-Hyo Kim
Diffusion Coefficients and Structural Parameters of Molten Slags .................493
Samane Maroufi, Shahriar Amini, Sharif Jahanshahi, and OlegOstrovski
The Cationic Effect on Properties and Structure of CaO-MgO-SiO Melts ....501
Yong-Uk Han and Dong Joon Min
Effects of Structure on the Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Na O-CaO-SiO -FeO-Fe O Melts .................................................................511
Lesley J. Beyers, Geoffrey A. Brooks, Bart Blanpain, and Frederik Verhaeghe
Thermal Conductivity of Borosilicate Melt .....................................................519
Tsuyoshi Nishi, Junpei Ojima, Yoshitaka Kuroda, Hiromichi Ohta, Sohei Sukenaga, Hiroyuki Shibata, and Hidenori Kawashima
Melting Point and Heat Capacity of MgCl + Mg Salts ..................................525
Yuxiang Peng and Ramana G. Reddy
Interfacial Phenomena
Does Interfacial Tension Play the Most Important Role in Slag-Metal Reactions? An Important Aspect in Process Optimization ..............................535
Du Sichenand Jesse F. White
Control of Molten CaO– Al O Oxide Jets with Focus on Thermophysical Property Measurements and Some Limitations ...............................................547
Luckman Muhmood, Mirco Wegener, Shouyi Sun, and Alex Deev
Slag Surface Tension Measurements with Constrained Sessile Drops ............557
Marc A. Duchesne and Robin W. Hughes
Interactions between Liquid CaO–SiO Slags and Graphite Substrates ..........565
Jesse F. White, Jaewoo Lee, Oscar Hessling, and Björn Glaser
Initial Wetting and Spreading Phenomena of Slags on Refractory Ceramics ..........................................................................................................573
Yongsug Chung, Tae Hee Yoon, and Kyuyong Lee
Modelling and Experimental Studies of Diffusivity of Sulfur and Its Relevance in Observing Surface Oscillations at the Slag Metal Interface through X-ray Imaging ....................................................................................581
Luckman Muhmood, Nurni N Viswanathan, and Seshadri Seetharaman
SPH Analysis of Interfacial Flow of the Two Immiscible Melts .....................589
Shungo Natsui, Ryota Nashimoto, Tatsuya Kikuchi, and Ryosuke O. Suzuki
Surface Properties of Molten Fluoride-Based Salts .........................................597
Thomas Villalón Jr., Shizhao Su, and Uday Pal
Foaming Index of CaO -SiO -FeO -MgO Slag System ...................................607
Youngjoo Park and Dong Joon Min
Modeling Slag and Salt Properties
Development of Slag Management System .....................................................619
Kyei-Sing Kwong and James P. Bennett
Gaseous Fuel Production Using Waste Slags - Going beyond Heat Recovery ..........................................................................................................627
Jinichiro Nakano, James Bennett, and Anna Nakano
Efficient Storage and Recall of Slag Thermochemical Properties for Use in Multiphysics Models .......................................................................................635
Johannes H. Zietsman
Industrial Applications: Non-Ferrous
Production of Cobalt and Copper Alloys from Copper Slags via Reduction Smelting in DC Arc Furnace ...........................................................................647
Onuralp Yücel
Slag Reduction Kinetics of Copper Slags from Primary Copper Production ........................................................................................................657
Boyd Davis, Trevor Lebel, Roberto Parada, and Roberto Parra
Fluxing Strategies for the Direct to Blister Smelting of High Silica and Low Iron Copper Concentrates ................................................................................667
Michael Somerville, Chunlin Chen, Gerardo R.F. Alvear F., and Stanko Nikolic
Behavior of Selenium in Copper Smelting Slag ..............................................677
Bhavin Desai, Vilas Tathavadkar, Somnath Basu, and Kaushik Vakil
Selective Precipitation of Magnetite in Copper Slag by Controlled Molten Oxidation .........................................................................................................687
Yong Fan, Etsuro Shibata, Atsushi Iizuka, and Takashi Nakamura
Thermodynamics: Iron and Steel
Applications of ArcelorMittal Thermodynamic Computation Tools to Steel Production ........................................................................................................697
Jean Lehmann
Phase Equilibria Study of the CaO-“Fe O ”-SiO System in Air to Support Iron Sintering Process Optimisation ................................................................707
Peter C. Hayes, Jiang Chen, and Evgueni Jak
Understanding Sulfide Capacity of Molten Aluminosilicates via Structural Information from ‘Raman’ and ‘NMR’ Spectroscopic Methodologies ...........715
Joo Hyun Park
Thermodynamic Properties of the CaO-AlO . -Ce . System . .....................723
Ryo Kitano and Kazuki Morita
Distribution Behavior of Cr between CaO-SiO -A O (-MgO) Slag and Fe-C-Cr(-Si/A ) Metal Phase...................................................................731
Yanling Zhang, Xinlei Jia, Tuo Wu, Qiuhan Li, and Zhancheng Guo
Thermodynamics of ‘ESR’ Slag for Producing Nickel Alloys ........................745
Jun-Gil Yang and Joo Hyun Park
Production Using Molten Salts
Recycling Titanium and Its Alloys by Utilizing Molten Salt ...........................751
Toru H. Okabe and Yu-ki Taninouchi
Electrochemical Upgrading of Iron-Rich Titanium Ores .................................761
Farzin Fatollahi-Fard and Petrus Christiaan Pistorius
Investigations for the Recycle of Pyroprocessed Uranium ..............................771
B.R. Westphal, J.C. Price, E.E. Chambers, and M.N. Patterson
Zero-Direct-Carbon-Emission Aluminum Production by Solid Oxide Membrane-Based Electrolysis Process ............................................................781
Shizhao Su, Uday Pal, and Xiaofei Guan
Alumina Concentration Gradients in Aluminium Reduction Cells ..................791
Pascal Lavoie and Mark P. Taylor
Approach of the Molten Salt Chemistry for Aluminium Production: High Temperature NMR Measurements, Molecular Dynamics and DFT Calculations .....................................................................................................799
Kelly Machado, Didier Zanghi, Vincent Sarou-Kanian, Sylvian Cadars, Mario Burbano, Mathieu Salanne, and Catherine Bessada xiii
Electrochemical Study of Colbalt in Urea and Choline Chloride ....................807
Min Li, Zhongning Shi, Zhaowen Wang, and Ramana G. Reddy
The Current Efficiency for Aluminium Deposition from Molten Fluoride
Electrolytes with Dissolved Alumina ..............................................................817
Geir Martin Haarberg
Recycling and Reuse of Slag and Dust
Dissolution Mechanisms of Nutrient Elements from Steelmaking Slag into Seawater ...........................................................................................................829
Hiroyuki Matsuura, Qian Zhou, Fuminori Katabe, Likun Zang, Guohua Zhang, and Fumitaka Tsukihashi
Effects of Three Types of Iron and Steel Slag on Fresh and Hardened Properties of Ordinary Portland Cement ..........................................................837
Seyed Vahid Hosseini, Shahnavaz Eilbeigi, and Mohammad Reza Nilforoushan
Modification of BOF Slag for Cement Manufacturing ....................................847
João B. Ferreira Neto, Catia Fredericci, João O.G. Faria, Fabiano F. Chotoli, Tiago R. Ribeiro, Antônio Malynowskyj, Andre N.L. Silva, Valdecir A. Quarcioni, and Andre A. Lotto
Reaction between Synthesized Calcium Aluminates and Cr O in Air and CO ...........................................................................................................855
Shengqiang Song and Andrie Garbers-Craig
Immobilization of Hexavalent Chromium in Stainless Steelmaking Slag .......865
Ryo Inoue, Yoshiya Sato, Yasushi Takasaki, and Atsushi Shibayama
Smelting Reduction of Bottom Ash in Presence of Liquid Steel Bath for Recovery of Aluminium ..................................................................................873
A.K. Mandal and O.P. Sinha
A Review of Slag Chemistry in Lead Recycling .............................................879
Doug Schriner, Patrick Taylor, and Joseph Grogan
Characterization and Recovery of Valuables from Waste Copper Smelting Slag ...................................................................................................889
Sarfo Prince, Jamie Young, Guojun Ma, and Courtney Young xiv
Development of Secondary Antimony Oxides from Metallurgical Slags for the Application in Plastic Products.................................................................. 899
Florian Binz and Bernd Friedrich
Improving the Dissolution of Phosphorus from 2CaO·SiO -3CaO·P O
Solid Solution in Aqueous Solutions ...............................................................909
Chuan-ming Du, Xu Gao, Sun-joong Kim, Shigeru Ueda, and Shin-ya Kitamura
Thermodynamics: Non-Ferrous Production
Chromium Distribution between Liquid Slag and Matte Phases .....................919
R Hurman Eric
Thermophysical Property Measurements of Molten Slag and Welding Flux by Aerodynamic Levitator ...............................................................................929
Kenta Onodera, Airi Nakamura, Shinya Hakamada, Masahito Watanabe, and Florian Kargl
Solubility of CaO and Al O in Metallic Copper Saturated Molten Phase .....937
Joseph Hamuyuni and Pekka Taskinen
Integrated Experimental and Modelling Research for Non-Ferrous Smelting and Recycling Systems .....................................................................947
Evgueni Jak, Taufiq Hidayat, Denis Shishin, Ata Fallah Mehrjardi, Jiang Chen, SergeiDecterov, and Peter Hayes
Experimental Study of Slag/Matte/Metal/Tridymite Four Phase Equilibria and Minor Elements Distribution in "Cu-Fe-Si-S-O” System by Quantitative Microanalysis Techniques ...........................................................961
Jeff (Jiang) Chen, Charlotte Allen, Peter C. Hayes, and Evgueni Jak
Experimental Determination of the Liquidus Surface (1473 K) in Cu-ZnO-SiO -O System at Various Oxygen Partial Pressures ........................971 Longgong Xia, Zhihong Liu, and Pekka Antero Taskinen
Liquidus Measurement of Te-O-Na O-SiO System between 1000 and 1200 °C in Equilibrium with Air ...............................................................979
Imam Santoso and Pekka Taskinen
Industrial Applications: Steel
Kinetics of Phosphorus Mass Transfer and the Interfacial Oxygen Potential for Bloated Metal Droplets during Oxygen Steelmaking .................................989
Kezhuan Gu, Neslihan Dogan, and Kenneth S. Coley
Physical Modelling of the Effect of Slag and Top-Blowing on Mixing in the AOD Process ..............................................................................................999
Tim Haas, Ville-Valtteri Visuri, Aki Kärnä, Erik Isohookana, Petri Sulasalmi, Rauf Hürman Eriç, Herbert Pfeifer, and Timo Fabritius
3D CFD Modeling of the LMF System: Desulfurization Kinetics ................1009
Qing Cao, April Pitts, Daojie Zhang, Laurentiu Nastac, and Robert Williams
Slag Formation – Thermodynamic and Kinetic Aspects and Mechanisms ....1017
Lauri Holappa and Yilmaz Kaçar
Effects of Various Slag Systems on Metal/Slag Separation of CCA and Slag Composition on Desulfurization and Dephosphorization of Iron Nugget ....................................................................................................1025
Ji-Ook Park and Sung-Mo Jung
Use of Al-killed Ladle Furnace Slag in Si-killed Steel Process to Reduce Lime Consumption, Improve Slag Fluidity ...................................................1031
Narottam Behera, Ahmad Raddadi, Shahreer Ahmad, Neeraj Tewari, and Othman Zeghaibi
Refractories
Influence of Physical Properties of Slag and Operational Parameters on Slag Splashing Process in an Oxygen Convertor ...........................................1043
Paula Maria Gomes Cunha Leão, Eliana Ferreira Rodrigues, Carlos Antonio da Silva, Itavahn Alves da Silva, and Varadarajan Seshadri
Corrosion Mechanisms in Refractory Castables by Liquid Oxides ...............1053
L. Tadeo Ibarra, A.M. Guzmán, D.I. Martínez, and G. Alan Castillo
Viscous Behavior of Alumina and Titania in Amphoteric Slags and Their Influence on Refractory Corrosion ................................................................1063
Frank Kaußen and Bernd Friedrich
Phase Chemistry Study of the Interactions between Slag and Refractory in Coppermaking Processes ...........................................................................1071
Ata Fallah Mehrjardi, Peter C. Hayes, Turarbek Azekenov, Leonid Ushkov, and Evgueni Jak
The Study of Molten Liquid -Refractory Interactions–It s ll about the Phase(s) ..........................................................................................................1077
Andrie Garbers-Craig
Effect of Slag Impregnation on Macroscopic Deformation of Bauxite-based Material ..................................................................................1093
Antoine Coulon, Emmanuel De Bilbao, Rudy Michel, Marie-Laure Bouchetou, Séverine Brassamin, Camille Gazeau, Didier Zanghi, and Jacques Poirer
Corrosion Resistances of Cr-Free Refractories to Copper Smelting Slags ....1101
Mao Chen, Junhong Chen, and Baojun Zhao
Gasification Slag and the Mechanisms by Which PhosphorusAdditions Reduce Slag Wear and Corrosion in High Cr O Refractories ......................1109
James Bennett, Anna Nakano, Jinichiro Nakano, and Hugh Thomas
Additional Technical Papers
A High Temperature Double Knudsen Cell Mass Spectrometry Study of Gas Species Evolved from Coal-Petcoke Mixed Feedstock Slags ................1119
Jinichiro Nakano, Takashi Nagai, James Bennett, Anna Nakano, and Kazuki Morita
An Assessment of Slag Eye Formation Using Mathematical and Physical Modeling ........................................................................................................1127
Augusto Pereira de Sá, Filipe de Menezes Torres, Carlos Antonio da Silva, Itavahn Alves da Silva, and Varadarajan Seshadri
An Effect of Phosphorus Gas Generated in Slagging GasifiersonPt-Rh Sensor Degradation........................................................................................ 1135
Anna Nakano, Jinichiro Nakano, and James Bennett
An Experimental Study of Viscosity in FeO-SiO -V O -TiO System ........1143
Shiyuan Liu, Lijun Wang, and Kuo-chih Chou xvii
Capturing and Condensation of SiO Gas from Industrial Si Furnace ............1153
Ksiazek Michal, Grådahl Svend, Rotevant, Eirik Andersen, and Wittgens Bernd
Corrosion Testing of Zirconia, Beryllia and Magnesia Ceramics in Molten Alkali Metal Carbonates at 900°C .................................................................1161
Valery Kaplan and Igor Lubomirsky
Density, Viscosity, Vapor Pressure and Thermal Conductivity of MgCl + Mg Salts ......................................................................................................1169
Yuxiang Peng and Ramana G. Reddy
Development of “Slag-Remaining+Double-Slag” BOF Steelmaking Technology in Shougang Co. .........................................................................1177
Haibo Li, Yanchun Lu, Guosen Zhu, and Xinhua Wang
Effect of Basicity on Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) Slag Solidification Microstructure and Mineralogy .....................................................................1185
Chunwei Liu, Muxing Guo, Lieven Pandelaers, Bart Blanpain, and Shuigen Huang
Effect of Slag Prepared with Different Cooling Methods on Cleanliness of Bearing Steel GCr15 ..................................................................................1191
Dong-ping Zhan, Yang-peng Zhang, Lei Tang, Kun Fan, Zhou-hua Jiang, and Hui-shu Zhang
Effect of ZrInhibitor on Corrosion of Haynes 230 and NS-163 Alloys in FLiNaK ..........................................................................................................1199
Yuxiang Peng and Ramana G. Reddy
Experimental Study of Gas/Slag/Matte/Spinel Equilibria and Minor Elements Partitioning in the Cu-Fe-O-S-Si System .......................................1207
Taufiq Hidayat, Ata F Mehrjardi, Peter C Hayes, and Evgueni Jak
Experimental Study of Liquidus of the “FeO”-SiO -PbO Slags in Equilibrium with Air and with Metallic Lead ................................................1221
Maksym Shevchenko, Taufiq Hidayat, Peter C Hayes, and Evgueni Jak
Formation of Copper Sulfide Precipitate in Solid Iron ..................................1229
Kentaro Urata and Yoshinao Kobayashi
xviii
Integrated Heat Recovery and Material Recycling from Hot Slags: Toward Energy Saving and Emission Reduction ..........................................1237
Yongqi Sun, Zuotai Zhang, and Seetharaman Sridhar
Interfacial Phenomena and Thermophysical Properties of Molten Steel and Oxides .....................................................................................................1245
Masahito Watanabe, KentaOnodera, Shoya Ueno, Takao Tsukada, Toshihiro Tanaka, Haruka Tamaru, and Takehiko Ishikawa
Investigation of Molten Salt Phase Formation during Alkali Roasting of Titaniferous Minerals with Sodium and Potassium Hydroxide .....................1253
S. Parirenyatwa, L. Escudero-Castejon, S. Sanchez-Segado, Y. Hara, and A. Jha
Precipitation Behavior of Titanium Bearing Blast Furnace Slag ...................1261
MeilongHu, ZhengfengQu, XueweiLv, and Yunhua Gan
Production of Ceramic Balls by High Temperature Atomization of Mine Wastes ............................................................................................................1271
Hyunsik Park, Minchul Ha, Dong-hyo Yang, Jeong-soo Sohn, and Joohyun Park
Properties of Bayer Red Mud Based Flux and Its Application in the Steelmaking Process ......................................................................................1277
Yanling Zhang, Fengshan Li, and Ruimin Wang
Reduction Behavior of Assmang andComilog Ore in the SiMn Process ......1285
Pyunghwa Peace Kim, Joakim Holtan, and Merete Tangstad
Regeneration of WC-Co Nanopowders via Sodiothermic Reduction in Molten Salts ...................................................................................................1293
Na Wang, Xue-Mei Liu, Li-Hua Chai, Jinyu Wu, and Xuyang Shen
RheologicalBehavior of Fayalite Based Secondary Copper Smelter Slag in Iron Saturation ...........................................................................................1301
Huayue Shi, Liugang Chen, Annelies Malfliet, Tom Peter Jones, Bart Blanpain, and Muxing Guo
Silicon and Manganese Partition between Slag and Metal Phases and Their Activities Pertinent to Ferromanganese and Silicomanganese Production ....1309
Hakan Cengizler and R Hurman Eric xix
Stability of Fluorine-Free Mould Fluxes SiO -CaO-Al O -B O -Na O for Steel Continuous Casting .........................................................................1319
Lin Wang, Jianqiang Zhang, Yasushi Sasaki, Oleg Ostrovski, Chen Zhang, and Dexiang Cai
Study of MnO Activity in CaO-SiO -MnO-Al O -MgO Slags ....................1327
Jun Tao, Dongdong Guo, Baijun Yan, and Longmei Wang
Study on Electrical Conductivity of CaO-SiO -Al O - ...............1335
Guo-Hua Zhang, Jun-Hao Liu, and Kuo-Chih Chou
The Distribution Rules of Element and Compound of Cobalt/Iron/Copper in the Converter Slag of Copper Smelting Process ........................................1343
Hongxu Li, Ke Du, Shi Sun, Jiaqi Fan, and Chao Li
The Management of Lead Concentrate Acquisition in “Trepca” ...................1351
Ahmet Haxhiaj, Maoming Fan, and Bajram Haxhiaj
The Mineral Constitution and Leachability Characteristics of Dusts from Different Lead Smelting Furnace ...................................................................1359
Hongxu Li, Yang Xie, Chao Li, Zhaobo Liu, and Mengmeng Huang
The Wetting Behavior of CrMnNi Steel on Mg-PSZ as a Function of Phosphorous, Sulphur and Titanium Content ................................................1371
Tobias Dubberstein, Hans-Peter Heller, Claudia Wenzel, and Christos G. Aneziris
Thermodynamic Modelling of Liquid Slag-Matte-Metal Equilibria
Applied to the Simulationof the Peirce-Smith Converter .............................1379
Denis Shishin, Taufiq Hidayat, Sergei Decterov, and Evgueni Jak - O Solid Solution at Steelmaking Temperature ..............................................................................1389
Hiroyuki Matsuura, Ming Zhong, Xu Gao, and Fumitaka Tsukihashi
Understanding Phase Equilibria in Slags Containing Vanadium ...................1397
Jinichiro Nakano, Marc Duchesne, James Bennett, Anna Nakano, Robin Hughes, and In-Ho Jung
Vanadium Oxidation State Determination by X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy ..................................................................................................1405
Marc A. Duchesne, Jinichiro Nakano, Yongfeng Hu, Aimee MacLennan, Robin W. Hughes, James Bennett, and Anna Nakano
Author Index ..................................................................................................1413
Subject Index .................................................................................................1419
PREFACE
The Tenth International Conference on Molten Slags, Fluxes and Salts (MOLTEN16) was held in Seattle, Washington, USA from May 22–25, 2016 and organized by TMS (The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society). The conference purpose was to provide innovations, and industrial technological developments. The conference also aligns quite well with the TMS strategic goal to sustain and grow the core innovation in process engineering and develop novel materials. The organizers are pleased to conclude that the set strategic goals were met and a very high-quality technical
The conference was focused on ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy where ionic worldwide. Technical topics included are: thermodynamic properties and phase and their applications in process improvement and optimization. These topics are of interest not only traditional ferrous and non-ferrous metal industrial processes but also new and upcoming technologies.
Advances in Molten Slags, Fluxes and Salts
Oral and Poster Presentations
The program consisted of parallel sessions for all three days of technical programming. The conference included 185 oral presentations and 65 poster presentations. Plenary and invited talks in specialized topics were presented. Thirty nations participated in this conference. The distribution of submitted abstracts by nation is shown in the pie chart on the previous page.
We would like to thank all speakers and attendees for their valuable time in making presentations and actively participating in the symposium. We specially thank all the committee members and session chairs for their help in making this symposium successful.
We would like to express our sincere appreciation to the TMS leadership and staff for their support and dedication. All services in support of the conference, including but not limited to marketing, logistical management, timeline management, website design and development, web-based registration system, abstract collection, conference proceedings production and manufacturing provided by TMS staff is very much appreciated. We thank Louise Wallach, Senior Manager, Events, Education, and Exhibits for organizing the several social programs for all participants and their companions. We particularly thank Trudi Dunlap, Programming Manager, for her undivided attention to details in organizing the sessions and publication of conference proceedings.
Sincerely,
Ramana Reddy, Conference Chair
The University of Alabama
Pinakin Chaubal, Co-chair
ArcelorMittal USA, Global R&D
P. Chris Pistorius, Co-chair
Carnegie Mellon University
Uday Pal, Co-chair
Boston University
CONFERENCE ORGANIZING COMMITTEES
CONFERENCE ORGANIZERS
Ramana Reddy, Conference Chair, The University of Alabama, USA
Pinakin Chaubal, ArcelorMittal, USA
P. Chris Pistorius, Carnegie Mellon University, USA
Uday Pal, Boston University, USA
HONORARY ADVISORY COMMITTEE MEMBERS
Rob Boom, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands
Kuo-Chih Chou, University of Science and Technology of China, China
Richard J. Fruehan, Carnegie Mellon University, USA
Mitsutaka Hino, Kobe Steel Ltd., Japan
Lauri Holappa, Helsinki University of Technology, Finland
Hurman , Wits University, South Africa
Sharif Jahanshahi, Metal-Logical Solutions,
Ken C. Mills, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
Mario Sanchez, Universidad Andres Bello, Chile
Seshadri Seetharaman, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden
TECHNICAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE
Sunday Abraham, SSAB Americas, USA
Antoine Allanore, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA
Chen Guang Bai, Chongqing University, China
Wagner Viana Bielefeldt, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
André Luiz Vasconcellos
da Costa e Silva, Federal University Fluminense, Brazil
Neslihan Dogan, McMaster University, Canada
Jonkion Font, Codelco, Chile
Andrie Garbers-Craig, University of Pretoria, South Africa
Bora Derin, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Björn Glaser, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden
Animesh Jha, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
Rodney Jones, Mintek, South Africa
Sung-Mo Jung, Postech, Korea
Venkat Kamavaram, Oceanit, USA
Miroslaw Karbowniczek, AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland
Pallava Kaushik, ArcelorMittal, USA
Zi-Kui Liu, Pennsylvania State University, USA
Siddhartha Misra, Tata Steel, India
Kazuki Morita, University of Tokyo, Japan
R.D. Morales, Instituto Politécnico Nacional-ESIQIE, Mexico
Jinichiro Nakano, National Energy Technology Laboratory Albany, USA
Neale R Neelameggham, IND LLC, USA
Vaibhav V. Nikam, ConocoPhillips Company, USA
Sutham Niyomwas, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand
Viswanathan Nurni, Indian Institute of Technology, India
Toru H. Okabe, University of Tokyo, Japan
Ronald O'Malley, Missouri University of Science and Technology, USA
Rafael Padilla, University of Concepción, Chile
Suresh Chandra Parida, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, India
Joo Hyun Park, Hanyang University, Korea
Arthur D. Pelton, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Canada
Ray D. Peterson, Real Alloy, USA
Eugene Pretorius, Nucor, USA
Fernando Puchi, Universidad Andres Bello, Chile
Eli Ringdalen, Sintef, Norway
Gudrun Saevarsdottir, Reykjavik University, Iceland
Mark E. Schlesinger, Missouri University of Science and Technology, USA
William Slye, Vesuvius, USA
Merete Tangstad, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
Gabriella Tranell, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
Prabhat K. Tripathy, Idaho National Laboratory, USA
Maurits Van Camp, Umicore Research, Belgium
Somnath Basu, Indian Institute of Technology, India
Cong Wang, Northeastern University, China
Bryan Webler, Carnegie Mellon University, USA
Onuralp Yucel, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Jiayun Zhang, University of Science and Technology
Beijing, China
Jieyu Zhang, Shanghai University, China
Mingming Zhang, ArcelorMittal, USA
Wen Hai Zhang, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, China
Johan Zietsman, University of Pretoria, South Africa
INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE
Gerardo R.F. Alvear, Xstrata Technology, Australia
N. Bharath Ballal, Indian Institute of Technology, India
Mansoor Barati, University of Toronto, Canada
Bo Björkman, Luleå University of Technology, Sweden
Bart Blanpain, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
Patrice Chartrand, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Canada
Ken Coley, McMaster University, Canada
André Luiz Vasconcellos
da Costa e Silva, Federal University Fluminense, Brazil
Rian Dippenaar, University of Wollongong, Australia
Sichen Du, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden
I.J. Geldenhhuys, Mintek, South Africa
Zhancheng Guo, University of Science and Technology
Beijing, China
Geir Martin Haarberg, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
Peter Hayes, The University of Queensland, Australia
Juan Patricio Ibañez, Technical University Santa María, Chile
Evgueni Jak, The University of Queensland, Australia
P r J nsson, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden
In-Ho Jung, McGill University, Canada
Shinya Kitamura, Tohoku University, Japan
Florian Kongoli, Flogen Technologies Inc., Canada
Jakob Lamut, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
Xionggang Lu, Shanghai Science and Technology Institute, China
Marcelo Breda Mourao, University of São Paulo, Brazil
Joo Hyun Park, Hanyang University, Korea
Veena Sahajwalla, University of New South Wales, Australia
Yasushi Sasaki, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Korea
Piotr Scheller, Freiberg University of Mining and Technology, Germany
Sridhar Seetharaman, University of Warwick, United Kingdom
Evgeniy Selivanov, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
Volodymyr Shatokha, National Metallurgical Academy of Ukraine, Ukraine
H.Y. Sohn, University of Utah, USA
Valentina Stolyarova, Saint Petersburg State University, Russia
Toshihiro Tanaka, Osaka University, Japan
Pekka Taskinen, Aalto University, Finland
Patrick Taylor, Colorado School of Mines, USA
Xi-Dong Wang, Peking University, China
Lifeng Zhang, University of Science and Technology Beijing, China , University of Belgrade, Russia
PROCEEDINGS REVIEWERS
André Luiz Vasconcellos da Costa e Silva, Federal University Fluminense, Brazil
Andrie Garbers-Craig, University of Pretoria, South Africa
Antoine Allanore, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA
Arthur D. Pelton, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Canada
Björn Glaser, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden
Bo Björkman, Luleå University of Technology, Sweden
Bryan Webler, Carnegie Mellon University, USA
Chenguang Bai, Chongqing University, China
Eli Ringdalen, Sintef, Norway
Evgueni Jak, The University of Queensland, Australia
Gabriella Tranell, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
Geir Martin Haarberg, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
Gerardo R.F. Alvear, Xstrata Technology, Australia
Gudrun Saevarsdottir, Reykjavik University, Iceland
Guy Fredrickson, Idaho National Laboratory I.J. Geldenhhuys, Mintek, South Africa
In-Ho Jung, McGill University, Canada
Jakob Lamut, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
Jinichiro Nakano, National Energy Technology Laboratory Albany, USA
Johan Zietsman, University of Pretoria, South Africa
Jonkion Font, Codelco, Chile
Joohyun Park, Hanyang University, Korea
Judith Gomez, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, USA
Marcelo Breda Mourao, University of São Paulo, Brazil
Mark E. Schlesinger, Missouri University of Science and Technology, USA
Maurits Van Camp, Umicore Research, Belgium
Merete Tangstad, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
Mingming Zhang, ArcelorMittal, USA
Miroslaw Karbowniczek, AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland
N. Bharath Ballal, Indian Institute of Technology, India
Neale R Neelameggham, IND LLC, USA
Neslihan Dogan, McMaster University, Canada
Pallava Kaushik, ArcelorMittal, USA
Patrick Taylor, Colorado School of Mines, USA
Pekka Taskinen, Aalto University, Finland
Peter Hayes, The University of Queensland, Australia
Prabhat K. Tripathy, Idaho National Laboratory,
Ray D. Peterson, Real Alloy, USA
Rian Dippenaar, University of Wollongong, Australia
Siddhartha Misra, Tata Steel, India
Somnath Basu, Indian Institute of Technology, India
Sunday Abraham, SSAB Americas, USA
Suresh Chandra Parida, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, India
Valentina Stolyarova, Saint Petersburg State University, Russia
Viswanathan Nurni, Indian Institute of Technology, India
Wagner Viana Bielefeldt, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
William Slye, Vesuvius, USA
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XXII
“MA MÈRE, may one ask if any of Sister Frances’ family are coming for the ceremony to-morrow?” inquired the American novice at the evening recreation on Easter Sunday.
“Her sister is coming for the day, and perhaps a friend. The poor child has no parents.”
“Perhaps that is as well,” said a little French novice calmly “It is such a sacrifice for the parents, however pious, and the thought of their grief must be a distraction.”
Her neighbour, a placid Spanish girl, looked surprised. In Andalusia the parents of the Lola or Pepita who had “la vocacion” would let her go with pride and joy, although they could not, like these rich Americans, hope to see her for the yearly visit permitted by the regulations, when, as would probably happen at the end of her novitiate, she should be sent away to some house of the Order overseas. She herself had only left home some few months ago, but even her little sister Conchita, who was only ten, had been too glad of the great honour and joy of seeing Maria a nun, to cry at losing her. But she kept her thoughts to herself and remained silent.
The American novice, with a sudden recollection that hurt like a physical pang, of a lonely, bewildered old couple in New England, as unrelenting, as uncomprehending in their condemnation of their only daughter’s lapse into an alien and idolatrous creed, quickly changed the conversation by asking another question of Mère Thérèse.
“What name is she to receive, ma Mère?”
“Supposing you try to guess?”
The novice-mistress looked cheerfully at one smiling face after another, as the novices vied with one another in childish enjoyment.
“Sœur Aimé, ma Mère! We have no one of that name.”
“‘Innocente’ would suit her, I think,” said the American.
“Is it a double name, ma Mère?”
“Yes.”
“Ah, then one of them is Mary!”
Mère Thérèse nodded.
“Mary Emmanuel!”
“Elizabeth Mary.”
The old nun shook her head, still laughing heartily.
“Lolita Maria,” exclaimed the little Spanish novice of eighteen who was Frances’ neighbour in the chapel, selecting the names she thought the prettiest.
There was a fresh burst of merriment.
“Pour une novice anglaise, ah, par example!”
“Voilà bien Sœur Encarnaçion! une de ses idées à elle. Une religieuse qui s’appelerait Lolita! Ce serait gentil!”
Sœur Encarnaçion looked self-conscious, and the novice-mistress said at once:
“Come, my children, you are not very wide awake. We have only five minutes more—I see that I must help you. What do we call our little retraitante at present?”
“Sister Frances!”
“She is keeping her own name, then?”
“Could she have a better one? St. Francis of Assisi—dear St. Francis of Sales—what a collection of patrons to choose from.”
“Is it Frances Mary or Mary Frances, ma Mère?” inquired the American, whose baptismal names were Belinda Oriane, and upon whom had been bestowed the appellation of Sister Perpetua.
“Frances Mary,” replied the novice-mistress, rising from her seat, at which signal work was instantly folded into baskets and silence
resumed.
Frances was making the five days’ Retreat which preceded the ceremony of her prise d’habit
She was serenely happy.
There was no doubt in her mind with regard to the step which she was about to take. It was merely a longed-for milestone on the road to the attainment of her heart’s desire. Although more conscious than ever before, during these few days’ pause in the activity of her daily life, of an intense physical fatigue, she felt strangely uplifted in spirit, and as though newly inspired with a spiritual energy which might overcome that rock in the way of salvation, her physical frailty.
Strangely mingled with her exaltation of mind, was a trivial, childish feeling of dread lest Rosamund might find her altered. She assured herself in vain that she had not changed in any way that could strike her sister with a sense of alteration. But she knew that her whole perspective had changed, and that what was to her the reality of life would seem no more to Rosamund than a mysterious, and rather futile, phase.
She found herself wondering, wistfully and rather nervously, what the regulations would be as to conduct in the parlour.
That her interview with Rosamund, brief though it was to be, would be fraught with these, Frances could not doubt. In letters to her sister, she had again and again to consider the injunctions laid upon every nun or novice of the Order. Terms of excessive endearment, exaggerated expressions of affection or solicitude, were alike unbecoming to a religious, and of all the many details of her daily life that Rosamund longed to know and Frances to impart, only a very few, and those of the least personal character, did not come under the ban of convent secrecy. The letters were always signed by the writer’s full “name in religion.”
Frances, during the hour allotted to letter-writing on Sundays, had often seen her American neighbour, in the unavoidable proximity of the small, closely-ranged desks, crying silently over those difficult letters, which in her case were never answered. Frances surmised
involuntarily that the changed handwriting, forced to conform to a sloping, pointed, French model, the stilted phraseology which was the inevitable outcome of that enforced reserve, the strange signature, with its orthodox preface, “Your loving child in Christ,” were so many additional pangs to those who understood no conventual shibboleths and resented with a resentment that was the more bitter for its utter lack of comprehension, being robbed of child or sister.
Rosamund would understand, Frances had told herself passionately, inditing those first strange little letters, that made her heart ache for the disappointment they must carry with them. And that Rosamund had understood she knew from her replies, guarded and restrained enough, but breathing no hint of doubt or perplexity.
All letters to or from the members of the novitiate were, of course, examined by the novice-mistress, as were those of the professed nuns by the Superior. Nor was this censorship a nominal one. Mère Thérèse understood Spanish as well as French, and had a fair knowledge of English, but twice already Frances had been told to translate various unintelligible portions of her correspondence. Once, only a few weeks ago, she had heard the calm habitual silence of the little room where the novices’ desks were ranged against the wall violently broken by the noise of sudden uncontrollable sobbing. Frances blamed herself that she had not had the presence of mind to keep that custody of the eyes enjoined by every precept and practice of the religious life, but she had raised her head quickly and instinctively, and had seen Sœur Marie-Edmée crying hysterically over the torn pieces of a letter lying on her desk.
It was not difficult to guess that her letter to the anxious, waiting mother or little sister in the South of France had been found unsuitably restrained or full of indiscreet detail, and would not be sent that week.
But Sœur Marie-Edmée was from Marseilles, impulsive and emotional, and very soon afterwards she had disappeared from the novitiate.
The novices were told, as was customary in such cases, that her health was not equal to the strain of the religious life.
Frances thought again how terrible a breakdown of health which should necessitate leaving the convent would be. She was sincerely convinced that to one who had tried the cloistered life, existence “in the world” must be unendurable.
She remembered how often Mère Thérèse had said briskly: “Où Dieu donne la vocation, il donne la santé,” and reflected with perfect simplicity that it would really only be necessary for her health to hold out until after her final vows, which she hoped to take in three years’ time. She knew that many of the older professed nuns suffered almost permanently from disease, mostly of the digestive system, and almost all had to endure the nightly torture of senses atrophied and nerves strained by the want of sufficient sleep, but very few of them ever broke down, even for a day or two.
After all, thought Frances, what did it matter once the earthly goal attained? One entered the religious life in order to give oneself to God. Should He not take toll of the life dedicated to Him as best He pleased?
She waited for this first ceremony which should mark her entrance into the road of self-immolation with no shadow of apprehension.
Easter Monday dawned clear and cloudless.
Immediately after the first Mass, Frances was summoned to Mère Thérèse’s room and told that the ceremony was to take place at midday.
“Your sister will arrive, with Lady Argent, very soon after ten, so you must go to them in the parlour for a few moments,” she said considerately. “Then, of course, after the ceremony, you can return to them again.”
Frances, far more overwrought than she knew, found it impossible to command her thoughts that morning. She went about her work with her mind in a tumult, often referring to the tiny notebook in her pocket, in which she had written down various things that she wanted to say to Rosamund. When Advent came, and Lent, now that
she was really a novice, Frances would not be able to write or receive any letters during these seasons, so Rosamund must not expect to hear from her. Rosamund was to ask to see Mère Thérèse, and be very, very nice to her, because Mère Thérèse had been so good to Frances. Would Rosamund send some fern-roots from Porthlew as soon as she got back? They would be so nice in the garden, where no flowers would ever grow. Frances was allowed an extra half-hour in the garden almost every day, because she was used to fresh air. It would please Rosamund to hear that.
Then Frances heard the sound of a motor in the street below. She might not look out of the window, but her heart beat violently, and she could not but strain her ears for the sound of the front-door bell. It came.
She wondered whether she ought to go on sweeping the corridor, and if the lay-sister in charge of the parlour would know where to find her. But when old Sister Louise finally creaked slowly upstairs, she only smiled and nodded at the little novice with her long-handled broom, and went to knock at Mère Thérèse’s door.
Frances heard “Entrez!” and then through the open door the clear incisive accents of her novice-mistress.
“Un petit moment, ma sœur! Je vous appellerai tout-de-suite.”
Evidently she was engaged in the direction of one of her flock.
Old Sister Louise retired submissively, closing the door again. She leant her tired old body against the wall, and then suddenly straightened it again with an effort and stood wearily, her weight leaning on one foot, fingering the brown rosary that hung from her girdle and slowly praying with moving lips and closed eyes.
Frances finished the last few yards of corridor.
“Sœur Louise!” came from the novice-mistress’s room.
This time Sister Louise shut the door behind her as she went in to deliver the message.
Frances, her heart beating violently and a mist before her eyes, went and put her broom away in its accustomed corner.
She dawdled unconsciously, to delay the moment when she must return to the more remote community room belonging to the novitiate. Then the door of Mère Thérèse’s room opened, and Frances heard her say:
“Très bien, très bien. Cherchez-moi cette petite.”
“Elle est là, Mère Thérèse.”
Frances came forward quickly.
“You are needed in the parlour,” said her novice-mistress smiling. “Go with Sister Louise, my child.”
Frances turned, still blindly, to follow the old lay-sister.
“Your apron—your sleeves,” muttered Sister Louise in a scandalized whisper.
With fingers that shook, Frances took off the black apron and sleeves that protected her habit. She folded them and laid them in the accustomed pigeon-hole.
How slowly Sister Louise creaked downstairs! With what deliberation she turned, in the hall, to make mysterious signs that should not infringe the rule of silence, and should yet convey a communication.
Frances gazed at her in an agony. What further delay was this?
Suddenly she understood that her habit was still tucked up over her petticoat as it had been while she swept the corridor.
She caught at the folds round her waist and pulled them down, her hands shaking uncontrollably.
Sœur Louise’s hand was actually on the parlour-door now.
Suddenly she turned to the novice and whispered huskily:
“N’oubliez pas votre Ave Maria.”
Frances stared at her for an instant and then put her hand across her eyes.
She never knew what it was that she said.
The next moment the door was open and she was in the parlour, with Rosamund.
Neither of them knew how long that first eager clasp endured, neither was in the least conscious of the presence of Lady Argent, gazing, already tearful, out of the window.
When at last she turned from her lengthy contemplation, Frances was seated, flushed and trembling a little, but sedate in her ample white habit, and Rosamund was kneeling on the floor beside her, their hands tightly locked together.
It always struck Frances afterwards with a curious sense of incongruity that her first words, after that prolonged gaze, should have been uttered in a strangely shaking little voice:
“Oh, Rosamund, you’ve got on new clothes that I’ve never seen before!”
It was the odd, trivial expression of the enormous interval that lay between their life together and the new evolution of Frances. Then Lady Argent kissed them both and said:
“My dearest child, you look just exactly the same, and yet so utterly different, and the habit and everything—so absolutely natural to see you in it, and so very strange, dear—you know what I mean. I never was so glad of anything in my life, only, of course, one knows there is no joy without sacrifice, and, my dear, you really look better than I’ve ever seen you. Are you quite well?”
“Are you happy?” asked Rosamund.
“Oh, yes,” Frances replied fervently to both questions. “I’m so happy —it’s everything I ever thought it would be—only better. And I’m very, very well. I haven’t seen myself in a looking-glass, but they all say I’m fatter than when I came.”
“So you are,” said Rosamund doubtfully. “Your face is much rounder, but you’re very black under your eyes, darling.”
“Am I?” replied Frances laughing a little, and instinctively putting up her hand to the tell-tale eyes.
Lady Argent fumbled in her satin bag.
“My dear, if it isn’t absolutely against the rule, and I don’t think it can be, would you like to see yourself in my little tiny hand-mirror? To think you’ve never seen yourself in the glass since you came here! And really the habit is so very becoming, though how you ever get your veil straight without a glass—not that a little one this size would be any use, only my maid and Ludovic always insist on my carrying it about with me because of my hat, you know To keep it straight,” Lady Argent explained with a gentle push which drove her black toque over her left ear.
Frances laid the little mirror gently on her lap without looking into it. She did not know if the use of a looking-glass was for ever forbidden to a nun, but she felt no desire to risk a transgression of the rule.
“How long can you stay with us?” asked Rosamund wistfully.
Frances started painfully—she had forgotten to inquire.
“I don’t know,” she faltered. “You see, the prise d’habit is at twelve, and it’s nearly eleven now. They will want me to go and get ready.” She gazed at Rosamund, wondering if her sister would think her more occupied with the observance of convent etiquette than with their meeting. That no such lack of comprehension was Rosamund’s was evident in her reassuring, “Of course, darling. Do you think you ought to go and find out when they’ll want you?”
Only the look in her eyes spoke the effort of sacrificing any of those few precious moments together, and Frances’ heart went out to her in passionate gratitude.
“Why can’t I ask to see Mother Theresa?” inquired Lady Argent. “I should like to see her, and then you can talk to Rosamund, dear, and we can find out all about how much time you can give us—but, of course, as it’s only one day like this, they’re sure to send you for the whole time—so much more satisfactory, I always think, than half-anhour here and there and then rushing away because some dreadful little bell has rung and leaving one to look for hours at those very
uninteresting photographs of Rome and places, in enormous albums. You know the sort of thing, my dear; I can see two of them on that big table over there. Don’t move, either of you. I’m going to find the portress and ask for Mother Theresa.”
Lady Argent left them.
It seemed to Frances only a few moments later that she reappeared, and Mère Thérèse was with her.
The novice rose to her feet.
After a very little conversation, Mère Thérèse looked towards Frances, who said instantly:
“Is it time for me to go, ma Mère?”
“I fear so, my child. You know that there is a grand toilette to be made to-day. But you will return to ces dames at once after the ceremony, and remain until they go.”
“Oh, thank you,” breathed Rosamund, gazing at her sister.
Mère Thérèse looked at the two faces, so singularly alike in colouring and outline. “C’est gentil,” she said gently to Lady Argent, “deux sœurs qui s’aiment si bien.”
Then Frances went quietly out of the parlour and upstairs again.
She was aware that tears were very near her eyes, and that she understood why some of the novices had said: “Ah! les familles, un jour de prise d’habit——” and had left the sentence unfinished except for an ominous shake of the head.
But she was also deeply and ardently thankful.
Nothing was changed between her and Rosamund. She thought with compassionate amazement of a prise d’habit she had seen during her first week in the novitiate, when the novices had been asked to pray especially for their companion because her father and mother, non-Catholic, had refused to come to the ceremony or to send any token of forgiveness to the daughter who had taken her own way at the bidding of her conscience, and in defiance of her parents.
Even Cousin Bertie had written a very kind letter which Frances had received that morning, bidding God bless her in the way that she had chosen, and only asking her to remember that there was always a home waiting for her at Porthlew, and a welcome when, or if ever, she should come back there.
Hazel had written too, a very affectionate letter, and asked if she might send Frances anything for a present, whatever would be nicest and most useful, and would Frances always remember that good people were needed in the world dreadfully badly, and if she ever came out of the convent, and wanted somewhere to go to, she must come straight to Hazel, who would always love to have her.
They all wrote of her leaving the convent! Only Rosamund, the novice reflected, never said, or seemed to think, that Frances had mistaken her vocation.
Kneeling for an instant at the little shrine that stood outside the door of the dormitory, Frances thanked God for Rosamund, and prayed fervently that the step she was about to take that day might be blessed for them both.
“And some day—together again,” she ended on a stifled sob. Then she went quietly into the dormitory.
XXIII
FRANCES could not help feeling that it was as well that her Retreat had officially ended that morning after the first Mass, for no further opportunity was vouchsafed her for reflection.
A French lay-sister, to whom the office was always entrusted, came to dress her in the wedding-dress of cheap white satin, conventmade, and long white lace veil.
She found the little novice with all her soft straight brown hair hanging over her shoulders.
“Ah!” said Sœur Eugénie, “au moins vous serez quitte de tout cela demain!” She picked up a strand of the long silken mass and let it fall again disdainfully.
“What a joy, to have finished with one’s coiffure for ever!” she remarked complacently. Then she produced hairpins which had served in the same capacity many times before, and twisted the novice’s hair into a species of strange outstanding chignon which had been fashionable some forty years previously in Paris.
“Vous voila!” she said triumphantly, when Frances had suffered under her vigorous ministrations for what seemed a long while.
She produced a small, very old, folding mirror, and Frances gazed in silence at the monstrous erection. She was more distressed on Rosamund’s account than on her own, and tried surreptitiously to pull and coax the strained-back hair over her forehead and temples.
When the dress and veil were fastened she looked at herself in the glass again and saw with relief that the coarse lace draped over her head and face was thick enough to conceal Sœur Eugénie’s disastrous manifestations of her skill.
Then she pulled on the white cotton gloves that lay on the bed and tried to collect her thoughts whilst waiting to be summoned to the
chapel.
It distressed her a little that her mind should still be vibrating from that little while with Rosamund. Nevertheless she was aware of an increasing happiness that seemed to pervade her soul, and to make all lesser, more surface preoccupations, of no account.
In a few moments she heard the brisk and heavy tread of the novicemistress, and rose to meet her.
Mère Thérèse looked at her very kindly, said “Vous êtes contente, chère petite?” more as though stating a fact than asking a question, and on the monosyllabic but heartfelt reply of the novice, blessed her very tenderly. Then she took her downstairs. Frances followed her obediently to an unaccustomed entrance of the chapel, that which was used by the professed nuns, the lady boarders and visitors to the convent.
The novices always went in and out by a small side-door, which gave directly on to that part of the chapel where the community stalls were placed.
But Frances knew that for a prise d’habit the double doors at the end of the chapel would be opened, and that she must pass up the narrow aisle thronged on either side by visitors, and through the light oaken framework of screen behind which stood the harmonium and the small choir of nuns and novices, and up to the steps of the Sanctuary.
Rosamund and Lady Argent would be each provided with a prie-dieu just in front of the railings, where they could see and hear to the best possible advantage.
“Wait here,” whispered Mère Thérèse, well versed in every corner of the intricate and inconveniently built house.
She beckoned Frances into a small angular nook that served as a little lobby, between the main entrance to the chapel and the narrow staircase leading to the wing of the house reserved for the lady boarders.
“No one will disturb you. The ladies are all in the chapel already Father Anselm has just arrived. You are quite ready?”
“Yes,” said Frances gently
Mère Thérèse, grown strangely materialistic, all the practical Frenchwoman in her to the fore, arranged the modest train where it would be least crushed, and put back the veil that Frances had kept down.
“Vous étoufferiez!” she remarked matter-of-factly. Then she smoothed back the hair already strained away from Frances’ temples, said “Voilà!” in tones of satisfaction, and prepared to leave the novice alone.
Her parting instructions were:
“I will myself be awaiting you at the chapel doors when you hear the first notes of the Ave Maris Stella. Do not forget to put your veil down and walk slowly.”
Frances, left alone, sank into the only available seat. She felt very tired.
She wondered whether Rosamund was already in the chapel, and wished that she had tried to explain the ceremonial of a prise d’habit to her sister. Then she derided herself for supposing that their brief moments of intercourse could have been spent thus. Besides, she remembered with relief, Lady Argent would have told Rosamund what to expect, and there were doubtless innumerable little paper booklets of an explanatory nature at the disposal of visitors.
She strove to concentrate her mind on higher thoughts, but only realized afresh, at the failure of the effort, her own excessive fatigue, part physical and part emotional.
Presently the stairs began to shake, and a creaking, ponderous sound of descent became audible.
Frances straightened herself, and reflected with dismay that she was entirely visible to anyone coming downstairs.
She closed her eyes and began to say the Rosary, trying in vain to fix her attention on the words she uttered mechanically.
The heavy footsteps became incredibly loud, and then paused in front of her.
“Now don’t,” said Mrs. Mulholland’s voice, “don’t let me disturb you, my dear. Don’t move—don’t stir—not one word, my dear, though, of course, there’s no actual rule of silence for you just now, to-day. If there were, I shouldn’t be speaking to you, that goes without saying. But we’re not in silence for a clothing.”
Frances, convinced that Mrs. Mulholland knew all the convent regulations at least as well as did the Superior herself, rose, smiling a little.
“That’s right,” said Mrs. Mulholland zealously, “that’s right. Now, there’s just one word I wanted to say—I’m not going to keep you one moment—not that they’re quite ready for you yet in the chapel. Mère Pauline isn’t in her place and won’t be, either, for a moment or two. She’s detained.”
Frances wondered, not for the first time, whence was the source of the mysterious information that always seemed to be at Mrs. Mulholland’s finger-tips concerning the movements of the community, both individually and collectively.
“I knew I should find you here,” pursued the triumphant old voice. “I delayed coming down on purpose, so as to catch you. I knew, my dear. The novices always wait just here for the ‘Ave Maris Stella’ to begin—have done for years. I’ve seen about twenty prises d’habits in my time—some of them lay-sisters, some of them choir-sisters. One or two of them have left, you know, even after taking the holy Habit of the Order. One English novice we had went away just when she ought to have been taking her first vows. Found she had no real vocation, you know. But there’s no fear of that with you, my dear, is there? From the first time I saw you here for the Retreat last year, with that nice friend of yours who wasn’t a Catholic, poor thing, I always said ‘Miss Grantham has the vocation. Mark my words,’ I said, ‘Miss Grantham has the vocation. She’ll come back here one of
these days,’ I said. And sure enough! Well, well, well, you look very happy, my dear, and in the right place.”
“I think so,” said Frances, smiling at her
“That’s it, that’s it. Ah well, there’s nothing like God’s Holy Will,” said Mrs. Mulholland with an enthusiasm which was none the less ardent for sounding strangely vague. “If He’d thought fit to call me to the religious life—but no doubt I wasn’t worthy. That’s what I always say —not worthy.”
Mrs. Mulholland’s voice became cheerfully resigned. “But there it is,” she said with the air of one reaching a conclusion, “there it is. One is taken, and the other left. And your dear sister here for the ceremony and all.”
“Please pray for her, that she mayn’t mind too much,” said Frances, her eyes suddenly filling with tears. “She isn’t a Catholic.”
“Ah well, the sacrifice that you’re both making may bring a blessing on her—no doubt it will. And tell me, my dear, what about that nice friend of yours, Mrs. Severing, who came for the Retreat last year? I hoped we were going to see her to-day.”
“She couldn’t come, but she wrote to me.”
“Ah! Couldn’t leave the poor son, I dare say. Very likely—ve-ry likely,” said Mrs. Mulholland with lugubrious sagacity. “But she’ll have your good prayers, my dear, and you know you’ll never be refused anything on your clothing day. That’s really what I came to ask you— to say a little word for a very special intention of mine. Will you do that, my dear?”
“Of course I will,” said Frances, gently and cordially.
Mrs. Mulholland fumbled for a moment in her enormous pocket and then drew forth a folded piece of paper.
“Now just let me pin that inside your waistbelt, and I shall be quite happy. I’ve just dotted down the intention—initials only, you know— but the Lord will understand. I should like you to have it on you, my dear, and you can burn it afterwards, you know.”
Frances submitted to Mrs Mulholland’s rather heavy-handed manipulation of the old-fashioned ribbon-band round her waist.
“There now! God bless you, and pray for me; and one thing more, my dear: You can count on me to say a few words to your sister. Just a little word of sympathy, or explanation, to show her that we Catholics——”
There came a sudden sound of voices uplifted in unison from the chapel.
“Ave Maris Stella!” exclaimed Mrs. Mulholland, and made Frances precede her out of the narrow lobby.
Thereafter it seemed to Frances that she was conscious of nothing so much as of the activities of Mrs. Mulholland. It was Mrs. Mulholland who gave her, as it were, into the hands of Mère Thérèse, waiting at the entrance of the chapel, muttering hoarsely: “Here she is, ma Mère, here she is. Pray for me, dear.”
It was Mrs. Mulholland who squeezed hastily past her into the chapel and made vehement signals that she was to advance, and it was Mrs. Mulholland who, by some agency known only to herself, had caused her own large prie-dieu to be transferred from its customary corner in the back of the church to the best possible coign of vantage in a line with those of Lady Argent and Rosamund.
Even as the “Ave Maris Stella” pealed through the chapel, and she came slowly up the narrow aisle, it seemed to Frances that the husky, heartfelt tones of Mrs. Mulholland sounded above everybody else’s.
And it was undoubtedly Mrs. Mulholland who was whisking about the leaves of the little books on either side of her, and guiding her neighbours with an explanatory forefinger.
The little procession of acolytes, preceding the tall tonsured figure of the Prior of Twickenham, came into the Sanctuary, and Frances sank upon her knees on the red velvet cushion before the steps. And it was only a few moments later, when the customary prayers had been recited, that she felt a pull at the back of her dress, and
heard the ubiquitous voice of Mrs. Mulholland behind her “Sit down, sit down. He’s going to give the address now.”
Frances sat down, and Mrs. Mulholland leant forward at an angle that suffused her large old face with crimson, and arranged the train of her dress under the chair.
Father Anselm’s address was very short and simple. There was much that was practical in it, and Frances felt vaguely relieved that it should contain no mystical allusions that might vex or distress Rosamund. This our sister, said the Prior, was about to take a step which, though to the outward eye might seem more striking, with its symbolical dress, than the more simple ceremony of a Profession, was nevertheless only a preliminary step. The goal of our sister’s religious life was still before her—those vows which should bind her irrevocably to the life to which she had been called.
Poverty, Chastity, Obedience. The vow of Poverty, which would not only mean the relinquishment of worldly goods and possessions, but also that poverty of spirit which should claim no rights and no belongings in this world, not even the rights of personal judgment, the disposal of self.... Then the vow of Chastity, which would discipline our sister’s earthly affections, rendering them indeed not less ardent, but more supernatural—a wide and universal charity which should include all ... our sister had given up her earthly family ties: good and sacred as they were, the relinquishment of them was better still—but her family now would be the poor, the sick, the friendless—in all and each she would see and love God Himself. Finally, the vow of Obedience. Our sister would see the Will of God in the will of her Superior, and would gladly submit to it in greater as in smaller things. In the Order which our sister had joined, a nun might be sent at a moment’s notice to some far-off country, there to live and work and perhaps die, with no return to the land of her birth. But her home was not here—it was in the Heaven, towards which every step of the way was leading her where, as the Scriptures themselves had promised, she would receive again a hundredfold all that she had given up for Christ’s sake.
The Prior’s voice ceased, and he turned again towards the Altar.
The time had come for Frances to reply to the few formal questions that would be put to her. She did so quite steadily, although her voice sounded strange in her own ears.
Then the habit which she was shortly to don was blessed, and Prior Anselm fumbled with the scissors and somehow cut from her head the symbolical lock of hair.
Mère Thérèse held back her veil as he did so, but Frances was conscious of Mrs. Mulholland hovering over her officiously.
Then she turned and slowly followed the Superior and Mère Thérèse into the little adjoining Sacristy where Sœur Eugénie was waiting to divest her of her white satin dress and lace veil, and help her into the garb which would henceforth be hers for life.
The white Cross, distinguishing mark of the Order, gleamed upon her breast now
She lifted the linen coiffe, ingeniously pinned together, that bound her head under the veil, but Sœur Eugénie, laughing a little, pointed to her late handiwork, still erect upon the head of the novice.
“Allons,” said Mère Thérèse, and began to take out hairpins, careful to let none fall on the floor, where it might possibly be overlooked or swept away.
Then the lay-sister put a dustsheet over Frances’ shoulders and quickly cropped off the lengths of her brown hair.
The feeling of coolness and comfort was pleasant when the veil was again put on her head, but Frances gave one curious fleeting pang to the memory of that soft mass, lying strewn about the dustsheet.
The little Superior, who had been busying herself with the white artificial wreath of roses that lay ready, turned round.
“Sister Frances Mary”—she greeted the novice by her new name —“God bless you, my dear daughter.”
Frances knelt for a moment to receive her Superior’s embrace, and then turned to Mère Thérèse.
“Et maintenant,” said that practical woman, as ever consecrating the briefest possible time to emotion, however permissible,—“le baiser le paix aux sœurs.”
This exercise was one which Frances had always viewed with some slight apprehension.
The newly invested novice, bearing a lighted candle, made the round of the community, each nun and lay-sister standing at her stall in the chapel, also the bearer of a lighted candle, and exchanged with each the symbolical kiss of peace.
A nervous dread of the effect of so many lighted wax candles on inflammable veils and music scores sent the blood to Frances’ head and made her slow progress round the chapel a painful one, but the older nuns proved expert at holding veils out of possible contact with candle-grease, and moreover to her great relief, the draught of these repeated salutations extinguished several tapers, including her own.
As she returned thankfully to her prie-dieu, Mrs. Mulholland, who had mysteriously become possessed of a full-sized candle, leant forward and determinedly applied its flame to Frances’ cold and extinguished taper.
Frances smiled at her gently, and Mrs. Mulholland subsided into her seat again and blew her nose with a vigorous, trumpet-like sound denoting considerable emotion. Then the Prior read the concluding prayers and placed upon Frances’ head the wreath of artificial white roses, where it balanced insecurely until Mrs. Mulholland again sprang from her seat and affixed it to the novice’s veil with a couple of safety-pins apparently produced by miraculous means from her person.
The Te Deum pealed through the chapel in conclusion, and then, as the community filed out in the customary order, two by two, Frances was left for a few moments to the solitude and quiet which her whole soul craved.
Her head bent and her hands tightly clasped, she made her earnest ardent thanksgiving, her simple, fervent resolution to try and be worthy of all that she had received, her tender, childlike petitions for
