DE ´ BORAH CAUCHETEUR InstitutdeRechercheenCance´rologiedeMontpellier(IRCM), Montpellier,France;INSERM,U1194,Montpellier,France;Universite´deMontpellier, Montpellier,France;InstitutRe´gionalduCancerdeMontpellier,Montpellier,France
PATRICK CHAMES InstitutPaoli-Calmettes,CRCM,AixMarseilleUniversity,CNRS, INSERM,Marseille,France
DANIEL CHRIST GarvanInstituteofMedicalResearch,Sydney,NSW,Australia;Facultyof Medicine,St.Vincent’sClinicalSchool,UniversityofNewSouthWales,Sydney,NSW, Australia
REDDY GALI TheHarvardClinicalandTranslationalScienceCenterandCountway LibraryofMedicine,HarvardMedicalSchool,Boston,MA,USA;Departmentof BiomedicalInformatics,HarvardMedicalSchool,Boston,MA,USA
ANNA MARIA GIUDICE CRSDevelopmentofBiomolecularTherapies,Experimental OncologyLab,RizzoliOrthopedicInstitute,Bologna,Italy
VE ´ RONIQUE GIUDICELLI IMGT®,TheInternationalImMunoGeneTicsInformation System®,Laboratoired’ImmunoGe´ne´tiqueMole´culaire(LIGM),InstitutdeGe´ne´tique Humaine(IGH),UMR9002CNRS-UM,Universite´deMontpellier,MontpellierCedex, France
CHRISTOPHER C.GOODNOW GarvanInstituteofMedicalResearch,Sydney,NSW, Australia;FacultyofMedicine,St.Vincent’sClinicalSchool,UniversityofNewSouth Wales,Sydney,NSW,Australia
JULIUS GRZESCHIK InstituteforOrganicChemistryandBiochemistry,Technische Universit € atDarmstadt,Darmstadt,Germany
STEPHEN HEARTY SchoolofBiotechnology,DublinCityUniversity,Dublin,Ireland; NationalCentreforSensorResearch,DublinCityUniversity,Dublin,Ireland
STEFFEN HINZ InstituteforOrganicChemistryandBiochemistry,TechnischeUniversit € at Darmstadt,Darmstadt,Germany
MARTINA L.JONES ARCTrainingCentreforBiopharmaceuticalInnovation,Australian InstituteforBioengineeringandNanotechnology(AIBN),TheUniversityofQueensland, St.Lucia,QLD,Australia
CHRISTIAN KELLNER DivisionofStemCellTransplantationandImmunotherapy, DepartmentofMedicineII,UniversityHospitalSchleswig-HolsteinandChristianAlbrechts,UniversityofKiel,Kiel,Germany
HARALD KOLMAR InstituteforOrganicChemistryandBiochemistry,TechnischeUniversitat Darmstadt,Darmstadt,Germany
SOFIA KOSSIDA IMGT®,TheInternationalImMunoGeneTicsInformationSystem®, Laboratoired’ImmunoGe´ne´tiqueMole´culaire(LIGM),InstitutdeGe´ne´tiqueHumaine (IGH),UMR9002CNRS-UM,Universite´deMontpellier,MontpellierCedex,France
SIMON KRAH InstituteforOrganicChemistryandBiochemistry,TechnischeUniversit € at Darmstadt,Darmstadt,Germany;ProteinEngineeringandAntibodyTechnologies,Merck KGaA,Darmstadt,Germany
HUI MA SchoolofBiotechnology,DublinCityUniversity,Dublin,Ireland
STEPHEN M.MAHLER ARCTrainingCentreforBiopharmaceuticalInnovation, AustralianInstituteforBioengineeringandNanotechnology(AIBN),TheUniversityof Queensland,St.Lucia,QLD,Australia
CHARLOTTE MARTIN ResearchGroupofOrganicChemistry,DepartmentsofChemistryand BioengineeringSciences,VrijeUniversiteitBrussel,Brussels,Belgium
PIERRE MARTINEAU InstitutdeRechercheenCance´rologiedeMontpellier(IRCM), Montpellier,France;INSERM,U1194,Montpellier,France;Universite´deMontpellier, Montpellier,France;InstitutRe´gionalduCancerdeMontpellier,Montpellier,France
SAM MASSA CellularandMolecularImmunology,VrijeUniversiteitBrussel,Brussel, Belgium;InVivoCellularandMolecularImagingLaboratory,VrijeUniversiteitBrussel, Brussels,Belgium
CLE ´ MENT NIZAK LaboratoiredeBiochimie,ESPCIParis,PSLResearchUniversity,CNRS UMR8231ChimieBiologieInnovation,Paris,France
RICHARD O’KENNEDY SchoolofBiotechnology,DublinCityUniversity,Dublin,Ireland; NationalCentreforSensorResearch,DublinCityUniversity,Dublin,Ireland;Qatar FoundationandResearchComplex,HamadBinKhalifaUniversity,EducationCity, Doha,Qatar
ANNA OTTE DivisionofStemCellTransplantationandImmunotherapy,Departmentof MedicineII,UniversityHospitalSchleswig-HolsteinandChristian-Albrechts,Universityof Kiel,Kiel,Germany
VINCENT PAREZ InstitutdeRechercheenCance´rologiedeMontpellier(IRCM),Montpellier, France;INSERM,U1194,Montpellier,France;Universite´deMontpellier,Montpellier, France;InstitutRe´gionalduCancerdeMontpellier,Montpellier,France
JOANNE H.REED GarvanInstituteofMedicalResearch,Sydney,NSW,Australia;Faculty ofMedicine,St.Vincent’sClinicalSchool,UniversityofNewSouthWales,Sydney,NSW, Australia
GAUTIER ROBIN InstitutdeRechercheenCance´rologiedeMontpellier(IRCM),Montpellier, France;INSERM,U1194,Montpellier,France;Universite´deMontpellier,Montpellier, France;InstitutRe´gionalduCancerdeMontpellier,Montpellier,France
SIMON ROSOWSKI InstituteforOrganicChemistryandBiochemistry,TechnischeUniversitat Darmstadt,Darmstadt,Germany
PETER SCHOFIELD GarvanInstituteofMedicalResearch,Sydney,NSW,Australia;Faculty ofMedicine,StVincent’sClinicalSchool,UniversityofNewSouthWales,Sydney,NSW, Australia
TIM WIRT DivisionofStemCellTransplantationandImmunotherapy,Departmentof MedicineII,UniversityHospitalSchleswig-HolsteinandChristian-Albrechts,Universityof Kiel,Kiel,Germany
MAHDI ZERAATI GarvanInstituteofMedicalResearch,Sydney,NSW,Australia;Facultyof Medicine,St.Vincent’sClinicalSchool,UniversityofNewSouthWales,Sydney,NSW, Australia
STEFAN ZIELONKA InstituteforOrganicChemistryandBiochemistry,Technische UniversitatDarmstadt,Darmstadt,Germany;ProteinEngineeringandAntibody Technologies,MerckKGaA,Darmstadt,Germany xviContributors
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9. Relating to the mamaki. Going after this kind of a plant is like going after the wauke. The method of preparation and making is the same. The kapa, however, is greatly favored by the chiefs.
S. K .
CONSTRUCTION OF HOUSES IN HAWAII NEI.
The houses of Hawaii nei were made of the bark of trees, grass, leaves of trees and vines; such as pili, 192 kalamalo, 193 kukaelio, 194 ti195 leaves and lauhala. The first thing which the house builder looks for is the place where the house shall stand. The proper places to stand on are nicely elevated spots, plains and favored valleys. Poorly selected grounds are those which are soft or full of
9. No ka mamaki. Ua like no ke kii ana i na laau o keia ano me ke kii ana i ka wauke; a pela no ka hana ana, a pela no ke kuku ana; o keia kapa nae, ua makemake nui ia e na ’lii.
S. K .
NO KA HANA ANA O NA
HALE O HAWAII NEI.
O na hale o ko Hawaii nei, he mau hale no ia i hana ia me na ililaau, nahelehele, lau laau, a me ke ie, o ia hoi, pili, kalamalo, kukaelio, lau la-i a me ka lauhala. O ka mea mua a ka mea kukulu hale e imi ai, oia kahi e ku ai o ka hale. O na wahi kupono e ku ai, oia na ahua maikai, na papu a me na awawa ano maikai. O na wahi kupono ole, oia na wahi ano halua a me na wahi makena halua; a o kahi i
holes; and that which was used for papa kahuia. The papa kahuia is the anaana ceremony of the priests in the olden times: those who prayed others to death.
The second of these great things is the searching for the various parts of the house, i.e., the side posts, the rafters, the ridge-pole, the main posts, the plates, the battens, the sennit, and the lauhala or pili grass. If the house should have five spaces, there are six posts in the back and six in the front. The best wood to use for these posts is the ohia; for the battens, use the opiko, 196 bambu, olomea, 197 kawau, neneleau, 198 [642]akala, 199 and the haukoii. 200 Prepare two kinds of battens, however; the large as well as the small battens. The large battens are laid horizontally in the house, and the smaller battens are laid vertically and are called ahu-i.
The main thing in the construction of a house is to use one kind of wood, that is, one kind of wood for posts, and one
waiho ia i ka papa “kahuia.” O keia mea he papa kahuia oia ka papa anaana a na kahuna anaana o ka wa kahiko.
O ka lua o na mea nui; oia ka imi ana i na pono a pau o ka hale, oia hoi na pou, na o-a, kaupoku, pouhana, na lohelau, aho a me ke kaula, a me ka lauhala a pili paha. Ina elima wa o ka hale, alaila eono pou kua, eono pou alo; o ka laau kupono e hana mau ia ai, oia ka ohia. A o na aho, oia ka opiko, ohe, olomea, kawau, neneleau, akala [643]a me ka hau-koii. Elua nae ano o na aho e hana ai, oia ka aho nui a me ka aho liilii; o na aho nui, oia na aho moe o ka hale, a o na aho liilii, oia na aho ku, a ua kapa ia he ahu-i.
O ka rula nui o ka hana ana i ka hale, oia ke ano e ole o na laau, oia hoi i hookahi no ano laau, a hookahi no ano aho. O na kaula,
kind for battens. The cords are the i-e (Freycinetia arnotti), kowali201 and the huehue (cocculus). This i-e and the kowali are prepared by cooking them in the imu, then soaking them in the water until the skin peels off, when they are ready for use; and the huehue, by simply placing it in the sun until half dry.
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In hewing the posts the lower part is left natural, not hewn; but the upper part is hewn. The top ends are made tapering like a billiard cue. The rafters have mortises at the ends known as male and female. The plates are hewn flat, and the main posts are notched at the top to fit the rafters. The battens are hewn only at the bottom, the larger end.
oia ke i-e, kowali a me ka huehue. O ka hana ana o ke i-e a me kowali, e kalua i ka imu a mo-a, alaila waiho iloko o ka wai a palahe ka ili, alaila lawe mai; a o ka huehue hoi, e kaulai i ka la a maemae.
.
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O ke kalai ana o na pae pou, e waiho ia olalo o ka pou, aole e kalai ia; a o luna ae e kalai ia; e hana ia nae a oi-oi na poo, me he kui pahupahu la. A o ko na oa hoi, ua hana ia manalua ke poo a ua kapaia, he mai kane, a he mai wahine. A o ko na lohelau hoi, e kalai palahalaha ia, a o ko na pouhana, e auwaha ia a maluna e like me kona o-a. A o ke kalai ana o na aho, ma ke kumu wale no e kalai ai ma kahi nui.
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In constructing it is well first to dig the holes, as many holes as there are posts. When digging, however, throw the dirt into the house; do not throw it out like the digging of a grave. Then set the corner posts of the back and the front. In placing the posts be sure the line of posts is straight from the back to the front; because if these are not in line the house would be defective; the posts must be correctly placed. Be careful also that one does not stand higher than the other, but are all on the same level. When these posts are set then erect the main posts.
After the main posts are in position let two men climb these, one on each, and place the ridge-pole. First see that it is level; then draw it in (to make the roof small) so that the roof would have a neat appearance. This is done so that the house would not appear topheavy thus giving another expert a chance to ridicule it. But build the house so that it would stand out; and such a house is called by the people a
I ke kukulu ana, e pono e eli mua i na lua, e like me ka nui o na pou. I ka eli ana nae, e ka i ka lepo iloko o ka hale, aole hoolei iwaho e like me ko ka lua kupapau. Alaila e kukulu i na pou kihi o ke kua a me ke alo. I ke kukulu ana nae i na pou, e pono e hookupono i na pou o ke kua me na pou o ke alo; no ka mea, ina e kue kekahi i kekahi alaila hewa ka hale; aia wale no a kupono. E nana pono nae i ole e kiekie a emi kekahi, e pono e kaulike wale no. A paa i ke kukuluia na pae pou alaila kukulu i na pouhana.
I ke kukulu ana i na pouhana, e pii na kanaka elua iluna, ma na pouhana elua, a e kau i ke kaupoku; e nana nae a kaulike, alaila puki mai i ano oiki oluna o kaupoku. O ke kumu o keia hana ana, i ole e poonui ka hale, a hoohenehene ia mai e kekahi akamai e ae. Aka, e hana no a oili ka hale, a ua kapaia ia hale e na kanaka he hale “kukuohi.” I ka paa ana o na pae pou a me na pouhana, e kau mai i na
“hale kukuohi.”202 When the posts are firmly planted place on them the plates for the two sides, fitting them with the tenon at the top of each post. After the plates are in position place and tie the rafters on both sides; then fasten203 at the ridge and at the junction of the rafter with the plates and the posts. When this is finished then place the supplementary ridge-pole (kuaiole)204 on top of the rafters, and tie on to the ridge-pole. The end posts are now placed in position, if so desired, or else they can be left till later.
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Placing the battens on houses of Hawaii nei is done according to the manner in which the house is to be covered; that is, if the house be covered with lauhala, there [644]are three of that kind of house: the pili, the huamoa and the wai. If the house desired be pili, then the battens are placed four fingers apart; if it be wai,
lohelau maluna o na pae pou o ke alo a me ke kua, me kahi auwaha ia ai o na poo o na pou. A pau ka lohelau alaila e hi-a mai i na o-a o ke alo a me ke kua; alaila, puki ia luna a me ka hookuina o na poo me na pae pou ma ka lohelau. O ke ano o ka puki oia ka nakii i na laau o ka hale aole i pili i na mea e ae.
A pau keia mau mea i ka hanaia, alaila, e kau i ke kuaiole maluna iho o na o-a a nakii pu me ka laau kaupoku; a o na laau ku o na hakala, oia na pou kuikawa, ua pono ke hana koke ia, a i ole e waiho no a mahope aku.
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O ka hoaho ana o na hale o Hawaii nei, ua hoaho ia e like me ke ano o ka hale i manaoia; oia hoi i na he hale lauhala ka hale, ekolu ano hale oia: he pili, he hua moa, [645]a he wai. Ina he pili ka hale i manaoia, alaila, eha manamana ke kaawale o ka aho; a i na he wai, elua manamana ke kaawale, a ina he
then they are two fingers apart; and if huamoa, then they are three fingers apart. These names, however, apply to lauhala houses only, and not to other houses. These houses are so designated according to the lauhala and is understood by one thatching the house.
When placing the battens, however, care should be used to separate them; first the larger battens (aho-pueo); those are the ones to hold the posts together. Then the free running battens (aho holowala); those are the ones tied to the vertical battens (ahu’i), the small sized battens which I first mentioned. The end post is the ray—kukuna in Hawaiian. These battens run between posts and between rafters, extending about three inches beyond the corner posts and rafters. The customary practice in placing battens is to put two smaller ones between the pueo ahos. In placing the battens on the rear side of the house, it is done all over from the bottom to the top excepting for a distance of one hand205
huamoa ka hale, ekolu manamana lima ke kaawale o ka aho. O keia mau inoa nae, ua kapaia ma ka hale lauhala wale no; aole ma na hale e ae, a o kahi i kapa pono ia ai o keia inoa, aia no me ka lauhala, aole e nalo i ka mea i maa i ke ako hale.
I ka hoaho ana nae, e pono e hookaaweleia na aho; oia hoi he aho pueo. Oia aho i nakii pu ia me na pae pou, a o kekahi he aho holowale, oia na aho nakii pu ia me na ahu-i; oia na aho liilii a’u i hai mua ae nei. O ka pou kuikawa, oia na kukuna ma ka olelo Hawaii ponoi. A o kahi e kukulu ia ai o keia mau aho, aia mawaena o na pou a me na o-a, a mawaho aku o na pou kihi o na o-a kihi, ekolu iniha paha ke kaawale mai na pou kihi aku a me na o-a. O ka mea mau nae ma ka hoaho ana, elua aho holowale mawaena o kela a me keia aho pueo. I ka hoaho ana nae i ke kua e hoaho no a paa loa mai lalo a luna, koe aku nae hookahi pi-a mai ke kuaiole mai o ka hale. I ka hoaho ana hoi i ke alo, e waiho i hookahi wa i
from the supplementary ridgepole. But when doing the same to the front, leave one space for a door for the house, and cover all other parts with battens, as was done in the rear side. In placing battens on the ends, the larger ones are tied to all other uprights except the main post (pou ha-na); that is the chief post and is also kapu.
This, however, is how the battens are placed on houses thatched with lauhala or dry tileaves; but on houses thatched with the pili grass there is some difference. A double set of battens is placed, one inside and one outside. The set inside is placed as is done for a house thatched with lauhala, and the set outside is slightly different. The placing of battens on other houses is done according to the idea of the house builder.
puka no ka hale, a e hoaho i na wahi e ae e like me ko ke kua. O ka hoaho ana hoi o na hakala, e nakii ia no na aho pueo i na laau ku e ae a koe ka pouhana he laau alii ia, he kapu hoi.
O ka hoaho ana iho la nae keia o ka hale lauhala a me ka hale la-i maloo; a o ko ka hale pili he okoa iki no. Elua papa aho maloko a mawaho mai, ua like ka hoaho ana maloko me ko ka hale lauhala, a mawaho aku he ano kaawale iki ae. A o ka hoaho ana o na hale e ae, he pono hoaho no e like me ka manao o ka mea kukulu hale.
. .
The way of thatching various houses differs, and is not the same, but [here is the method
O ke ako ana o kela a me keia
hale, he okoa no, aole i like pu, aka, no ke ako ana no o ka hale
employed] concerning the houses thatched with lauhala and pili, not those thatched with dry ti-leaves, because that is a house difficult in construction, and you would hardly understand if I were to tell you. All the other houses are thatched in any way; these are the difficult ones.
If the house is to be pili-thatched, that is with the space between the battens equal to four fingers, then prepare a pointed stick having two eyes, one at one end and one in the middle. This stick measures about one and a half hands in length. If the house be huamoa or wai-thatched, the pointed stick has only one eye. In commencing, first thatch on two battens, then another two, and so keep agoing until sufficient have been started. In piercing string holes they must alternate, and not run in one line, lest the house leak. It is well to alternate the placing of cords, so that they would appear irregular. In preparing the lauhala, however, the thorny edges are stripped before thatching, or else
lauhala, hale pili, a koe aku ko ka hale lau-i maloo; nokamea, he hale pohihihi no ia, a aneane maopopo ole no ia oukou ke hai aku au. A o ke ana o na hale e ae he pono ako no, o keia no na hale pohihihi.
Ina he pili ka hale i manaoia nona hoi ka aho eha manamana ke kaawale, e hana i kui i elua puka ma kekahi welau a mawaena konu, o ka loihi o ke kui, ua like me akahi pi-a me ka hapa. I na hoi he huamo’a a me ka wai i hookahi puka o ka laau kui.
I ka hoomaka ana e ako, e ako mua me elua aho a mahope aku elua a e like no me ka lawa pono i ka makemake. I ka hou ana nae i kela puka kui keia puka kui, e pono e o-a, aole e hoomoe lalani mamuli kulu ka hale; a o ka pono loa ae la no ia e o-a i na puka kui kaula a kaupaewa i ka nana aku. O ka hana ana nae i ka lauhala, e koe i ke kokala, a pau alaila ako aku, a i ole e
it is wet with water. When the thatching is completed except near the top, two other battens are prepared and placed on either side of the ridge; these battens are called the aho kopekope and we-o. When these have been covered with thatching, again place two other battens, one on each side; and in the middle, another [646]batten called the aho lolo, that is the one next to the supplementary ridge; these battens thatched thus are called kauhuhu. 206
The thatching of the house made of pili is done in this same manner; but the size of each bundle of pili to be placed on the batten is equal to what one hand can grasp, so that the thatching would be even, and the house would withstand the wind. The thatching of the dry ti-leaf house is not like these houses; it is totally different. But it excels in appearance these two.
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hooma-u i ka wai. I ke ako ana a paa ka hale a koe oluna, e hana hou i elua aho hou a e kau iho ma kela a me keia aoao o ke
kaupoku, a ua kapa ia ia mau aho he aho kopekope a he we-o. A mawaho o keia mau [647]aho i ako ia ai, e kau iho i elua aho hou ma kela a me keia aoao, a mawaena konu ka aho lolo, oia ka aho e pili ana me ke kuaiole, a he kauhuhu ka inoa oia mau aho.
O ke ako ana hoi o ka hale pili, ua like no me keia; aka, o ka nui nae o ka pupu pili e ako aku ai, ua like me akahi piha lima i kela apo ana keia apo ana, i ole e puuhaku ka hale a helelei koke i ka makani. A o ka hale lau-i maloo hoi, aole no i like me ko keia mau hale; aka, he ano e loa. Ua oi aku nae ka nani mamua o laua.
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After the house is thatched, hasten to trim it, else it would be ridiculed as a hale ohule, 207 when it is new. The trimming for a house thatched with lauhala is the leaves of the ama’uma’u, 208 and this is the way to prepare it: a person goes mountainwards and brings down the dry ama’uma’u leaves, obtaining a good supply before he returns to the house; and then proceeds in this manner: break the ama’u leaf in two in the middle, then bring the top point to join with the lower point (thus laying the upper half of the leaf over the lower half). Keep on in this way until the ama’uma’u is all joined. There are two ways of preparing the trimming; one way is to fix it on the ground on two long sticks, then placed against the corners and the ridge. The second method is to do the trimming right on the parts to be trimmed until the work is finished.
The trimming of a pili grass house is pili grass braided on the ridge and the corners of the house. That of the ti-leaf house, however, is the pili grass and the
Mahope iho o ka paa ana o ka hale, e wikiwiki i ka hana i ka loha, o olelo ia mai i ka hale ohule i ka wa hou. O ka loha o ka hale lauhala, he lau ama’uma’u, a penei e hana ai: E pii no ke kanaka i uka, a lawe mai i ka lau ama’uma’u maloo; hana no a nui, alaila hoi mai i ka hale, a penei e hana ai, e haha’i i ka lau amau mawaena i elua apana; alaila e hui i ke kumu me ka welau, a pela e hana ai a pau ke ama’uma’u i ka hanaia. Elua ano hana ana o ka loha, o kekahi ilalo no e hana ai me na laau loloa elua, alaila hoopili aku iluna i ka hio a me ke kaupoku o ka hale. O ka lua, iluna no o ka hale e hana ai a paa.
O ka loha o ka hale pili, he pili no i hili ia ma ke kaupoku a me na hio o ka hale. O ka loha hoi o ka hale lau-i, he pili a he ama’uma’u no, a ua like no nae
ama’uma’u, but prepared in a similar manner. After the house is trimmed quickly secure the halakea (central) of the house, that is, the upright in the middle. The proper halakea is one that is red, and the wood from which to make it is ohia. After the halakea is obtained, then level off the ground inside the house; that is, shift the dirt around until the ground is level. On this spread old potato vines, next on that some dry grass, that is, ma’u and pili, then some old coarse mats, and then the fine mats suitable to sleep on.
When the house is trimmed erect the halakea, the upright in the middle supporting the ridge. When the halakea is in place construct the door. The proper woods generally used for a door frame are the ulu (breadfruit) and ohia. When this is completed the woman braids a mat for covering for the door, because that was the door of the houses of Hawaii nei in the olden time. Sometimes, however, a door is constructed like a net, and the place to which this door is
ka hana ana. Mahope iho o ka paa ana o ka loha, e imi koke i ka halakea o ka hale, oia ka laau koo mawaena konu. O ka
halakea kupono, oia ka halakea ula, a o ka laau e hana ai i ka halakea he ohia no ia. A loaa ka
halakea, alaila e ke i ke kahua o ka hale; oia hoi e hooponopono i ka lepo oloko a papu like, alaila halii aku ke kalina uala malalo, a o ka mauu maloo aku oia ke ma’u me ke pili, a o ke palau moena iho, a o ka moena maikai aku i kupono i ka moe ana.
A paa ka hale i loha ia, e kukulu
aku i ka halakea, oia ka laau koo mawaena o kaupoku. A paa ka halakea, alaila e hana i ka puka, o na laau kupono e hana mau ia ai i kikihi puka, oia ka ulu a me ka ohia. A pau keia mau mea i ka hana ia, alaila e ulana ka wahine i paahu moena pani no ka puka no ka mea o ke pani no ia o ko Hawaii nei hale i ka wa kahiko.
I kekahi manawa nae, ua hana ia i pani puka e like me ka
attached is over the passage way: when closing, lower it, and when opening, roll it up. When the door frames are placed in position that is the time to cut the piko209 of the house; that is, trim those ragged lauhala leaves which hang over the doorway. During cutting, however, it is well to bring an aholehole (fish) and some young sugar-cane and also cut them; at the same time say: “Here I am a house-builder; I am cutting the piko of the house; therefore, ward off the evil influences from the house. Amen.” [648]
After the main things of the house have been finished it is proper to bake a pig and food, and celebrate with a feast for the completed labors; such a feast is called ahaaina komo hale (feast of house entering).
This is what I have obtained concerning the construction of a house and what to do. But I have heard of rules in regard to sleeping in the house and the regulations by Hawaiians.
upena, a o kahi e hoopaa ia ai o keia pani puka, aia no ma ka aoao maluna o ka puka; i na e pani e kuu iho ilalo, a ina e wehe e owili ae iluna. I ka wa i hana ia ai o na kikihi puka, oia ka wa e okiia ai o ka piko o ka hale, aia kela mau lauhala e weuweu iho ana ma ka puka komo. I ke oki ana nae, e pono e lawe mai i aholehole a me ke ahuahu ko, a oki pu iho me ka olelo iho penei: “Eia wau o mea he kanaka kukulu hale, ke oki nei au i ka piko o ka hale; nolaila e lawe aku i na mea pilikia a pau mai ka hale aku. Amama.” [649]
I ka pau ana ae la o na mea nui a pau o ka hale, e pono no e kalua ka puaa me ka ai, a ahaaina no ka luhi; a ua kapaia ia ahaaina ana, he ahaaina komo hale.
O keia iho la na mea i loaa ia’u o ke kukulu hale ana a me ka hana ana. Aka, he mau rula nae ka’u i lohe ai no ka moe ana oloko o ka hale a me ka hooponopono ana a ko Hawaii nei:
1. Fix a fireplace. The reason for doing this is to make the house complete and warm, so that when one becomes cold he moves over to the fireplace to sleep.
2. Always sleep in the middle210 of the house. The reason for this is the fear of death should a murderer stab with a stick from the outside. Then again, tie hogs outside of the house, so that if a robber came, the hogs would be affrighted and grunt, thus causing the persons inside the house to awaken. If there is a dog, it sleeps together [with persons in the house]. The reason for this is so that if a robber came into the house and choked the sleeper, then the dog would awaken and bite the evildoer. That is how the Hawaiians became accustomed to sleeping together with dogs.
3. Concerning eating. There are many different times when the Hawaiian eats, midnight, evening or morning. The place where the calabashes are set aside is the side of the house, so that on
1. E hana i kapuahi. O ke kumu e hana ia ai pela i paa ka hale a pumehana no hoi, i noho ae no ia a anuanu, hoi aku ma kae kapuahi e moe ai.
2. E moe mau mawaena konu o ka hale. O ke kumu o keia hana ana, no ka makau o make i ka hou ia mai mawaho e ka powa i ka laau. A o kekahi e hoopaa i na puaa mawaho o ka hale, i hele mai ia o ke kanaka powa, alaila, puiwa ka puaa a hu ae la, alaila, ala e ae no ke kanaka oloko. A ina hoi he ilio e moe pu no. O ke kumu e moe pu ai, i na e hele mai ke kanaka powa, a komo iloko a umi i ke kanaka oloko e moe ana, alaila ala ae no ka ilio a nahu i ke kanaka kolohe. Oia no ka maa o ka Hawaii i ka moe pu me ka ilio.
3. No ka ai ana. He nui wale na wa e ai ai o ka Hawaii, o ke aumoe a me ke ahiahi, kakahiaka nui. A o kahi e waiho ai o na wahi paipu e waiho no ma ka aoao, i ala ae no ai, ke
awakening [one could] eat if hungry. Hawaiians are not accustomed to eating together; this one and that one eats as he is hungered; and that is being done at this time.
4. Concerning sleeping. In sleeping, the father, mother and children lie together. Sometimes the children sleep in the middle and sometimes on the sides. All sleep under one kapa. Perhaps there are many other things, but this is what I have obtained.
J. H .
pololi. Aole i maa ko Hawaii nei i ka ai pu, ai ae no ia, a ai ae no ia e like me kona pololi, a ke hana ia nei no pela i keia wa.
4. No ka moe ana. I ka moe ana e moe pu no ka makuakane, ka makuahine me na keiki. I kekahi wa mawaena na keiki, a i kahi wa ma na aoao e moe ai. Hookahi no kapa e moe pu ai.
He nui no paha na mea i koe, aka o ka mea keia i loaa ia’u.
J. H .
METHODS OF HOUSE CONSTRUCTION. KE ANO O KE KUKULU HALE ANA.
Varied and numerous were the houses constructed in Hawaii in the olden time. Concerning houses of grass: Some houses of grass in the olden time were good and were large, but the
He nui no a lehulehu na hale i hana ia ma Hawaii nei i ka wa kahiko. No na hale pili: He maikai no kekahi hale pili i ka wa kahiko, a he nui no hoi, aka, o ka hapa nui, aohe mau hale nui,
majority were not large nor were they good. Most of the houses of that time were low and small.
If a person desired to construct a house it was done in this manner: the owner of the house prepared the foundation by leveling the ground. Holes were then dug for the four corner posts to the proper depth when these posts were set in; small stones and dirt were tamped in until they were firmly fixed. Stretch a line from one post to another, and indicate along it the places for digging holes for the intervening posts. Then dig there until all the holes are completed. In erecting the posts, set them in line with the corner posts. Implant them as firmly as the corner posts; those on the opposite side being erected in like manner. When all the posts are in position, the plate is placed from corner to corner. The line of posts on the rear side, however, is the one erected first. Fasten the plate with rope on the two sides. In the middle of the [650]ends are dug the holes for the pou-hana. The pou-hana
aohe hoi he maikai, he haahaa uuku wale iho no ka hapa nui o na hale ia wa.
Ina makemake ke kanaka e kukulu hale, penei ka hana ana: Hoomaikai mua ka mea nona ka hale i ke kahua, a e ke hoi a papu like, alaila, e eli mua i ka lua o na pou kihi eha o ka hale a hohonu, alaila, kukulu iho na pou kihi, me ka ho-o-o ana i ka makalua i ka pohaku liilii, alaila, kanu iho i ka lepo me ka hana ia a paa loa keia mau pou kihi. E kau iho i kaula maluna iho o keia mau pou kihi, mai kekahi pou a i kekahi pou, a e hoailona mawaena oia kaula i kahi e eli ai na lua o na pou mawaena, a e eli iho malaila a hamama like na lua, alaila, kukulu iho na pou me ka hoohalike loa nae a like me na pou o ke kihi. E hoopaa i keia mau pou apaa e like me ko na pou kihi hoopaa ana; a e like no hoi me ka hana ana i na pou o keia aoao pela nohoi ma kekahi aoao. A pau na pou i ke kukulu ia, alaila, e kau iho i ka lohelau mai kela kihi keia kihi. O ka pae pou nae ma ke kua e kukulu mua ai, alaila, e kauhilo mua i ka
are the tall posts erected at the ends, and at the top of which the rafters of both sides meet. Plant these posts, tamping in small stones and dirt to firmly secure them. Stretch a line from one pou-hana to the other. Then lay the ridge-pole and fasten it [to the pou-hana] with cord; when this is secure, then place the rafters of the rear and the front sides so as to lie properly on the ridge-pole and fasten them; keep on thus until all the rafters are fastened, placing their lower ends of course on the plate so that the mortise of the rafters would fit the tenon of the post. That is the way to do this until it is completed. Then place the kuaiole (supplementary ridgepole) on top, and fasten it to the ridge-pole at the junction of the rafters; then lash the lower end of the rafter and the plate to the post. Then erect other posts on the two gable ends also fastening those firmly.
lohelau [651]me ke kaula ma na aoao elua, a mawaena konu o na kala e eli ai i ka lua o na pou hana. O ka pou hana, oia ka laau loihi i kukulu ia ma ke kala mai lalo a i luna kahi e hui ai na welau o na o-a o kela aoao keia aoao. Kukulu iho ua mau pou hana nei, a e hoopaa nohoi i keia mau laau me ka pohaku liilii a me ka lepo. E kau i ke kaula mai kekahi pou hana a i kekahi pou hana. Alaila, e kau iho i ke kauhuhu a e hoopaa iaia me ke kaula; a paa keia mau mea, alaila, hia aku ke o-a o ke kua a me ke alo, a kau pono i ke kauhuhu, a e hoopaa i ke o-a ke kua me ko ke alo, pela e hana ai a pau na o-a i ka hoopaa ia, me ke kau iho nae i ke kumu o ke oa maluna iho o ka lohelau, e komo ana ka waha o ke o-a me ka mai o ka pou, pela e hana ai apau. Alaila, e kau iho i ke kuaiole maluna iho a e hauhoa i keia kuaiole me ke kauhuhu ma kela koo keia koo o na o-a alaila, nakinaki olalo o na o-a me ka lohelau me ka pou, alaila, kukulu hou i mau laau ma na hakala a elua me ka hana ana a paa.
( ).
First separate the larger battens for aho pueo. The aho pueo is the batten set on the rafter farther apart. When these battens were made fast, then smaller ones were placed between them; then the aho hui (the joining batten) is placed over these between and parallel to the rafters. Lash this batten to all the other battens; keep on thus until all the battens are fastened together.
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E hookawale mua i mau aho mahuahua i mau ahu pueo. O ka aho pueo, oia ka aho i hoopaa pu ia me ke o-a me ke ano kaawale iki. I ka wa e hoopaa ia ai keia aho pueo a paa, alaila, hookomo iho i na aho liilii iho mawaena o na aho pueo a e kau iho i ahohui maluna pono o ke oa mawaena o kekahi o-a a me kekahi o-a. E hauhoa i keia ahohui me na aho apau; pela e hana ai apau na aho.
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In thatching, first place in position the cane leaves, if not cane leaves bulrushes or else lauhala, fastening them with cords. In cording, however, do not place intervals in line else the house would leak, but place them alternately to avoid leaks. After cane leaves or lauhala have been lashed on, then thatch with the grass. A handful when grasping the grass is the
O ke ako ana, e hahau mua i ka hako, a i ole ka hako, ke akaakai a lauhala paha, alaila, e ka aku me ke kaula. I ke ka ana nae, aole pono ke ka lalani o kulu auanei, aka, e hoalo ke ka ana i ole e kulu. A paa i ke pai ia i ka hako, lauhala paha, alaila, papai aku ke pili. O ka piha pono o ka lima i ke pili ke hopu aku, oia ke ana e hana ai a oi iki aku nohoi, me ka hana ia no hoi a paa me
measure to go by. Lash this on with the cord with which the cane leaves were secured to the batten; work on in this way until completed.
ke kaula i hoopaa ia ai ka hako, pela e hana aku ai a paa.
. .
In thatching the ridge, first tread down [the thatch] from one end to the other, then lay on aho lolo211 and lash this to the kuaiole (supplementary ridgepole) or to the cord with which the grass was fastened to the lower battens; thatch more grass on this batten on both sides [of the ridge]; make the head of each bundle of grass even, however. When this is finished, add another layer in the same manner as the first aho lolo, but the grass on this layer is made thinner. On this, place the aho owili; that is the batten on which to roll the grass and thus hide the ends of the tufts of grass and the batten from end to end; and when this twisting process is finished, braid [the grass] so as not to be pried up by the wind.
I ke kaupoku ana, e hehi mua mai kekahi kihi a i kekahi kihi, alaila, e kau iho i ka aho lolo, a e hoopaa pu ia aho me ke kuaiole, a i ole ia, me ke kaula i ka ia ai ke pili; a e ka i ke pili ma kela aoao keia aoao o keia aho lolo; e kukulu like nae i na poo o ka mauu. A paa keia, alaila kau hou iho, a e hana e like me ko ke aho lolo mua, e hoolahilahi nae i ke pili o keia aho lolo, alaila, e kau iho i ka aho owili; oia ka aho e wili ai i ka mauu, e huna ana nae i ke poo o ka mauu a me ka aho mai kahi kihi a i kahi kihi, apau i ka wili ia hili aku i ole e alaa ia mai e ka makani.
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This house is built for use in the mountains when [a person] goes up to snare birds with lime, or to cultivate. When the person desires to sleep in the mountain, [652]then is the house thatched. It is quickly thatched; is shady and also tight. The timber used is noni;212 it is called “noni-a;” other woods are also proper; but this house has no posts; only arched timbers [are used] from the bottom to the top and from side to side.
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Ua hana ia keia hale no ka pii ana i uka o ke kuahiwi i ke kapilimanu a mahiai paha. I ka wa e makemake ai ke kanaka e moe i uka, o ka hale ia e hana ai, he hikiwawe [653]ma ka hana ana a he malu a he paa nohoi. O na laau e hana ia ai, he noni, ua kapaia kona inoa he noni-a, a me na laau kupono e ae no hoi, aka, aohe pou o keia hale, he laau hoopio wale no kona mai lalo a i luna, ma kela aoao keia aoao.
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In placing the battens it is well not to put them too far apart, but somewhat close together, because the ti-leaves are short; also it is not well to use the green ti-leaves; use them dry so as to last, and not rot quickly. In thatching, bend the ti-leaves around the battens and then tie with cords, and keep on in this manner until the house is completed. Not alone for living
O ka hoaho aole pono ke hookawale aku, aka, e hoopili iki mai nokamea, he pokopoko ka la-i, aole hoi e pono i ka la-i maka, aka, he la-i maloo i paa, i ole e popopo wale. O ka hana ana, ua pelupelu ia ka la-i i ka aho me ka hoopaa ia no i ke kaula, pela e hana aku ai a hiki i ka paa ana. Aole no hoi no ke kapili manu wale keia hale a me ka mahiai i hana ia ai, aka, ua
when catching birds or when cultivating is this house constructed, but also for a regular living house. This house lasts for two or more years; this is only a small house, conical in shape, and it is called pupupu (temporary) house and a pepepe (low) house.
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Any kind of timber is used in the construction of this house, and it is built in the same manner as a house thatched with ti-leaves, using curved sticks so as to bring their tops together, and at the same time allow plenty of room below for the place of habitation, but the way to lay battens on this differs a little; while those on the house thatched with ti-leaves are set closer together, the battens on the house thatched with banana leaves are set further apart, because the banana leaves are long. This house also is built for mountain residence; this kind of
hana ia no i hale noho maoli no a loihi. Ua paa no keia hale no na makahiki elua a oi ae paha; he hale liilii wale iho no keia, ua ane like me ke cone puoa, ua kapaia ka inoa o ua hale liilii nei he pupupu hale a he wahi pepepe hale.
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He pono laau no ko keia hale e kukulu ai, ua like nohoi ke kukulu ana o keia me ka hale la-i, he laau oio i hiki ke halawai oluna a akea pono olalo kahi e noho ai, aka, he okoa iki ka hoaho ana o keia; o ko ka la-i hoi, he haiki mai ke kau ana o ka aho, a o ko ka laumaia nei hoi he hookaawele aku ke kau ana o ka aho, no ka mea, he loloa ka laumaia. Ua hana ia nohoi keia hale no ka pii ana i uka; o kekahi keia o na hale e hana mau ia ai. Ke pii iuka, he hikiwawe ma ka hana ana. Ua loihi no ka noho ia ana o keia hale me ka poino ole. Ua kaulana no hoi keia hale
