1. Introducing XML
Jeff Friesen Dauphin, MB, Canada
(1)
Applications commonly use XML documents to store and exchange data. XML de ines rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable. Chapter 1 introduces XML, tours the XML language features, and discusses well-formed and valid documents.
What Is XML?
XML (eXtensible Markup Language) is a metalanguage (a language used to describe other languages) for de ining vocabularies (custom markup languages), which is the key to XML’s importance and popularity. XML-based 1
vocabularies (such as XHTML) let you describe documents in a meaningful way.
XML vocabulary documents are like HTML (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML ) documents in that they are text-based and consist of markup (encoded descriptions of a document’s logical structure) and content (document text not interpreted as markup). Markup is evidenced via tags (angle bracket–delimited syntactic constructs), and each tag has a name. Furthermore, some tags have attributes (name/value pairs).
NOTE XML and HTML are descendants of Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML), which is the original meta-language for creating vocabularies—XML is essentially a restricted form of SGML, while HTML is an application of SGML. The key difference between XML and HTML is that XML invites you to create your own vocabularies with their own tags and rules, whereas HTML gives you a single pre-created
vocabulary with its own ixed set of tags and rules. XHTML and other XML-based vocabularies are XML applications. XHTML was created to be a cleaner implementation of HTML.
If you haven’t previously encountered XML, you might be surprised by its simplicity and how closely its vocabularies resemble HTML. You don’t need to be a rocket scientist to learn how to create an XML document. To prove this to yourself, check out Listing 1-1.
<recipe>
<title> Grilled Cheese Sandwich
</title>
<ingredients>
<ingredient qty="2"> bread slice
</ingredient>
<ingredient> cheese slice
</ingredient>
<ingredient qty="2"> margarine pat
</ingredient>
</ingredients>
<instructions>
Place frying pan on element and select medium heat.
For each bread slice, smear one pat of margarine on one side of bread slice. Place cheese slice between
bread slices with margarine-smeared sides away from the cheese. Place sandwich in frying pan with one margarine-smeared side in contact with pan. Fry for a couple of minutes and flip. Fry other side for a minute and serve.
</instructions>
</recipe>
Listing 1-1
XML-Based Recipe for a Grilled Cheese Sandwich
Listing 1-1 presents an XML document that describes a recipe for making a grilled cheese sandwich. This document is reminiscent of an HTML document in that it consists of tags, attributes, and content. However, that’s where the similarity ends. Instead of presenting HTML tags such as <html>, <head>, <img>, and <p>, this informal recipe language presents its own <recipe>, <ingredients>, and other tags.
NOTE Although Listing 1-1’s <title> and </title> tags are also found in HTML, they differ from their HTML counterparts. Web
Another random document with no related content on Scribd:
Blue Prolific. Domestica. 1. Flor and Pom. 89. 1876. 2. Hogg Fruit Man. 722. 1884. 3. Guide Prat. 156, 356. 1895.
Blue Prolific 3. Fertile Bleue 3. Rivers’ Blue Prolific 2. Rivers No. 4 1.
Tree hardy, productive; fruit below medium in size, oval, slightly narrowed at the stem end; cavity and suture shallow; dark purple, with thin bloom; flesh dull greenish-yellow, juicy; flavor brisk and agreeable; a cooking plum; stone clinging; ripens early.
Blue Prune. Domestica. 1. Hoffy Orch. Comp. 2. 1842.
Hoffy published a colored engraving of this variety, but did not describe it. Fruit long-oval; suture deep; dark blue.
Blue Rock. Domestica. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 423. 1903.
A seedling from Thomas Rivers, England. Tree upright, productive; fruit of medium size, round; cavity small; suture distinct; dark purple; dots small, gray; flesh yellow, juicy, sweet, rich; clingstone; early.
Blue Tweens. Domestica. 1. Horticulturist 25:204. 1870. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 52. 1871.
A seedling, raised by G. P Peffer of Pewaukee, Wisconsin, about 1855. Tree hardy, slow in growth; fruit in pairs, giving rise to the name; flesh yellowish-green, adhering to the stone on one side; flavor sprightly subacid; late.
Blue Violet. Domestica. Mentioned in Ray Hist. Plant. 2:1528. 1688.
Blum. Domestica. 1. Cultivator 3d Ser. 8:280 fig. 1860. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 900. 1869.
A seedling from North Carolina resembling Nelson’s Victory in color and shape. Size above medium, oval, dull orange with numerous small brown dots; flesh yellowish-brown, juicy; good; early.
Bohemian Prune. Domestica. 1. Kerr Cat. 1894.
Introduced by J. W. Kerr, who secured plants from Charles Luedloff, Carver, Minnesota. Tree upright, vigorous, productive; fruit
large, roundish-oval, dark purple; good.
Bomberger. Americana. 1. Terry Cat. 1900. 2. Wis. Sta. Bul. 87:12. 1901.
A variety grown by H. A. Terry of Crescent, Iowa, from seed of Harrison; first fruited in 1897. Tree upright, vigorous, productive; fruit large, roundish; suture faint; yellow overlaid with red; flesh tender, sweet, rich; good; stone round, smooth, abruptly pointed; midseason.
Bongoume. Triflora. 1. Normand Cat. 1891.
Sold by J. L. Normand, Marksville, Louisiana, as a Japanese plum resembling an apricot.
Bonne Bouche. Domestica. 1. Thompson Gard, Ass’t 4:156. 1901.
Of French origin. Fruit medium, greenish-yellow; flesh goldenyellow, tender, juicy; flavor delicious; mid-season; valuable for dessert.
Bonne de Bry. Domestica. 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2d Ser 3:50. 1900. 2. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 480. 1904. 3. Soc. Nat. Hort. France Pom. 526 fig. 1904.
Originated in the valley of the Marne near Bry-sur-Marne, France. Tree vigorous; fruit below medium, globular; suture shallow; skin dark purple; heavy bloom; flesh greenish, juicy, sweet, tender; good for canning; stone very small; very early.
Bonnemain de la Digue. Domestica? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 423. 1889.
Found in the reference given above and in Journal de la Societe Nationale et Centrale d’Horticulture de France 562. 1875.
Bonne Rouge. Domestica. Listed in Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 144. 1831.
Bonnet d’Eveque. Domestica. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 353. 1866. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 900. 1869. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 422. 1889. 4. Guide Prat. 163, 352. 1895.
Bischofsmütze 3. Bonnet d’Eveque 3. Die Bischofsmütze 4.
Tree vigorous, upright; fruit medium, obovate, dark purple; flesh rich; freestone; good; late.
Bossland. Hortulana mineri × (Domestica? × Hortulana). 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 46:263. 1900.
A cross between Miner and a seedling of Quackenboss and Wayland, originating with Theodore Williams, Benson, Nebraska, in 1893. Tree vigorous, spreading; fruit medium, dark red; flesh coarse, dry; stone semi-clinging; mid-season.
Boulouf. Domestica. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 901. 1869. 2. Hogg Fruit Man. 688. 1884. 3. N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt. 15:291. 1896.
Bouloff 3.
Large, roundish-oval; suture a line; stem short and thick; red covered with thick bloom; dots brownish; flesh yellow, juicy and sweet; good.
Bouncer. Americana. 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 43:29. 1903.
A seedling of Yosemite Purple grown at the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, about 1900. Fruit large, roundish; suture a line; uniform deep purplish-red; dots numerous, yellow, distinct; moderate bloom; flesh deep yellow, juicy, sweet and rich; good; clingstone; mid-season.
Bower. Domestica. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 122. 1860. 2. Gard. Mon. 3:314. 1861.
Bower’s Gage 1, 2.
A seedling raised by a Mr. Bower of Philadelphia about 1850. Tree lacking in vigor; fruit oblong, yellow, like Lawrence; probably of Reine Claude parentage; good.
Bowle. Domestica. 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 576. 1629. 2. Rea Flora 207. 1676.
Bole 2.
Described by Rea as of “middle size, black, flat on one side and well tasted.”
Brackett. Americana. 1. Terry Cat. 1900.
One of H. A. Terry’s varieties coming from a seed of Harrison. Tree strong, upright and productive; fruit large, pale yellow overspread with dark red; flesh yellow, firm; good; stone semi-clinging.
Brahy. Domestica. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 353. 1866. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 901. 1869. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 445. 1889.
Brahy’s Green Gage 1, 2. Brahy’s Green Gage 3. Reine-Claude de Brahy 1, 2, 3. Reine-Claude von Brahy 3.
Supposed to have been raised by M. Brahay Eckenholm, at Herstal, near Liege, Belgium. Fruit very large, round; suture distinct; skin yellowish-green, with fine bloom; flesh rich yellow, tender, juicy, very rich flavor; mid-season; a trifle later than Reine Claude, which it otherwise resembles.
Brainerd. Americana. 1. Cornell Sta. Bul. 38:36. 1892. 2. Waugh Plum Cult. 144. 1901.
Brainerd’s Best 2.
A wild variety found in Ramsay County, Minnesota, prior to 1884. Fruit small; poor; worthless.
Brandon Ruby. Nigra. Mentioned in Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 43:39. 1903.
Brandy Gage. Domestica. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 371. 1866. 2. Fell Cat. 1893. 3. Guide Prat. 163, 352. 1895. 4. Garden 62:433. 1902.
Impériale de Mann 3. Mann’s Imperial 1, 3. Mann’s Brandy Gage 1, 3.
A variety of European origin resembling a small Golden Drop. Fruit small, yellow, with heavy bloom; flesh melting and sweet; good; early.
Brant of Naples. Domestica. 1. Can. Hort. Soc. An. Rpt. 19:253. 1896.
Mentioned as hardy This variety may be the same as Beauty of Naples.
Brauman. Domestica. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 547. 1901.
An unproductive German variety. Fruit medium in size, globular; stem short; suture a line; skin greenish-yellow; flesh green, coarse, dry, sweet, pleasant; stone clinging; early.
Braunauer Damascenenartige Pflaume. Species? Mentioned in Mathieu Nom. Pom. 423. 1889.
Breck. Triflora ×? 1. Vt. Sta. Bul. 67:7. 1898. 2. Waugh Plum Cult. 204. 1901.
First offered for sale in 1899 by F. T. Ramsey of Austin, Texas. Fruit oblong or slightly conical, medium in size; stem short; suture lacking; bright red, indistinctly striped; dots many, small, white, inconspicuous; bloom light; flesh red, fibrous; clingstone; much like Wild Goose, but somewhat firmer.
Brevoort Purple. Domestica. 1. Kenrick Am. Orch. 203. 1835. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 222, 244. 1858. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 901. 1869. 4. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 448. 1889.
Brevoorfs Purple 4. Brevoort’s Purple Bolmar 1. Brevoort’s Purple Washington 1, 3, 4. Brevorts 2. Brevort’s Purple 3. Brevort’s Purple 4. Brevorts’ Purple Bolmar 4. Brevorts Purple Bolmar 3. New York Purple 3, 4. Rote Washington 4. Rouge de Brevoort 4. Washington 4. Washington Purple 3, 4.
A seedling grown by Henry Brevoort of New York from a stone of Washington planted in 1819. Fruit large, oval; suture distinct at the base; skin reddish-purple; flesh yellow, soft, juicy, vinous; clingstone; mid-season; rejected by the American Pomological Society.
Briancon. Domestica? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 144. 1831. 2. Prince Pom. Man. 2:105. 1832. 3. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 1. 1846.
De Briançon 1, 3. Prune de Briancon 3. Prune de Brigantiaca 2, 3.
A variety indigenous to the Alps in southeastern France. Trees grow to the height of eight or ten feet; fruit small, nearly round,
smooth, yellow, with reddish tinge; flesh yellow; freestone. The stone contains a bitter kernel, from which is extracted a valuable oil. Prince considered the tree a hybrid between the plum and the apricot.
Brignole. Domestica. 1. Miller Gard. Dict. 3. 1754. 2. Knoop
Fructologie 2:55. 1771. 3. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 151. 1831. 4. Prince Pom. Man. 2:67. 1832. 5. Floy-Lindley Guide Orch. Gard. 295, 383. 1846.
Prune de Brignole 1. Brignole Plum 1. Brignole Jaune 2. Perdrigon de Brignole Gros 3. Perdrigon de Brignole ?4. Brignole Jaune 5. Prune de Brignole 5.
The Brignole plum is named from Brignoles, a town in France where it is used with the White Perdrigon for the famous Brignoles Prunes. Duhamel and several others have confused the two varieties but they seem to be distinct. The Brignole is larger, its skin less tough, flesh more yellow and the season later than White Perdrigon.
Brignole Violette. Domestica. 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:55. 1771. 2. Quintinye Com. Gard. 68, 69. 1699. 3. Cal. State Bd. Hort. Rpt. 107. 1891.
Brugnole 2. Brignole 2. Brignole 3.
This seems to be a purple strain of the Brignole which has found its way into California. Fruit oval, medium in size, violet; dots light yellow, yellow spots on the sunny side; flesh greenish-yellow, tender, juicy, sweet; freestone; best adapted to a warm climate.
Brill. Cerasifera. 1. Gard. Mon. 17:305. 1875. 2. Vt. Sta. An. Rpt. 13:368. 1900. 3. Waugh Plum Cult. 230. 1901. 4. Ga. Sta. Bul. 67:272. 1904.
This plum is thought to have originated in Mississippi and was introduced by J. T. Whitaker, Tyler, Texas. Tree vigorous, with an upright-spreading habit; fruit small, round; cavity broad, shallow; stem long, slender; suture a line; bright red with yellow dots; bloom thin; skin thin; flesh yellow, soft, juicy; quality fair; stone small, clinging; early; listed in the American Pomological Society catalog of fruits for 1875 but removed in 1883.
Bristol. Domestica. 1. Ill. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 212. 1904.
Bristol, as tested in Illinois, is very similar to, if not identical with the Lombard.
Briton Seedling. Domestica. 1. Montreal Hort. Soc. Rpt. 92, 1885.
An unproductive seedling of Canadian origin. Fruit of medium size, very dark blue; bloom heavy; flesh greenish, firm, juicy, sweet and pleasant; late.
Brittlewood. Americana. 1. Wis. Sta. Bul. 63:30. 1897. 2. U. S. D. A. Yearbook 477, 478, Pl. LXII. 1902.
Brittlewood No. 1 2.
Theodore Williams of Benson, Nebraska, grew this variety from seed of Quaker pollinated by Harrison. Tree large, vigorous, spreading; fruit large, nearly round, symmetrical; cavity small, shallow; stem medium; suture shallow; dark red when fully ripe; dots numerous, small; bloom thick; skin thick, tenacious; flesh yellowish, meaty, juicy, mild subacid, rich; good; stone oval, large, clinging; midseason.
Brittlewood No. 3. Americana. 1. Kerr Cat. 5. 1898.
From the same source as Brittlewood but from the reciprocal cross. The two varieties are similar in all respects except that Brittlewood No. 3 is about a week earlier.
Britzer Egg. Domestica. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 548. 1901.
Originated in Germany. Tree productive; fruit below medium size, egg-shaped; stem short; suture wide, shallow; yellow; bloom thin; flesh yellow, juicy, sweet, pleasant; stone large, semi-clinging; midseason.
Brock. Species? 1. Can. Hort. 18:350. 1895.
General Brock 1.
A seedling grown by J. K. Gordon of Whitby, Ontario. Said to be early and attractive.
Brodie. Domestica. 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 43:33. 1903.
A seedling tree known in the family of R. Brodie, Montreal, Quebec, for three generations. Fruit below medium, almost round, dark purple; dots obscure; suture a line; flesh greenish-yellow, sweet, rich; good; mid-season.
Brompton. Domestica. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 144. 1831.
An old variety formerly much used as a stock.
Brooklyn. Americana. 1. Terry Cat. 1900.
A seedling of Harrison grown by H. A. Terry, Crescent, Iowa. Tree vigorous, spreading, productive; fruit large, oblong, dark red over a yellow ground; flesh firm, yellow; good; stone semi-clinging.
Brunner Zwetsche. Domestica. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 424. 1889.
Undescribed by Mathieu who took the name from Wiener GartenZeitung 286. 1884.
Brunswick. Munsoniana. 1. Lovett Cat. 44. 1893. 2. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 294. 1903. 3. Ohio Sta. Bul. 162:245, 254, 255. 1905.
According to the Lovett Nursery Company, this plum originated in Missouri and was introduced by them. Fruit above medium, roundish-oval; stem of medium length, slender; bright red on a yellowish ground; flesh yellow, meaty, sweet; good; early.
Brussels. Domestica. Mentioned in Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 144. 1831.
Bryan. Americana. 1. Waugh Plum Cult. 144. 1901.
W. J. Bryan 1. Colonel Bryan 1.
One of H. A. Terry’s numerous seedlings which fruited first in 1896. Fruit large, oblong, rich, dark red; flesh firm; good.
Buchanan. Domestica. Mentioned in Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 144. 1831.
Buchner Konigspflaume. Domestica. Listed in Mathieu Nom. Pom. 424. 1889. Braunauer Königs Pflaume. Braunauer Violetter Perdrigon. Royale de Braunau.
Budd. Americana. 1. Terry Cat. 1900.
Prof. Budd 1.
Originated with H. A. Terry of Iowa and first fruited in 1897. Tree upright, productive; fruit large, bright red, with numerous white dots; flesh firm; good; mid-season.
Buel. Domestica. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 272. 1845. 2. Ann. Pom. Belge 8:59, Pl. 1860. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 424. 1889.
Buel’s Favorite 1. Buel’s Liebling’s Zwetsche 3. Buel’s Favorite 3. Favorite de Buel 3. Prune Buel’s Favorite 2.
Raised about 1840 by Isaac Denniston of Albany and named after the distinguished agriculturist, Judge Buel. Fruit large, ovate, broadest toward the stem; stalk long and thick; pale green, thickly sprinkled with lighter dots and speckled red near the stalk; flesh greenish-yellow, firm, juicy and rich; good; stone nearly free; midseason.
Buffalo Bill. Species? 1. Letter from F. T. Ramsey.
Selected from the wild plums of Texas.
Buhl-Eltershofen. Domestica. Mentioned in Mathieu Nom. Pom. 424. 1889.
Buhl-Eltershofen Zwetsche.
Buhler. Domestica. 1. Lucas Vollst. Hand. Obst. 473. 1894.
Buhler’s Early Prune 1.
Fruit of medium size, egg-shaped, beautiful blue; table and market plum; early.
Bulah No. 4. Hortulana mineri. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 46:263. 1900.
A seedling from a Miner tree pollinated by wild plums, from J. F. Wagner, Bennett, Cedar County, Iowa, in 1894. Fruit medium to large, dark red; late.
Bullman. Domestica. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 464. 1900.
A vigorous variety from Germany. Fruit above medium, oval; suture deep; sides unequal; yellow with red dots; flesh greenishyellow, juicy, sweet, pleasant; freestone; early.
Bulgaria. Domestica? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 424. 1889.
Mathieu refers this variety to Pomologische Monatshetfe 323. 1887.
Bulgarian. Domestica. 1. Cal. Sta. Bd. Hort. 292. 1885-6. 2. Ibid. 107 fig. 1891. 3. Wickson Cal. Fruits 357. 1891. 4. N. Mex. Sta. Bul. 27:126. 1898.
Belgarian Prune 1.
A variety grown chiefly in the vicinity of Haywards, Alameda County, California, for drying. Tree vigorous, bears early and regularly, productive; fruit above medium, roundish-obovate, having a short neck; suture shallow; apex slightly compressed; stem slender, one inch long; cavity narrow and shallow; dark purple; flesh greenish-yellow, sweet and rich with a pleasant flavor; good; stone semi-clinging; season early
Bullock. Domestica. 1. Quintinye Com. Gard. 69. 1699.
Bullock’s Heart 1.
Described as an “extream large plum.”
Bull Plum. Domestica. 1. Quintinye Com. Gard. 68. 1699.
Mentioned by Quintinye as a “dry plum.”
Bunker Hill. Domestica. 1. Bailey Ann. Hort. 196. 1891. 2. Me. Sta. An. Rpt. 12: 64. 1896. 3. Vt. Sta. Bul. 134:41. 1902.
Plattman’s Bunker Hill 1.
Originated at the Yates County Nurseries near Seneca Lake, New York, by J. H. Plattman, from a seed of a plum which grew near a Washington and a Reine Claude. Tree upright, vigorous and productive; fruit medium to large, blue; good; mid-season.
Bunte Fruh Pflaume. Domestica. Mentioned in Mathieu Nom. Pom. 424. 1889.
Bunter Perdrigon. Domestica. 1. Lange Allgem. Garten. 2:419. 1879. 2. Lauche Deut. Pom. 18, Pl. 4. 1882. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 424. 1889.
Der Bunter Perdrigon 2. Perdrigon Bariole 3.
A European variety called Bunter because of its variegated colored fruit. Tree large; fruit medium, violet-blue on the sunny side, red and green on the shaded side; flesh greenish, juicy, sprightly; quality fair; freestone; recommended for table and drying purposes in Germany.
Burbank First. Triflora. 1. Rural N. Y. 65:730. 1906.
Burbank’s First 1.
Tree vigorous, productive; fruit small, red and yellow; early; inferior.
Burbank No. 1. Triflora. 1. Cornell Sta. Bul. 62:22. 1894.
One of Burbank’s seedlings said to resemble Berckmans.
Burbank No. 7. Triflora × Domestica. 1. Mich. Sta. Bul. 118:52. 1895. 2. Ibid. 169:249. 1899.
Tree vigorous, round-topped, branches upright; fruit roundishovate; cavity narrow, deep, suture broad, shallow; greenish-yellow; flesh pale yellow, sweet, juicy, sprightly, highly flavored; stone turgid, roundish-oval, semi-clinging; mid-season.
Burbank No. 11. Triflora × Domestica? 1. Mich. Sta. Bul. 129:32, 34. 1896.
Both tree and fruit give indications of an admixture of Domestica. Tree not productive; fruit large; flavor good.
Burbank × Redick. Triflora × Americana. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 228. 1909.
A hybrid from Theodore Williams, Benson, Nebraska, published in the preceding reference under the name of its parents. It resembles the Burbank very closely and is said to be somewhat more hardy than that variety but inferior in quality.
Burchardt Gelbe Fruh Zwetsche. Domestica. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 424. 1889.
Listed by Mathieu from Wiener Garten-Zeitung 286. 1884.
Burettes. Domestica. 1. Downing Fr Trees Am. 374. 1857. 2. Ann. Pom. Belge 5:47, Pl. 1857. 3. Mas Le Verger 6:115. 1866-73.
Burrettes 1. Des Burettes 3. Prune Des Burettes 2.
Originated by M. Gregoire of Burrettes, Belgium, and first reported in 1849. Tree vigorous, hardy; fruit large, irregularly oval; suture faint; dull greenish-yellow with rose-purple on the sunny exposure; flesh green, fine, melting; juice abundant, sweet, agreeably aromatic; good; freestone.
Burford. Triflora × Munsoniana. 1. Munson Cat. 1906-7.
A seedling of Burbank crossed with Clifford from T. V. Munson, Denison, Texas. Tree weeping; branches more slender than those of Burbank; fruit large, round, light, bright red; stone small.
Burgundy Prune. Domestica. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 374. 1857. 2. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 424. 1889. 3. Wickson Cal. Fruits 357. 1891.
Burgunder Zwetsche 2. Prune de Bourgoyne 1, 2. Burgundy Prune 2. Susina Torla d’ Nova di Borgogna 2 incor.
Fruit medium, egg-shaped with a neck; suture indistinct; reddishblack; dots minute, numerous; flesh juicy, sugary, pleasant; freestone; mid-season.
Burlington Gage. Domestica. 1. Goodrich N. Fr. Cult. 83. 1849. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 902. 1869.
Raised from seed of some unknown “Blue Gage,” brought from Connecticut about 1800, and planted by Mrs. Ozias Buel of Burlington, Vermont. Tree hardy, vigorous, productive; fruit medium in size, roundish-oval, dark purplish-blue, with abundant bloom; flesh greenish-yellow, juicy, rich; freestone; early; formerly considered valuable.
Burnet. Domestica. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 144. 1831. 2. Mag. Hort. 9:163. 1843.
Fruit small, roundish, purple; freestone; mid-season; similar to Wine Sour.
Bursoto. Triflora × Americana. 1. Vt. Sta. An. Rpt. 10:106. 1897. 2. Waugh Plum Cult. 144. 1901.
A hybrid of Burbank with De Soto, grown and named by Theodore Williams of Benson, Nebraska, about 1890. Tree of the Americana type; fruit large, oblique, oval; cavity lacking; stem short, thick; light red and yellow; dots small, white; skin thick; flesh yellow, juicy; good; stone semi-clinging; early.
Byefield. Domestica. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 272. 1845.
Fruit small, round; suture a line; light yellow, with red spots around the stem; flesh yellow; clingstone; good; early; rejected by the American Pomological Society in 1888.
Caddo Chief. Angustifolia varians. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 162. 1881. 2. Cornell Sta. Bul. 38:60, 86. 1892. 3. Tex. Sta. Bul. 32:479. 1894. 4. N. Mex. Sta. Bul. 27:124. 1898. 5. Waugh Plum Cult. 193. 1901.
Found wild in Caddo Parish, Louisiana, and introduced by G. W. Stones, Shreveport, Louisiana. It is favorably reported from the South but not generally recommended, although the American Pomological Society included it in their catalog of fruits in 1897. Tree low-branching, hardy and productive; fruit of medium size, roundishoblong; suture shallow; cavity medium deep; skin thick, tough; bright red; flesh reddish-yellow, firm, sweet and juicy; poor; stone large, round, clinging; season early.
Caldwell Golden Drop. Domestica. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 902. 1869.
Caldwell’s Golden Drop 1.
Possibly an American strain of the Golden Drop. Fruit large, oval, sides often unequal; suture distinct; yellow marbled with crimson in the sun, with thin bloom; stem slender; cavity small; flesh yellow, juicy, sugary, rich; good; clingstone; early.
Caldwell White Gage. Domestica. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 903. 1869.
Caldwell’s White Gage 1.
A productive variety of American origin. Fruit of medium size, oval, narrowing slightly at the apex; suture shallow; apex pointed; greenish-yellow, dotted with purple in the sun; bloom thick; stem long; flesh greenish-yellow, coarse, juicy, sugary; good; clingstone; mid-season.
California. Americana, 1. Kerr Cat. 1894. 2. Waugh Plum Cult. 145. 1901.
California Seedling 2. Cal. Seedling 1.
Fruit of medium size, slightly oblate; cavity medium deep, flaring; stem long; suture a line; bright red; dots many, minute; skin thick, tough; flesh yellow; good; stone roundish, flattened, clinging; midseason.
Cambell. Domestica. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 903. 1869.
Cambell’s Seedling 1. McCauley’s Seedling 1.
Fruit large, oval; suture shallow; pale yellow, splashed with green, dotted and marbled with crimson in the sun; bloom light; cavity small; flesh pale yellow, coarse, juicy, sweet; good; semi-clinging; midseason.
Campbell. Species? 1. Gard. Mon. 25:49, 83. 1883.
A seedling found growing on a Mr. Campbell’s farm near Abingdon, Virginia. Very late and a long keeper.
Canada Blue. Domestica. 1. Lutts Cat. 1890?
Mentioned as a “small, round, early, blue plum, very productive and excellent for preserving.”
Canada Orleans. Domestica. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 3rd App. 180. 1881. 2. Mich. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 466. 1883. 3. Cornell Sta. Bul. 131:183. 1897.
Canada Egg ?1. Canada Egg 2.
Probably originated in the vicinity of Hamilton, Ontario, where it is chiefly grown. Fruit medium to large, reddish-purple, with heavy bloom; flesh yellow, juicy, melting, sweet, rich; early.
Canadian Apricot. Nigra.
The common wild plum of Canada.
Candelaria. Domestica. 1. Clarke Prune Industry 41. 1893.
Candelaria Prune 1.
About 1881 W B. Simpson discovered that a supposed Golden Drop tree on the farm of S. A. Clarke, Salem, Oregon, was not true to name. It seemed of value and was named Candelaria from the name of the farm. Fruit large, yellow; flesh solid, subacid; very good; has not been extensively propagated.
Caper. Triflora × Cerasifera? 1. Vt. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:221. 1899.
Grown between 1890 and 1895 by J. S. Breece, of North Carolina. Waugh states that the fruit and foliage suggest the species mentioned above. Fruit of medium size, oval; cavity shallow; dark red; dots many, minute; skin thick, tough; flesh firm, red, sprightly, subacid; fair in quality; stone large, turgid, clinging.
Capitaine Kirchhof. Domestica. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 424, 434. 1889. 2. Guide Prat. 161, 353. 1895.
Capitaine Kirckhof 1. Capitaine Kirckkof 2. Hauptmann Kirchhof’s Pflaume 1, 2. Kirchhof’s Pflaume 1, 2. Prune de Kirchhof 1.
Found by M. Oberdieck of Schaferhof on the estate of a Captain Kirchhof near Nienburg (Hanover). Tree productive; fruit of medium size, round, purplish-brown; bloom thick; flesh yellow, fine, juicy; sweet, aromatic; good; late.
Captain. Hortulana? 1. Kerr Cat. 1894. 2. Vt. Sta. An. Rpt. 11:283. 1898.
Columbia 1. Columbia 2.
Introduced about 1892 by A. M. Ramsey and Son of Austin, Texas, under the name Columbia but changed by Waugh in 1898 to Captain to avoid confusion with an older Columbia. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit medium in size, spherical, bright golden-yellow; dots many, conspicuous, whitish; suture a line; skin thin, tough; flesh firm, yellow; good; stone small, clinging; late.
Capt. Bacon. Americana. 1. Meneray Cat.
A seedling of Weaver grown by H. A. Terry. Tree vigorous; fruit large, red over yellow; flesh yellow, coarse, rich; freestone; a culinary variety.
Capt. Watrous. Americana. 1. Terry Cat. 1900.
A seedling of Harrison grown by H. A. Terry who plucked the first fruit in 1897. Tree vigorous and productive; fruit large, roundish, yellow overspread with bright red; good.
Caro. Americana mollis. 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 43:29, 38. 1903.
A seedling of Wolf which originated at the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada, in 1895. Fruit large, roundish; suture distinct; bright red, showing yellow in patches; dots numerous, yellow, distinct; bloom light; skin thick; flesh deep yellow, juicy, sweet, rich; good; mid-season.
Caroline. Americana? 1. Minn. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 412. 1899. 2. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 93:11. 1905.
A seedling grown by C. W. H. Heideman, New Ulm, Minnesota. Fruit of medium size, yellowish-red; good; season of Forest Garden; subject to plum-pocket and unproductive.
Carpenter. Species? 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 93:11. 1905.
A seedling from Vermilion, South Dakota. Carson. Domestica.
According to a letter from G. B. Brackett of the United States Department of Agriculture, Carson is a strain of Lombard. Carstesen. Nigra. 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 43:29. 1903.
A seedling grown by H. P. Carstesen, Billings Bridge, Ontario. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit of medium size, roundish; cavity narrow; suture obscure; apex rounded; yellow, nearly covered with deep red; dots obscure; bloomless; skin thin, tender; flesh yellow, juicy, sweet; good; stone flat, roundish, nearly free; early.
Carver. Americana. 1. Kerr Cat. 1896-1900. 2. Waugh Plum Cult. 145. 1901.
Introduced by Charles Luedloff, Cologne, Minnesota. Fruit small, roundish-oval; cavity shallow; stem slender; suture a line; red, sometimes mottled; dots many, small; skin tough; flesh yellow; quality fair; clingstone; late; unpromising.
Catalano. Domestica. 1. Gallesio Pom. Ital. 2: Pl. 1839.
Susino Catalano 1. Prunus Catalanica 1. Catalana-Susina 1. Catelane 1.
This Italian variety is much larger than the Early Yellow, known also as the Catalonia. They may be related, however, for Gallesio says that there are many varieties from Catalonia which are similar in shape and taste. Fruit large, oblong, slightly necked; skin greenish and greasy; pulp green, soft, tender, juicy and pleasant.
Catalana Propria. Domestica. 1. Gallesio Pom. Ital. 2: Pl. 1839.
Catalana Toscana 1.
A good strain of Catalano grown in Italy.
Catelano Giallo. Domestica. 1. Gallesio Pom. Ital. 2: Pl. 1839.
Buon-Boccone 1. Buon-Bocconi 1.
This variety is figured under the name Buon-Boccone and described under Catelano Giallo. As early as 1839 it was well known in parts of Italy and was then ranked next to the Reine Claude in quality. Fruit large, oval, dull yellow, tinged with red; pulp yellow, tender, sweet and highly flavored.
Catelano Violaceo. Domestica. 1. Gallesio Pom. Ital. 2: Pl. 1839.
Catelana Morella? 1. Susina Vecchietti 1. Susino Vecchietti 1.
Gallesio described this plum as a strain of the Catelano and adds that it is grown in abundance at Florence. Tree medium in size; fruit large, oval; suture distinct; violet; pulp yellowish, tender, juicy, sweet and highly flavored.
Catherine. Domestica. 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2d Ser 3:50. 1900.
Tree strong, moderately productive; fruit above medium size, eggshaped; suture a line; cavity small; reddish-purple; bloom thin; flesh greenish-yellow, firm, juicy, sweet; pleasant; good; stone large, clinging; mid-season.
Cel. Cerasifera × (Triflora × Simonii). 1. Vt. Sta. Bul. 67:8. 1898.
Originated and named by Luther Burbank, who states that it is a cross between Myrobalan and Wickson. Fruit of medium size, eggshaped; cavity rounded; suture indistinct; apex pointed; bright, transparent yellow; flavor resembling the Americanas; good; stone of medium size, clinging.
Centennial. Species? 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 308. 1884.
Originated in 1877 by George U. Oberholtzer, Sioux City, Iowa. Fruit of medium size; skin firm; good; ten days later than Miner.
Centralia. Domestica. 1. Wild Bros. Cat. 1892? 2. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2d Ser. 3:50. 1900.
A vigorous variety from J. B. Webster of Centralia, Illinois.
Cerney Perdrigon. Domestica. 1. Quintinye Com. Gard. 69. 1699. 2. Langley Pomona 93, 97. 1729.
Cernay Perdrigon 2.
A variety long since obsolete. Fruit roundish, slightly flattened, red; good.
Ceur de Beuf. Domestica. 1. Quintinye Com. Gard. 69. 1699.
Mentioned by Quintinye in 1699 as a violet-red plum. Its relationship to Coeur de Boeuf is unknown.
Chabot Blood. Triflora × Simonii. 1. Cornell Sta. Bul. 106:49. 1896.
Fruit of medium size, dull red or cinnabar; flesh firm, brick red, very juicy, sweet, aromatic; late.
Champion. Americana. 1. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 392. 1891. 2. Terry Cat. 1900. 3. Waugh Plum Cult. 145 fig. 1901.
A seedling of Hawkeye grown by H. A. Terry; first fruited in 1891.
Fruit large, roundish; suture a line; red over yellow; dots many,
conspicuous; skin firm; flesh yellow, firm; flavor not high; quality fair; stone large, oval, flattened, clinging; late.
Chancellor Gage. Domestica. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 147. 1831.
Fruit of medium size, round, yellow; quality fair; a table plum.
Chapin. Domestica. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 903. 1869.
Grown by Aaron Chapin, Hartford, Connecticut. Tree vigorous; fruit of medium size, oval; suture shallow; stem long, slender; cavity deep; light reddish-purple; flesh yellow, juicy, vinous; good; semiclinging; late.
Chariot. Species? 1. Harrison Cat. 1897.
Probably misnamed.
Charity Clark. Munsoniana × Prunus persica. 1. Cornell Sta. Bul. 38:77. 1892.
Blackman 1.
For a history of this variety see Blackman. Charlotte. Domestica. 1. Prince Treat. Hort. 25. 1828. 2. Prince Pom. Man. 2:59. 1832.
Tomlinson’s Charlotte 1, 2. Charlotte 2.
Prince says this is “a seedling of Yellow Egg raised by Judge Tomlinson.” Tree very vigorous; fruit shaped like its parent, yellow; flesh sweet with an agreeable flavor; early.
Charmer. Nigra? 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 426. 1900.
A seedling raised at Indian Head Experimental Farm, Northwest Territory, Canada. Fruit large, red, bitter; early.
Chautauqua. Nigra? 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 43:38. 1903.
A variety grown on the Experimental Farm at Ottawa, Canada. Chauviere. Domestica. 1. Rev. Hort. 535. 1891.
Reine-Claude Chauviere 1. Belle de Doue 1 incor.
Grown by M. Chauviere, a Frenchman, who had purchased it under the false name of Belle de Doue. Trees variable in productiveness; fruit roundish-oblate; suture shallow; skin changes from marbled greenish-yellow to dark red, dotted and stained with cinnabar-red; flesh yellowish-green, soft, juicy, honey-like, very agreeable; clingstone.
Cheresoto. Prunus besseyi × Americana. Cir. S. Dak. Exp. Sta. 1910.
Cheresoto originated with N. E. Hansen of the South Dakota Experiment Station as a result of a cross of Prunus besseyi with De Soto. After fruiting for one year it was introduced in 1910. Fruit small, oval; apex pointed; black; bloom heavy; flesh yellowish-green, sprightly; clingstone.
Cherokee. Americana. 1. Cornell Sta. Bul. 38:78. 1892. 2. Waugh Plum Cult. 145. 1901.
Said to have been found wild in Kansas. Fruit medium in size, roundish-oblong; skin blotched red, thick; clingstone.
Cherry. Nigra. 1. N. J. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 186. 1885. 2. Ia. Sta. Bul. 46:264. 1900.
Found wild near Chaseburg, Vernon County, Wisconsin, in 1870 by E. Markle of LaCrosse, Wisconsin; introduced by the discoverer. Tree hardy, productive, an early bearer; fruit resembles that of De Soto except that it is larger and about twenty days earlier in ripening.
Chester. Domestica. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 547. 1901.
An unimportant seedling from the British Columbia Experiment Station not to be confused with the Chester of Forsyth. Tree vigorous, unproductive; fruit medium in size, obovate; cavity narrow, deep; suture shallow; reddish-pink with numerous golden dots; flesh firm, juicy, sprightly, slightly coarse; stone large, clinging; midseason.
Chester. Domestica. 1. Forsyth Treat. Fr. Trees 20. 1803.
Mentioned by Forsyth as very productive; fruit rich; season late.
