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INGRID M. HOOFD

Higher Education & Technological Acceleration

THE DISINTEGRATION OF UNIVERSITY TEACHING AND RESEARCH

Higher Education and Technological Acceleration

Higher Education and Technological Acceleration

The Disintegration of University Teaching and Research

Utrecht University

Utrecht, The Netherlands

ISBN 978-1-137-51751-7

DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-51409-7

ISBN 978-1-137-51409-7 (eBook)

Library of Congress Control Number: 201695056

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.

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P REF ACE

A huge number of academic books have been written over the last few decades on the transformations of higher education, both positive and negative, the world over. A quick search on the Internet on this topic reveals more than a million titles, many of which have been written in the last 20 years—indeed, publication numbers have risen exponentially, productively addressing, yet hence paradoxically also validating criticisms of current academic over-production. Why then add yet another book to this already excellent and well-researched body of work on this topic? The reasons for writing this particular book are in fact simple: they have to do with what this book flags as a lack of self-reflexive depth concerning the entanglements of the laudable ideals of the university and the pernicious neo-liberal economy in many of such books, not in the least concerning, for instance, that paradox of over-production. Indeed, many of the more critical books in this genre propose that the university in recent years has fallen victim to an immoral onslaught of neo-liberal policies and techniques that are imposed from the outside, leading to a host of hitherto unseen internal and external issues and problems. While this book does not necessarily disagree with this pervasive neo-liberalisation thesis in the literature—in fact, it will regularly refer to the recent transformation of higher education with that rather convenient shorthand—it argues nonetheless that this common thesis fails to unearth the ways in which the university actually projects a fundamental problem concerning its own workings and ideals on a demonised ‘outside.’ So instead, this book suggests that the apparently corrupting neo-liberalisation by ‘evil’ policy-makers and administrators is only a symptom of the economic and

technological acceleration of the fundamental and finally unresolvable tensions and perversions that lie and have always lain at the heart of its actually very upright ideals of total knowledge and emancipation. This means that the reasons for this contemporary corruption, as this book hopes to show through a multitude of seemingly unrelated theoretical and practical examples, can be found in the myriad ways, at the level of teaching as well as research, through which both staff and students presently seek and in the past have sought to be loyal to these founding ideals. If such an argument may to some perhaps initially appear as shockingly scandalous or conversely as mere mischievous navel-gazing, this book suggests that this argument indeed seeks to be somewhat scandalous and self-absorbed as much as this book itself is precisely also a mirror image of the outrageous ambitions around the quest for scientific and social transparency that constitute the workings of academia at all its levels. Far from being a mere matter of theoretical playfulness though, this book wants to stress that such idealistic yet pernicious workings are fundamentally entangled with the misery inside and outside its walls, whether this concerns staff burn-out and excessive adjunctification, the submission of student work and life to an increasingly oppressive machinery of competition, or the ways in which the university is tied up with the reproduction of social elites locally and globally.

This book thus wants to make a case for the urgent need to grasp the current perversions of the modern university, and especially how such perversions have been exacerbated in the recent decades at all its levels, exactly through casting a fresh eye on those ideas and ideals of transparency, equality, knowledge-gathering, and democracy. What is more, it wants to unearth how also ideals about communicative or media transparency are entangled in the production of theory and other academic practices, so that we may understand the connections between modern techniques and the role of higher education beyond the mere argument for empowerment through media tools. To put it more explicitly, this book suggests that this historical junction at which the tools and techniques of transparency and emancipation have started to become near pervasive in global society precisely also allows for the opportunity to shine some much-needed light on the problems and dark sides inherent to this foundational enlightenment quest. And because of the often intricate and at times extremely subtle ways in which staff and student experiences and institutional workings reveal themselves, a lot of materials in this book are anecdotal and are gathered from the universities in Asia and Europe where I have studied

and worked as an academic and administrative staff member. While this obviously has its limitations, it also allows, this book hopes, for a careful elaboration of the often liminal connections between these institutions, the people that work and study in them, and the larger national and global context in which this takes place. It is my hope that this book enacts a careful analysis in this way also as a sign of care for all the people that are in one way or another problematically affected by its workings, so that we all may finally reassess not merely that perverse neo-liberal economy, but also, and especially, the perversion behind the founding ideas and ideals that have informed such an economy in a major fashion, since that economy’s functionality in fact conspicuously often can be traced back to academic research innovations and ‘improvements’ in teaching. Finally also, since the main aim of this book is to shine a critical light on the institution that led to its own conceptualisation, writing, and dissemination, it will refrain from condemning any administrative layer as well as from providing a tooeasy resolution of all the contemporary tensions and problems around higher education, as the obsession with easy resolutions is itself just as much borne out of the aggravation of such tensions. Instead, it will by way of a conclusion seek to raise the stakes by letting the question regarding the acceleration of knowledge and emancipation fatally become a question that seems ever more unresolvable. Only then, certain truly unforeseen consequences may follow out of this book’s argument, as it itself just as much partakes in the accelerated quest for transparency in which all of academia will finally dissolve.

Utrecht, The Netherlands

A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This book is the culmination of various lines of thought around the recent transformation of higher education which I explored earlier by way of a couple of journal publications. For instance, sections of Chap. 2 have been published previously in a slightly different form as “Singapore: Bridgehead of the west or counterforce? The s[t]imulation of creative and critical thought in Singapore’s higher education policies,” in Globalisation, Societies and Education, special issue “The New Research Agenda in Critical Higher Education Studies,” Vol. 8, No. 2, 293–303 (2010), guest- and co-edited by Eva Hartmann and Susan Robertson. Chapter 3 meanwhile contains modified parts of “Questioning (as) violence: Teaching ethics in a global knowledge enterprise,” from Ethics and Education, Vol. 6, No. 1, 53–67 (2011). And Chap. 4 lastly combines insights from “The accelerated university: Activist-academic alliances and the simulation of thought,” published in ephemera: theory & politics in organization, special issue on “The excellent institution,” Vol. 10, No. 1, 7–24 (2010), as well as those from “The Financialization of the Communicative Ideal in the Activist Social Sciences,” from Global Media Journal, special issue “Financialization, Communication, and New Imperialism: Meaning in Circuits of Flow,” guest-edited by Mohan J. Dutta and Mahuya Pal (2015). I wish to thank all the editors for agreeing to the reuse and partial rewrite of these articles for this particular book. Other people to whom I am very grateful because they have generously offered their thoughts and ideas for the theoretical conceptualisation of this book are Ryan Bishop, John Phillips, Jeremy Fernando, and Sorelle Henricus, as well as all those of my new colleagues at Utrecht

University who fruitfully remain critical of the recent transformations of the Dutch university and the stifling internal surveillance culture that ensued. I also want to thank the administrative staff at the Department of Communications and New Media at the National University of Singapore and at the Department of Media and Culture of Utrecht University in the Netherlands, as without their continuous labour behind the ‘scenes of theory’ this book would not have been possible. And finally, I wish to thank my partner, Sandra Khor Manickam, for her insightful and critical notes on higher education in Europe and Asia, and also for her unconditional support for my work and ideas even at those appalling yet instructive moments in my academic journey where I was sure the sly operations of the supposedly noble institution of higher education had finally defeated me. These accidents eventually turned out to be fortuitous—as accidents also often tend to be—since they allowed me to gain a better understanding between the ideal of total transparency and the stealth workings of the modern university. It also allowed me to continue my work at Utrecht University in a humanities faculty which contains many superb researchers and teachers who are in many ways even more seriously plagued by the tensions and contradictions inherent in this ideal than those in my former university. My heart therefore goes out to all the passionate and disillusioned staff and students, in Asia and in Europe, currently labouring under the negative fallout of the tyranny of transparency. I hope this book will also provide some distance and solace away from all the pedagogical, administrative, and publication disappointments and pressures for all of them, and help some of them understand that their emotional and physical discontent is not their fault, but mirrors the university’s currently exacerbated auto-immune illness.

CHAPTER 1

Speed and Academic Blindness

THE TYRANNY OF TRANSPARENCY: ACADEMIA’S AUTO-IMMUNITY

Conventional criticisms regarding the nature of the contemporary university in most Western and highly developed countries tend to diverge into two seemingly opposing camps. The contours of these two camps— the neo-liberal managerialists and those decrying the university’s neoliberalisation—can be found in much academic literature as well as in the larger journalistic and business presses. On the side of the neo-liberal managerial pundits, claims are made that the university today is or will be of better ‘quality’ after its internal restructuration and decoupling from certain kinds of state tax-derived funding. Due to universities finally having been made part of the allegedly more efficiently run global financial system, such pundits even often argue that academic research and teaching has ‘improved’ thanks to more practice- and consumer-oriented regulations and transformations, and that money is no longer ‘wasted’ on inefficient, unproductive, and inconsequential people and projects. On the other side, among those who oppose or decry these neo-liberal transformations, the argument goes instead that the superior goals of the traditional university—those beyond the merely economistic and practical ones—have been squandered under this new regime of consumer- and product-oriented managerialism, and that this has in fact had a detrimental effect on the quality, if not necessarily quantity, of research output and sound pedagogy. These critical commentators—and I would from the onset like to

© The Author(s) 2017

I.M. Hoofd, Higher Education and Technological Acceleration, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-51409-7_1

state my sympathy and affinity, yet not complete agreement, with this group—lament the neo-liberal university as one where the oppression of numbers trumps the necessarily unmeasurable quality of fundamental science and philosophy. As also Isabelle Stengers claims: objective evaluation will eventually kill philosophy in the university (2011, 5). They moreover often argue that the neo-liberal university has become a place where professors and students are exploited by a management that is largely clueless about the ‘true’ and more profound purpose of the university—that of independently pursuing justice, knowledge, truth, and emancipation.

On the surface, it appears that these camps are miles apart in terms of their ideological underpinnings and perspectives. Interestingly though, while these camps indeed seem detrimentally opposed, both in fact also assume that the university has largely turned into a ‘business’ like any other business in our high-tech capitalist economy, for better or for worse. The university, some of the neo-liberal pundits would have it, has to or has become like any other industry, simply feeling the pressures that were for decades already a staple to anyone working in the ‘real’ or normal world of corporations and non-academic institutions. Academics can no longer ‘hide’ in the ‘ivory tower,’ clueless about ‘real’ society, and quite simply will have to make do with those limited money streams, performance assessments, and key performance indicators like everyone else. Likewise, those decrying the university’s entry into the global market lament the extreme permeability of contemporary academia to economic forces and oftentimes even urge a return to the ‘old’ independent university. In an interview by David Senior for the critical journal Rhizome, well-known media philosopher Siegfried Zielinski, for instance, “vehemently” pleads “that they [again] be able to proliferate as gleaming ivory towers. Study at the academy should be more than ever the offer of a protected time and space where original thoughts and ideas can be developed and tried out” (2006, n.p.). In his short indictment revealingly titled “From Ivory Tower to Glass House,” former chairman of the Dutch Association of Universities Karl Dittrich also chides the contemporary university for having lost its original independence (2014, 161), even if he considers the fact that universities nowadays are forced to be accountable to the general public, a positive development. The idea that the traditional university was somehow ‘walled’ or protected from the market or in some ways even from ideological government forces—a safe haven for the free flow of critical ideas, independent experimentation, and creative expression—therefore remarkably reigns in both camps. In short, whether the

story is that the neo-liberal economy has negatively encroached upon or positively transformed the old university, both camps agree that the new university will turn or already has turned out to be merely one business node among the many capitalist enterprises today, ruled by managers with business models that hail from ‘outside’ those old walls—again, for better or for worse.

But is it now simply one such node, like any other? After all, to identify the university as being ‘largely transformed’ obviously still does not translate to a complete or total transformation, in which those ‘impractical’ and ‘inefficient’ elements have truly and utterly disappeared. Curiously, for instance, as Steven Ward illustrates in his revealing book Neoliberalism and the Global Restructuring of Knowledge and Education, the new managerialism has led to lots of new inefficiencies, as money and manpower are now wasted on incessant performance assessments (2012, 111). Also, many decrying the new managerialism in higher education (and I am thinking here of the stimulating work of people like Henry Giroux, Noam Chomsky, and Stanley Aronowitz) are themselves in fact still working solidly in or on the borders of academic institutions. What is more, if the university is now indeed a mere business, one can still ask the question of what business it really is or should be in; and this question is far from ‘academic,’ as the banal saying—banal in its assumption that such questions are merely ‘abstract’ and do not concern the ‘real’ world—goes. Following this line of thought, one could then also argue that the very idea that the university was not and should not be a business—in short, that the university should still stand for the ideals of truth, emancipation, and justice—actually provides its highly merchandisable specificity or distinction of its own goings-on vis-à-vis any other institute or company that provides mere vocational training or only does applied research. Indeed, even the neo-liberal pundits would want the university to be ‘marketed’ as a business where its traditional ideals around creating a better society ‘add value’ to its contemporary projects and products. On top of this, the original theories, ideas, and regulations of the neo-liberal market economy themselves were in fact first and foremost developed by economists and even philosophers with either an academic position or at least with a solid academic pedigree; one may think here, for instance, of Walter Eucken from the Freiburg School and Milton Friedman from the Chicago School. My point here is that the borders between society, economy, or industry, and the university as such, are and were also in the past possibly much more permeable than the notions of ‘ivory towers’ and academic independence

or objectivity suggest. The university is then certainly today a certain kind of industry, but also definitely not just any industry; it is still the one location were typically reflexive questions of socio-economic purpose and knowledge are dealt with in depth, even if sometimes by those on the precarious borders of its officially institutional parameters. This very book itself is exemplary of such a reflexive component that is still very much part of the neo-liberal university: the question of what business the university is or should be in, and indeed the complication of the conclusion that the university in the past was independent from industry forces, is asked in this book with an eye on the progression of its body of knowledge in favour of a host of societal ideals like democracy, freedom, knowledge gathering, and emancipation. That is after all its business, and that is what my publisher also knows to be an eminently marketable perspective.

This book argues that what we see emerge in the above confusion between ‘true’ academic aspirations and ‘perverted’ economic incentives through what some may find a muddled play on words that is marginal to the discussion on higher education is in fact essential to understanding how the seemingly oppositional narratives of the ‘demise’ or ‘revival’ of academic quality actually find their origin in a conceptualisation of the ideals of the university and its role in society that neo-liberals as well as those resistant to neo-liberalisation share. The odd case is therefore that the university ‘succumbs’ to those neo-liberal theories, techniques, and technologies that it itself has produced or brought forth; the university today, one could say, suffers from a peculiar auto-immune disease. And I would suggest that this disease has been lingering in its core principles and aims for a long time now. This book claims by way of some prominent thinkers of such an auto-immunity or ‘self-deconstruction’ that the university has always suffered from this curious affliction, but also that particularly today, the technological acceleration of the neo-liberal economy brings such an auto-immunity ever more to the foreground, which in turn leads to an aggravation of fundamental tensions and blatant incompatibilities within its dominion. So there is a historical continuity of auto-immunity in the university project all the way from its aspirational beginnings up until today that still persists, even if that continuous element has been slowly but steadily displaced towards the imperatives of productivity, ‘freemarket’ ideals, and efficiency. This book then hopes to illustrate by way of combining a plethora of ‘auto-immune’ examples of academic practice with a perhaps unexpected theoretical perspective that this displacement is possible because the utopian goals of emancipation, truth, and freedom,

which express themselves in research and teaching, have themselves from the very beginning already been tainted by the demons of oppression, falsehood, and exclusion. Bizarrely then, the fact or the insistence that the university is not like any other industry will turn out to be precisely its problem. This is because the fundamental tension in its project—what Dittrich in “From Ivory Tower to Glass House” calls its “immanent contradiction” (in Dutch “ingebouwde tegenspraak,” 2014, 160)—that has historically led to (the illusion of) progress through the scientific and philosophical discussion and production of knowledge has indeed become ‘productive’ in the economic sense. Eventually, we will therefore find that at the heart of the university lies a fundamental aporia that expresses itself exceedingly today, in a curious reversal of its humanist values and stakes, as a more obvious pretence or hypocrisy. This leads so-called knowledge workers at many contemporary universities today to find themselves confronted with contradictory feelings and schizoid situations: like, for instance, teaching students the ills of social hierarchisation through education, while also sorting them in hierarchical (alpha) numerical slots according to academic performance. The university is therefore the one location in the current economy where the basic conflicting duplicity following the exacerbation of this aporia of Western Enlightenment thinking is most keenly felt, though often suppressed or internalised by many such ‘workers’ and students as either personal failure or a general incompatibility with its institutional demands.

So to reiterate, the radical proposition of this book is that the prime mission or ideals of the university—namely those of total emancipation, freedom, and the goals of knowledge accumulation—are precisely what currently produce exceedingly unjust practices ‘outside’ and ‘within’ academia. These unjust practices that it produces on its ‘outside’ concern those of the ongoing social stratification via so-called meritocratic education and those of sociological, computational, and psychological objectification of ever more cultures and groups, while the unjust practices on its ‘inside’ concern those of internal hierarchies, rankings, divisions, gatekeeping mechanisms, and exclusions of all kinds. And because the reproduction of its practices at base involve modern techniques and technologies of knowing, this book suggests that rather than arguing for a return to the supposedly ‘walled’ university, however sympathetic, gaining a better understanding of the intersection of this problematic with especially modern technologies of communication, visibility, or calculation is crucial to really thinking the modern university project differently.

The book therefore argues that the central problem of the university today consists of the acceleration of academia’s unfinishable ideals by way of an enmeshment with techniques and technologies of communication, calculation, and prediction. The quest for transcendence through technologically aided omniscience and universal connection—after all, the term ‘university’ comes from the Latin universitas or the ‘totality’ or ‘total community’—has resulted in the quest to render everything and everyone transparent and understandable. As I will discuss more in depth through the work of techno-pundit Paul Virilio, the current university and its new forms of violence are therefore an outflow or intensification of ‘outdated’ humanist ideals and techniques, whose internal contradictions have become usurped and constantly remobilised by neo-liberal capitalism and its machinery of acceleration. We see the auto-immune aspect returning here as well, since that contemporary machinery of the acceleration of omniscience in many of its aspects—one need only to think of early cybernetic research, innovations like the Arpanet, and engineeringoriented models of communication as noise cancellation—has again also been carried out at least in large part by universities (disturbingly often with the help of military monies and establishments, about the significance of which more later). In other words, the hopeful academic project of ‘exposing the world and humanity to the light of truth and emancipation,’ together with its damaging ‘evil twins’ of oppressive universalism, social submission, surveillance, and colonialism, has caved in onto themselves and become a near-pervasive technologically ‘exposing-itself’ of a fundamentally Janus-faced academia. This is also to stress that the ways in which academic research has historically been part of Western imperialism should be considered more closely when critically examining the faux-nostalgic calls in many contemporary European universities for a ‘return’ to presumed ‘research autonomy,’ as well as when analysing the kinds of seemingly perverse ‘knowledge-as-capital’ arguments made by contemporary universities in the post-colonies. I will provide divergent examples from the Netherlands and Singapore of such tendencies in Chaps. 2, 3, and 4. In light of the above, this book therefore also wants to discuss the relationship or interaction between academia and modern technology as consisting of a more fundamentally entangled apparatus than most critics of the neo-liberalisation of higher education, who see such technology as merely applied onto academia from the ‘outside’ or as mere tools for use on the ‘inside’ consider it to be. As an example, Ward in Neoliberalism and the Global Restructuring of Knowledge and Education

certainly rightly claims that the digital knowledge economy, due to the translation of information into bits and bytes, has forced a quantification of performance indicators in academia, leading to the erasure and transformation of certain kinds of knowledge in the ‘hard’ as well as the ‘soft’ sciences (2012, 126). Especially the humanities, says Ward, with their forms and media of knowledge (like the monograph) that cannot be reduced to sheer numbers, be disaggregated into sellable pieces, or be made to follow the impetus of fast-paced output, suffer from this quantification (2012, 127). While I agree with Ward on this aspect of digitalisation, he does not seem to consider the fact that the origins of these technologies as such, as I mentioned earlier, not only stem from university research, but also that the supposedly empowering qualities of technologies of communication and visualisation have in fact always been part of the university setup from its inception in the late Medieval era and the early Enlightenment in Europe—one may here think, for example, of René Descartes’ mechanistic view of the material world, the crucial importance of inventions like the telescope and microscope, or the ways in which the dissemination of scientific ideas relied on book printing technology. It appears then that the basic imbrication of academia with media technologies is one of a continuous and ever-growing constitutional yet dialectical relationship, in which these technologies eventually turn out to be much more than simply a means through which research and teaching are carried out. Instead, due to their constitutive enmeshment with academia’s auto-immunity, they paradoxically expose themselves as facilitators as well as thwarters of the academic ideal of total knowledge. Rather, the ideal of exposition and omniscience, and the ways it is today carried out through modern datadriven technologies and visual media aids, is, this book argues, itself just as ambiguous and finally ungraspable (as their borders likewise cannot be pinned down) as the nature of academia as such.

The book also hopes to demonstrate that in light of this, the central logic of the university today, as a logical yet paradoxical outflow of the ambiguity of such techniques of exposition and transparency, currently consists above all in a pervasive ‘stealth’ functionality or unknown quality. This is because especially the cybernetic technologies that constitute the core techniques of teaching and research today, as I will discuss later on in this chapter, fundamentally rely on obscuring their own operations. This in turn segues into the problem that the contemporary university ever more successfully hides its internally oppressive operations in favour of a false image of university ‘objectivity’ and of it ‘being at the forefront’

of knowledge, transparency, emancipation, and truth. This ‘stealth’ functionality is, moreover, intimately connected to the militaristic logic that inhabits contemporary digital technology, whose implications regarding the university this chapter will explore especially via the work of Virilio on science, technology, and vision. Due to this stealth logic of accelerated transparency, a stifling ‘productivist’ principle—a term coined by Jean Baudrillard, about whom more later too, in his The Mirror of Production that seeks to expose a highly ideological idea of the human as an essentially productive or creative agent—reigns in most contemporary universities, relegating everything or anyone that does not comply with this logic as not merely undesirable but also utterly incomprehensible, as some of us in the humanities or theoretical sciences can attest to. It is this situation that logically gives rise to aggravated tensions and schizoid experiences among university staff and students; but it is also this situation that finally allows this book to expose its hypocrisy. The irreducible unknown quality of the university, in the form of a sort of libidinal antagonism, then pops up with a vengeance in a time where one would least expect it. Such is the essence of managerialism after all; guided by a principle that resides inside itself, it will only strengthen this principle whenever it wants to banish it more forcefully. Eventually then, the book proposes that the instabilities, inconsistencies, and ambiguities generated through this technological acceleration also present an inappropriable possibility and a promise of a radically alternative future by way of tracing academia’s constitutive contradictions and injustices, which have led to it becoming its own fatality. The book thus wants to make an argument for academic writing and engagement that remains ‘fatally’ speculative, enigmatic, and opaque (perhaps especially in the hard sciences), so as to mount a polemical provocation that remains beyond the tyranny of a total transparency feared by Virilio. This strategy—if one could call it that—seeks to extend Baudrillard’s insistence of mobilising a much more ‘fatal’ radical theory in order to make a structural difference. But before we arrive there, we must first take a closer look at how this humanist aporia expresses itself in those texts that have theorised the transformation of the university in recent decades and that reside arguably closest to the ‘source’ of its crisis: the critical humanities. The value of looking at such critical work in detail, besides these works providing excellent descriptions of recent academic transformations, resides in the fact that they deal with the crises and paradoxes of the university also on the level of their own rhetoric, and thus tend to explicitly display the struggles, tensions, and contradictions at the heart of academic

enquiry and writing. The exacerbation of the university’s auto-immunity can therefore, I suggest, be conceptually, geographically, paradigmatically, and historically located in and via these works.

THEORIES OF THE NEO-LIBERAL UNIVERSITY: HUMANISM ACCELERATED

In order to further illustrate and deepen my proposition around how the ever-present auto-immunity of the university project has today been swept up by technologies of acceleration in the service of neo-liberalism, as well as how academia’s ideals of freedom, empowerment, justice, truth, and democracy have become displaced into the prerogatives of efficiency and productivity, this book will, in the following section of this chapter, work through the ways in which two of the allegedly most insightful commentators of the university of the past decades, namely Jean-François Lyotard and Jacques Derrida, diagnose its current condition. Following from the conclusions of these two commentators, it will in turn, in the last section, mobilise two other commentators—Paul Virilio and Jean Baudrillard— who may not have explicitly written on the university, but whose perhaps more extreme provocations, according to this book, in crucial ways complement the insights set in motion by Lyotard and Derrida. The purpose of discussing these works is not merely to set up a theoretical framework with which to complicate the rather too-easy arguments that merely indict neo-liberal managerialism vis-à-vis the independence or neutrality of academic research and teaching, about which more in the next chapter. It is also not merely to allow this book to tease out in the subsequent chapters how such an accelerated auto-immunity and its ‘stealth’ functionality today concretely manifest themselves in a plethora of examples, ranging from academic research agendas in the so-called hard as well as soft sciences to novel pedagogical practices (like for instance Paulo Freire’s famous ‘pedagogies of the oppressed.’) These agendas and practices namely present themselves as opposing neo-liberal power but actually, as this book hopes to demonstrate, comply with it under current techno-economic conditions. Rather, it is to show that the production of so-called humanistic high theory, while providing insightful analyses of the university, just as much suffers from or tries to grapple with the ways in which the stakes around the university have been raised in the era of cybernetic acceleration. To use the point that also Stefan Collini makes in What Are Universities For, to rethink the

university from the tensions and notions that are distinctive of the humanities makes sense, since it is the level of the how of academic argument that gives us an important insight “about the nature of the intellectual activity itself” (2012, 75). To put it more simply, the critical humanities display the auto-immunity of the university more overtly because they find it their duty to question even that very duty-to-question itself. This means that we will be able to discern in these critical theories a way of thematising the tensions inherent to the contemporary university in which a kind of revealing theoretical knowledge is ‘produced’ that nonetheless cannot help but to conform, even if self-awarely, to a certain compulsory hope or optimism around the academic project. While the purpose of this book is most certainly not to condemn or ridicule this optimism—how could it, when it is itself just as much written in the hopeful spirit of critique—this discussion seeks to bring to the fore how the finally aporetic ideals of the university that all these theorists display are today swept up in technological acceleration; indeed, that technological acceleration and the concomitant overexposure of the university by itself finds its continuous nascence in such ideals. Not only is their (and my) hope then a mirror image of a despair concerning its current crisis or ‘demise’ in value, but more specifically, it will demonstrate how the hopeful moment, in which the ideals that are central to the university are reperformed, becomes the moment of productive complicity. As we will see later on via Baudrillard’s partial ridicule of critical theory in The Perfect Crime, it is the assumption of a real (social order) about which theory supposedly must create a ‘faithful’ description that remains thoroughly complicit in this thwarted ideal. In short, this section pivots around the provocation that the duplicity of the contemporary university resides and has always resided in the very ruse of representing an ‘objective outside’ with the aid of ever more sophisticated techniques of visualisation and communication. The acceleration of this ruse therefore goes a long way back indeed and can be traced via the ways in which critical theory keeps the spirit of this ruse alive.

As an example of how critical theory exhibits, as well as inhabits, the aporia that the ruse covers over, Jean-François Lyotard’s The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge deals with the transformation of academia and higher education in a most revealing manner. Written in the late 1970s with an eye on the European and North American contexts, one of the main arguments Lyotard makes is that the “computerization of society,” as a corollary of advanced capitalism, will profoundly influence

knowledge production (1979, 6). Lyotard importantly argues that the quantification and digitisation of information allows for the “commercialization of knowledge,” which in turn will render certain areas of research obsolete (1979, 5). More concretely, he maintains that the kinds of knowledge that will be produced and the ways in which such knowledge is legitimised will undergo a radical transformation, since knowledge production from now on will have to conform to the logic of the digital machinery. This is no doubt the valuable though somewhat simplified rendition of Lyotard’s argument that many critics of the neo-liberal university, among whom also Ward in Neoliberalism and the Global Restructuring, have picked up on. I would like to suggest, however, that many of these critics like Ward interpret the rest of Lyotard’s book in a slightly misguided way, to the extent that they surprisingly miss out on a significant point that Lyotard makes regarding the role of critical work. Ward concludes, for instance, from Lyotard’s admonition about the ways in which digitalisation limits knowledge production, that the ‘victim’ of this situation is all that research work that is “slow and superfluous” (2012, 120), so in particular research in those areas—and the humanities are here again the exemplary ‘slow’ field (but also so-called fundamental science)—that do “theoretical, critical and speculative” work (2012, 122). The “standardized positivistic methods” that reign in the neo-liberal university, according to Ward, then lead to a “post-intellectuality” that “in some cases even is irritated by so-called big questions” (2012, 122–123). Eventually, as the “public-regarding notion of knowledge” declines, so says Ward, “the idea that the university is a center of unbiased knowledge is too on the wane” (2012, 125). Now while Ward’s argument certainly has its merit in terms of facilitating a critical analysis of the alteration of contemporary knowledge production, his narrative all too easily pivots around suspect stereotypes not only of the so-called hard sciences, but also of the former ‘independence’ of the university and it supposedly ‘succumbing’ to external market forces. As I have hinted at earlier, this transformative force is not simply imposed from an ‘evil outside.’ More importantly, Ward’s quick conclusion about critical and speculative work in the humanities, while perhaps appealing to the vanity (like mine) of all of those doing such work, problematically ignores Lyotard’s subsequent argument regarding the actual intricacies around the transformation of knowledge. Against the victimisation of speculation and critique, Lyotard explicitly warns in The Postmodern Condition that it would be

tempting … to distinguish two kinds of knowledge. One, the positivist kind, would be directly applicable to technologies bearing on men and materials, and would lend itself to operating as an indispensable productive force within the system. The other—the critical, reflexive, or hermeneutic kind— by reflecting directly or indirectly on values or aims, would resist any such ‘recuperation.’ … I find this partition solution unacceptable. (1979, 14, italics mine)

Lyotard goes on to suggest that this kind of oppositional thinking is not only outdated, but in itself may reproduce “the alternative it attempts to resolve” (1979, 14). To explain this, he sets out to comprehend academic research in terms of a kind of ‘game’ with a dual aspect. Allow me to go into a bit of detail around Lyotard’s argument, as it will help shed light on some of the on-the-surface sympathetic claims made today in defence of (a return to) the authentic or ideal university, a defence often also expressed with the dubious—because hiding the ways in which knowledge has always been implicated in power—slogan of ‘knowledge for knowledge’s sake.’ If we want to discern the ‘business’ proper of the university, it would be paramount to look at its internal logic of knowledge production through the sciences and the humanities. The ‘game’ that, according to Lyotard, is the academic pursuit of truth, scientific and philosophical knowledge—no matter whether empirically or theoretically generated—makes the claim that it accumulates evidence and insights towards an eventually complete comprehension of the world for the community of mankind—indeed, the aspiration of the universitas. Science on its own then, says Lyotard, has never in itself existed as a representation of the “totality of knowledge” because it crucially relies on “another kind of knowledge,” which he calls “narrative” (1979, 7). Science has always needed certain presuppositions and agreements on what constitutes proof, before it could set out to formulate a method of ‘acquiring’ proof. Or, as, for instance, Athanasios Moulakis, in a book arguing for teaching humanities to engineers, puts it in Beyond Utility: “It is because minds can meet by means of words, that science, among other things, is possible” (1994, 103). Science therefore, concludes Lyotard, constitutes itself in narratives that become its a priori—one may think here of Descartes’ famous assumption that nature or some ‘evil demon’ is not somehow tricking his senses, which allowed him to formulate an empiricism of knowledge accumulation. Lyotard here in particular mentions Pail Valéry’s humorous assessment of Descartes’ “Discourse on Method” as in essence being a Bildungsroman. And what makes this

‘game’ even more curious and uneven, says Lyotard, is that science, while vitally basing itself on such narratives, does in fact not consider narrative knowledge as in itself constituting scientific ‘proof’ (1979, 24–25). Science then, as he hinted at earlier on, “has always existed in addition to, and in competition and conflict with … narrative” (1979, 7); all kinds of narrative forms of knowing that are not ‘properly’ scientific, are cast outside of science while actually residing in the very fundaments of science; narrative knowledge is scientific knowledge’s constitutive outside, just as the ruse of an objective reality is the constitutive outside of academia’s porous conceptual walls. Meanwhile, philosophy (no matter whether it is practised in the humanities or in the sciences) is different from science because, while it also aspires to universal comprehension, at least ‘knows’ that its legitimation runs through narratives and assumptions. Philosophy therefore, in its reverse totalitarianism, instead sees science as only one among the many available narratives of which it can take part.

We find here in The Postmodern Condition a revealing analysis of the kind of conflictual entanglement of speculative and positivistic science and philosophy that is part of the academic institutionalisation of the Enlightenment thrust. I would suggest that this kind of conflictual entanglement has today led to the acceleration of its unfinishable utopia— that is, that the ideal of the university is in essence an ongoing perplexity. We can namely deduce from Lyotard’s analysis that these two kinds of knowing are not so much oppositional but indeed partake in aporetic grounds—they give rise to what Lyotard calls an “endless torment”—a conceptual impossibility (1979, 29). This is because for one, their inner tension can never be resolved, as both are borne out of the same quest for the totality of knowledge that nonetheless disagrees from the very start; but what is more, there exists an unequal relationship within this conglomerate of narrative and scientific knowledge games—science as denigrating narrative, while narrative encapsulating science—that according to Lyotard has led to the “entire history of cultural imperialism since the dawn of Western civilization” (1979, 27). This is because this aporetic ideal needed to constantly project its inner conflict onto something (or someone) external to itself. The very Enlightenment idea of progress and emancipation through knowledge acquisition and technological innovation thus appears to be fundamentally entangled with the spread of ‘darkness,’ antagonism, and exclusionary thrust that it can nonetheless never shed as it is constitutive of that Enlightenment. Universities, says Lyotard, have since their nascence then had a strong potential via their

universalising and imperialist function in terms of binding and empowering a ‘people’ into a whole ‘public’ via the aspirations of scientific and philosophical coherence and universality through constant suppression; this was the role for which they were held accountable. But this binding ideal will likewise fall prey to its constitutive limitation—or, if you will, to the politics of scientific and philosophical legitimacy and consensus. This, says Lyotard, led Alexander von Humboldt to conceptualise an imaginary boundary between the university’s actual or internal aspirations towards truth and knowledge as independent and ‘pure,’ while the ‘outside public’ was supposedly the locus where ‘dirty’ politics resided. In this way, Von Humboldt could seemingly (at least for a couple of centuries) ‘save’ the legitimacy of science and philosophy via the famous Bildungsideal—the university as a place for the development of the good character of the student-citizen, always working in the service of freedom, progress, reason, truth, and emancipation (1979, 32–34).

But this ‘solution’ to the problem of rational universality was of course founded on shaky grounds from the start. For it is after all in Humboldt’s idea of the university and its materialisation in their particular national institutional forms that we can discern the relationship between the hegemony of certain ideals of national ‘high’ culture and ‘absolute’ truth that guide and limit knowledge production, and the elite classes (and races and genders) of the time, who automatically come to attain the status of ‘reasonable’ and ‘civilized’ citizens vis-à-vis the supposedly more primitive and irrational groups in society, both at home and abroad in the colonies. It is noteworthy that Lyotard, at this stage in his tracing of the aporia internal to the university, similar to Jacques Derrida in “Mochlos: or the Conflict of the Faculties,” equally refer to Martin Heidegger’s speech on taking up his rectorship at the University of Freiburg in 1933 as a paradigmatic and tragic moment in the history of universalist attempts at self-affirmation via the binding together of ‘the’ people as the aspirational academic project (Lyotard 1979, 37; Derrida 2004, 4). The ‘community of reason’ that Heidegger’s university sought to serve and be an exemplary microcosm of, turned out to be thoroughly infested with its own ‘evil’ irrationality of fascism, which the recent uncovering of his Black Notebooks further attests to. The covering-over of the fundamental tension within the institution founded on Enlightenment aspirations can only ever be an act of violence or exclusion that mirrors the violence of the social, and Heidegger’s initial allegiance to Nazism is indeed a painful reminder of this. But simultaneously, I concur that the Heidegger affair also marks the moment where

the fundamental entanglement of European academia with the oppression in its colonies started exhibiting its own aggravated expression at home: an expression that aligns it to its relationship with the technologies of modernity (and today, postmodernity). In light of this take on Heidegger shared by Lyotard and Derrida, I would additionally like to point out that Nazi Germany and fascism in general was obsessed with technological innovation, progress, and transcendence, and that Heidegger’s philosophical concerns after the devastations of the Second World War and after his disappointment with the academic and fascist project interestingly and logically turned to (as his most famous essay on the topic also titles) the ‘question concerning technology,’ which is closely connected to his argument on cybernetics and the ‘end of philosophy.’ More about the insights and limitations of Heideggers’ thought will follow in Chap. 2.

Now Lyotard as well as Derrida of course refer to the tragic outflow of the constitutive violence internal to the university that the Heidegger affair illustrates, because it immediately reveals the ‘endless torment’ that constitutes the basic politics of the quintessential Enlightenment institution. Such a perversion is thus internal to the academic project; indeed, it is the unfinishability of its project of total illumination and universal community that drives it and keeps it going ‘forward.’ According to Lyotard, this fundamental irrationality within the scientific and narrative ‘games,’ of which contemporary academia is still the locus par excellence, for this very reason (of attempting to erase or purge its own irrationality) also drives an increasing formalisation of knowledge production. This is because science and philosophy, by way of “certain formal and axiomatic presuppositions” which they nonetheless seek to suppress as illegitimate knowledge, find temporary legitimation around the truths that they produce (1979, 39). But this suppression always haunts science and philosophy, just as Humboldt’s university was haunted by its own elitism and its constitutive outside. The “seeds of de-legitimation and nihilism,” as Lyotard calls it, (1979, 38) that became apparent after the so-called postmodern turn, leading to his famous proclamation of the loss of the credibility of the “grand narratives” (1979, 37), were thus already immanent to these narratives. The history of academic research, as we will see later via Paul Virilio’s work, in turn shows us that the tools, methods, and techniques that appear to inhabit objectivity and rationality, and that appear to ‘extend’ the limited faculties of the mere human observer, then become the paradigmatic mechanisms by way of which science keeps attempting to deal with its ever-increasing layers of complexity, continuously trying

to fill one gap with another. Such ‘tools of additive proof’ will, however, never add up to a universal and coherent ‘total’ knowledge, because they can still never ‘proof their own way of proving.’ It is of course due to the effort to deal with such ongoing complexity via technological formalisation that in the last decades computers have logically (in its double meaning) entered the fray, even if at the same time they contribute, according to Lyotard, further to “the ‘crisis’ of scientific knowledge” (1979, 39) because the layering of ‘proof’ via logic will again give rise to increasing speculation around the status of their truth-claims as ‘mere form’—or, as Baudrillard would of course famously have it, as ‘simulations.’ It is for this reason of the dubious role of formalisation via ever more sophisticated or ‘intelligent’ machines that Virilio, as I will discuss later, seeks to locate the contemporary irrationality and violence of Western science and philosophy in the ways in which especially computers and other ‘tools of enlightenment’ dissimulate this irrationality while also generating more of it. Lyotard, on his part, claims that the ever-increasing expediency with which computers provide knowledge starts to constitute its own dominant truth-form, in which such efficiency and optimisation come to stand in for “good” knowledge (1979, 44). It is at this moment in the history of scientific knowledge production, says Lyotard, that now “instruments are not purchased to find truth, but to augment power,” which leads to a situation whereby the “idealist and humanist narratives of legitimation” are abandoned (1979, 46).

THE COMPULSORY OPTIMISM OF THE ACCELERATED ACADEMIC

From the above, one may find in Lyotard a perfect companion to a critical assessment of the contemporary neo-liberal university. But while I am in almost complete agreement with Lyotard’s remarkable and visionary ‘report on knowledge,’ it is curious that he, at the stage in the analysis where computers enter the discussion, starts finding recourse to a slightly more apocalyptic rendition of the state of current academic affairs via an apparent decoupling of power and truth. In the subsequent pages namely, he suggests that especially the ways in which cybernetic machines allow for the “mastery of reality” and, when disseminated throughout the general social field, allow for “context-control” in favour of stable outcomes, that it becomes the perfect machinery for the “self-legitimation” of capitalist systems

(1979, 47). In what follows, Lyotard foremost appears to want to rescue philosophy and the sciences, and their quest for truth from an ultimately evil capitalist world only concerned with what is “saleable” (1979, 51). But he also goes on to argue that such an ideal stability, calculability, and predictability of the system is only a very compelling “fiction,” as it will forever be assuming an ultimately lacking positivism on which its model of efficiency is based (1979, 55). The system then must give rise to new paradoxes and tensions, which will lead to a renewed speculation, notably today exemplified in the obsession with predicting futures via, for instance, ‘big data,’ but also with a potential return to philosophical enquiry.

Oddly then, the proclaimed death of philosophy due to cybernetics that Stengers also worries about, in fact, gives it new life, and Lyotard’s text is proof of this. Lyotard in fact appears to make a small stab at his own apocalyptic analysis when he likewise challenges “futurology” (like his own) as one of those attempts at prediction that ultimately cannot account for the irrational aspect of the academic enterprise (1979, 55). It is for this reason, I surmise, that he curiously excuses his analysis in the introduction for having a “somewhat sociologizing slant, one that truncates but at the same time situates it” (1979, xxv). If we are to take this brief moment of self-reflexivity in his text seriously, we might likewise read the argument in The Postmodern Condition as being itself symptomatic of the false divisions that our postmodern universities give rise to, namely that mythical division between power and knowledge, or a concern with marketability vis-à-vis a concern with truth. Reading Lyotard in this way, one could conclude that the so-called decline of grand narratives that Lyotard so famously pronounces may then only be a superficial effect of a knowledge society in which those grand narratives have not at all disappeared, but that have instead sublimated or transformed into the technologically aided goals of efficiency and predictability. It is therefore perhaps the way (and I am of course speculating here as well) in which Lyotard in The Postmodern Condition seems compelled in the final analysis to perform an optimism around science and philosophy via an apocalyptic indictment of cybernetic mechanisms—a move, as we will see in the next chapter, very similar to Heidegger’s argument regarding modern technology—that really constitutes the central problematic of the contemporary university. This also means that the critical humanities, for all their being chided for their ‘negativity’ or ‘uselessness,’ actually provide the hope for a qualitatively better future that remains imperative to the sustenance of the scientific project and all its negative fallout via the accelerated techniques of destruction

and oppression. What is more, if such a reading can reveal that optimism is a driving force of Lyotard’s piece, then that must mean that my book, and the ways in which it productively engages the tensions within the neoliberal universities in which it was written over the course of a few years with the help of all kinds of cybernetic tools so as to suggest the above analysis, revolves around that optimism too. The grand narratives of truth and emancipation have then not been abandoned at all; they rather are now nearly everywhere, in the very oppressive and enabling machinery that surrounds us as academics and social beings on a daily basis. We find ourselves ever more surrounded by the suffocating ‘curse’ of social and scientific progress, forever forced to empower ourselves and incessantly dig for the ‘truth’ around increasingly confusing piles of information. The goal of total knowledge seems closer to us than ever, yet at the same time seems to slip ever further away from us.

This sentiment, that we are not by far out of the ideals that the university historically has bestowed upon us but that these are also being displaced, is also brought up by Jacques Derrida’s “Mochlos; or, the Conflict of the Faculties” when he exclaims “The university, what an idea! It is a relatively recent idea. We have yet to escape it, and it is already being reduced to its own archive …” (1992, 1). I am presenting a brief discussion of Derrida’s point here to further illuminate the aporia at the heart of the university by someone who at the same time seems keenly aware of the very problem of ‘illumination’ (an unresolvable tension my book also shuttles between). The Greek term ‘mochlos’ (μοχλός) in the title translates as ‘lever’ or ‘keystone,’ and Derrida’s clever title therefore already implies, as Dittrich also suggested, that there apparently resides a “conflict” at the heart of the idea of the university that also constitutes its central mechanism. Derrida’s suggestion nonetheless also immediately dispels the traps of romanticism or nostalgia regarding the function or responsibility of the university in the past or as such. This is because he stresses that that conflict, “breach,” or internal incoherence (1992, 7) has always been somehow present in various more or less violent forms—the institutionalisation of the classic Bildungsideal being one of them—while such idealistic representations like Von Humboldt’s simultaneously functioned as a cover for the university’s essential impurity. But such an obfuscation, suggests Derrida, cannot last, as the university is just as much one of a universal uncovering or transparency; its quest remains after all to render everything knowable in the service of some greater good. This means that such an obfuscation logically at some point will have to come to light as

well. The university therefore, according to Derrida, seeks to be responsible by means of its incessantly revealing function, and has historically performed that responsibility through the great Enlightenment concepts like “the state, the sovereign, the people, knowledge, truth,” and so forth (1992, 4). Crucially though, these concepts, while incessantly reperformed and chanted today via the anti-neo-liberal activism of various academic staff and students, essentially gesture towards an abstraction or an absent, fictional addressee. ‘The truth,’ like ‘the people,’ is after all only an imagined or fantasised universal, forever lying in some kind of future or beyond, whereas its actualisation is, as we saw with Lyotard, marked by heterogeneity, projection, and fragmentation. And this was always already the case: indeed, Derrida says that in the past, or in a certain idealised representation of that past, “one could at least pretend to know whom one was addressing, and where to situate power” (1992, 3, italics mine). It is this abstraction that constitutes, according to Derrida, its utopian potential as a continuous crisis of legitimation, and trying to close off that uncertainty of the validity of its project—as Heidegger indeed did with a self-absorbed conception of the properly German university—marks the ascendance of a crisis that in turn is thoroughly imbricated with a crisis of the state, of metaphysics, and of technology (1992, 4). Derrida’s sentiment on this point also echoes Lyotard’s analysis in The Inhuman, in which the latter describes the current state of the goal of (or reason for) science and philosophy, which had been “dressed up in all sorts of disguises: destination of man, reason, enlightenment, emancipation, happiness,” as being “naked. More and more power, yes—but why, no” (1991, 54, italics mine). I concur that it is for this reason of the ‘nakedness’ of the ‘why’ that the faux-nostalgic slogan ‘knowledge for knowledge’s sake’ is foundational as well as misleading, and that the great challenge of the contemporary university lies once more in its thinking about—and never quite being able to answer—what this responsibility consists of. Indeed, Derrida suggests from the onset that everything revolves around the problem of the accountability of and for a community, in which neither what to account for, nor who constitutes the “we” of this community, nor even the exact where of this accountability can be located (1992, 1). We will see in Chap. 3 that José Ortega y Gasset’s reconceptualisation of the Spanish university in the interbellum era, for instance, makes the mistake of closing off these questions. There is therefore in this ongoing shadow play always a more originary or “younger” responsibility to be had, dislocating the only seemingly solid ‘old’ one (1992, 6). This responsibility then sim-

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Kesäkausi oli juuri alkanut, kun näet oli avattu kuuluisa kylpylaitos, josta Loviisa kerskailee. Kylpyvieraita oli tulvinut läheltä ja kaukaa, ja kauniissa kylpylaitoksen puistossa, johon kävelymme läpi kaupungin päättyi, olimme keskellä tämän uusaikaisen Betesdan elämää. Meidän ulkoasumme ja aikeemme lähteä ulos vapaasen luontoon ja turvautua omiin voimiin, eivät soveltuneet tähän elämään. Terveyttä etsiväin joukossa olevat tuttavamme lausuivat julkikin katsovansa mahdottomaksi meidän toteuttaa ohjelmaamme. Me emme kuitenkaan kadottaneet rohkeuttamme; olihan suuri erotus voimissa meidän ja kylpyelämään tuomittujen ystäviemme välillä; siihen luottaen läksimme tielle.

Kohta saavuimme pienelle Ahvenkoskelle, Kymin läntisimmän suuhaaran länsipuolelle, vanhalle 1743 vuoden aikaiselle valtakunnan rajalle. Metsittyneet patterit rannalla olivat todistuksina menneiden aikain sodista, ne olivat siinä mykkinä muistoina siitä häpeällisestä sotaretkestä, jolloin maa ilman miekan iskua jätettiin vihollisen armeijain haltuun. Tuon pakoretken ja sen seurauksien muisto eli vielä kansassa. Ylhäällä kestkievarissa rupesi vanha mies tulkitsemaan historiallisia vaiheita. »Tässä oli tullipaikka valtakunnan rajalla», sanoi hän, viitaten kestkievaritaloon, »ja tässä oli viimeinen tilaisuus puolustaa maata. Ei laukaustakaan vaihdettu, riennettiin pois, ja sen tähden seisoo tuo vanha huone vahingoittumattomana, ei sen seinissä näy yhtäkään edes eksyneen luodin merkkiä.» Myöhempi aika oli jälleen yhdistänyt, mitä silloin oli erotettu, joki juoksi taas Suomen aluetta, kostuttaen rauhallisia seutuja. Mutta vaikutus, jota ensi tulomme sen rantaan teki mieliimme, seurasi meitä koko matkan läpi tämän historiallisista muistoista rikkaan seudun.

Viisi päivää kuljeksimme näissä seuduissa, ensin pitkin jokivartta ylös Ruotsin Pyhtään kirkolle ja edelleen Anjalaan, josta palasimme Ahvenkoskelle suuren osan matkaa veneellä myötävirtaan, astuimme poikki Pyhtään saarimaan sekä joen itäisimmän suuhaaran, vähä väliä poiketen syrjään katsomaan merkillisiä paikkoja: Kymin linnaa, Kyminkartanoa ja sen lähellä olevaa lohenpyyntipaikkaa n.s. Kyminluostarin vieressä, ja viimein saavuimme Kotkaan.

Siinä oli kävelymatkamme päättyvä, kuin saimme katselluksi kaupungin kaikkine merkillisyyksineen. Siitä me pian selvisimme ja jo lähestyi hetki, jolloin seuramme oli hajoava. Mutta toisinpa kohtalo oli päättänytkin. Höyrylaivoja odotellessamme, jotka veisivät meidät kunkin omaa tietänsä, muutamia itään, toisia länteen, olimme kiivenneet kaupungin eteläpuolella olevalle n.s. Norjanvuorelle saamaan vielä kerran yleissilmäyksen Kotkasta ja sen ympäristöstä. Tämä korkealla käynti herätti mieleen uusia suunnitelmia.

Lähimmistä tauluista, jotka kuvasivat sataman ja laivaväylän elämää ja liikettä, oli katse harhaillut saarien ja luotojen ylitse ulos merelle ja pysähtynyt etäältä siintävään Suursaareen, jonka piirteet sentään selvästi näkyivät taivaanrantaa vasten. Päivä oli kirkas ja lämmin, vieno tuuli leikitteli veden pinnalla, houkutellen lähtemään sinne.

Suursaaren matkan ehdotus oli ikään kuin ilmassa, ja kuin se kerran oli lausuttu, yhtyivät siihen heti kaikki; matkailijain tavan mukaan ei sitte myöskään enää ollut pitkältä päätöksestä toimeenpanoon, Satamassa oli eräs Suursaaren jaala valmiina kotimatkalle; ryhdyttiin sopimaan viennistä ja paljon ennen, kuin äsken odottamamme höyrylaivat saapuivat satamaan, oli »Auran» ystävällinen perämies merkinnyt meidät matkustajiksi veneesensä, nostanut ankkurinsa ja purjehtinut ulos merelle.

Jos tuuli on sopiva, lasketaan 4 peninkulman pituinen matka Kotkasta Suursaareen muutamissa tunneissa, mutta tällä kertaa tarvittiin paljon pitempi aika. Heikko tuuli vei meidät kyllä ulos satamasta, mutta päivällä sekin tyyntyi ja vielä auringon lasketessa olimme lähempänä Suomen rantaa kuin purjematkamme toista päätä. Me olimme kuitenkin jo kuin kotona jaalassa ja viihdyimme varsin hyvin, vaikka mukavuudet olivatkin yksinkertaiset. Kajuutta jätettiin naisten saliksi ja lastiruumaan asetettiin makuusijat miehiselle väelle. Kuin seuraavana aamuna kannella näimme päivän koiton kajastavan aavalle merelle, emme suinkaan tunteneet mitään tyytymättömyyttä oloomme. Aurinko nousi ja toi tuulta, jaala sai vauhtia ja oltuamme vuorokauden vesillä nousimme onnellisesti hilpeimmällä mielellä Suursaareen maalle.

Ennen kuin kahden päivän päästä läksimme paluumatkalle

Kotkaan, tällä kertaa avonaisessa luotsiveneessä, olimme ihanimman kesäilman vallitessa kierrelleet saaren joka suuntaan ja tutustuneet tähän pikku alaan, joka kyllä ansaitsee matkailijan huomiota. Suursaari on eri maailma itsekseen ja sen luonnossa on paljo vaihtelua. Mahtavilta vuoren huipuilta on mitä laveimmat näköalat merelle, matalaan Suomen rantaan pohjoisessa ja Viron rantaan, joka näkyy kaitaisena nauhana etelässä. Vuorten välillä kasvaa rehoittaa tiheätä metsää, ja saaren sisällä sievän Lounatjärven rannalla on metsäjärvi-maiseman koko ihanuus nähtävänä, niin että unhottuu mahtavan meren läheisyys. Alhaalla kylissä, joita on kaksi, tervehtii vierasta ystävällinen väestö, joka hyvin mielellään osoittaa vierasvaraisuutta muusta mailmasta tänne saapuville matkalaisille.

Toista kertaa jo odotimme höyrylaivaa Kotkassa, se vain erotusta ensi kerrasta, että nyt eron hetki tosiaan oli edessä. Vähän toista

viikkoa oli kulunut siitä, kuin läksimme Loviisasta; mitä vaihtelevimmissa oloissa olimme saaneet koettaa voimiamme ja matkakumppanien yhteen sopivaisuutta; kaikki oli käynyt hyvin, Loviisassa ennustetuista vaikeuksista emme olleet kohdanneet yhtäkään, itsekukin oli tullut toimeen omin voimin; hevoseen emme olleet turvautuneet ja vastoin kaikkia pelotteluja, että sellainen

kävelijäseura kuin meidän huomattaisiin mahdottomaksi, jos vain tulisi todella ponnistaa voimia, olimme me yhteisissä vaivoissa nähneet seuramme hyvin pysyneen koossa, vaikka olikin astuttu oikein hyviä päiväyksiä, ei minään päivänä vähempää kuin 2 peninkulmaa, yhtenä päivänä 35 kilometriä, jota paitsi me kiipeillessämme Suursaaren kallioita ja astuessamme saarta päästä päähän pohjoisesta etelään 12 kilometriä ja takaisin ihan raivaamatonta polkua olimme näyttäneet vielä suurempaa kestävyyttä ja voimaa. Mutta samalla olimme kuitenkin huomanneet matkan kaikin puolin olleen huvimatkaa. Ja siihen arvosteluun yhtyivät seuramme kaikki jäsenet.

Koulukävelyllä.

Maalle oli noustu, miestenhuuto pidetty, lähtömerkki annettu ja joukko — 88 miestä — läksi liikkeelle: »Kaikukohon laulu maamme» kajahuttivat laulajat; tämän kunniamarssimme sävelten tahdissa marssimme läpi rauhallisen kylän kohti uusia vaiheita. Ripeässä tahdissa siinä astuttiin, uljas rohkeus matkakumppanina. Ja sitä kyllä tarvittiinkin tänä päivänä, ensimmäisenä, jolloin voimia oli toden perästä koeteltava. Me olimme pari päivää sitte kokoutuneet Lahteen, jossa idästä tulleet ottivat vastaan Helsingistä saapuneen pääjoukon sekä siihen joka asemalla liittyneet lisät. Kauppalaa

ympäristöineen oli katseltu, käyty läheisellä Tiirismaalla, joka on Etelä-Suomen korkein kohta, ja jatkettu matkaa höyryveneellä Heinolaan. Aikaisin tänä aamuna olimme lähteneet vierasvaraisesta kaupungista kahdella meille ystävällisesti annetulla höyryveneellä

Koskenniskaan, jossa Kyminjoki lähtee Heinolan etelänpuolisista järvistä ja ensi kerran katkaisee Salpausseljän.

Matka oli tänne saakka ollut aivan mukava. Mutta Koskenniskasta alkaen, josta nyt olimme lähteneet, olimme ainoastaan omain kulkuneuvojemme varassa. Matkaohjelmaan kuului kulku pitkin tämän mahtavan joen vartta aina mereen asti; siispä myöskin käynti Mankalan koskilla, joka seutu on ehkä kaunein tällä matkalla. Oli täytynyt luopua ensi aikeestamme päästä soutamalla

Koskenniskasta Mankalan kylään, kun oli perin vaikea saada riittävästi veneitä meidän suurelle joukollemme; mutta kun emme kuitenkaan tahtoneet luopua Mankalassa käynnistä, päätettiin astua sinne. Matka oli pitkä, lähes 2 peninkulmaa, tienä ainoastaan kapeita metsäpolkuja, ja Mankalasta oli meillä vielä peninkulma Kauramaahan eli siihen paikkaan, jossa joki laskee Iitin kirkkojärveen. Sinne meidän täytyi vielä ehtiä samana iltana päästäksemme höyryveneellä mainitun järven sekä sen jatkon Pyhäjärven yli Oravalaan, jossa meille viimeinkin oli yösijaa varustettuna.

Päiväys oli siis melkoinen, noin 3 peninkulmaa ilman vesimatkoja; olisi sen kyllä saanut supistumaan ainakin puoleksi, mutta silloin olisi meidän täytynyt jättää paras kohta, Mankala, syrjään, eikä siihen ollut kellään halua.

Mihinkään erityisiin toimiin ei oltu ryhdytty joukkomme toimeentuloon nähden ruuan puolesta tänä päivänä, koskapa kyliä

oli matkan varrella eikä siis pitänyt -olla puutetta ruuasta eikä juomasta, vaikka joukko olikin suuri. Sanoma meidän tulostamme oli kuitenkin levinnyt, ja kuin nousimme maalle Koskenniskaan, oli rannan omistaja meitä ystävällisesti pyytänyt aamiaiselle, joka oli laitettu lähimpään rantatupaan. Vähän levättyämme olimme taas lähteneet ensin lautalla joen poikki; tervehdittyään vielä sieltä voimakkaalla hurraa-huudolla vierasvaraista isäntäväkeä oli koko joukko lähtenyt liikkeelle.

Kantamukset oli Koskenniskasta lähetetty veneellä Mankalaan ynnä kaksi miestä etujoukkona ilmoittamaan siihen syrjäiseen kylään meidän tuloamme ja ryhtymään tarpeellisiin päivällispuuhiin. Arvion mukaan piti heidän päästä perille sen verran ennen, että perunat ehtivät kiehua ennen pääjoukon tuloa. Eikä siinä petyttykään. Sillä meidän tiemme oli pitempi eikä siinä myöskään käynyt noudattaa tavallista marssijärjestystä. Kapea polku pakotti joukon hanhenmarssi-järjestykseen, joka hidastutti kulkua, sillä mikä hyvänsä ensimmäiselle sattunut este pysäytti välttämättä koko joukon. Aidat, joita oli melko tiheässä, saivat aikaan häiriötä ja pysähdystä, kunnes kaikki pääsivät yli ja kirjava joukko taas vähitellen hajosi pitkäksi riviksi, niin että polku näytti muurahaisten tieltä.

Hiljaista sihusadetta oli ollut koko aamupäivän, niin ett' ei kukaan voinut ainakaan valittaa auringon paahdetta. Mutta kosteutta meillä sen sijaan oli, eikä ainoastaan ylhäältä päin, vaan tielläkin, joka paikoittain kulki pitkin soita ja melkein koko matkan kosteita maita. Ihan läpimärkinä saavuimme viimein Mankalaan, mutta tuskin päästiin käsiksi valmeihin perunapatoihin ja viilipyttyihin, niin kaikki vastukset unhottuivat ja joukko oli valmis lähtemään edelleen. Meillä olikin nyt enää lyhyt matka koskille ja niiden näkemisen toivo

innostutti myöskin nuorimpia kumppaneitamme, jotka muuten olivatkin kestäneet varsin hyvin.

Viidessä koskessa ihan likekkäin raivaa joki Mankalassa itselleen tietä harjun poikki, joka tässä sulloo veden äkkijyrkkäin vuoriseinien väliin. Itäisen rantakallion reunaa myöten kävi polkumme, oikealla puolen ihan jalkain alla kohisi koski ja vasemmalla oli vastassa vielä ylemmäksi nouseva kallioseinä sekä metsä. Meidän täytyi taas turvautua hanhenmarssiin, hitaassa, varovassa tahdissa kuljettiin vaarallisen paikan ohitse. Viimeisen ja suurimman kosken alapuolelle pysähdyttiin tasaiselle rantakalliolle, josta oli mitä ihanin näköala vasten kuohuvia koskia ylös sekä pitkin tyyntä joen pintaa alas päin. Kaikki olivat onnellisesti turvassa ja suurenmoisen luonnonnäytelmän vaikutus oli runsaasti korvannut kaikki aamupäivän vaivat.

Astuttuamme vähän matkaa metsää saavuimme oikealle ajotielle. Ohjeita annettiin ja säännöllinen marssijärjestys lakkautettiin, kukin sai kulkea, miten tahtoi. »Kaikukohon» piti kyllä hetkisen joukkoa koossa, mutta laulun vaiettua kasvoi yhä matka etujoukon ja varsinaisen jälkijoukon välillä, jota vakava »maisteri» komensi, saatuaan osaksensa tärkeän tehtävän, väsyneimpienkin toimittamisen turvapaikkaan.

Viimein olivat kaikki koossa Kauramaassa, jossa Kymin uitttoyhtiön hyväntahtoisesti meidän käytettäväksemme annettu, päivän kunniaksi koivuilla koristettu höyryvene oli valmiina viemään edelleen. Parin tunnin päästä pysähdyttiin Oravalan luo ja rannasta lähetetty venejoukko siirsi meidät maalle. Me olimme päässeet päiväyksemme päähän, meille toivotettiin tervetuloa kolmen marssikumppanin kotiin. Tieto, että kaikki päivän ponnistukset olivat

lopussa ja että huomispäivä ei vaatinut suurtakaan voimain koetusta, teki mielet virkeiksi. Juotua lämmittävää teetä oli kohta leikki täydessä vauhdissa, kunnes viimein kaikki komennettiin levolle.

Yömajaksemme oli laitettu tilava riihi. Olkia oli levitetty pitkiin riveihin lattialle ja päänalus-oljille lakanoita; muita makuuvaatteita ei tarvittu, kun saalinsa kyllin riitti jokaiselle peitteeksi. Nämä yksinkertaiset vuoteet eivät olleet mitään uutta meille; useimmat olivat jo edellisinä vuosina samanlaisilla matkoilla tutustuneet niihin ja ensikertalaisillakin oli niistä jo kahden yön kokemus, niin että kunkin järjestäminen paikalleen tällä kertaa kävi hyvin nopeasti, varsinkin kuin päivän ponnistukset olivat tehneet levon hyvin toivotuksi.

Reppuineen kokoutuvat kaikki riihen ovelle ja huuto alkaa. Ensin päästetään nuorimmat makuusaliin, jossa »maisteri» ottaa heidät vastaan ja asettaa riviin avaran huoneen etäisimpään nurkkaan; 8 tai 10 pojan jäljestä tulee taas maisteri rauhoittavaksi rajaksi kahden ryhmän väliin ja samoin yhä edelleen, kunnes vanhimmatkin saavat sijansa. Riisuutuminen tapahtuu nopeasti, vaatteet ja reput asetetaan makuusijojen jalkopäähän, kengät, kävelymatkalla tärkeimmät kappaleet, sullotaan täyteen olkia tai kuivia heiniä, kipeät jalat voidellaan ja laastaroidaan ja tuota pikaa makaavat kaikki saaliinsa kääriytyneinä pehmeällä vuoteella. Nämä yövalmistukset tietysti tehdään puhellen ja iloiten, mutta vähitellen hälvenee hälinä, ja jo ennen, kuin viimeiset ovat järjestyksessä, vallitsee uni tuolla nuorimpain nurkassa. Viimein ovat kaikki paikoillaan, joku rauhan häiritsijä kyllä vielä koettaa saada kuulijoita sukkeluuksilleen, kunnes viimein johtaja sanomalla »kas niin, nyt minä olen valmis, hyvää yötä, pojat» ilmoittaa, että päivä on lopussa ja makuuaika alkanut.

Ensimmäisenä koulukävelyn iltana ei ole helppo saada päivää lopetetuksi. Kaikki on silloin vielä niin ihan uutta, kumppaneilla on paljo kertomista toisilleen ensimmäisistä kesäviikoistansa eikä levon tarve ole niin tuntuva; uni ei myöskään ole niin rauhallinen ja aamun tultua monikin ihan jyrkästi sanoo, että hän ei ole nukkunut koko yönä. Usein kyllä voidaan hänestä todistaa toista, mutta kaikissa tapauksissa on varma, että jo toisena iltana ymmärretään jotkut yleiset järjestyssäännöt välttämättömiksi ja kolmantena jo jokainen itsestään taipuu käskyjen mukaan mitä annetaan. Velvollisuuden tunto lähimmäistä kohtaan ja oman hyvinvoinnin ajatus, ne molemmat yhtä paljon tekevät vallattoman poikalauman tarkkaa kuria noudattavaksi joukoksi.

Virallinen herääminen tapahtuu taas johtajan aamutervehdyksestä, joka samalla on ylösnousemisen merkki.

Vaatteet ja reppu otetaan käsivarrelle ja lähdetään lähimpään rantaan, jossa virkistävän uinnin jälkeen pukeudutaan.

Täysissä tamineissa ja uljaalla mielellä seisoimme valmiina lähtemään Oravalasta. Aamuhuudossa ei ollut ketään ilmoitettu sairaaksi, vaikka eilispäivänä olikin kärsitty sadetta, märkiä polkuja ja ponnistuksia. Riittävä yölepo oli vahvistanut voimia, aurinko taas paistoi lämpöisesti ja kirkkaasti, virkistäen mieliä.

Yhdeksänkertaisella hurraa-huudolla, joka oli tavallinen tunnussanamme, kiitettiin nautitusta vierasvaraisuudesta, ja joukko läksi liikkeelle.

Pahin osa matkasta oli nyt suoritettu. Yhteisissä iloissa ja vaivoissa olivat kaikki joukon ainekset, suuret ja pienet, opettajat ja oppilaat, lähentyneet toisiansa, kokonaisuus oli täydellinen; ei enää kuulunut ensi päivinä usein lausuttua kysymystä »onko se tai se

mukana», nyt jo tiedettiin, ketä kumppaneja oli seurassa, ja yhä vaihtelevissa ryhmissä kulki joukko edelleen, puoluejakoa ei näkynyt, siinä oli vain yksi suuri kumppanijoukko kävelyllä. Mieliala lakkaamatta vilkastui. Milloin pääsi vallaton iloisuus voitolle, milloin taas vakavampi ja syvällisempi tunne; ainoastaan untelolle välinpitämättömyydelle ei ollut sijaa. Ei edes täysien ja kuumain rautatievaunujen ilmakaan, joka muuten ei suinkaan ole vilkastuttava, nyt saanut tukeutetuksi iloisuutta, kuin Savon radalta Harjun asemalta vierimme etelää kohti Inkeroisiin. Iloinen laulu kaikui vaunuista niin voimakkaasti ja vakuuttavasti, että mistään vastaväitteistä ei voinut tulla puhettakaan. Ilo tosiaan vallitsi huolettomassa nuorisojoukossa.

Me olimme katselleet Inkeroisia, olleet vieraina muistorikkaassa Anjalassa, Vredebystä kulkeneet Kyminjokea alas päin kauneille Ahvisten virroille, marssineet autiota metsäseutua edelleen Korkeakoskelle, Karhulaan ja Kyminsuuhun, jossa joki laskee mereen, jatkaneet höyryveneellä matkaa Kotkaan ja vielä päiväkauden katselleet kaupungin ympäristöjä: Kyminkartanoa, Kyminluostaria ja Langinkoskea, ja nyt oli matka-ohjelmamme lopussa. Viikko oli kulunut siitä, kuin läksimme Lahdesta, havainnoista rikas viikko. Paljon me olimme nähneet ja oppineet tuntemaan. Ulkokehyksenä oli Kyminjoen laakso, joen maantieteellinen alue Päijänteestä mereen asti. Mutta tämän kehyksen sisällä olimme nähneet kuvia eri aloilta, metsän tuotteiden ja monista koskista saadun vesivoiman kasvattamaa teollisuutta, historiallisesti muistettavia paikkoja, jotka olivat antaneet aihetta kertoella entisistä ajoista, niiden taisteluista, toivoista ja koetuksista.

Viimeinen ilta oli tullut, me olimme kokoutuneet päämajaamme, käytettäväksemme ystävällisesti annettuun kansakouluun.

Seuraavana päivänä meidän tuli hajota kunkin tahollensa. Vielä kerran kaikuivat yhä rakkaammiksi tulleet laulumme ja me muistelimme kuluneen viikon vaikutuksia mieliimme. Ja niissä mielialoissa kävi lämpöisenä virtana kiitollisuus kaikkia niitä kohtaan, jotka olivat tehneet matkamme siksi, kuin se oli tullut, — valoisaksi kesäpäiväksi.

OHJEITA JA NEUVOJA.

Jalkamatkoja Suomessa.

Kävelijä on vaatimattomin kaikista matkailijoista, vaan samalla myöskin riippumattomin. Jos hän on oikein varustautunut, ei hänellä ole huolia muista kuin itsestään; häntä ei pidättele mikään raskas taakka eikä muu mukana kuljetettava, hän voi vapaasti ohjata kulkunsa, minne vain tahtoo. Ja tämä vapaus avaa hänelle kaikki paikat, jotka houkuttelevat matkailijaa, ja sen lisäksi vielä syrjäisetkin seudut, joihin ei ole mukavia valtateitä eikä väyliä. Voidaan kyllä vastustaa tätä sillä, että hän hitaammalla kulkutavallaan ei ehdi yhtä pitkiä matkoja, kuin samassa ajassa ehdittäisiin muulla kulkuneuvolla. Mutta vaikka hänen täytyykin supistaa matkansa alaa, niin korvaa sen runsaastikin hänen olonsa välittömässä yhteydessä luonnon ja kansan kanssa. Ei siinä hänelle aukeile eteen ainoastaan kuolleita tauluja, vaan elävä elämä koko vaihtelevaisuudessaan, ja mitä hän on nähnyt ja oppinut tuntemaan, sen kaikki on hän saanut omilla ponnistuksillaan; matkahavainnot tulevat elävämmiksi, ne pysyvät muistissa kauan sen jälkeenkin, kuin reppu heitetään pois seljästä, ne ovat omin neuvoin ansaittua omaisuutta ja sen tähden kallisarvoisia. Ken tahtoo oppia tuntemaan maatansa ja kansaansa,

jokahan on jokaisen kansalaisen velvollisuus, hänen pitää ruveta jalkamatkailijaksi, voidakseen nähdä oikealta kannalta kaikkia oloja.

Oikea jalkamatkailija ei ole mikään urheilija. Hän ei voi siis antautua yksipuolisten ohjeiden eikä horjumattomien päätelmäin kahleihin. Hän sen tähden ei lähdekään matkalle sillä mielellä, että hän sillä matkallaan ei koskaan käytä höyrylaivaa, rautatietä eikä edes hevostakaan. Päin vastoin hän osaa käyttää hyväkseen nopeaa pääsöä paikasta toiseen, jos väliseudussa on vähempi viehätystä kuin etäämpänä sen molemmin puolin. Kävelijä täten ei olekaan eri laji matkailijoita, vaan käytöllinen matkustaja, joka on varustautunut mihin hyvänsä matkalla sattuviin oloihin ja joka ilman pitkiä viivykkejä ja varustuksia voi lähteä laivasta tai rautatieltä sivuretkille viehättäviin seutuihin; hän on riippumaton matkailija, ja riippumattomuus on välttämätön ehto, että huvimatka tuottaa sitä, kuin sillä tarkoitetaan: virkistystä.

Lisäksi tulee vielä, että matkailijan täytyy meidän maassamme usein ihan pakosta turvautua omaan voimaansa, jos hän tahtoo toteuttaa suunnittelemansa kiertomatkan. Ensi katsauksella Suomen liikekarttaan näkyy, kuinka eri kulkutiet ovat maantieteellisistä syistä järjestyneet eri ryhmiin, joiden väliltä enimmäkseen puuttuu suoraa yhteyttä. Laatokka on sellainen alue, Saimaan vedet toinen, Päijänne kolmas j.n.e. Jos tahdotaan yhteen jaksoon, kulkematta samaa matkaa kahdesti tai tekemättä suuria kierroksia, käydä samalla matkalla useammilla näillä alueilla, täytyy maiden poikki siirtyä vesistön alalta toiselle. Jos silloin tahdotaan saada vapaasti valita tiensä, pitää olla katkottuna kaikki kahleet, jotka pakottavat kulkemaan määrättyjä teitä, ja tässä on jalkamatkailijalla kaikki edut puolellaan.

Seuraavat ohjeet ja neuvot ovat siis sekä varsinaista jalkamatkailijaa että myöskin ketä hyvänsä matkailijaa varten, joka ei tahdo olla sidottuna millään esteillä matkallansa, vaan vapaasti valita tiensä.

Ensi kysymys, kuin päätetään lähteä huvimatkalle, on tietysti: mihinkä lähden? Matkasuunnitelman tekemisen täytyy aina riippua hyvin monista satunnaisista asianhaaroista, niin että mitään varmoja ohjeita ei siitä voi antaa. Tottunut matkailija osaa kartta kädessä helposti itse valita sopivan alueen tutkimusmatkallensa. Yleiseksi säännöksi kuitenkin lausuttakoon, että ei suinkaan tarvitse peljätä tiensä vetämistä sellaisten seutujen poikki, joissa kartta ei näytä vallanteita; kylästä kylään on aina edes kapea polku ja vesimatkoille on helppo saada venettä. Sitä paitsi ovat paraimmatkin kartat maastamme hyvin vaillinaiset. Viljelys on useimmissa seuduissa tiheämpää, kuin kartoista näkyy, ja uusia teitä on monessa paikassa, jotka ovat karttoihin merkityt koskemattomiksi saloiksi.

Yleiseksi ohjaukseksi kävelytien valitsemisessa olkoot seuraavat lyhyet suunnitelmat. Niissä on ehdotettuna sekä pitempiä, yleisemmin tutustuttavia kiertomatkoja että lyhempiä teitä tutustumiseksi johonkin erityiseen, tarkkarajaiseen alaan.

Ä. Pitkiä matkoja.

1. »Jalkamatkoilla»-luvussa kerrottu matka. Viipurista pitkin Saimaan kanavaa Rättijärvelle, josta jalkaisin Jääsken kautta Imatralle ja edelleen Parikkalan kautta Punkaharjulle ja Savonlinnaan; höyrylaivalla Leppävirroille, Kuopioon ja Tuovilanlahteen; jalkaisin länteen päin Pielaveden, Viitasaaren ja Saarijärven kautta Jyväskylään ja edelleen Petäjäveden kautta

Keuruulle, josta osittain vesitse, osittain jalkaisin Ruoveden kautta Tampereelle ja Hämeenlinnaan.

2. Niin kuin I:ssä Jyväskylään, josta Päijännettä myöten Heinolaan ja edelleen pitkin Kyminjokea Kotkaan.

3. Niin kuin I:ssä Parikkalaan, josta maantietä Kurkijoelle; laivamatkaa Valamoon ja Sortavalaan; Ännikänniemen ja Kesälahden kautta Savonlinnaan; edelleen 1:sen tai 2:sen mukaan.

4. Viipurista Saimaan kanavaa myöten Rättijärvelle; jalkaisin Imatralle ja siitä Jääskeen; venematkaa pitkin Vuoksea Käkisalmeen joko koko matka (mieluisimmin) tai osaksi, esim. Antreaan asti, josta osaksi maantietä (Sirlahteen), osaksi veneellä Räisälään ja Käkisalmeen; matka Valamoon j.n.e. 3:nen mukaan; Savonlinnasta sivumatka Punkaharjulle ja sitte edelleen 1:sen tai 2:sen mukaan.

5. Viipurista Kuopioon l:sen, 3:nen tai 4:nen mukaan; höyrylaivalla

Kuopiosta Iisalmelle, josta jalkaisin Kajaaniin; höyryveneellä

Oulunjärveä Vaalaan, veneellä Oulunjokea Ouluun.

6. Viipurista Savonlinnaan l:sen mukaan, sieltä höyryveneellä Joensuuhun ja edelleen Pielisjokea ja Pielisjärveä Nurmekseen (sivumatkaa Kolin kukkuloille Pielisjärven länsirannalle ei pidä jättää tekemättä). Jalkaisin Nurmeksesta Sotkamon kautta Kajaaniin (osan matkasta voi tehdä veneelläkin); edelleen 5:nen mukaan Ouluun.

7. Viipurista 3:nen tai 4:nen mukaan Sortavalaan, josta jalkaisin Ruskealan, Tohmajärven ja Kiihtelysvaaran kautta Joensuuhun.

Edelleen Nurmeksen ja Kajaanin kautta Ouluun 6:nen ja 5:nen mukaan.

8. Jos 5:es, 6:es ja 7:äs matka aletaan kesäkuun ensi päivinä, ehditään siiloin suunnitelmaa laajentaa juhannusmatkalla Oulusta Aavasaksalle; höyrylaivaa pitää silloin käyttää Oulusta Tornioon, josta jalkaisin perille.

B. Lyhempiä matkoja.

Matkailija-yhdistyksen toimittamassa matkakäsikirjassa »Matkasuuntia Suomessa» on laveita suunnitelmia eri matkoille, tosin tehtyjä nopeampaa matkustusta varten kuin jalkamiehen, mutta kuitenkin sinänsä kelvollisia hänellekin. Osoittaen siihen joka matkamiehelle välttämättömään oppaasen panemme tähän ainoastaan yleisiä viittauksia viehättävistä matkoista eri seutuihin.

1. Matka Länsi-Uudellemaalle, varsinkin Lohjanjärven, Pohjanpitäjänlahden ja Tammisaaren seutuihin.

2. Matka Uudenmaan ja Hämeen välisiin metsäseutuihin joko yhdessä B l:sen kanssa tahi lähtein Hämeen radalta joltakin asemalta (Turengista) jollekin Turun radan asemalle (Koivistoon) niin, kuin luvussa »Metsäseudussa» edellä on kerrottu.

3. Matka Hämeenlinnasta Tampereelle, Sääksmäki, Pälkäne ja Kangasala pääpaikkoina.

4. Matka B 3, ulotettuna Ruovedelle ja Keuruulle asti.

5. Matka B 3, ulotettuna Nokialle, Karkkuun ja Tyrväälle.

6. Kiertomatka B 3, 4 ja 5:ssä luetelluissa seuduissa. Hämeenlinnasta osaksi höyryveneellä, osaksi jalkaisin Sääksmäen, Pälkäneen ja Kangasalan kautta Tampereelle; rautateitse Vaasan

rataa Kolhon asemalle, kävellen Keuruulle ja takaisin Mänttään ja Filppulaan, höyryveneellä Ruovedelle, josta viehättävä sivumutka Virroille. Ruovedeltä höyryveneellä Muroleen kautta Toikkoon (Kurun pitäjään); metsäseutuja Ikaalisiin tai Hämeenkyröön, ja edelleen Karkkuun ja Tyrväälle, josta veneellä Rauta- ja Kulovettä Siuruun (Turun ja Hämeen läänien rajalle); kävely Pirkkalan kautta Nokian ohi Tampereelle.

7. Matka Kymin joen laaksoa pitkin. Lahdesta höyryveneellä Vesijärveä Heinolaan; edelleen niiden ohjeiden mukaan, kuin on luvussa »Koulukävelyllä». Kotkasta retki Suursaareen (vrt. luk. »Uudessa seurassa»).

8. Matka Viipurista Imatralle, Punkaharjulle ja Savonlinnaan, A l:sen mukaan.

9. Kiertomatka Itä-Suomessa Viipurista Laatokalle ja Savonlinnaan A 3:nen mukaan.

10. Kiertomatka Viipurista pitkin Vuoksea Laatokalle ja edelleen Savonlinnaan A 4:n mukaan.

11. Kiertomatka Itä-Suomessa Viipurista Laatokalle; Sortavalasta Joensuuhun A 7:n mukaan tai Sortavalasta Ruskealan kautta Puhokseen, josta edelleen höyryveneellä Joensuuhun tai Savonlinnaan.

12. Kiertomatka Itä-Suomessa B 11:n mukaan Sortavalaan, josta Impilahden, Suistamon, Korpiselän ja Ilomantsin kautta Koitajoelle; sitä myöten veneellä Pielisjoelle. Edelleen höyryveneellä Joensuuhun B 13:n mukaan.

13. Matka Itä-Karjalassa Sortavalasta Joensuuhun. Sortavalasta Kirjavalahteen ja edelleen Ristijärveä Pötsövaaralle, josta raivaamatonta metsää Läskelänjoelle sekä sitä pitkin Jänisjärvelle. Edelleen vesitse Anoniemeen ja Värtsilään, josta jalkaisin saloteitä Korpiselän ja Ilomantsin kautta Koitajoen Lylykoskelle. Sieltä veneellä tätä koskirikasta jokea Pielisjoen varteen Uimaharjulle.

Höyryveneellä Joensuuhun tai myös edelleen B 14:n mukaan.

Tämä matka on tosin vaivalloinen, mutta hyvin vaihteleva: etelässä Laatokka ja Karjalan ihanimmat seudut, Jänisjärvestä Koitajoelle synkintä saloa ja vihdoin Koitajoen monet rajut kosket, joista erittäin mainittakoon Kuusamo ja Pamilokoski. Monesta koskesta käy laskea veneelläkin.

14. Matka Joensuusta Nurmekseen, tapahtuu tavallisesti suoraan höyryveneellä. Kuitenkin pitää matkailijan poiketa Koitajoen

Pamilokoskelle ja Kolin kukkuloille, jotka ovat Pielisjärven länsirannalla Juu'an pitäjässä.

a) Matka Koitajoelle alotetaan joko Enon kirkolta, josta jalkaisin joelle Lylykoskelle (josta edelleen B 13:n mukaan), tai Uimaharjulta vähän ylempää Pielisjoen varrelta, josta jalkaisin metsäpolkuja Pamilokoskelle; sieltä takaisin veneellä Koitajokea Pielisjoelle. (Tällä matkalla on Siikakoski, josta käy laskea veneellä.) Kumpaakin näitä matkoja käy esittää ainoastaan tottuneille matkailijoille, jotka eivät pelkää mitään vastuksia eikä vaivoja.

b) Matka Kolin kukkuloille voidaan usein mukavasti tehdä höyryveneellä perille asti. Jos ei kuitenkaan satu laivakulkua sinne suoraan, päästään Kolille sopivimmin soutamalla Pielisjärven poikki järven itärannasta Läpikäytävästä, johon kaikki näiden vesien höyryveneet poikkeavat. Pääsee Kolille maitsekin Ahvenisten sillalta

Pielisjärven alapäästä eli Pielisjoen niskasta. Maantie, 10 km, kulkee kauniin Herajärven ohitse, josta ei ole muuta kuin huono metsäpolku Kolille.

Varustautuminen pitkälle matkalle.

Viihtymys pitkällä jalkamatkalla riippuu hyvin suuresti tarkoituksen mukaisista varuksista, jonka tähden niistä on pidettävä hyvää huolta. Puvun pitää täyttää monta ehtoa: sen tulee olla mukava kävelylle, soveltua yhtä hyvin kauniilla ilmalla kuin kylmässä, tuulessa ja sateessa, yhtä hyvin kaupunkioloissa ja höyrylaivoilla kuin syrjäisimmissä maakylissä; sen tulee olla kevyt, kestävä ja viimeksi vielä helppo pestä ja korjata. Saadakseen sellaisen puvun, joka täyttää kaikki nämä vaatimukset, täytyy jalkamatkailijan heti hyljätä kaikki sellaiset mietteet, miten hän matkallaan voisi esiytyä muhkeassa seurapuvussa, sillä kantamukseen ei sovi muuta kuin mikä jalkamiehelle on kaikkein välttämättömintä. Mutta sopiva puku salliikin tämän supistuksen. Eikä matkailijan tarvitse pitääkään lukua mistään seuraelämän vanhoista kaavoista tai etuluuloista tai »mitähän ihmiset sanovat», jos hänen pukunsa onkin niin taikka näin. Hän liikkuu vapaasti kaikissa tiloissa ja pysyy sinä, kuin on: matkailijana.

Tässä seuraa näiden perusasteiden mukaan käytöllisen kokemuksen nojalla tehty varustusehdotus jalkamatkailijalle, sekä miehelle että naiselle.

Pukimet, a) Miehelle' Flanellipaita, mukavat hihansuut, leveä, alas käännetty, kiinni ommeltu kaulus, jonka alle kaulaliina solmitaan; väri

mielen mukaan, ei kuitenkaan arkalaatuinen; kastumisesta välttämättä tapahtuvan kutistumisen tähden tehdään paita väljäksi, varsinkin hihat kyllin pitkiksi. Nuttu mekon malliin ja väljät polvihousut hyvästä villakankaasta, joka ei pelkää kastumista. Sekä mekkoon että housuihin pitää teettää niin monta taskua kuin mahdollista. Liivi ei ole välttämätön, vaan on kuitenkin usein, esim. vesimatkoilla, hyvään tarpeesen. Pitkät, tummansiniset tai mustat villasukat.

Jalkineista tuonnempana. Alushousut, myöskin polvihousujen malliin, mieluisimmin liinaiset. Päällysvaatteeksi paksu, pehmoinen saali, joka samalla tekee peitteen virkaa. Eri päällystakki tai sadetakki on soveltumaton. Soveliain päähine on kevyt, pehmeä huopahattu. [Erittäin sopivia ovat n.s. »sänkihatut» (»ullstump»), joita saadaan esim. Vecksellin hattukaupasta Helsingistä 4 markalla.] Pitkä yöpaita.

Pitovaatteita tarvitaan ainoastaan yhdet, flanellipaitoja ja alusvaatteita sitä vastoin kerran muuttaa; suurempi varasto on liikaa, kun on helppo toimittaa pesua matkalla. Sukkia ja nenäliinoja kuitenkin runsaammin.

Muist.: Jos käytetään muuten mukavaa ja kevyttä polvihousupukua, otettakoon suojaksi itikoilta kevyet, hienosta liinakankaasta tehdyt säärykset vedettäväksi tarpeen tullen sukkien päälle jalkaan.

b) Naiselle. Päällyspaita ja lyhyt, yksinkertainen hame flanellista tai muusta pehmeästä villakankaasta. Flanellipaidan päälle napillinen mekko pehmeästä ja kastumista pelkäämättömästä villakankaasta. Alusvaatteita ainoastaan kerran muuttaa, kun on matkalla helppo toimittaa pesua. Nenäliinoja ja sukkia runsaammin. Kaikkien vaatteiden pitää olla hyvin käyvät, mukavat ja niin

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