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Renewable Energies

Business Outlook 2050

FaustoPedroGarcíaMárquez

Editors

FaustoPedroGarcíaMárquez

ETSIIndustrialesdeCiudadReal UniversityofCastilla-LaMancha CiudadReal Spain

AlexanderKaryotakis RenewableEnergy TernaEnergy Athens,Attiki Greece

MayorkinosPapaelias MetallurgyandMaterials UniversityofBirmingham Birmingham UK

ISBN978-3-319-45362-0ISBN978-3-319-45364-4(eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45364-4

LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016963312

© SpringerInternationalPublishingAG,partofSpringerNature2018

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Preface

Thisbookpresentsthemainadvancesinrenewableenergysourcesandlooksinto theBusinessOutlookofthesectoruntil2050.Eachchapterdiscussesthekeyissues expectedtoinfluencerenewableenergyintheforthcomingyears.Thisbookintegratesanalyticprincipleswithbusinesspracticeintherenewableenergysector.It providesaninterfacebetweenthemaindisciplinesofeconomic/engineering/ technologyandtheorganisational,administrativeandplanningabilitiesofmanagementappliedinrenewableenergy.Itiscomplementarytoothersubdisciplines suchaseconomics, fi nancialmanagement,marketing,decision-makingandrisk analysis.

Thisbookisintendedforwideuseamongengineers,economists,strategists, managers,researchersandscientistsconductingresearchorworkingonrenewable energy-relateddisciplines.Theauthorsofthisbookdescribetheiroriginalworkin theareaorprovidematerialforcasestudiessuccessfullyapplyingengineering managementincasestudies.

Thisworkprovidesacomprehensiveoverviewofcurrentrenewableenergy technologiesandtheirbasicprinciples.Italsoaddressesthe financialaspectsof renewableenergyprojectsandanalysestheirprofitability,coveringthemostrelevanttopicsforengineers,economists,managersandscientistswhoareactively involvedinrenewableenergyresearchandmanagement.Theauthorsare researchersandprofessionalsactiveinrenewableenergy,supplementingthemain contentwithrevealingcasestudiesandbest-practiceexamples.

Renewableenergyisessentialfortheworldeconomyandthecurrentandfuture generations’ welfare,contributinginabalancedwaytotheattainmentofthegeneral goalofenergysecurityandenvironmentalprotection.However,therearealsodifferenttechnical,economic,societaland fi nancialchallengesandlimitationsforthe deploymentofrenewableenergysources,distributionandconsumptionwhichneed tobeaddressed.Inordertounderstandandovercomethesechallengesandbarriers infurtherpromotingrenewableenergygrowth,itisimportanttomodel,analyseand assessthecost-effectivenessandsocietalandenvironmentalimpactofvarious renewableenergysolutionssystemically.Chapter “MultipleCriteriaPerformance ModellingandImpactAssessmentofRenewableEnergySystems A

LiteratureReview ” aimstoreviewrelevantperformancemodelling,impact assessmentanddecisionanalysistechniquesforrenewableenergysystems.

Chapter “TowardsEnergySelf-sufficiencyinLargeMetropolitanAreas: BusinessOpportunitiesonRenewableElectricityinMadrid” introducestheparadigmofthelargemetropolitanareasthataregenerallyassociatedwithhighenergy demandbutlowenergyproduction,thusactingasvastenergydrains.Reducing energyimportlevelsinthistypeofregionmaybringaboutrelevantbusiness opportunities.Giventheincreasinglysignificantroleofgreen(low-carbon)energy incurrentandfutureenergypolicies,theseopportunitiesareexpectedtobeclosely linkedtorenewableenergy.Inthischapter,theenergysystemmodeloftheregion ofMadrid(Spain)isusedtoevaluatenovelenergyscenariosto2050basedon alternativeelectricityimportlevels.Asindigenouselectricitysupplyincreases, widermarkethorizonsariseforrenewableenergytechnologiesasaplausible option.Overall,throughthecasestudyofMadrid,itisshownthatthepathtowards cleanenergyself-sufficiencyhasthepotentialtoactasaneffectivecatalystfor businessopportunitiesonrenewablesinlargemetropolitanareas.

Chapter “HowDoEnergyEngineersoftheFutureThink.AnalysisofMaster Students’ Proposals” considerstheprojectsonrenewableenergydevelopedby postgraduatestudents,asitissignificanttoknowthevisionofthenewgenerationof energyengineers.Theseprojectscanbeusedasasourceofcreativityandinnovation.Theprojectsof168internationalstudentspursuingEITKICInnoEnergy masters,morespeci ficallyM.Sc.RENEandM.Sc.SELECT,wereanalysed.The studentsweregatheredin25teamsandworkedonprojectsandchallengesfollowing theirownideas.Thestudents’ proposalswerelistedandclassi fiedaccordingto technologies,degreeofradicalinnovation,complexity,scope,TRLandagentsthat woulddevelopthesolutions.Thetypicalproposalisbasedonsolarenergy,involves severalelements,has,atleastinitially,alimitedscope,usescommerciallyavailable technologyandisadaptedtothecaseinallotherrespects.Thisvisionseemstobe verypromisingtospreadrenewableenergysolutions.

Concentratedsolarpower(CSP)systemsusethethermalenergycomingfrom thesunintheformofsolarradiationforgeneratingelectricity.Thisrenewable energysourcewillrequiretheuseofnewtechnologiesinthefuturetoexpand further.Chapter “ConcentratedSolarPower:PresentandFuture” describesthemain characteristicsofCSPsystems,theirtechnicalissuesandmaintenancemanagement. ThesolarthermalindustryemploysdifferentCSPplanttypesbasedonparabolic trough,linearFresnel,solartowers,dishStirlingandsolarchimneytechnologies. Eachofthesetechnologiesisanalysedcomparedwiththeothers.Theoperational expenditure(OPEX)costsofCSPmustbereducedfurtherinordertoincreaseits competitivenessincomparisonwithotherpowergenerationsourcesandincrease marketpenetrationprospects.Thechapteralsopresentsthemainmaintenance managementapproaches,includinginspectionstrategiesforensuringstructural integrityduringoperation.

BigDataisbecomingthemostpowerfultooltoanalysethehugeamountofdata thattheconditionmonitoringandSCADAsystemscurrentlycollect.CloudprocessingisamongthebenefitsofferedbyBigData,allowinganalysisofdatainreal

timefromdifferentpartsoftheworld.Thetechnologicaladvancesinmassdata processingcanbeexploitedtotreatinformationfromthousandsofsensors.Chapter “ConcentratedSolarPlantsManagement:BigDataandNeuralNetwork” presentsa newapproachforoptimalconditionmonitoringandcontrolofCSPPlantsspread overdifferentgeographicallocations.Theinformationfromconditionmonitoring sensorsanddatafortheoptimalcontroloftheplantsneedacloudplatformforjoint analysiswithforecastdata(meteorological,demandofotherplants,etc.).Themain processingtoolusedisbasedonneuralnetworks,responsibleforcorrelatingthe obtainedsignalsinrealtime,todetermineanomalousresultsandgeneratealarms.

Chapter “WindEnergyPowerProspective” dealswithwindenergyandwind farmoperationandmaintenance.Windfarms,incontrasttotheconventionalpower plants,areexposedtovariableweatherconditions.Asaresultofthesevariations, windturbinesaresubjectedtohighvariablemechanicalloads,whichrequireahigh levelofmaintenancetoprovidecost-effectivepowerproductionandensureuninterruptedoperationthroughouttheintendeddesignlifetime.Thedemandforwind energyhasbeenrisingatanexponentialrateinrecentyears,duetothereductionin operatingandmaintenancecosts,aswellasincreasingreliabilityofindustrialwind turbinemodels.Windturbineoperatorsemployconditionmonitoringsystemsthat collectinformationregardingtheactualconditionofthemaincomponentsofthe turbine,enablingmaintenancecrewstodetermineanomalousoperatingsituationsin timetointerveneandcorrectfaults.

Weatherconditionshaveakeyroleintheamountofenergyproducedbywind farms.Icecanappearinregionswithcoldconditionsorduringwinterseason.Ice onbladesreducestheefficiencyoftheturbines,increasesfailuresanddowntime, causingimbalanceoftherotorandresultinginpowergenerationlossesandhence reducedprofitability.Thismakesnecessarytheresearchanddevelopmentofnew methodsfordetection,preventionandremovaloficefromblades.Chapter “ManagingCostsandReviewforIcingProblems” presentsthecurrentstateofthe artindealingwithbladeicing,includingsometechniquesandmethodsofdetection,anti-icingandde-icing.Finally,aneconomicotechnicstudyconcerning commercialicedetectionsystemsiscarriedout.

Chapter “BigDataandWindTurbinesMaintenanceManagement” focuseson theanalysisoftheBigDataassociatedwithwindfarmmaintenance.Ananalysis ofthedatacollectedbyConditionMonitoringandSupervisoryControlandData AcquisitionSystemsiscarriedout.Thisanalysisisdoneusingtwomethodswhose objectivesaretoreducetheamountofdataand,therefore,tofacilitatethedata processing.Twocasestudiesarepresentedinordertoclarifyhowthesemethods shouldbeapplied.

TheIcelandicsocietyisconvenientlylocatedwheretheEurasianand North-Americantectonicplatesmeet.Thisallowsforrelativelyeasyandcheap accesstogeothermalenergy.Icelandershavebenefitedfromthissincesettlement, firstthroughdirectuseofthewarmwaterbutlateronbyco-producingelectricity. Thenationalsobenefitsfromlargeglacialrivers,offeringpotentialforenergy harvesting.Chapter “SocietalandEnvironmentalImpactofHighEnergyReturnon Investment(EROI)EnergyAccess” exploresthebenefitsofrenewableenergyin

thisregion,usingIcelandasacasestudy.Itisdemonstratedbyexploringtheenergy returnoninvestment(EROI)fortheNesjavellirgeothermalandFljotsdalsstod hydropowerplantandtheCO2 mitigationprovidedbytheresourcesastheIcelandic societynolongerneedstorelyonfossilfuelsforelectricityandheating.This chapterdemonstratessystematicallyhowsocietiesmaybene fitecologicallybutalso energeticallyfromaccesstorenewableenergysources.

Chapter “FutureMaintenanceManagementinRenewableEnergies” describes thefutureofmaintenancemanagementinrenewableenergyindustry.Theimportanceofnon-destructivetesting(NDT)ishighlighted.NDTinvolvestheuseofa varietyofinspectiontechniquesfordetectinginternalorsurfacediscontinuitiesin structures,ordeterminingcertainpropertiesofmaterials.TheresultsofNDT processescontributetotheimprovementofquality,publicsafetyandpreventionof faults.EffectiveNDTapproachescanhelpreducethecorrective/preventivemaintenancerequirementsofarenewableenergyplantaswellasincreasetheoperational lifetimeofcertaincomponents.

CiudadReal,SpainFaustoPedroGarcíaMárquez Athens,GreeceAlexanderKaryotakis Birmingham,UKMayorkinosPapaelias 2016

MultipleCriteriaPerformanceModellingandImpactAssessment ofRenewableEnergySystems ALiteratureReview 1 TingWu,Dong-LingXuandJian-BoYang

TowardsEnergySelf-suffi ciencyinLargeMetropolitanAreas: BusinessOpportunitiesonRenewableElectricityinMadrid 17 DiegoGarcía-Gusano,DiegoIribarrenandJavierDufour

HowDoEnergyEngineersoftheFutureThink.Analysis ofMasterStudents’ Proposals ................................ 33

JordiOlivella,JosepBordonau,GemaCallejaandEnriqueVelo

ConcentratedSolarPower:PresentandFuture ................... 51 MayorkinosPapaelias,FaustoPedroGarcíaMárquez andIsaacSegoviaRamirez

ConcentratedSolarPlantsManagement: BigDataandNeuralNetwork 63

AlfredoArcosJiménez,CarlosQ.GómezandFaustoPedroGarcía Márquez

WindEnergyPowerProspective 83

CarlosQuiterioGómezMuñozandFaustoPedroGarcíaMárquez

ManagingCostsandReviewforIcingProblems .................. 97 JesúsMaríaPinar-PérezandFaustoPedroGarcíaMárquez

BigDataandWindTurbinesMaintenanceManagement ............ 111 AlbertoPliego,RaúlRuizdelaHermosa andFaustoPedroGarcíaMárquez

SocietalandEnvironmentalImpactofHighEnergy ReturnonInvestment(EROI)EnergyAccess

ReynirSmariAtlasonandRunarUnnthorsson

FutureMaintenanceManagementinRenewableEnergies

CarlosQuiterioGómezMuñozandFaustoPedroGarcíaMárquez

AbouttheEditors

Prof.FaustoPedroGarcíaMárquez obtainedhis EuropeanDoctoratein2004attheUniversityof Castilla-LaMancha(UCLM,Spain)withamaximum distinction.HehasdistingueewiththeRunnerPrize (2015),AdvancementPrize(2013)andSilverPrize(2012) bytheInternationalSocietyofManagementScienceand EngineeringManagement,ortheAdvancementPrizein theThirdInternationalConferenceonManagement ScienceandEngineeringManagement.Heisworkingat UCLMasseniorlecturer(withtenure,accreditedasfull professor),Spain,HonorarySeniorResearchFellowat BirminghamUniversity,UK,lectureratthePostgraduate EuropeanInstitute,andhewasseniormanagerin Accenture(2013–2014).Faustohasmanagedagreat numberof253projects:5Europeansasprincipal investigator(PI),4FP7frameworkprogrammeand1 Euroliga+4,beingresearcherin3FP7;heisPIin2 nationalprojects,andhehasparticipatedin2asPIand2as researcher;4regionalprojects,1asPIand3asresearcher; 3universityprojects,1asPIand2asresearcher;andmore than100withresearchinstitutesandindustrialcompanies (98%asdirector).Hehasbeenevaluatorindifferentprograms,nationalsandinternationals.Asaresultofthe researchwork,hehaspublishedmorethan150papers (65%inISIjournals,30%inJCRjournalsand92% internationals),beingthemainauthorof68publications. Someofthesepapershavebeenespeciallyrecognised,e.g. by “RenewableEnergy” (as “BestPaperAward2014”); “InternationalSocietyofManagementScienceand EngineeringManagement” (as “excellent”),andbythe “InternationalJournalofAutomationandComputing”

and “IMechEPartF:JournalofRailandRapidTransit” (mostdownloaded).Heistheauthorof18books(Elsevier, Springer,Pearson,Mc-GrawHill,Intech,IGI,Marcombo, AlfaOmega,etc),andheistheauthorof5patents.Heisthe associateeditoroftheInternationalJournals:Engineering ManagementResearch,OpenJournalofSafetyScience andTechnology,andInternationalJournalofEngineering andTechnologies,andhehasparticipatedasCommittee Memberinmorethan25InternationalConferencesand theDirectorofIngeniumResearchGroup(www.uclm.es/ profesorado/fausto).

Dr.AlexanderKaryotakis aftergraduatingin MechanicalEngineeringandcompletingaPh.D.onthe optimisationofoffshorewindfarmO&Mstrategiesand reliabilityofwindturbinesatUniversityCollegeLondon (UCL)hasbeenworkingasacoordinatorandbusiness developeronrenewableenergyprojects,whileinvolved asatechnicalconsultantinseveralinternationalresearch anddevelopmentprogramsinrenewablesincluding NIMO,OptimusandSolarFox,havingpublishedhighly citedjournalandconferencepapersinrenewables.

In2010,hejoinedTERNAENERGY(Memberof GEK-TERNAGroup),wherehegotinvolvedandcoordinatedthedevelopment,engineering,constructionand operationoflargeonshorewindprojectsinEuropeandthe USA,whilesupervisingthe first-stagetechnicaldesign andconceptualdevelopmentofseveraloffshorewind farms(conventionaland floating)insouthernEurope.

Dr.MayorkinosPapaelias (Ph.D.inMetallurgy, CharteredEngineer Greece)isaseniorlecturerin NDTandConditionMonitoringattheSchoolof MetallurgyandMaterialsattheUniversityof Birmingham.Dr.PapaeliasisanexpertinNDTand conditionmonitoringtechnology.Hehasbeen involvedastechnicalcoordinatororscienti ficconsultantinseveralFP6andFP7collaborativeresearch projects.Heistheauthororco-authorofmorethan70 journalandconferencepapersinNDTandcondition monitoring.HeisalsoamemberoftheInternational SocietyforConditionMonitoring.Dr.Papaeliasregularlyauthorsarticlesforindustrialmagazines.

MultipleCriteriaPerformanceModelling andImpactAssessment ofRenewableEnergy Systems—ALiteratureReview

Renewableenergyisessentialfortheworldeconomyandthecurrentandfuture generations’ welfare,anditcontributesinabalancedwaytoattainthegeneralgoalof energysecurityandenvironmentalprotection.However,therearealsochallengesand barrierstothedeploymentofrenewableenergygeneration,distributionandconsumption,includingtechnical,economic,culturaland financialchallenges.Inorder tounderstandandovercomethechallengesandbarriersofpromotingthegrowthof renewableenergy,itisimportanttomodel,analyseandassessthecost-effectiveness, andsocietalandenvironmentalimpactofvariousrenewableenergysolutionssystemically.Thischapteraimstoreviewrelevantperformancemodelling,impact assessmentanddecisionanalysistechniquesforrenewableenergysystems.

1Introduction

In2003,theenergywhitepaperreleasedbytheBritishgovernmentsetsatargetof carbonemissionsreducedto60%of1990levelsby2050.Atthesametime,current resourcesareforecasttobelimitedinthecomingyearswithapparentdestructive consequencetotheenvironment[4].Inordertoachievetheobjectiveandsolvethe energyshortageprobleminlongterm,renewableenergyalternativesarewidely selectedtoreplacetheconventionalsourcesandthereisanincreasetouseelectricitywhichisgeneratedfromrenewableenergy,suchassmallhydro,solarpower, windpower,biomass,biogas,geothermalpower,etc.[43].Themajoradvantagesof renewableenergyincludelittlepollutionandemission,unlimitedsupply,better energystructureandsecurity.However,relativelyloweffi ciency,highcostsfor

T.Wu D.-L.Xu(&) J.-B.Yang

DecisionandCognitiveSciencesResearchCentre,TheUniversityofManchester, ManchesterM156PB,UK

e-mail:Ling.Xu@manchester.ac.uk;L.Xu@Manchester.ac.uk

© SpringerInternationalPublishingAG,partofSpringerNature2018 F.P.GarcíaMárquezetal.(eds.), RenewableEnergies, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45364-4_1

powergenerationandresearchanddevelopment,scatteredenergysourcesand energyacquisitiondiffi cultybecomethedisadvantagesofgreenenergy,which hampertheirdeployment[27, 45].

Therefore,howtoevaluatetheperformanceandimpactofdifferentsourcesof renewableenergyisakeyprobleminenergypolicymakingandinvolvesdifferent factors.Inordertostrideoverthechallengesandbarriersandtosupportmaking informedandinsightfuldecisions,thereisagreatnecessitytomodelandassessthe performance,cost-effectiveness,societalandenvironmentalimpactofalternative renewableenergysystemsystemically.Renewableenergydecision-makingproblemscannotbeanalysedbytraditionalsinglecriteriadecision-makingapproach.It needstohandlevariouscomplexissuesofcurrentandfutureenergysystemsandcan beconsideredasamultiplecriteriadecision-makingproblemwithcorrelatingcriteria.

Thenextsectionwillintroducetherecentdevelopmentinrenewableenergyand itsrelatedpolicies.Thethirdsectionwillreviewcriteria,techniquesandmodelsfor impactassessmentofrenewableenergysystems.Thefourthsectionwillfocuson theapplicationsofimpactassessmentofrenewableenergysystemsinpolicy making.Thechapterisconcludedinthe fifthsection.

2PolicyMakingRelatedtoRenewableEnergySystems

Thedevelopmentofrenewableenergycanpotentiallytackletheclimatechange, preventseriousenvironmentalpollutionandslowdowntheexhaustionoffossilfuel reserveproblem[45, 55].REN21report[63]providedanoverviewontheglobal renewableenergymarketandindustryacrossbothdevelopedanddeveloping countries.InEurope,theuseofrenewableenergyisseenasakeyelementinenergy policy.Directive2009/28/ECwasissuedtopromotetheuseofenergyfrom renewablesourcesanditestablishedcriteriaaccountingforthe2020targetson renewableenergysources.Asaresult,itisobservedinthepastdecadethattheuse ofrenewableenergysourceshasincreasedsignifi cantly.Forexample,Fig. 1 shows thecontinuingincreaseontheshareofenergyfromrenewablesourcesforelectricity,andtherenewableenergysourcesaccountfor27.5%ofEuropeanenergy generationin2014[27].InChina,RE100[62]analysisshowedthatthegovernment andalsoprivatesectorsincreasedinvestmenttorenewableenergyin2015by32% fromthepreviousyear,andaseriesofpoliciesandregulationswereputintoeffect toencouragedomesticrenewableenergydeployment.

Fig.1 Shareofrenewable energysourcesforelectricity (Datasource [27])

Share of energy from renewable sources for electricity

Therearedifferentformsofrenewableenergy,ascomplementstotraditional energyresources(e.g.,oil,coalandnaturalgas)andnuclearpower.Themainstream formsofrenewableenergyareverybrieflyintroducedbelowinordertofurther reviewrelevantcriteria,techniquesandmodelsfortheirperformancemodellingand impactassessment.

(1)Hydropower

Hydropowerisderivedfromtheenergyorforceoffastmovingwater,anditis regardedasthemost flexibleandconsistentofrenewableenergyresources.There aredifferentwaysofharnessingthewaterpower,andhydroelectricityisthemost widelyusedformofrenewableenergy.Accordingtothekeyworldenergystatistics bytheinternationalenergyagency[35],hydroelectricitycontributes20%ofglobal electricitygenerationin2013.However,itisextremelyexpensivetoconstructdams forhydropower,whichmustbeoperatedfordecadestobeprofitable.Thenatural environmentcouldbechangeddramaticallyfromthe floodingoflargeareasofland.

(2)Windpower

Windpowerisextractedfromairflows,throughwhichwindturbinesarerunto producemechanicalorelectricalpower.Windturbineshavebeenwidelyinstalled tooffshoreandhighaltitudeareasgloballywherewindsareusuallystrongand constant.Windpowerproducesanincreasingpercentageoftheglobalelectricity. Thewindenergytechnologyisrelativelymatureandadvancedcomparedwithother renewableenergytechnologies[21],butitalsorequiresalarge-scalelanduseto buildwindfarms,andnoisesandvisualeffectarealsoobstaclesforthewide installationofwindmills.

(3)Solarpower

Arangeofever-evolvingtechnologieshavebeenusedtogathersolarenergyinthe formsofradiantlightandheatfromthesun.Differenttechnologies,suchassolar heating,photovoltaics,concentratedsolarpower(CSP)andsolararchitecture[34], canbeusedtocaptureandconvertsolarenergyinaeitheractiveorpassiveway. However,solarenergyisdispersedunevenlyaroundtheworldandthereisnosolar energyatnight,whichmakesenergycollectiondiscontinuousandunstable,especiallywiththeseasonalandweathereffects[55].

(4)Biomass

Biomassusesbiologicalmaterialsusuallyderivedfromplantsorplant-derived materials.Asanalternativerenewableenergysource,biomasscanbeusedintwo differentforms:directcombustiontoproduceheatorindirectconversiontovarious formsofbiofuel,suchasmethanegasandbiodiesel.Thereispotentiallyside pollutionfromthewasteprocessingofbiomassenergy.

Apartfromthemainstreamrenewableenergysources,therearealsosomeother sourcesofrenewableenergy,suchasgeothermalenergyandoceanenergy.There areadvantagesanddisadvantagesofharvestingeachtypeofrenewableenergy.

Insteadoftakingacloselookatthevariousformsofrenewableenergy,thischapter ismainlyconcernedwithcriteria,techniquesandmodelsforimpactassessmentof renewableenergysystems,inparticular,renewableordecentralisedgreenenergy (DGE)systems.Incontrasttocentralisedenergysystems,adecentralisedenergy systemreliestoalargeextentonsmall-scaleandsometimesintermittentgeneration fromtheaboverenewableenergysources[23].Developingdecentralizedenergy systemscanincreasetheuseofrenewableenergy,soastoreducecarbonemissions, improveenergyefficiency,explorenewenergygenerationcapacityandimprovethe securityofgenerationsupply[3, 23, 20].Furthermore,decentralisedgreenenergy systemsareregardedtobecentraltotheworld’sfutureenergyandeconomic strategies.However,therearealsobarriersandchallengestodeploydecentralised renewableenergysystems.Inaddition,thedevelopmentofthesystemsisalso dependentonnationalenergylegislationandpolicies.Forexample,small-scale DGEsystemsmaynotascompetitiveascentralisedenergysystemswithout financialsubsidiesorsupport.Inordertosupportthedecisionmakingprocess,the performance,cost-effectiveness,socialandenvironmentalimpactofalternative DGEsolutionsarereviewedsystematicallyinSect. 3

3Criteria,TechniquesandModelsforImpactAssessment ofDGESystems

Manyresearchershavedevelopedaspectrumofdifferentcriteria,techniquesand modelsforimpactassessmentofrenewableenergysystems[22, 28, 39].For example,Evansetal.[28]assessedrenewableenergytechnologiesinthecontextof sustainability.Thecriticalsustainabilityindicatorsincludepriceofgeneratedelectricity,greenhousegasemission,availabilityofrenewablesources,effi ciencyof energyconversion,landrequirements,waterconsumptionandsocialimpacts,and theyareassumedtohaveequalimportance.Themostsustainableenergywasranked aswindpower,hydropowerandphotovoltaics.Elliott[22]lookedattheinstitutional andsocialobstaclestothedevelopmentanddeploymentofrenewableenergyinthe contextofsustainabledevelopment.Painuly[57]emphasizedtheimportanceof providingenergywithsustainabilitytothevastpopulationsindevelopingcountries, andalsopointedoutthebarrierstorenewableenergypenetration.

3.1CriteriaofImpactAssessment

Inthecontextofimpactassessmentofrenewableenergysystems,multiplecriteria canbeidentifiedandweightedinordertoprovideastructuredwaytoproduce informativeassessmentresults.Multiplecriteriaperformancemodellingandimpact assessmentcanprovidein-depthunderstandingofkeyadvantagesandinherent impact,andfacilitateaninformeddecisionmakingprocess.Papadopoulosand

DGE systems

Impact factors

MultiplecriteriaperformancemodellingandimpactassessmentofDGEsystems

Karagiannidis[58]discussedthattheimplementationofdecentralisedenergysystemshastoadoptaninterdisciplinarycomprehensiveapproachwhichanalyses technical, fi nancial,environmentalandsocialfactors.Wangetal.[69]summarised thecriteriaofassessingenergysupplysystemsfromtechnical,economic,environmentalandsocialaspects.Similarly,inthischapter,themultiplecriteriaperformancemodellingandimpactassessmentofrenewableenergysystemscanbe formulatedinahierarchicalstructureofhavingtechnical,economic,environmental andsocialcategories,asillustratedinFig. 2.

(1)Technical

Thefundamentalcriterionforperformancemodellingandimpactassessmentof renewableenergysystemsshouldbeattributedtotechnicalfeasibilityandeffectiveness.Thermodynamicscanbeusedtoassesshoweffectiveandefficienta renewableenergysystemworks.Arangeoftechnicalfactorsshouldbeconsidered, includingtechnicalefficiency,safetyandreliability.

Efficiencyreferstohowmuchusefulenergycanbeproducedfromrawenergy sources[69].Itisoneofthemostwidelyusedtechnicalcriteriatoevaluate renewableenergysystems,andcanbemeasuredbytheratioofoutputtoinput energyinaquantitativeway[1, 19, 44, 48, 60].

Safetyofrenewableenergysystemsisvitaltolocalresidentsandcommunity. Safety-relatedissuecanbeassessedbythefatalityrateandthelikelihoodof occurrenceinthecontextofriskanalysis[47, 48, 68, 69].

Reliabilityisconcernedwiththecapacityofrenewableenergysystemstoperformasdesigned,anditisalsoamongtheessentialtechnicalcriteria[14, 69].

Inaddition,someothertechnicalfactors,suchastechnicalmaturityandavailability,shouldalsobeconsidered[13].Tosomeextent,thedegreeofmaturityalso decideshowwidethetechnologycanbeadoptedanditssafetylevel[69].

Fig.2

(2)Environmental

Theenvironmentalimpactcanbeassessedbytheformalenvironmentalimpact assessment(EIA)methodaccordingtotheEIADirectives[25, 26, 42].Inthe contextofconductingasystematicEIA,thestakeholdermappingapproach[51]can usuallybeusedtocategorisethekeystakeholdersintermsoftheirinterestsand poweronexpressingenvironmentalconcerns,asillustratedinFig. 3.

Inthecontextofenvironmentalimpact,typicalfactors,suchasemissions,land use,noises[31, 46, 69],exposuretoelectromagnetic fieldandvisualimpact,should beconsideredforeachtypeofrenewableenergysystems[42, 69].

(3)Economic

Theaffordabilityandaccessibilityofrenewableenergysystemsshouldalsobe consideredinordertomaintaineconomicwell-beingandopportunities.Initial investment,constructiontime,operationandmaintenancecosts,paybacktimeand cycleofservicelifeshouldbetakenintoconsiderationintheeconomiccategory[2, 19, 38, 69].

(4)Social

Theimplementationanduseofrenewableenergyinvolveseveryaspectof humanparticipationandactivities,anditplaysasignificantroleinshapingthe society.Forexample,launchingarenewableenergysystemrequirestechnicians andcreatesmanagerialjobpositionsaswell.Socialacceptanceandbenefitshould beconsideredintheintroductionofnewtechnologies[14, 52, 69, 73].

Itisimportantthatfactorsareidentifiedtoassesstheperformanceandimpactof variousrenewableenergysystemsinaconsistentandsystematicway.Furthermore, therelativeimportanceofeachcategoryanditsimpactfactorsneedtobetakeninto

Fig.3 Stakeholderanalysisforenvironmentalimpactassessment

account.Forexample,thetechnicalfeasibilitymaybeamongthemostimportant considerations.

3.2TechniquesforImpactAssessment

Menegaki[50]categorisedthegreenenergyvaluationmethodsinto fivemain categories,namelyrevealedpreferencestechniques,statedpreferencetechniques, portfolioanalysis,emergyanalysisandvariousothereconomicbutnot welfare-basedorientedmethods.Conjointanalysisandcontingentvaluationtechniqueswereadoptedtoevaluatewindfarmsandotherrenewableenergysources[7, 30, 54].Bergmannetal.[8]appliedchoiceexperimentstoevaluaterenewable energyinvestments.Yuetal.[72]modelledandvaluatedthe flexibilitieson switchingtariffforwindenergy.Mathematicalprogrammingmethodswerealso employedtodealwiththeoptimalityanduncertaintyofperformanceassessment anddecisionanalysis.Soroudietal.[66]usedalong-termmultipleobjective planningmodeltoanalysethepollutionemissionsandcosts.Caietal.[12]presentedanintervalchance-constrainedprogrammingmodeltooptimisebothsystematicreliabilityandcost.Generally,thetechniquesforimpactassessmentcanbe categorisedinto(1)Quantitativeassessment:itreferstothewayofquantifyingthe impactofrenewableenergyonsomeoftheabovecriteria.However,itisdiffi cultto quantifysomeimpactfactors,especially,somesocialandenvironmentalimpact factors.(2)Qualitativeanalysis:itisapplicabletoclarifydifferentfeaturesinthe formatsofdescriptiveorsubjectivegrades.Withtheuseofbothquantitative assessmentandqualitativeanalysis,relationshipsamongimpactcriteriaandtheir combinedimpactcanbeanalysedandevaluatedinacomprehensiveway.

3.3ModelsforImpactAssessment

(1)Lifecycleassessment

AsanISOstandardassessmentmethod,lifecycleassessment(LCA)canbe implementedtoassesstheimpactofDGEsystems[36].Bhatetal.[9]discussed thatLCAcanbeimplementedtoassesstheimpactsofgreenenergyfromvarious aspects,suchaspollution,rawmaterialsupplyandrecycle.Ardenteetal.[5]argued thatLCAisappropriatefortheenvironmentalimpactassessmentofgreenenergy applications.However,LCA-basedassessmentisonlycapableofprovidinga comprehensiveassessmentofonegreenenergysystematonetime[9].

(2)Multiplecriteriadecisionanalysis

AsdiscussedinSect. 3.1,theperformancemodellingadimpactassessmentof renewableenergysystemscanbeformulatedasamultiplecriteriadecisionanalysis

(MCDA)problem.MCDAcanbeusedtoperformmulti-criteriaperformance modellingandimpactassessmentofalternativerenewableenergysolutions,where nosingleattributecancaptureandmeasuretheoverall[70].Thus,MCDAmodels havewidelyappliedtoperformenergy-relatedenvironmentalstudies[75],sustainableenergyplanning[61],renewableenergycomparison[49],assessmentof traditionalandrenewableenergypowerplants[15],evaluationofresidential heatingsolutions[11],etc.

Furthermore,Myllyviitaetal.[53]discussedthattheutilizationofmultiple criteriadecisionanalysiscanincorporatenewperspectivesintotraditionalLCAin thecontextofenvironmentalimpactassessmentofbiomassproductionchains. Dongetal.[18]pointedoutthatbothLCAandMCDAcanbeintroducedinto impactassessmentfordifferentkindsofgreenenergyapplications.

AmongtheadvancesofMCDAmodels,itworthemphasisingthattheevidential reasoning(ER)approachhasbeendevelopedasagenericevidence-basedMCDA approachforaggregatingbothqualitativeandquantitativeinformationaswellas dealingwithvarioustypesofuncertainty,includingignoranceandrandomness [70].Underaunifi edbeliefstructure,bothquantitativeandqualitativecriteriacan beformulatedtoabeliefdecisionmatrixforfurtheraggregationandanalysis.In addition,theweightsandreliabilitiesofassessmentinformationcollectedfrom multiplesourcescanalsobetakenintoaccountinthegeneralisedERrule[71].

4.1OverviewofMCDAMethod

Yang[70]statedthatMCDAcanbeusedtoperformmulti-attributeperformance assessmentamongalternatives,wherethereisnosingleattributemeasuringthe overallperformance.ThedevelopmentofMCDAhelpsthecomparisoninagroupof choicesunderuncertainenvironment.Also,theevidentialreasoning(ER)approach canbeusedtomodelandaggregatethedecisionmaker ’spreferencelogicallyinto theassessment.Dongetal.[18]pointsoutthatbothLCAandMCDAcanbe introducedintoassessment,sothatthethreeaspectsofenergy,environmentand economycanbejudgedtogetherfordifferenttypesofgreenenergyapplications. ThenormalizedmodelofMCDAproblemis, max A Ar F ðAÞ

Here, A isanalternativeapproach(i.e.,decisionvariable)anditbelongstoasetof alternatives Ar ¼ A1 ; A2 ; ...; Am fg,inwhicheveryelementisacontrolledvariable andhastosatisfycertainconstraintconditions. FAðÞ isanattributevectorfunction FAðÞ¼ f1 A ðÞ; f2 A ðÞ; ; fn ðAÞ ½ T ,where fj A ðÞðj ¼ 1; 2; ; nÞ istheattributevalue

of A approachundertheattributes C1 ; C2 ; ; Cn ðÞ.AnMCDAproblemcanalsobe expressedbyamatrix D ¼ðfij Þm n ,where fij istheevaluationvalueofapproach Ai underthe jth attribute, i 2 I ¼ 1; 2; ...; m fg isthesetofalternativeindicators,and j 2 J ¼ 1; 2; ...; n fg isthesetofattributeindicators.Thevalueof fij canbeeither quantitativeorqualitative(suchasgood,bad,high,low).Therefore,therowvector fi ¼ fi1 ; fi2 ; ; fin ðÞ isthevalueofapproach Ai undereveryattribute,thecolumn vector fj ¼ f1j ; f2j ; ; fmj isthevalueofeveryapproachonthe jth attribute.

Generallyspeaking,theaimofMCDAisto findthebestalternativeorrankall alternatives.Sincetheperformanceofeveryalternativeisdifferentunderdifferent attributes,thereisnoabsolutelybestalternative.Apreferredstructureshouldbe determinedbydecisionmakersaccordingtotheirpreferencesanddecisionobjectivestocomprehensivelyassesstheperformanceofeveryalternativeunderevery attribute.TheMCDAmethodologieshavebeensuccessfullyappliedinmany real-lifeproblemsinengineering, fi nances,marketanalysis,managementand others.Decisionisusuallymadeunderuncertainconditionsfromavailablealternatives.Thatis,thesealternativesshouldbecompared,rankedorchosen.However, withthedevelopmentofeconomy,technologyandsociety,theMCDAproblems havebecomemoreandmorecomplex.Zhouetal.[75]discussedmultiplecriteria energy-relatedenvironmentalstudiessince1995.PohekarandRamachandran[61] reviewedtheapplicationsofmulti-criteriadecisionmakingtosustainableenergy planning.MendozaandPrabhu[49]usedMCDAtocomparerenewableenergy withconventionalresources.ChatzimouratidisandPilavachi[15]appliedMCDAto assessdifferentpowerplantswhichusebothtraditionalandrenewableenergy. Browneetal.[11]introducedMCDAtoevaluatesixtypesofresidentialheating solutionsanddomesticelectricityconsumptioninanIrishcityregion.

Inliterature,thetypicalMCDAmethodscanbecategorisedtothefollowing threecategories.

(1)Themethodsbasedonutilityfunctionmodel.Themulti-attributeutilitytheory isusedtogivethreemethodsforMCDAproblems.Inthe firstapproach,the weightsarenolongerconstantbutdependontheattribute-values,inthesecond method,theweightsaredeterminedbyconsideringtheirsensitivity;inthethird method,themultiplicationofweightsandattribute-valuesareconsideredasa wholetoconstructasolutiontomulti-attributedecisionmakingproblemswith incompleteinformation.Relevantapproachesinthiscategoryincludesimple weightedaverage(SWA),weightedproduct(WP),analyticalhierarchyprocess (AHP)andsomeotherplanningmethods.SWAisoneofthesimplestandmost popularmethodsforMCDAproblem.Theweightofeverycriterionisdeterminedbyactualconditions,andthedecisionmatrixisprocessedbynormalization,thenwecangetthefusionvalueofeveryapproachbylinearweighted average,and finally,thebestapproachwillbeselectedaccordingtotheorderof fusionvalues.AHPwasproposedbyT.L.Saatyin1970swhichintegratesboth quantitativeanalysisandqualitativeanalysis.Itrequirestoclearlyanalysethe essenceoftheproblem,factorsandinternalrelationship.Aftertheidentifi cation ofthesefactorsandinternalrelationshipofcomplexdecisionproblems,AHP

dividedthealternativeapproachesintodifferentkeyelementsandclassi fied themtodifferenthierarchies,thenformedthemulti-hierarchystructure.On everyhierarchy,thekeyelementscanbecomparedonebyoneaccordingtoa specialrulesandguidelinesandbuiltajudgementmatrix.Thenextstepis calculatingthemaximumeigen-valueandcorrespondingeigen-vector,andthen gettingtheweightsofthekeyelementsundertherulesofthishierarchy,and finallycalculatingthecombinedweightsofthekeyelementsofeveryhierarchy forallalternativeapproaches.

(2)Themethodsbasedonoutrankingrelationalmodel,suchasELECTRE[6, 65] andPROMETHEE[10].ELECTREmethodmainlyincludestwosteps.Oneis buildingtheoutrankingrelation,andtheotherisorderingallalternative approachesaccordingtotherelation.PROMETHEEmethodusespreference functiontodiscriminatethesuperiority-inferiorityofeveryapproachundera criterion.Itstartsbynormalisingthedata,soitdoesnotneedthepre-procession fororiginaldataandavoidsthedependenceonprocessingorder.

(3)Themethodbasedonroughsettheory[59].Inthisapproach,somerulesare extractedfromthepastdecisionexamplesbyutilizingroughsettheory,and thenformawarehouseofrules.Finallytheserulesareusedforanalysing MCDAproblems.

Inaddition,theevidentialreasoningapproachhasbeendevelopedtobea genericevidence-basedMCDAapproachfordealingwithvarioustypesofuncertainty,includingignoranceandrandomness.Simplyspeaking,itusesaconsistent beliefstructuretorepresentbothquantitativeandqualitativecriteria,abelief decisionmatrixtoformulateanMCDAproblemunderuncertainty,andtheevidentialreasoningalgorithmtoaggregatemultiplecriteriatogeneratetheoverall distributedassessment.Therecentlydevelopedevidentialreasoningrulefurther providesarigorouswayofcombiningmultiplepiecesofindependentevidence conjunctivelywithweightsandreliabilities[70, 71].

Ingeneral,MCDAbasedonadditiveutilityfunctionsconsistsoffourbasicsteps formakingthemosteffectiveandrationaldecisions:(1)Problemstructuring, includingcriteriaselectionandalternativeformation.(2)Displaytrade-offbetween criteriaandconfirmcriterionweights.(3)Utilizevaluejudgementonacceptable trade-offsandevaluation.(4)Aggregateinformationandmakethedecision[61].

4.2Multi-criteriaDecisionAnalysisinRenewableEnergy

PlanningandPolicy

TherearefourcategoriesofMCDAapplicationareainrenewableenergy:renewableenergyplanningandpolicymaking,renewableenergyevaluationand assessment,renewableenergyprojectselection,andenvironmentalimpaction assessment[64].Wefocusonthe fi rstareathatreferstotheassessmentofafeasible energyplanand/orthediffusionofalternativerenewableenergyoption.Thereare

fourkeyfactorsinthisarea:adoptiontoreachacertainnationaltarget,decision factors,nationalplanning,andsystemindicators.

Usually,wefocusedonlyoncostminimizationwhenchoosingamongalternative energysources.However,itiswidelyrecognizednowthatenergyplanningisamuch morecomplicateddecisionprobleminvolvedmanyfactors.Pohekarand Ramachandran[61]havepublishedseveralpaperswithareviewandanalysison MCDAanditsapplicationsontherenewableenergy.Wangetal.[69]presenteda literaturereviewonsustainableenergydecision-makinganddiscussedtheapplicabilityofMCDAmethodsunderthemulti-dimensionalityofthesustainabilitygoaland thecomplexityofsocio-economicandbiophysicalsystems.Beccalietal.[6]utilized theELECTREmethodandfuzzysettheoryinregionalenergyproblemsbyanalysing actor ’sreactionandresults.Bothmethodswereappliedtothedevelopmentofa renewableenergydiffusionstrategicplananddescribedadvantagesanddisadvantagesofeachmethodology.Georgopoulouetal.[29]utilizedELECTREIIItoreacha compromiseinthechoiceamongalternativeenergypolicies.Theyde finedasetof sustainabilityindicatorsandelementsthatwereusedintheanalysisandassessmentof therelationshipbetweenanenergysystemanditsenvironment,anddeterminedthe weightofeachcriterionofeachalternativeandpresentedtheeffectofthepriority.

Diakoulakietal.[17]usedMCDAtoexploretherelativecontributionofdifferentfactorsandcharacteristicsofexpectedlevelofenergyefficiencyandfurther exploitedtheminenergypolicymaking.Kowalskietal.[40]hadaresearchon participatorymulti-criteriaanalysis(PMCA)toanalyseenergypolicymaking correspondingtopublicandstakeholderinputs.Leeetal.[43]utilizedthefuzzy theoryandAHPtodeterminecriteriawhentheyappliedMCDAinnationalenergy policymakingandanalysedthecompetitivenessofKorea.

HobbsandHorn[32]useddifferentMCDAmethodstodevelopasetofrecommendationsinenergyplanningandpolicymakingthroughgroupdiscussions andinterviewprocessesamongstakeholders.Theyconcludedthatnosinglemethod isthebestandareasonablesolutionistoapplyacombinationoftwoormore MCDAmethods.Enzensbergeretal.[24]consideredthatallofstakeholdergroups areimportantinthecriteriaevaluationprocessandtheycanhelppolicymakersto anticipatepossibleproblemsatanearlystage.AfganandCarvalho[1]presenteda processofmulti-criteriaevaluationofenergysystemsandcomparedthehydro powerplantoptionwithotherrenewableenergypowerplantoptions.Köneand Büke[41]conductedamulti-criteriaanalysisusingananalyticalnetworkprocess (ANP)todecidethebestalternativetechnologyforelectricitygenerationinTurkey. TopcuandUlengin[67]developedamulti-attributedecision-makingtooland suppliedanintegrateddecisionaidframeworkfortheselectionofthemostsuitable electricitygenerationalternativeinTurkey. Önütetal.[56]alsoutilizedANPto evaluatealternativeenergyresourcesforthemanufacturingindustryinTurkey.

HamalainenandKarjalainen[33]utilizedAHPandvaluetreestoanalysethe relativeweightsoftheevaluationcriteriaofFinland’senergypolicies.Kablan[37] utilizedAHPframeworktomanagetheprioritizationprocessofdifferentenergy conservationpoliciesinJordan.Crist óbal[16]appliedacompromiseranking method,alsoknownastheVIKORmethod,totheassessmentofseveralrenewable

energyalternativestohelptheSpanishgovernmenttoreachthetargetof12%total renewableenergyin2010.Zhaoetal.[74]utilizedanAHPmodeltoevaluate alternativepowertechnologyaccordingtothecriteriaofenvironmentalcostand energysecurityandappliedittoarealcasestudyforplanningthebestchoiceof powerplantinGuangdongprovinceofChina.

5SummaryRemarks

Ingeneral,theassessmentofperformancesofdifferentrenewableenergysystemis consideredasacomplexmulti-dimensionalproblemwhichmainlyinvolvesfour categoriesofcriteria,namelytechnical,environmental,economicandsocialcriteria.MCDAframeworkscanbeusedtoincorporateobjectivesotherthancostsinthe decisionmakingprocessofrenewableenergyselectionandplanning,alongwith theirtraditionalbenefit-costanalysis.However,differentMCDAmethodsmay providedifferentsolutionsevenappliedtothesameproblemandthesamedata,and usuallyitisdifficulttodeterminewhichoneisthebestsolution.Itmaybenecessary tostudyhowtochooseanappropriateMCDAmethodologyinalternativeenergy decision-making.Furtherresearchmayalsobeneededtostudytheoptimalityof differentrenewableenergysystemswhenaspecificregionisunderconsideration.

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TowardsEnergySelf-sufficiencyinLarge

MetropolitanAreas:Business OpportunitiesonRenewableElectricity inMadrid

DiegoGarcía-Gusano,DiegoIribarrenandJavierDufour

Abstract Largemetropolitanareasaregenerallyassociatedwithhighenergy demandbutlowenergyproduction,thusactingasvastenergydrains.Reducing energyimportlevelsinthistypeofregionmaybringaboutrelevantbusiness opportunities.Giventheincreasinglysignificantroleofgreen(low-carbon)energy incurrentandfutureenergypolicies,theseopportunitiesareexpectedtobeclosely linkedtorenewableenergy.Inthischapter,theenergysystemmodeloftheregion ofMadrid(Spain)isusedtoevaluatenovelenergyscenariosto2050basedon alternativeelectricityimportlevels.Asindigenouselectricitysupplyincreases, widermarkethorizonsariseforrenewableenergytechnologiesasaplausible option.Overall,throughthecasestudyofMadrid,itisshownthatthepathtowards cleanenergyself-sufficiencyhasthepotentialtoactasaneffectivecatalystfor businessopportunitiesonrenewablesinlargemetropolitanareas.

Keywords Electricityimport Energysystemsmodelling Metropolitanarea Powergeneration Scenarioanalysis

D.García-Gusano D.Iribarren(&) J.Dufour SystemsAnalysisUnit,InstitutoIMDEAEnergía,Móstoles28935,Spain e-mail:diego.iribarren@imdea.org

D.García-Gusano e-mail:diego.garcia@imdea.org

J.Dufour

ChemicalandEnvironmentalEngineeringGroup,ReyJuanCarlosUniversity, Móstoles28933,Spain

e-mail:javier.dufour@imdea.org

© SpringerInternationalPublishingAG,partofSpringerNature2018

F.P.GarcíaMárquezetal.(eds.), RenewableEnergies, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45364-4_2

18D.García-Gusanoetal.

1Introduction

Incontrasttoenergy-relatedconcernssuchasclimatechangeanditsenvironmental, socialandeconomicconsequences,otherrelevantenergyissuesareoftenplacedon thebackburnerwhenenergysystemsareassessed.Thatisthecaseofpower self-sufficiencyinlargemetropolitanareas.Globally,urbanareasaccountfor67–76%ofenergyuseand71–76%ofCO2 emissionsfrom finalenergyuse[1],aswell asforhighemissionsofotherpollutantssuchassulphuroxides,nitrogenoxides andparticulates,allofthemcausingharmfuleffectsonbothhumansandecosystems.Moreover,largecitiesdealwithacriticalissue:theoriginoftheenergythey use.Inthisregard,thepresentchapterexploresindepthkeyaspectsassociatedwith theelectricityneedsoflargemetropolitanareas,usingMadrid(Spain)asan illustrativecasestudy.

Largecitiesandthemetropolitanareasassociatedwiththemgenerallyactas hugeenergydrainssincetheyconsumeenergybuttheydonotproduceit.Allforms ofenergyfuelsandcarrierscomefromneighbouringregionsand/orcountries(or evenfurther).Tofacethissituation,thecorrespondinggovernmentsdevelopplans toboostthepenetrationofrenewabletechnologiesaswellastosupportmitigation measuresonthedemandside,especiallyinthosesectorswheretheproblemsare moremarked:transport,residential,andservices.Nevertheless,politicalefforts promotinglocalpowergenerationarenotsucceedinginbridgingthegapconcerningtheenormouselectricitydemandinhighly-populatedareas.Asaresult, powerself-sufficiencyratesarestillverylowwhilenonewleapfrogpoliciesare expectedinthecomingyears.

Withinthiscontext,thisworkusesthecasestudyoftheregionofMadridto evaluatetheproblemofelectricityself-supplyinlargemetropolitanareas,focusing ontheidenti ficationofbusinessopportunitiesregardingrenewableenergytechnologies.Theinstallationofthistypeoftechnologywouldreducethedependence ofmetropolitanareasonelectricitycomingfromexternalregionswhileincreasing theeffi ciencyoftheelectricalsystembyreducingtransmissionlosses.Furthermore, asolidwagerinthisdirectionwouldmeansignificantbenefi tsintermsof socio-economicdevelopmentandwelfare.

2TheEnergyModelofMadrid

TheCommunityofMadrid(i.e.,theregionofMadrid)isan8,030km2 regioninthe centreofSpain.Ithad6.45millioninhabitantsin2014,withthecapital(Madrid City)accountingfor3.3millioninhabitants.Morethan85%oftheMadrid inhabitantsliveinacircleof25kmradiusfromMadridCity[2].

TheCommunityofMadridisoneofthemostimportantSpanishregions.Madrid hasthehighestgrossdomesticproduct(GDP) percapita inSpainanditsservice sectorrepresents77%oftheregionaleconomy.TheregionofMadridisconsidered

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WOOD, IRVING FRANCIS.[2] Heroes of early Israel. il *$2 Macmillan 220.9

20–17159

“‘Heroes of early Israel’ is one of the Great leaders series. It seeks to tell in a popular manner the stories of the old Hebrew heroes whose lives are too often lost for the young in the more difficult portions of the Bible.”—N Y Times

Booklist 17:93 D ’20

“The book is intended especially for use in schools, but many will like to put it into the hands of their children as an introduction to Biblical study.” Hildegarde Hawthorne

N Y Times p9 D 12 ’20 70w

WOOD, LEONARD. Leonard Wood on national issues; comp. by Evan J. David. pa *$1.25 (8c) Doubleday 308

20–7495

“In compiling this book the object has been to collect representative statements from the speeches and writings of General Leonard Wood on national problems.” (Compiler’s introd.) Among

the subjects covered are: How Cuba won self-determination; Capital, labor and the golden rule; American women—today and tomorrow; War and peace; The league of nations; The farmer his rights and wrongs; Teachers, moulders of the future; Immigration without assimilation: Americanization. In addition to the compiler’s introduction there is a foreword by Edward S. Van Zile.

WOODBERRY, GEORGE EDWARD. Roamer, and other poems. *$1.75 Harcourt 811

20–7800

The greater part of the book is taken up by “The roamer, ” a long poem in four books symbolizing the soul’s pilgrimage through the ages and its upward progress. A sonnet sequence, Ideal passion, Poems of the great war, and a group of Sonnets and lyrics complete the volume.

“For those who like conventional, idealistic poetry.”

Booklist 16:339 Jl ’20

“Mr Woodberry’s lines are penned with such precision, dignity, and grace, and express so noble an enterprise, that one feels they should not be allowed to perish without protest. And yet they fail to stir. Is it that Mr Woodberry is too much merely the inheritor of Victorian maladies and philosophies?” L. M. R.

Freeman 2:21 S 15 ’20 320w

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Nation 111:sup415 O 13 ’20 220w

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N Y Times 25:18 Jl 25 ’20 380w

“‘Ideal passion’ is excellent, while the ‘Roamer’ is valuable only to specialists in literature or disciples of Mr Woodberry. The shorter poems in the volume are vastly better than the ‘Roamer,’ but attain no equality with ‘Ideal passion.’” O. W. Firkins

Review 3:170 Ag 25 ’20 800w

WOODHOUSE, HENRY. Textbook of applied aeronautic engineering. il *$6 Century 629.1

20–5220

“The bulk of this book is devoted to a description of existing machines, but in the first chapter the author declares that for

commercial success the aeroplane should be built to carry twenty tons of useful load, and considers how this can be done. Other chapters consist largely of reprints of papers and documents, many from American sources, relating to aeroplane and seaplane engineering in the U.S.A. navy, the theory of flight, rigging, alinement, maintenance and repairs, and the value of plywood in fuselage construction.” The Times [London] Lit Sup

Boston Transcript p6 S 1 ’20 400w

WOODHOUSE, THOMAS, and KILGOUR, P.

Cordage and cordage hemp and fibres. (Pitman’s common commodities and industries ser.) il $1

Pitman 677

20–7601

An introductory chapter suggesting something of the early history of cordage is followed by: Definition of cordage and sources of fibres; Classification of fibres; The cultivation of hemp; Retting, breaking and scutching; The cultivation of plants for hard fibres; The preparing and spinning machinery for hemp and other soft fibres; The preparing and spinning machinery for manila and other hard fibres; Twines, cords and lines; Ropes and rope-making; Yarn numbering; Marketing. There are 31 illustrations and an index. The

authors are connected with the Dundee technical college and school of art.

N Y P L New Tech Bks p41 Ap ’20 50w

WOODS, ARTHUR. Policeman and public.

*$1.35 Yale univ. press 352.2

20–1368

“‘The policeman and public,’ by Lieut.-Col. Arthur Woods, former police commissioner of New York city, places in book form the author’s lectures in the Dodge course at Yale on the ‘Responsibilities of citizenship.’ Points discussed are: The puzzling law; The policeman as Judge; The people’s advocate; Methods of law enforcement; Esprit de corps; Reward and punishment; Grafting; Influence; Police leadership; and The public’s part.” Springf’d Republican

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+

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Cath World 111:118 Ap ’20 220w

Outlook 124:203 F 4 ’20 70w

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Springf’d Republican p6 D 30 ’19 300w

“They are made lively reading by a mass of illustrative anecdotes.”

WOODS, GLENN H. Public school orchestras and bands. il $2 Ditson 785

20–9484

In realization of the growing importance of music in our educational curriculum this book is offered to meet in particular the needs of the teacher who has no knowledge of instrumental music. It emphasizes three essentials for the instrumental work in the public school system: that the instruments for the band and orchestra be supplied to the children; that the work begin in the lower grades of the elementary schools and be carried through the high school; and that the instruction be given by special teachers of instrumental music. Among the contents are: Importance of instrumental instruction; Preparation of teachers: How to organize instrumental instruction; Instruction in the elementary schools; Instruction in the high schools; Conducting; Suggestions about tuning; How to assemble an orchestra score; Transposition; List of band and orchestra music, and instruction books. There is an appendix and numerous illustrations.

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WOODWORTH, HERBERT G. In the shadow of Lantern street. *$1.75 (1½c) Small

20–3063

The hero of this story is a little boy in China when the story opens. He knows nothing of his parentage and believes himself to be Chinese. But he really is white and his American father, altho unwilling to recognize his son, still takes him, at sixteen, back to the United States and educates him. Most of the story is taken up with the tale of the young man ’ s striving to accommodate himself to American ideals, especially in relation to women. Two women come into his life, Bess and Barbara. To Bess he found marriage to mean the reversal of the Chinese idea her husband was to become her chattel. Fortunately he found out in time and with Barbara is promised the happiness that comes with love that means partnership.

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A long and slow-moving story dealing with a criss-crossing of love affairs. Katharine Hilbery, granddaughter of the poet Alardyce, is engaged with her mother in writing the poet’s life. Her father is editor of a literary review and all her associations are of a literary character. In secret however her predilections are for mathematics and she spends lonely midnight hours with Euclid. She becomes engaged to William Rodney, author of poetic dramas, altho she feels herself drawn to Ralph Denham, a masterful young man of no family or position. Ralph maintains a platonic friendship with Mary Datchet, a suffrage worker, who loves him and refuses his lukewarm offer of marriage for that reason. Katharine’s cousin Cassandra comes to town and captivates William, setting Katharine free to marry Ralph. This leaves everyone provided for except Mary, who continues to devote her life to causes. Considerable care is devoted to the delineation of minor characters.

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Voyage out. *$2.25 (1½c) Doran

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Springf’d Republican p9a Jl 4 ’20 380w

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Clothing: choice, care, cost. (Lippincott’s family life ser.) il *$2 Lippincott 646

20–26997

“This book faces the every-day living conditions of the people and treats clothing in its selection, use, care and cost. It is the result of many years of personal experience in technical and popular instruction in textiles and clothing to college students, ... to women ’ s clubs, to young wage earners, ... to buyers and managers in the retail trade, and recently, during the war, as a textile specialist in the service of the government among home keepers and extension leaders.” (Preface) Contents: Thrift in clothing; Woolen and worsted clothing; Cotton clothing; Silk clothing; Linen for clothing and household; Clothing accessories; Clothing and health; Intelligent shopping; Serviceable clothing; The clothing budget and the

wardrobe; The care, repair and renovation of clothing; Dyeing, laundry and spot removal; A clothing information bureau; Planning for clothing progress; Appendix made-over garments, with charts, bibliography, glossary; Illustrations and index.

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WORKS, JOHN DOWNEY. Juridical reform.

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“A critical comparison of pleading and practice under the common law and equity systems of practice, the English judicature acts, and codes of the several states of this country, with a view to greater efficiency and economy. ” (Sub-title) “This little book is intended not only to point out some of the changes in the laws of pleading, practice, and procedure, necessary to mitigate present conditions resulting in interminable delays and enormous expense in maintaining the courts and the administration of justice, but also to show that a large part of the delays, and consequent unnecessary expense of litigation, is not brought about by defective laws alone but by the dilatory and faulty administration of the laws we have.”

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WRAY, W. J., and FERGUSON, R. W., eds.

Day continuation school at work. *$3 (*8s 6d)

Longmans 374.8

20–18400

“The editors have brought together the discussions of twelve individual contributors, each paper constituting a chapter of the book and dealing with some more or less specific phase of the writer’s experience in organizing and conducting the scheme of training described. The introductory chapter, written by one of the editors, is a general discussion of the necessity for continued education and the relation of day continuation schools to the national educational system. The next chapter is a rather full description of the plan of administration of a girls’ continuation school, written by the head-mistress. This is followed by a similar account of a boys’ school by its head-master. In each case explicit statements are made concerning the curriculum, grading, discipline, and the usual problems of administration. The several chapters following, each written by an instructor in one or the other of these schools, take up such topics as Problems of class teaching in a boys’

day continuation school, The teaching of mathematics and science in a day continuation school for boys, Physical training in a girls’ school, and Arts and crafts. The last two chapters present the employers’ own statement of their attitude toward continuation education and their impressions of the value of the plan here described.” School R

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WRIGHT, GEORGE E. Practical views on psychic phenomena. *$1.60 (4c) Harcourt 130

20–27481

There is still much confusion of thought, even among people of considerable general culture, on the subject of super-normal phenomena, says the author. In order to help the reader to steer clear, on the one hand, of illogical skepticism and, on the other, of

unreasoning credulity, the book endeavors to lay down the broad lines on which an examination of the published records in the chief departments of psychical research should be carried out, and to summarize briefly the evidence and put forward the conclusions to which they have led the author. Contents: Evidence in general; Telepathy; Physical phenomena; Materialization and spirit photography; Communication with the disembodied: (1) the methods; (2) the evidence; Conclusion.

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Booklist 16:332 Jl ’20

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Boston Transcript p11 Ap 3 ’20 130w

Cleveland p55 My ’20 50w

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“Some of the author’s sentiments are tinged with those of the ‘old school,’ but a majority of his thoughts about teaching are strictly up to date and unquestionably true.”

School R 28:392 My ’20 400w

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