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Green Fashion Retail

SpringerSeriesinFashionBusiness

Serieseditor

Tsan-MingChoi,TheHongKongPolytechnicUniversity,HungHom,HongKong

Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/15202

JochenSträhle Editor

GreenFashionRetail

SchoolofTextilesandDesign

ReutlingenUniversity

Reutlingen Germany

ISSN2366-8776ISSN2366-8784(electronic)

SpringerSeriesinFashionBusiness

ISBN978-981-10-2439-9ISBN978-981-10-2440-5(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-981-10-2440-5

LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016949605

© SpringerScience+BusinessMediaSingapore2017

Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart ofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.

Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthis publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.

Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthis bookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernorthe authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor foranyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.

Printedonacid-freepaper

ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd. Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:152BeachRoad,#22-06/08GatewayEast,Singapore189721,Singapore

Acknowledgments

Iwouldliketothankalltheauthorsofthisbookfortheircontribution.Itisalwaysa hugechallengetofocusonindividualtopicsandtodeliverin-depthresults.Iam veryhappytohaveworkedtogetherwiththisteamandIthinkeveryonecanbe proudofthe fi naloutcome.

IespeciallywouldliketothankProf.Tsan-MingChoifromtheHongKong PolytechnicUniversityforgivingustheopportunitytopublishthisbookwithinthe bookseriesFashionBusiness.

Manythanksalsotoallmyresearchpartnersandacademicsworldwidewho haveinspiredmewiththeirworks,researchresultsandhavegivenmeconstructive feedbackthroughoutthelastyears.

Lastbutnotleast,IwouldliketothankmyPh.D.StudentMr.DenizKöksalfor organizingthepublicationprocedure,formatting,andaligningthecontent.Without himthisbookcouldnothavebeenpublished.

1GreenFashionRetail 1 JochenSträhle

2KeyAspectsofSustainabilityinFashionRetail 7 JochenSträhleandViolaMüller

3Closed-LoopProduction:ALiteratureReview ................. 27 JochenSträhleandFranziskaPhilipsen

4ImpactonSustainability:ProductionVersusConsumption ....... 49 JochenSträhleandKatharinaHauk

5ImpactofSustainableManufacturingStandardsforRetail Brands

JochenSträhleandSarahKreuzhermes

6TheProsumerConceptinFashionRetail:Potentialsand Limitations 95 JochenSträhleandAnna-KatharinaGrünewald

7TheSecondHandMarketforFashionProducts 119 JochenSträhleandLindaMariaKlatt

8CollaborativeConsumption2.0:AnAlternativetoFast FashionConsumption .....................................

JochenSträhleandCarinaErhard

9Cross-IndustryLearnings:WhatFashionRetailCanLearn fromtheUsed-CarIndustry ................................

JochenSträhleandMariaHöhn

10TheValueChainofaBrandedSecondHandStore Possible ActivitiestoBeIntegratedbyaConventionalFashionBrand 175 JochenSträhleandFranziskaSophieMatthaei

11CaseStudy:LoopExtensionofFilippaK ..................... 199 JochenSträhleandAlexanderSchnaidt

12TheRoleofSocialMediaforaSustainableConsumption ........ 225 JochenSträhleandChantalGräff

13PotentialsofaFashionfTRACEApp 249 JochenSträhleandMarieCaterinaSfameni

14CaseStudy:TotalTransparencyatHonestby.com 269 JochenSträhleandLauraMerz

ListofFigures

Figure2.1Clothingsupplychain.AdaptedfromGwilt(2014)

Figure2.25R’sofsustainability.Own fi gurebasedonEsty andWinston(2006)

Figure2.3Sustainabilityandenergymanagementsystem implementation.AdaptedfromJamieson andHughes(2013) 20

Figure3.1Forwardandreversesupplychain.Adapted fromTalbotetal.(2007) .............................

Figure3.2Closed-loopsupplychain.AdaptedfromLi(2013) .........

Figure3.3ECOLOGclosed-loopsupplychain.Adapted fromMoranaandSeuring(2007) ......................

Figure3.4CollectionoptionsNike.AdaptedfromKumar andMalegeant(2006) ...............................

Figure3.5Productdevelopmentprocessinremanufacturing. Own figurebasedonDissanayakeandSinha(2015) ........

Figure3.6Competitionversuscooperationmode.Adapted fromWangetal.(2014)

Figure3.7Threetypesofconstraints.AdaptedfromGeyer andVanWassenhove(2005)

Figure4.13P’s:people,planetandprofi t.BasedonSlaper andHall(2011)

Figure4.2Complexityofthefashionsupplychain. AdaptedfromKogg(2009)

Figure4.3Worlddemandfornaturalandman-made fibres. AdoptedfromAllwoodetal.(2006)

Figure4.4Hourlywagesinthefashionindustry. AdoptedfromAllwoodetal.(2006) ....................

Figure4.5Attitude–behaviourgapinfashionconsumption. BasedonAntonettiandMaklan(2015) andLaitalaetal.(2015) .............................

Figure4.6Impactonsustainabilityinpercentages ofthedifferentfashionlifecyclestages. AdaptedfromBetonetal.(2014) ...................... 64

Figure4.7Coherenceoffashionproductionandconsumption. Ownillustration .................................... 66

Figure4.8Responsibilityamongfashionproduction andconsumption.Ownillustration 67

Figure5.1Formsofcommunication.AdaptedfromBruhn(2015) 84

Figure6.1Betabrand thecrowdfundingplatform.Adapted fromBetabrand CrowdfundedClothing(2016) 103

Figure6.23Dprintingfashionitems.Adaptedfrom3D Fashion(2016)

Figure6.3NikeID theonlineco-creation.Adapted fromCo-creation(2016) 108

Figure8.1Consumptionprocess.AdaptedfromSolomon(2011)

Figure8.2Consumptionoftheworld’snaturalresources. OwnillustrationadaptedfromFriendsoftheEarth Europe(2009) .....................................

Figure8.3Sustainableconsumptionalongtheprocess ofconsumption.AdaptedfromSolomon(2011) andSchulz(2013) ..................................

Figure8.4Alternativeformsofconsumption.Adapted fromBotsmanandRogers(2011) ......................

Figure8.5Sharingandrentingwillingnessofconsumers. OwnillustrationadoptedfromNielsen(2014)

Figure8.6Classi ficationofsharingeconomy,collaborative economyandcollaborativeconsumption. OwnillustrationadoptedfromBotsman(2013) 145

Figure8.7Collaborativeconsumptionmodels.Botsman andRogers(2011) 146

Figure8.8PointsystemofthefashionlibraryLena. AdaptedfromLena-library(2015) 148

Figure9.1Theextendedsupplychain.Adapted fromBeamon(1999) ................................

Figure9.2Negativeandpositivetransferbetweenusedclothing andconsumerself-concept.AdaptedfromRoux andKorchia(2006) .................................

Figure9.3Four-pillartemplateforbusinessmodels. AdaptedfromOsterwalder(2004) ......................

Figure10.1Thegenericvaluechainandanexemplarysubdivision. AdaptedfromPorter(1998) ...........................

Figure10.2Activitiestobeintegratedinthevaluechain ofabrandedsecondhandstore.Ownvisualization basedonChanetal.(2015),Choietal.(2015), ConnellandKozar(2014),KateFletcher andGrose(2012),KantHvass(2014),Pal(2015), Porter(1998),andWRAP(2013) 180

Figure11.1Theprocessofaclosed-loopsupplychain. AdaptedfromBloemhofetal.(2012)

Figure11.2Nineplanetaryboundaries.AdaptedfromSteffenetal. (2015)andRockströmet’al.(2009)

Figure11.3FilippaKfrontrunners.Ownillustrationadapted fromFilippa(2015c)

Figure11.4Fiberpercentagesharefrom2012to2014. AdaptedfromFilippa(2014)

Figure11.5FilippaK’sproductionpercountryandcontinentin2014. AdaptedfromFilippa(2014) ..........................

Figure11.6Numbersof filippaK’sprofitlevel. AdaptedfromFilippa(2014) ..........................

Figure12.1Examplesofsocialnetworkplatforms. AdaptedfromTan(2015) ............................

Figure12.2TheinfluenceofE-WOMonyoungconsumers’ disposalbehaviour.Adapted fromKa-YanNgetal.(2015) .........................

Figure12.3Structureoftheapp “Free2Work” . AdaptedfromMustafa(2013)

Figure12.4Anexampleoftheblog “EcoFashionTalk” AdaptedfromBrown(2016)

Figure12.5Anexampleoftheblog “TheGuardian” AdaptedfromCadwellandCadwell(2015)

Figure12.6Therolesofsocialmediaforasustainableconsumption. Ownillustration 245

Figure13.1Consumerdecisionmakingprocess.Adaptedfrom Kroeber-RielandGröppel-Klein(2013)

Figure13.2Tangiblesforpurchasingmoresustainableproducts. AdaptedfromAccenture(2014) .......................

Figure13.3Exemplaryfashionsupplychainincludingsustainability issues.AdaptedfromGardettiandTorres(2013) ..........

Figure13.4Smartphonesubscriptionsperregion2014–2020. AdaptedfromScholz(2015) ..........................

Figure13.5Informationsearchedforonline. AdaptedfromAGOFe.V.(2015) ......................

Figure14.1Sustainabilityandthetriplebottomline. AdaptedfromCarterandRogers(2008)

Figure14.2Materialinformation.AdaptedfromHonestby Material information(2015) ..................................

Figure14.3Manufacturingdetails.AdaptedfromHonest by Manufacturingdetails(2015) ......................

Figure14.4Pricecalculation.AdaptedfromHonestby Price calculation(2015) 283

Figure14.5Filterby.AdaptedfromHonestby Filterby(2015)

ListofTables

Table2.1Thetriplebottomline.............................10

Table3.1Classi ficationofproducts...........................34

Table3.2Transactioncostsforproductdisposal..................35

Table3.3Recoveryoptions................................40

Table4.1Fashionbuyingcriteria............................58

Table6.1ThemainideasofToffler.AdaptedfromKotler(1986)......100

Table8.1De finitionsofsharingeconomy,collaborativeeconomy andcollaborativeconsumption[Ownillustration adoptedfromBotsman(2013)].......................144

Table8.2Improvementsofsharingeconomy,collaborativeeconomy andcollaborativeconsumptiondefinitions...............146

Table8.3Rentingsystemsinthefashionindustry.................148

Chapter1 GreenFashionRetail

JochenSträhle

Abstract Thepurposeofthispaperistoprovideanoverviewoverthefashion retaillandscapefromasustainabilityperspective.Itdrawstheoutlineofthekey influencingdevelopments,likedigitaliziationontheonehandandchangingconsumerbehaviorontheotherhand.Itshowsthatnewbusinessmodelssuchas insitutionalizedsecondhandformatsmaybeonchancetoprovideananswertothe changingmarketrules.

Keywords Sustainability Fashionretail Businessmodels Goinggreen

1.1TheGreenFutureofFashionRetail

Thediscussionaboutsustainabilityhasincreasedoverthelastdecades.The triple-bottomlinewiththefocusonthefuturegenerations(Brundtland 1987)have becomeabasicframeworkforacademicsandmarketersaliketoshapetheeconomy towardsamoresustainablelifestyle.Themainchallengeistobalancethedifferent perspectivesofpeople,profitandplanetorwithotherwordsthesocial,economical andecologicalaspects(Elkingto 2002).Companiesarerespondingbyintegrating sustainabilityaspectsintotheirstrategies(Maignanetal. 2005)andconsidergoing greenasawayofdifferentiationintheirmarket(Yangetal. 2010).

Thefashionindustryhasgatheredwidespreadattentioninpublicespecially becauseoftheRanaPlazaincidentin2013(Kozlowskietal. 2015).However,even beforethatitisvisiblethatattentiontowardsthenegativeimpactofthefashion systemonsustainabilitywasrisingevenbeforethecollapseofthefactorybuilding (Beard 2008).Theproductionoffashionproductsinvolvesseveralstepswhich usuallyincludedifferentactorsinthesupplychain(KarthikandGopalakrishnan 2014).Duetothedifferenttypesofproductscomingfromvarioussourcing countrieswhicharethendistributedglobally,fashionretailersfacediffi cultiesto

J.Strähle(&)

SchoolofTextilesandDesign,ReutlingenUniversity,Reutlingen,Germany e-mail:jochen.straehle@reutlingen-university.de

© SpringerScience+BusinessMediaSingapore2017

J.Strähle(ed.), GreenFashionRetail,SpringerSeriesinFashionBusiness, DOI10.1007/978-981-10-2440-5_1

havefulltransparencyovertheirsupplychain(Kogg 2009).However,fashion companiesstriveforcompetitivepricesontheretail floor,sothereductionoflabour costsbyproducingindevelopingcountriesfortheproductionisamainleverto decreasethecostofgoods(NagurneyandYu 2012).Butnotonlylabourcostsarea trigger,butalsotheecologicalsideismoreandmorecriticizedbecausethecultivationrequiresahighdegreeofnaturalresources(Draperetal. 2007),mainlyof coursetheintenseuseofwater,e.g.forcottonproduction,ortheuseofchemicals (ChenandBurns 2006;Piegsa 2010).

Consumersbuyfashionproductsmostlybecauseofanemotionalrathera rationalneed(Caoetal. 2014).Socializingandrelevancytopeersplayadominant rolewithinthedecisionprocess(JørgensenandJensen 2012)whichleadstoan excessiveoverconsumptionwhichcanbeseenwithfastfashionretailers(Morgan andBirtwistle 2009).Eventhoughsustainabilityhasbecomealsoarecognizable partofthedecisionprocess,itisstillneglectedwithinthebuyingdecisioninthe mainstream(HillerConnellandKozar 2014).Howeveritcanbeobservedthatit doesbecomeamoreinfluencingfactorforfashionconsumers(Han 2013).

Digitalizationchangedthestructureofthefashionretailmarketinrecentyears (Strähle 2015),especiallythewayofthedistribution(Buvarietal. 2014).The changetowardstheintenseuseofsmartphonesforinformationandtransaction purposeschangestheinteractionbetweenconsumersandfashioncompanies(Bruce 2012;Daureretal. 2012).Consumershavechangedtheirtraditionalchannelorientationtowardsaconsumerbasedomni-channeling(Strang 2013),wherethe customerconsidersabrandmorelikeacloudyconstructratherthana fixedpointof sale(Strähle 2015).Thereforcompanieswillhavetounderstandthebuyingprocess moreindetail,whichmeansespeciallyunderstandingthedifferentstagesof informationdemandduringthisprocess(SolomonandRabolt 2004).Theriseof e-commercetechnologyhasenabledcompaniestointeractwiththeircommunities throughsocialmedia(ZolkepliandKamarulzaman 2015),whichisconsideredas oneofthemostpowerfulinnovationsinthetwenty-firstcentury(Diaz 2015).Social mediahasnowadaysproliferatedfromaconsumer-to-consumercommunicationto apossibilityofinteractionbetweenconsumer-to-companyandviceversa(Johnson 2014).Thisinteractionisidealforbuildingtrustthroughtransparencyonthe business(Hajli 2014).Especiallyforgreen-orientatedcustomers,theself-selection ofcommunicationchannelsenablescompaniestofocusontheirdedicatedtarget groupinaneffi cientway(Mintonetal. 2012).

Thenewtechnologiesdonotonlyaltertheinteractionbetweencompaniesand consumers,butalsoleadtoinnovativeapproachesregardingthebusinessmodelsas such.Consumershavenowthepossibilitytobecomecreatorsthemselveswhichis knownastheprosumerconceptasfusionofproductionandconsumption(Ritzer 2015).Theoutdoorfashionindustryalreadyhasproventobeveryprogressivehere byintegratingprofessionalusersinthedevelopmentprocessoftheirproducts (SträhleandWagner 2016).Asthischangesthetraditionalvaluechainoffashion houses,adaptionoftheclassicalconceptsleadtonewbusinessapproachesbasedon thenewtechnologies(RibiereandTuggle 2010).CompanieslikeTinkercador Betabrandforexamplearebasedontheco-creation(Ramirez 1999)ofdesign,

whichmeansthatdesigncomesfromconsumersthemselvesandthecompanyonly coverstheproductionanddistributionpart(Betabrand CrowdfundedClothing 2016;Tinkercad-Create3DdigitaldesignswithonlineCAD2016).Anotherareais theevolutionofthesecond-handmarket.Asyoungfashionconsumersshowahigh frequencyofshoppingfashionproductsinthetraditionalfastfashionenvironment, theyhavebeentargetedfromadifferentangle:Developingfromtheclassical boot-salesor flea-markets(Han 2013),onlineretailerslikeKleiderkreisel (Janauskas 2016)usetheInternettoovercomethelocalfocustodelivera supra-regionalinfrastructurefortheexchangeofusedproductsandworkmoreasa mediatororplatformthanatraditionalretailer(Scholletal. 2013).

Asaconsequenceofthedevelopmentsmentioned,newfashionretailbusiness modelarise.Highlyvisibleinthesecond-handmarket(GuiotandRoux 2010)new start-upsaretryingto findtheirpositionprofitingfromthisdevelopment.Social mediaplayacrucialroleinthiscontextandalreadysomestart-upsseemtostart graspingtheopportunitiesofthisnewgreenfashionretailorder.

1.2LeveragingtheOpportunitiesbyGoingGreen

Fashionmarketerswillhavetoreacttothechangingsocietyandcustomerneeds. Thefollowingarticlesprovideinsightsonthemostrelevantaspectsinthisarea.The aimistoprovidetheoreticalandpracticalinsightonhowgoinggreenmaypositivelyinfluenceafashionretailer ’sstrategy.Companieswillhavetoactdifferently intheir fieldiftheywanttobesuccessfulinthefuture.Thismayrequireatotal changeoftheircurrentbusinessmodelor,atleast,somemajoradaptions.

Thebookisstructuredinfourteenarticles.Basedondistinctresearchquestions, thereaderwillbeabletodigdeepintotheindividualleversforapossibleadaption. Itthuscanprovideasolidunderstandingonhowtointegrategreenaspectsintoany fashionretailer ’sbusinessmodel.

The firstarticlesserveasanintroductiontodeliverasolidunderstandingabout sustainabilityinthefashioncontext.Afterthisintroductoryarticle,thesecondarticle conductsaliteraturereviewonthekeyaspectsofsustainabilityinthefashionretail. Thefollowingpapercontributeswithadefinitionabouttheclosed-loopproduction, wherethemostrelevanttheoreticalframeworkswillbediscussed.Thenextarticle discussesthedifferentimpactsofproductionandconsumptiononsustainability.It willbeshownthatitisnotonlythecompanieswhichshouldbemaderesponsible towards,e.g.pollutionoftheenvironment,butismuchmoretheconsumer ’srole andresponsibilitytoact.Thiswillaffectalsothelong-termstrategiesofthefashion eco-system,ascompanieswillhavetodeliverothersystemswhichareacceptedby consumers.

Thenextpaperscoverthethesupplysideoftheindustry.The fiftharticle focusesonthemanufacturingstandardsandonhowtheseimpactretailbrandsand theircommunicationinparticular.Thesixtharticlediscussestheprosumerconcept. Astheintegrationofconsumersintheproductionprocesschangesnotonlythe

valuecreationprocessbutalsohaspositivesustainableimpacts,thisisconsidered asanewwayoffashionproductionandconsumption.

Thefollowingarticlesgodeepintoalternativebusinessmodelsforfashion retailersbyextendingtheloop.Theseventharticlecoversananalysisofthe second-handmarketforfashionproducts.Itrevealsthattheredoexistalready severalmodelsinthesecond-handindustrybutstillonaverylowscale.Theeigth articlediscussesalternativestotheclassicalfastfashionconsumptionwhichmaybe focusingonusingratherthanbuying.Theideaofasharedeconomyisacentral aspectinthistopic.Assecond-handproductsarenotreallyprofessionalizedyet,the nextarticlebroadenstheperspectivebylookingatanindustrywhichalreadyhas seemedtolivethroughthesamedevelopment:thecarindustry.Itwillbeshown thatsecond-handproductsarenowavitalpartofthebusinessmodelanditwillbe shownhowthisindustrymanagedtoadapttheirvaluechaintothenewrequirements.Consequently,thenextarticlefocusesonthevaluechainofasecond-hand storeinthefashionindustryandhowitdiffersfromatraditionalone.Finallythis blockwillbeconcludedwithacasestudyofSwedishfashionbrandFilippaK, whichhasshowntobeaforerunnerintheintegrationofsustainableaspects,shared economyandevenrunninganownbrandedsecond-handstorewithintheirbusiness model.

Thelastarticlestrytofocustheinformationdemandofsustainableconsumers andhowcompaniesareabletoachievethisthroughdifferenttoolsandmedia.The twelvtharticlediscussestheroleofsocialmediainthiscontext.Itisclearthatthe prosumerconceptrequiresinteractionbetweenafashionretaileranditsconsumers andespeciallysocialmediaseemsappropriateforthis.Thethirteentharticle highlightsthepotentialsofadedicatedfashionappwhichmaybeusedforadditionalinformationaboutaproductinalocalretailenvironment.Thismayinclude manufacturingdetails,historyorevenatransparentcommunicationaboutthewhole supplychain.Thebookcloseswithadedicatedcasestudyof www.honestby.com. TheBelgianfashionretaileralreadycommunicatesalmosteverything,startingfrom listingallthesuppliers,theusedmaterialsanduptoopenupeventhecalculationof eachproduct.

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Chapter2

KeyAspectsofSustainabilityinFashion Retail

JochenSträhleandViolaMüller

Abstract Thepurposeofthispaperistoexplainthekeyaspectsandgrowing relevanceofsustainabilityinfashionretailandtoevaluatethepossibilitiesof fashionretailerstoactsustainableinsupplychainmanagementaswellascarving outthechallengestheyhavetodealwith.Theresearchmethodologyappliedfor thispurposeisacriticalliteraturereviewexaminingbooksandarticles.The findingsdemonstratetherisingimportanceofsustainabilityinfashionretail.Inthis regard,fashionretailersplayakeyroleandresponsibilityforsustainabilityinthe fashionsupplychain,fromthebeginninguptotheend.Thispapermainlyanalyzes sustainabilityinthefashionsupplychain.Itdoesnotanalyzetopicslike second-handshoppingorsocialmediasustainability.

Keywords Sustainability Fashionretail Supplychainmanagement Five-R analysisgreenwashing

2.1Introduction

2.1.1LandscapeofTextileandFashionIndustry

Thecurrentworldpopulationhaspassedoverthenumberof7.3billionpeople. Basicneedsofthesepeoplearefoodandclothing.Sothetextileandfashion industryplaysamajorroleallovertheworld.Thetextileandfashionindustryhas experiencedconsiderablegrowthandsuccessoverthelasttwodecades.Thishas ledtonewarisingtopicsineconomic,environmentalandsocialareaswithinthe industry.Facingchallengesofglobaltextileandfashionsupplychainsrequires globalsolutions(Shishoo 2012).

J.Strähle(&) V.Müller

SchoolofTextilesandDesign,ReutlingenUniversity,Reutlingen,Germany e-mail:jochen.straehle@reutlingen-university.de

V.Müller

e-mail:ViolaMueller@gmx.net

© SpringerScience+BusinessMediaSingapore2017

J.Strähle(ed.), GreenFashionRetail,SpringerSeriesinFashionBusiness, DOI10.1007/978-981-10-2440-5_2

Asthefashionindustrybecomesmoreandmorecompetitive,mostofthe fashionretailersaretryingtodifferentiatethemselvesinthemarket.Theyhopeto designanoptimalbusinessmodel,themostefficientproductionpatternsandstrong corporatevalues.AccordingtotheresearchescarriedoutbytheSustainableBrand Insights(SustainableBrandsInsights 2012), “understandingthelatestsustainability trends,consumerinsightsandindustry-speci ficbestpractices ” isnecessaryto maintainthecompetitivenessinthemarket.

Sustainabilityhasbecomeanomnipresentwordinrecentyears.Organizations aroundtheworldareincreasinglyincorporatingtherequirementsofsustainability intotheirday-to-dayoperations.Theydosonotonlybecauseofthesocialand environmentalrisksandthegovernancechallengesthesupplychainposes,butalso becauseofthebenefitssupplychainsustainabilitycandeliver.Sustainablesupply chainmanagementcanbeastrongdriverofvalueandsuccess,forbusinessasmuch asforsociety.Therearemanydefinitionsaboutsustainabilitybutthereislittle knownabouttheactualdriversandbarrierstoadoptingenvironmentallysustainable practiceswithinorganizations.

Thetextileandfashionindustryisconsideredtobeoneofthemostpolluting industriesintheworld.Largefashionretailerscanplayakeyroleinpromoting sustainabilitybecausetheyareintermediariesbetweenproducersandmanufacturers ontheonehandandcustomersontheotherhand.Durieu(2003)forexample, arguedthatretailers “cangreatlyinfluencechangesinproductionprocessesand consumptionpatternsandarepositionedtoexertpressureonproducersinfavourof moresustainableconsumerchoices”.Sustainabilityinthetextileandfashion industrycanbecontrolledalongthesupplychain.From fibreproductionuptothe endconsumeruse,ineachstagetherearedifferentfactorsinfluencingtheenvironment.InFig. 2.1,thesocialandenvironmentalimpactsalongtheclothing supplychainareshown.

Thisworkisdeterminedtogiveanoverviewaboutthetopicofsustainabilityin fashionretail.Itcontainsthedifferentsocialandenvironmentalimpactsalongthe fashionsupplychain.Therefore,aliteraturereviewwasconductedandthe findings arepresentedinthefollowingorder.First,adefinitionoffashionretailandsustainabilitywillbegiventosetthebasisforthefollowingsections.Thenacloser viewofthereasonsto “gogreen”,therelevanceofsustainablesupplychain

Clothingsupplychain.AdaptedfromGwilt(2014)

Fig.2.1

managementandinconnectionwiththatthechallengesofsustainablefashionvalue chainsaregiven.Thethirdsectionisdedicatedtodefineandexplaintheterm “greenwashing” andthe “sevensins”.Thefollowingsectionshowsanexemplary processforafashionretailer,whowantstoimplementasustainabilityandenergy managementsysteminhisretailstoresandanexampleofafashioncompanythatis alreadyusingsuchsustainabilityandanenergysystemisgiven.Intheendofthis paper,aconclusionwillbegivenandthelimitationsofthisworkwillbepointed outinordertomakesuggestionsforfurtherresearch.

2.1.2FashionRetail

Thetextileandclothingindustryconsistsofcompaniesthatareinvolvedwith fibres,primarytextilemanufacturers,whoproduceyarnsandfabrics,aswellasadd coloration,apparelmanufacturersandretailingenterprises,wherethetextileproductinterfaceswiththeconsumer(UniversityofNorthernlowa 2015).Itisan internationalandhighlyglobalizedindustry,withclothingoftendesignedinone country,manufacturedinanotherandsoldinathird.Thisindustryhasbeenradicallyevolvinginrecentyearsduetoretailconsolidation,globalizationand e-commerce.Christopheretal.(2004)definesfashionmarketsastypically exhibitingthefollowingcharacteristics:shortlifecycles,highvolatility,lowpredictabilityandhighimpulsepurchasing.

Inthispaper,thedefinitionofthewholetextileandclothingindustryisusedfor theterm “FashionRetail” .

2.1.3Sustainability

Sustainabilityisnotsingularlyaboutminimizingnegativeimpact,butalsomaximising positiveimpact,allowingindividuals,communitiesandeconomicsystemsto flourish.To worksustainablyistoquestionthestatusquo,challengeconventionand findnewwaysof workingthatachieveecological,socialandculturalbalancethatisintunewithhuman behaviour(Williamsetal. 2009,p.8).

Sustainabilityhasbecomeanomnipresentwordinrecentyearsbutthereisno standardintermsofwhatidentifyasustainableproductorprocess.Mostpeople associatesustainabilitywithenvironmentalprotection,beingecological,greenor organic.Buttheydonotthinkabouttheeconomyandsociety.Therearemorethan 70definitionsofsustainabilityexistingintheliterature(Pearceetal. 1989).Oneof themostoften-citeddefi nitionisgivenbytheBrundtlandreport.Sustainabilityas statedintheBrundtlandreportmeanstomeet “theneedsofthepresentwithout compromisingtheabilityoffuturegenerationstomeettheirownneeds” (Hariembrundtland 1985).

Theinteractionofthisde finitionandfashionretailerswhoimplementedawhole cultureandethosofsustainabilitycanbefoundintheso-called “triplebottomline”

Table2.1 Thetriplebottomline

EconomicEnvironmentalSocial

TypicalmeasuresSales,profit,ROIPollutantsemittedHealthandsafetyrecord TaxespaidCarbonfootprintCommunityimpacts Monetary flowsRecyclingandreuseHumanrights;privacy JobscreatedWaterandenergyuseProductresponsibility SupplierrelationsProductimpactsEmployeerelations

AdaptedfromSavitzandWeber(2006)

(Wilson 2015).Thismodelconsistsofthreecategories:people,profitandplanet.In otherwords,itcanbesaidthatbusinesseshavetomeasuretheirsuccessnotonlyby financialperformance,butalsobytheirimpactontheeconomy,theenvironment andthesocietyinwhichtheyoperate(Elkington 2002).Thegoaloffashionretailers isto findabalancebetweenthesethreefactors.Thetriplebottomlinecanbeseenas akindofbalancedscorecardthatdeterminesthedegreetowhichabusinessis creatingvaluefortheeconomy,theenvironmentandthesociety(SavitzandWeber 2006).Typicalmeasuresfortheeconomic,environmentalandsocialelementsare showninTable 2.1.Aproductorfashionretailercanonlybecalledsustainable whenhiswhole “cradle-to-grave” lifecycleissustainable(BlackburnandTextile Institute(Manchester,England) 2009).

2.2LiteratureReview

2.2.1Reasonsto “GoGreen”

Alreadyinthe1960speoplestartedtothinkcriticaloftheindustrializedsociety. Theyworryaboutconsumptionandlarge-scaletechnologiesaswellasindustrialism;thisresultsintheso-called “ecomovement”.Alsointhe1970sand1980s peoplestartednewmovements.Duetothefactthatmanypoliticalissueswere discussed,criticizedandpublicized,peoplechangedtheireverydaybehaviouranda newecoattitudewasnoticed.Theecomovementpeakedoutattheendofthe 1970s.Consumerswantedtoweareco-friendlyfashionandsignouttheirdisclaimeragainstthecurrentfashion.Piecesofclothingwerepracticableandcomfortableandnotveryfashionablebecauseconsumerswantedtodrawattentionto thebadinfluencesofthefashionindustry.Thisdevelopmentinfluencedtheattitude oftoday’ssociety.Sustainabilityisoftenassociatedwiththeslovenlylookofthe past.Butdesignersandproducersnowadaysworkhardtochangetheimageof sustainablefashioninthecustomer ’smind(DiekampandKoch 2010).

Duetothelarge-scaleoutsourcingofmanufacturingtolow-costcountries,long leadtimesandforecast-drivenapparelvaluechains,thereareincreasedforecasting errors,markdownsandlostsalesaswellasanexcessofinventory,morediscountedmerchandiseandgreaterconsumerdissatisfaction(Mattilaetal. 2002). Thisleadsfashionretailertorethinktheiractualbusinessandtakealookatthe

topicsustainability.AstheEuropeanCommission(EuropäischeKommission 2009) says “retailersareincreasinglyrecognizingsustainabilityasasignificantopportunityfortheirbusinessestogrow,competeandinnovate”.Therefore,theytryto integratespecifi c,comprehensivesustainabilityintotheirbusinessstrategiesfor internaloperationsandexternalrelationships(Maignanetal. 2005).Alotof companiesseesustainabilitynotonlyasachancetocontributetosocialgoals,but alsoasapowerfulsourceofcompetitiveadvantageandamatterofcorporate survival(Yangetal. 2010).Duetotheincreasingdemandforsustainableproducts andtransparentsupplychainsthedecisionofafashionretailerto “gogreen” can arisefrommanyreasonsbuttheycanbecategorizedintofourdistinctgroups:social well-being,environmentalstewardship,economicprosperityandgovernance.

Socialwell-beingincludestheimprovementoflabourstandardsandconditions, enhancecommunitiesandthecreationanddeliveryofsociallyresponsibleproducts andservices(Mahler 2007).Fashionretailershavetobroadentheirmindbeyond theshop floorandtotheconsumers,likeutilizingpoint-of-saleliteraturetoeducate consumersandtopromotemoresustainableconsumption.Consumerstodayarenot wellinformedaboutthetopicsustainability.Theyhavetolearnhowtoactina sustainablewayandadoptknowledge.

Fashionretailersmustalsoemphasizeanddeveloptheircorporatesocial responsibility(CSR)goalsfurther.Becausethisleadstocompletelysatis fied communities,customersandstakeholderswithinandbeyondthesocietyinwhich theyoperate.Beingsustainableintermsofsocialwell-beingneedstoincorporate sociallyresponsiblevaluesandtransparencyintocompany’ssupplychains.The risingtransparencyleadstorisingscrutiny,thereforecollaborationacrossthesupply chainisoutstandingandorganizationsareinevitablyrealizingandgainthebenefits ofworkingtogether(Pui-YanHoandChoi 2012).Collaborationalsomeansmore thanjusthavingarelationshipacrossthesupplychain,itmeansratherworking togethertowardsacommongoal(Shedroff 2009).Socialwell-beingdemandsan increaseinthequalityoflife,socialjusticeandsocialcoherence(LangandMurphy 2014).

Environmentalstewardshipstandsfortheenvironmentalresponsibilityfashion retailershave.Itcanconsistof,forexample,conservingenergyandresources, consumingmorerenewableandless-polluting,increasingrecycling,minimizing packagingandreducingtheretailer ’scarbonfootprint(Mahler 2007).Inother wordsVezzoliandManzini(2008,p.6)state “Thetermenvironmentalsustainabilityreferstosystemicconditionswhereneitheronaplanetarynoronaregional leveldohumanactivitiesdisturbthenaturalcyclesmorethanplanetaryresilience allows,andatthesametimedonotimpoverishthenaturalcapitalthathastobe sharedwithfuturegenerations”.Companiescanalsoachieveanadvantageby renewedtargetmarketingorcreateeco-marketspaceandproductdifferentiationby experimentingandinnovation,suchaslookingforsustainableresourcesandnew rawmaterials.Furthermoreitispossibleormoreovernecessaryjoiningwithother companiesandtoformpartnershipstoexposureandhighlighttheimportanceof environmentalstewardship(Pui-YanHoandChoi 2012).

In1958,companiesingeneralhadanaveragetenureof61yearsintheFortune 500.TheFortune500isanannuallistcompiledandpublishedbyFortunemagazine thatranks500ofthelargestUScorporationsbytotalrevenuefortheirrespective fiscalyears.By1980thishadreducedto25yearsanditistodayonly18years. Mainreasonstothisdevelopmentareincreasingcompetitionandthenotionof creativedestruction(Foster 2012).Toachievelong-termgrowthcompanieshaveto behighlysensitiveandresponsivetomarketforcesbecauseasoneretailerdevelops anewandsuccessfulstrategytheothershavetoreactanddevelopme-tooor differentiationstrategies(Porter 2004).DeGeus(1988)proposed “Theabilityto learnfasterthanyourcompetitorsmaybetheonlysustainablecompetitive advantage”.Inotherwords,itisimportantthatalearningcompanyisbasedupon ecologicalprinciples.Thisoffersopportunitiestoreachmajoradvantages.As Mahler(2007)sayseconomicprosperitycomprisesofpromotingprofits,creating jobs,attractingcustomers,reducingcosts,anticipatingandmanaginglong-term risksandfosteringlong-termcompetitiveness.Economicsustainabilityrequiresa long-termperspectiveregardingthehandlingof fi nancialassetsandhuman resources.Furthermore,itfocusesonthecarryingcapacityanddiversityofindustry structureandconsumptionpatterns(LangandMurphy 2014).

Thefourthreasonto “gogreen” isgovernance.Thisshouldnotbemistakenwith thetermgovernment.Governanceisnotasformalandismoreanarrangementfor membergroupswhohaveacceptedeachotherasstakeholders:publicandprivate, profitandnon-profi t,nationalandtrans-national,expertandamateur,producerand consumer,largeandsmall.Allthesemembershaveanenhancedawarenessof interdependence.Thesearrangementscansetupstandardsandmonitoringsystems forasustainablebusinessprogramme(LangandMurphy 2014).Thesemember groupsareoftenmoreacceptedfromconsumers.Fashionretailerswhoholdon thesestandardsbecomemorecompetitiveandincreasetheirimagefromaconsumer ’spointofview.Therefore,itisnecessarytocreateastrategicbusinessplan withmeasurablesuccessfactors.

2.2.2SustainableSupplyChainManagement

Fromthetraditionalpointofview,itwassupposedthatthemostimportantplayers inthedevelopmentprocessarethecompanyandthecustomer.Butthemost effectiveorganizationshavelearnedtoconsiderinput,needsandcooperationwith suppliers,distributors,retailersandotherbusinesspartnersthroughoutthewhole supplychain.Themoresystems-orientedanorganizationisandthemoreitconsidersthefullspectrumofsustainableissues(managingandusinghuman,natural and financialcapital),thewideristhecircleofconcernsandactorstoinvolve (Shedroff 2009).

Cooperetal.(1997,p.1)definesthesupplychainmanagementas “Theprocess ofplanning,implementing,andcontrollingtheefficient,cost-effective flowand storageofrawmaterials,in-processinventory, fi nishedgoods,andrelated

information flowfrompoint-of-origintopoint-of-consumptionforpurposeof conformingtocustomerrequirements.”

Supplychainmanagementconceptshavebeenimplementedtoimproveoperatingperformance,providenewsourcesofcompetitiveadvantagewhileofferinga bettervaluetoconsumers,andultimatelydevelopexcellentmanagedorganizations andinter-organizationalrelationships(Trent 2004).

Characteristicsofsupplychainmanagementespeciallyinfashionretailare retail-led,usuallystochasticsystemswithallkindsofinherentuncertainties(on demandserviceandvalue),relativelyshortproductlifecyclesanddecisionsin fashionsupplychainsarehighlyconsumerdemanddriven(Choi 2014).Inaddition tothedefinitionofgeneralsupplychainmanagementthefollowingdefinitionis relatedtothefashionretailsupplychainmanagement:

FashionRetailSupplyChainManagementencompassestheplanningandmanagementof allactivitiesinvolvedinsourcingandprocurement,conversion,andalllogisticmanagementactivitiesinthefashionretailsupplychain.Itincludescoordinationandcollaboration withsupplychainpartners.Inessence,FashionRetailSupplyChainManagementintegratessupplyanddemandmanagementwithinandacrossthefashionretailsupplychain withagoalofsatisfyingthecustomerrequirementsundertheleadershipoftheretailer (Choi 2014,p.2).

Thetrenddrivenbytheconsumers’ increasedlevelofawarenessandconcernson environmentalprotectionaswellasthefactthatthetraditionalfashionapparel supplychainusetoxicchemicals,consumeshighnumbersofwaterandelectricity, producesalotofwasteandairemissions,longtransportationwaysandexcessive packaging,highlyaffectsthesustainablesupplychainmanagementpracticesin fashionapparel.Itleadstoanewsustainabilitymind-set(Five-Rmodel)andtheuse ofenvironmentalmanagementsystems(Choi 2013;Muthu 2014).Eventhoughthe motivesoffashionretailersvary,thekeytargetisgenerallytoincludeaninterestin achievingsustainablestreamsofproducts,services,informationandfundsto providemaximumvaluetoallinvolvedstakeholders(Salzmannetal. 2005).

Sustainablesupplychainmanagementcanbedefinedasthetraditionalsupplychain managementpracticeswhichintegrate “environmental,socialandeconomic impactsthroughoutthelifecyclesofgoodsandservices” (GlobalCompactOffice 2011).

Toarrangeenvironmentaloperationsandwork flows,theISO14000standard canhelpfashionretailerstoidentifyprocesses,developaperformancemeasurement system,measurethesupplychainsystem,prioritizeprocesses,developalternatives toprocesses,selectapproachesandestablishauditingandimprovementprocedures (Pui-YanHoandChoi 2012).

Therearemanymodelsforfashionretailerstoadaptintheirquestforsustainability.Thispaperdiscussestheso-calledFive-Rmodelmorespecifi c.Itisformed bythe five-R’s:recycle,reuse,reduce,re-designandre-imagine(Fig. 2.2).

Recyclingistheprocessbywhichmaterialsarecollected,processedintoreusableformsandsubsequentlyusedasrawmaterialsfornewproducts.Ingeneral, therearetwotypesofwaste:post-industrialwasteandpost-consumerwaste.Atthe post-industrialwaste,thecontentandcompositionoftheproductandmaterialis 2KeyAspectsofSustainabilityinFashionRetail13

Fig.2.2 5R’sof sustainability.Own figure basedonEstyandWinston (2006)

known(Pui-YanHoandChoi 2012).FromShedroff(2009)pointofviewrecycling isanimportantprincipleofsustainability,buttobereallyeffective,productsneedto beeasilydisassembledintocomponentpartsandseparatedbymaterial.Therefore, thepost-consumerwasteitisamorecomplicatedseparationprocess,becausethe producthasundergonemanychangessincetheinitialindustrialprocess.Thisleads toamoreresourceandcapitalintensiverecyclingprocess,despitethehighervalue indoingso(Pui-YanHoandChoi 2012).

Reuseisanotherwaytoclosetheloop.Thetermreusereferstothefacttousean itemorproductinitsoriginalformforseveraltimesinsteadofdiscardingit. Throughthisbehaviourtheusagelifeofaproductcanbeextended.Inthefashion branchthiscouldbecloakpins,garmentpackagingorsewingneedles(Pui-YanHo andChoi 2012).Insteadoftheextendingtheuseofgarmentsandmakethemlast longer,Shedroff(2009)recommendedtodeignthecompany’soperationand componentstobeeasilyexchangedsothatthemajorityofcomponentsstayinuse. Additionallytothistherehasbeenagrowthinonlinesalesorexchangeofgarments throughretailerssuchaseBaywhichhashelpedtoincreasethe flowandaccessibilityofsecond-handclothing(Muthu 2014).

ThethirdRisreducing.Thisimpliesasourcereductionandawasteprevention. Wastepreventionincludesstrictavoidanceofwastegeneration,qualitativeand quantitativereductionatsource,andreuseofproducts(pre-waste 2015).Infashion, thiscouldforexamplemeantolookmorecarefullyonthefabricsourcing. Obtainingfabricslocallyinsteadofaglobalprocurementleadstoshortertransport distancesandtherebytolowerenvironmentalpollution.Eachtransportationsends differentlevelsofpollutionintotheenvironmentandaffectsdifferentpopulations andecosystemsaroundtheworld(Muthu 2014).Ifitisnecessarytosourceglobal, fashionretailerscouldtrytominimizetheirsafetystockorderedtopreventfabric procurement.During “thegarmentmanufacturingprocess,sophisticatedlayplanningsoftwarecanhelpmapouttheideallayoutforpatternpieceswhichwould resultinlessfabricwastagefollowingthefabriccuttingprocess” (Pui-YanHoand Choi 2012,p.168).Theideaofeco-effectivenessdefi nesnotonlytoreducethe waste,butalsotoeliminatetheconceptofwaste(Shedroff 2009).

2KeyAspectsofSustainabilityinFashionRetail15

Are-designedproductmeansthattheitemwasdevelopedinawaythatreduces environmentalimpactsforsomeonesomewhereinitslife-cyclejourneyfrom supplierinputstoproducttoend-of-lifedisposal(EstyandWinston 2006).The re-designprocessincludesdifferentperspectives.The firstoneisonproductdesign. Productdesigninvolvestopicsliketheuseofmaterials.Thesecondperspective referstotheprocessre-design.Oneexamplefortheprocessofre-designisthe so-calledbusinessprocessre-engineering(BPR)scheme.Companiescantryto streamlinetheirexistingbusinessprocessestoenhancetheireffi ciency.Incontext withsupplychainmanagementandBPRcommonly,thechangeorsimpli ficationof businessprocessestoreducelogistic-relatedwastesaswellasenhancingworkflows withreductionofwastesisplanned(Pui-YanHoandChoi 2012).

The fifthandlastRisre-imagine.Beforetheprocessofre-designingstarts, fashionretailersshouldalsokeepinmindthere-imaginationoftheirproductsand processes.Re-designingandre-imagininghavetheaimofthinkingdirectenvironmentallycreative,hearteningtoseeknewopportunitiestoaddvaluetowhat companiesdoandrealizethatre-designingandre-imaginingprecludestheformer Three-R ’singeneratinggreaterprofitandlong-lastingcompanyvalueandvision (Pui-YanHoandChoi 2012).AsPowell(2010)explainstheso-calledconcept “DesignforEnvironment ”,designerscreateproductsbytakingtheenvironment intoaccount.Itislessexpensivetodesignalow-impactproductthantomanageor torebuildahigh-impactproduct.

2.2.3ChallengesofSustainableFashionValueChains

Thebarriersofsustainablefashionvaluechainscanbesummarizedinfourchallenges:fashionlogisticschallenges,challengesofoverproduction,challengesof irresponsibleconsumptionandchallengesofful fillingsocialresponsibility.Each challengewillbeexplainedinthefollowing.

2.2.3.1FashionLogistics

Thebiggestchallengeoffashionretailerstoaneffi cientlogisticinaglobalized networkarelongleadtimesfromtheorderuptothedelivery.Thisisalsoknownas “theleadtimegap” (FernieandSparks 2004).Muthu(2014)saysthatleadtimesin atraditionalfashionbusiness(up-frontbuyingbasedonseasonalforecastingand planning)canbeupto36weeks.Theresultofaresearchodkeyperformance measuresofmajorEuropeanfashionretailers(traditionalproductdesignandslow response),madebyCachonandSwinney(2011)isthattraditionalfashioncompaniessuchasMango(Spanishbrandedretailer),Lindex(Swedishbrandedretailer) orJohnSmedley(UKbrandedretailer)haveproductionleadtimesupto26weeks. Themajorityofthistimeisnon-valueaddingandgeneratescosts.Longleadtimes arealsocausedbythethegeographicalextensionandattendedwiththatthe

necessityoflong-rangeforecastsaheadofsalesseasons(Christopheretal. 2004). Thisfactinfluencesthe financialperformanceinanegativeway,causedby impreciseaccuracyleadingtolossofrevenuesandprofits,surplusofinventoryand hencealargenumberofproductswhichmustbesoldondiscountpricesaswellas theriskthatcustomersnot fi ndingwhattheywantintheshop(Mattilaetal. 2002). Todaya48weeksleadtimeiscommonandassumedthatitcausessalesforecast errorsofabout40%.Furthermore,theradicalrelocationoftheproductionsites towardsFarEastleadtohighertransportationcosts,lossofemploymentinthe manufacturingsectorandhighercarbonfootprints(Allwood 2006).Thereisno concretedefinitionofthetermcarbonfootprint,buttherearesomekeycharacteristicsthatareaccepted.Thisresultsinanopendefi nitionfromPetersetal.(2010, p.23): “Thecarbonfootprintofafunctionalunitistheclimateimpactundera speci fiedmetricthatconsidersallrelevantemissionsources,sinksandstoragein bothconsumptionandproductionwithinthespeci fiedspatialandtemporalsystem boundary.”

Anotherimportantandchallengingelementoffashionlogisticinthebroadest senseisthepackagingofaproduct.Causedbyshortlifecycles,theamountof packagingonthemarketsisalmostequaltotheamountofpackagingwaste,whereof mostofthepackagingiscompositepackaging.Thiscontainsmaterialslikelaminatedfoils,aluminiumfoilorpolyethylene.Thesematerialsaredifficulttorecycle andcauseshighcostsandlowresalevalue.Topalliatethepublicconcerns,politicianshavesupportedrecyclingandreusestrategies,toreducethedemandforraw materialsanddecreasethequantityofwastegoingintoland fills(Xieetal. 2013).

2.2.3.2OverproductionCausedbyForecastingError

Forecastingerrorhasseriousconsequencesonsustainablefashionvaluechains. Mattilaetal.(2002)saysthatfashionretailersonaverageonlyselltwo-thirdoftheir seasonalfashionproductsatthefullprice.Therestoftheproductsaresoldona discountprice.Therearedifferentbusinessstrategiestoimproveretailperformance measuressuchastheoptimizationofthe flowofinformationandmerchandise betweenvaluechainmemberstomaximizeconsumersatisfaction(KoandKincade 1997).ByrealizingdifferenttechnologieslikesharingPOSinformation,EDI, electronictransmissionofordersandinvoices,computer-aideddesign(CAD),the useofcomputertechnologyandmanufacturingandelectronicpointofsalethat meanscollectingsalesinformationatthecashregisterfrombarcodes.Thisleadsto efficientlyreducesafetystocks,avoidoverproductionandminimizeunsoldmerchandise.Thereductionofoverproductionhasabigimpactontheenvironment, keepinginmindthefactthattextileandapparelrawmaterialsproductionare henpeckedbyenergy-intensiveprocesses,theuseoftoxicchemicalsandthehigh waterconsumption(Christopheretal. 2004). “Attheoperationallevelitiscrucial totaketimelydecisionsonwhattobuy,whattomove,andwhattomake,vital supplychainplanningtocounterdemanduncertainty” (Muthu 2014,p.233).

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Miten pitkä Luojan kaula, Kuin on pitkä, kuin on paksu, Kuin on poikelta leviä."

Heti Luoja vastaeli:

"Niin on pitkä, niin on paksu, "Niin on poikelta leviä, Kuin on kaulasi omasi.

Otas! minä mittaelen."

Anto Luojan mitellä

Tuota kauloa omoa.

"Empä mie lukkuhun lukitse

Enkä paina palkimehen, Mittelenpä, määrelenpä:

Näin on paksu Luojan kaula

Näin on pitkä, näin on paksu

Näin on poikelta leviä."

Jopa nyt lukkuhun lukitsen,

Jopa painan palkimehen,

Kiven kiljasen kovaksi, Rauvan karjun karkeaksi;

Perin peltohon sivalsin

Kannan kaivon kankahaseen.

Tuossa seiso sen ikäsi

Kuin ei kuuta, kuin ei päivää, Kuin ei armast' aurinkota!"

Tämän runon selitykseksi saadaan mainita, että Paavin aikana, koska Pyhä Raamattu oli outo kirja sekä Papeille että yhteiselle kansalle, opettivat Papit usein omia juttujansa, joille Raamatusa ei ole pienintäkään perustusta. Erinomattain Pääsiäis-juhlana, pitkän ja surullisen Paaston lopetettua, juteltiin sanankuuliain huviksi, monenlaisia ihmeellisiä satuja, jotka mieluisesti kuultiin, ja muistoon

kätkettiin. Tainkaltaisia on joku, runoissa säilitettynä, meidän aikamme asti kulkeunut. Yksi näitä on myös tämä, Vuokkiniemen pitäjästä saatu, Runo, jolle täsä on annettu sia, että siitä niin selkiästi on nähtävä niiden aikain mielen laatu, ja kuinka peräti joutavilta jutuilta pimitetty heidän tietonsa Jumalasta ja Lunastuksesta oli. Onnelliset meidän aikamme, joina Jumalan Sanan valkeus on pimeyden turhat juorut hajottanut!

Kalman Sanat.

(Sotkamon Pitäjästä)

Kyröläisen kyntö-ruoska, Manalaisen matka-sauva, Ootkos kyytiä kysyvä, Anova ajo-hevosta?

Kyllämä sulle kyytin annan, Ajajan panen paremman,

Ota hiiestä hevosen, Vuoresta valitun varsan, Joll on suu sataa syltää, Kita viittä kirves-vartta, Jonk' on lampi lautasella, Vesi selvä selkä-luilla, Josta Noiat vettä juovat, Tuli-kurkut kuihkoavat.

Tuonnemma sinun manaan

Kirkon kirjavan sivuun,

Terva- porstuan perään, Sata-lauan lappioon, Tuhat-lauan tutkameen;

Siell' on muutkin murha-miehet

Ikuiset pahan tekiät; tahi mennä

Suurille sota-keoille,

Miesten tappo-tantereille; Siell' on luutonta lihaa

Suonetonta pohkiota.

Syöä miehen nälkähäisen, Haukata halun-alaisen: tahi mennä

Pohjan pitkään perään, Lapin laajaan kylään,

Ylite puita, alate maita

Mennä Hongisa hohisten, Petäisä peppuroien.

Ei täsä sinulle siaa, Siankahan tarpehella, Muunne muuttoos majaasi, Ehtiös elin-kotisi!

Karvasta Kavon tekemän, Emon tuoman ruumiista, Immin antaman ihosta!

Liikku ennen Linnan portit, Järkky rautaset saranat.

Toisin.

(Paavolan Kappelista, Siikajoen pitäjäsä.)

Kust' on pulma puuttununna, Taikea tapahtununna?

Kivestäkö, kannostako, Vaiko vanhosta siosta, Tahi kalma-kartanosta?

Jos oot manni maasta nossut, Manni maasta, peiko pellosta, Manni maahan painukoon, Peiko peltohon vajone;

Mene tuonne, kunne käsken: Iki-mennehen ihoon, Tuiki-tullehen ihoon,

Jost' et pääse päivinäsi,

Selviä sinä ikänä,

Kuuna Herran valkiana —!

Mene tuonne, kunne käsken

Pohjan pitkään perään,

Lapin laajaan kylään

Siell' on hirvet hirtettynä

Siell' on tarvaat tapettu.

Kuut' on kuusi leiviskätä, Verta kymmenen venettä, Lihaa sata saavin täyttä, Syyä miehen nälkäisen, Haukata halun- alaisen.

Mene tuonne, kunne käsken, Pohjan pitkään perään, Lapin laajaan kylään! — —

Kivut tuonne kiintykööt, Vaivat tuonne vaipukoot

Kirkon kirjavan sivulle,

Sata-lauan lantehille,

Sata-malkasen malohon,

Siellä sinä sikiäs' siität,

Siellä lapses' kasvattelet. —

Siell' on luutonta lihaa, Siell' on päätöntä kalaa, Suonetonta pohkiota

Syyä miehen nälkähäisen, Haukata halun-alaisen.

Mene tuonne, kunne käsken

Pohjan pitkään perään,

Lapin laajaan kylään:

Kivi on keskellä ketoa,

Reikä on keskellä kiviä;

Sinne minä kivut työnnän,

Sinne minä tuskat tungen, Sinne tungen turmioita, Sinne pakkaan pahoja.

Vaikka paljon pantasiin, Määrätön mätittäsiin, Ei kivi kipuja itke, Paasi vaivoja valita.

Hevosta laitumelle laskiessa.

(Vuokkiniemen Pitäjästä.)

Miten silloin lauletaan

Ja kuten kujerretaan,

Kuin heitän hevon kevolle, Lasken tamman tanterelle,

Lasken moahan marhaminnan,

Hietahan helyn hevosen,

Kesäsillä keykkä-mailla,

Suloisilla suojuksilla?

Mistäp' on anon apua?

Tuonn' on huuan huiahutan

Peäni peällä taivosella:

Voi Ukko Yli Jumala, Voari vanha taivahainen

Hattaroien hallitsia!

Jos ei tuosta kyllä liene, Tuonne on huuan huiahutan,

Korven kuuluhun kylähän:

Korven kultanen kuningas, Salon koarron vaimo kaunis!

Kytes kiinni koiriasi, [kytke]

Rauta-vitjohin rakenna

Tammisen talahan alla, [juurakon]

Jott' ei kahle katkieisi, Eli puoli pois tulisi.

Ohtoseni, Lyllyseni

Tunge turposi kulohon,

Mätä peäsi mättähäseen!

Jos ei tuosta kyllä liene, Ohtoseni, Lyllyseni!

Keännä kaiat kantapeäsi, Viisi kynttäsi vipuo

Pohjosehen mennäksesi;

Siell' on luutonta lihoa, Suonitonta pohkiota, Syyä miehen nälkähisen, Haukata halun alasen.

Tulen Synty.

(Vuokkiniemestä.)

Tuotap' on kysyn sinulta:

Miss' on tulta tuuviteltu, Varvenneltu valkiaista?

Tuoll' on tulta tuuviteltu

Yllä taivosen yheksän, Peäll' on kuuen kirjo-kannen.

Iski tulta Ilmarinen, Välkytteli Väinämöinen

Rahin rautasen nenässä;

Iski tulta kyntehensä, Järkytti jäsenehensä; Niin kirpoi tuli-kipuna

Läpi taivosen yheksän, Läpi kuuen kirjo- kannen,

Läpi reppänän retusen, Läpi lasten kätkyestä;

Niin kirpoi Alimo-järveen.

Tuo Anke Alimo-järvi

Kuohu koivujen tasalla, Paisu peällä parmahitten

Suuria tulen vihoja.

Itse noin sanoiksi virkko:

"Ei ole veessä tässä "Minun tuskan tuntioa, Vaikien vajottajoa, Minun nielun nielieä."

Niin tuli silia siika, Niin nieli tuli-kipunan;

Tuli tuska nieliälle, Vaikie vajottajalle, Pakko paljon syönehelle.

Uiksenteli, käyksenteli

Niemi nientä, soari soarta, Joka niemi neuvon pisti, Joka soari sai sanoman.

Sano siitä uituonsa:

"Ei ole veessä tässä "Minun tuskan tuntioa, Vaikien vajottajoa, Minun nielun nielieä."

Niin tuli halia hauki, Niin nieli silian siian; Tuli tuska nieliälle, Vaikie vajottajalle, Pakko paljon syönehelle.

Uiksenteli, käyksenteli

Niemi nientä, soari soarta; Joka niemi neuvon pisti, Joka soari sai sanoman.

Sano siitä uituonsa:

"Ei ole veessä tässä

Minun tuskan tuntioa, Vaikien vajottajoa, Minun nielun nielieä."

Niin tuli Lohi punanen, Joll' on suu satoa syltä, Korvat kahen kosken verta; Sepä ui joen jukia, Eleli eno-vesillä, Niin nieli halian hauvin.

Sisarekset Sotkottaret,

Ijankaikkiset kälykset

Polttelovat moan matosen,

Kyvettävät Tuonen toukan, Kypeniä kylvelevät, Moan polttavat poroja.

Tuosta kasvo kaunis touko, Liina liitoton yleni, Kasvo pellavas peritön.

Sisarekset kesreävät, Veljet verkkoa kutovat, Kaliukset käpyölövät.

Nyt on verkot valmihina Nuotat selystettynä.

Veetään vasta vettä;

Ei tullut sitä kaloa,

Jot' on vasten nuotta tehty;

Niin nuotta potketaan,

Veärin veetään apaja.

Tuop' on Vanha Väinämöinen,

Itse noin sanoiksi virkko:

"Onkos tarvis tarpojia, Varsin puun pitelejiä?"

Sisarekset vastoavat:

"On tarvis tarpojia, Varsin puun pitelejiä."

Tuop' on Vanha Väinämöinen

Hongan rannalta hotasi,

Poajen porkaksi panoovi, Tarpo nuotan tappuraksi, Veen velliksi sekotti.

Niin tuli Lohi punanen,

Jot' on vasten nuotta tehty.

Vaan ei kärsi käsin ruveta

Ilman kirjo-kinttahitta, Eli rauta-rukkasitta.

Tuop' on Vanha Väinämöinen

Nouti kirjo-kinttahansa, Haki rauta-rukkasensa,

Itse noin sanoiksi virkko:

"Vieris veitsi taivosesta, "Puukko pilvestä putoa, Peä kulta, terä hopio, Peäp' on Väinösen kätehen,

Kärki Luojan kukkarohon, Puhota lohi punanen!"

Vieri veitsi Taivosesta, Puukko pilvestä putosi,

Peä kulta, terä hopio, Peäp' on Väinösen kätehen, Kärki Luojan kukkarohon.

Niin puhkai lohen punasen, Siell' oli halia hauki;

Niin puhkai halian hauvin, Siell' oli silia siika;

Niin puhkai silian siian,

Siell' oli sini-keränen;

Niin puhkai sini-keräsen;

Siell' oli puna-keränen;

Niin puhkai puna-keräsen,

Tuli tuiskahti palamaan.

Palo silloin paljon maita, Paljon maita, paljon soita

Pahana palo-kesänä, Tuli-vuonna voimatoinna.

Toisin.

(Sotkamosta.)

Tulen synty taivahasta, Vuoresta veen sikiö. —

Miss' on tulta tuuvitettu, Valkiata vaivutettu? —

Tuolla taivahan navoilla; —

Kultasessa Kätkyessä.

Hopiaiset hihnat notkut.

Saatihin halia hauki,

Halastiin halia hauki;

Saatihin sini- keränen, Halastiin sini-keränen;

Saatihin puna-keränen, Halastiin puna-keränen; Putosi tuli-soronen

Läpi maan, läpi manalan, Läpi kuuen kirkkokunnan.

Hiien tyttö, hiien neiti

Hyystä kelkkoa vetääpi,

Jää-rekiä reutuaapi,

Hyyss' on sukka, hyyssä kenkä,

Hyhmässä hamehen helmat.

Tuovos vettä tuohisella, Kanna kaksi-vartisella, Kolmen Koivun juuren alta, Kahen kantasen välistä, Hyyin-vettä ja vilua.

Sikaliskon Synty.

(Paavolasta.)

Vinkas Vankahan makasi,

Tuli poika maattahissa, Ungerma levättähissä.

Kuhunka poika vietännee?

Poika viiäänpä vetteen.

Pah' on pojan siellä olla; Nuoret nuotilla vetävät, Siimalla sivaltelevat. —

Vinkas Vankahan makasi, Tuli poika maattahissa, Ungerma levättähissä.

Kuhunka poika vietännee?

Poika viiään

Keskelle Simon saloa.

Pah' on pojan siellä olla: Simon salot kuivettuvat,

Mehtä-miehet vanhanevat. —

Vinkas Vankahan makasi,

Tuli poika maattahissa, Ungerma levättähissä.

Kuhunka poika vietännee?

Poika viiään

Koivu-pökkölön kottiin, Lahon kannon kartanoon; Siell' on hyvä ollaksesi,

Lempi liekasellaksesi; —

Päivä paistaa lämpymästi; —

Siellä toukaksi tuleepi, Sikaliskoksi sikesi. — — —

Mato musta maan-alanen, Toukka Tuonen karvallinen, Miksi teit pahaa, Kuksi kaksi huusit yötä?

Käskikö sinun emosi, Virkkoko Valta-Vanhempasi Tekemähän nuitä töitä?

Sinervä kanervan poika!

Sinervä sinun sukusi, Sinervä sinä itekkin. — —

Maon Sanat.

(Paavolasta.)

Mato musta maan-alanen, Toukka Tuonen karvallinen, Läpi mättäien meniä, Puun juuren pujettelia, Laho kannon kaivelia, Maan sammalen alanen, Kiulun korvan kierteliä, Naisten vyöllisten lukia, Avainten arvelia! — —

Suutusten sinun sukusi, Selätysten siemenesi, Tullos työsi tuntemaan, Pahasi parantamaan! — —

Syvätär vesille sylki, Lapa-hiitto lainehille, Lainehelle kuuennelle, Aallolle yheksännelle: — — — Kiven karva, kannon karva, Maan karva, kanervan karva, Lepän karva, lemmon karva, Pajun karva, pannahainen, Lumen karva, lustin karva, Lustin karva kaiketikkin!

Sitti silmäisi väliin! — Tullos työsi tuntemaan, Pahasi parantamaan! —

Miksi pistit, kunma kielsin, Miksi maistit, kunma varotin. Juoppa viinana vihasi, Olunna hyvät omasi. Toisin.

(Paavolasta.)

O! Ukko, Taivaan Jumala, Joka pilviä pitäävi,

Hattaroita hallihteepi. — —

Jumala jotakin tiesi,

Jok' on Taivoset takonu, Veen kannet kalkutellu. — —

Uupu Juutas juostesansa, Väsy väipästellesänsä,

Kaatu kallion kolohon:

Kino juoksi konnan suusta,

Kuola ilkiän kiasta,

Tälkki lemmon tälleröstä.

Santta Pietari sukesi,

Johan Herra hengen anto. — — —

Piru silmät siunaeli

Lempo leuka-luut sukesi.

Mato musta! Kyy punanen!

Kuljit kuunnellen kujia, Ajatellen aian vieret.

Jo teki poikasi pahoa,

Lapsesi tihua työtä. — —

Kerolaisen kehro-varsi, Virolaisen virsun paula, Alimmainen aian vihtas, Perimmäinen pellon seiväs!

Kiven karva, kannon karva, Maan karva, kanervan karva, Karva kaikkein kavetten,

Sitti silmäisi välliin! — —

Tulesta työsi tuntemaan, Pahasi parantamaan! — —

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