ICT for Open contracting in Fragile and Conflict-Affected States by Norma Garza

ICT for Open Contracting in Fragile and Conflict-Affected States

ICT for Open Contracting in Fragile and Conflict-Affected States Claire Schouten

© 2012 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 All rights reserved This paper has been commissioned by the Procurement Program at the World Bank Institute (WBI) with the support of the World Bank/Netherlands Partnership Program (BNPP).   The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Errors, omissions and interpretations are the responsibility of the author. The views expressed in the report do not necessarily reflect the position of the World Bank Institute. Author: Claire Schouten Design: Greg Berger

Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for non-commercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author gratefully acknowledges all the interviewees and resource people: Blair Glencorse, Oluseun Onigbinde, Amy O’Donnell, Segun Fodeke, Martin Tisne, Lucy Chambers, Carole Belisario, Francesco de Simone, Tenzin Norbhu, Tiago Peixoto, Dr Sabiti Kalindula, Bibhusan Bista, Jose Amaral, Juvinal Diaz, Mericio Akara, Sr. Pedro Martires Patria, Sr. Manuel Monteiro, Seember Nyager, Yama Torabi, Haris Jahangeer, Lawrence Randall, Neda Matar and Fredrik Galtung. Special thanks to country partners of the Network for Integrity in Reconstruction, Siobhan O’Shea for her writing contributions and to Norma Garza, Marcela Rozo, Kathrin Frauscher, Carey Kluttz, Felipe Estefan and Robert Hunja at the World Bank Institute for their valuable guidance and review and for making this research possible.

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

1. Introduction................................................................................................................ 1

The way citizens and organisations have been using Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in the past decade has created dramatic new possibilities for public transparency, accountability and participation. Mobile, social media and geo-spatial channels provide reach

2. Concepts and Literature Review..............................................................................3 3. Context and ICT.......................................................................................................... 6 4. ICT Tools in Fragile and Conflict Affected Countries – Mapping through the Budget Process...................................................................7

I Revenue Flows / Financing......................................................................................................................... 7

II Mapping Aid & Budget Data...................................................................................................................... 8

III Government Data Portals........................................................................................................................... 9

CASE STUDY 1: Budget Transparency and e-Procurement Portals in Timor Leste............. 10

IV Market Price Information.......................................................................................................................... 11

V Participatory Budgeting............................................................................................................................ 12

VI Participatory Budgeting............................................................................................................................ 14

CASE STUDY 2: ICT-Enhanced Procurement Monitoring in Nigeria ....................................... 15

VII (Off-) Budget Execution and Project Mapping.................................................................................. 16

VIII Natural Resource Management.............................................................................................................. 17

CASE STUDY 3: ICT for Accountable Development in Afghanistan......................................... 19

IX Service Delivery and Infrastructure Monitoring and Reporting.................................................. 20

CASE STUDY 4: Tracking Development Promises in Liberia....................................................... 24

X Social Auditing.............................................................................................................................................25

XI Reporting on Bribes....................................................................................................................................25

XII Enabling Collaborative and Innovative Processes............................................................................ 26

5. Conclusion: Lessons Learned and Implications for Use of ICT Tools for Contract Monitoring and Procurement Reforms........................................ 28 Bibliography.........................................................................................................................................31 Annex I List of interviewees and resource people...................................................................... 33 Annex II Country context for ICT tools.......................................................................................... 34 Annex III Budget process, ICT tools and country application.................................................... 37

and connection mechanisms that were unheard of ten years ago. The costs for using these technologies have fallen in the last few years and a new movement to make ICT for development effective has grown. With the emergence of volunteer technical communities and open data platforms, collective action by providers and users has developed to strengthen reporting, accountability, redress and reforms.

Active in this movement of enablers, the World Bank Institute (WBI) connects practitioners, networks and institutions to help them find solutions to their development challenges. With a focus on the “how” of reform, WBI links knowledge from around the world and scales up innovations. The WBI Procurement team is working on a program on procurement reforms in fragile and conflict-affected states. In collaboration with country partners in the Network for Integrity in Reconstruction, Integrity Action and WBI have produced this research on information and communication technology (ICT) tools to inform open contracting in fragile and conflict-affected settings. The following report identifies efforts to use ICT – from the use of mobile technology to open data portals – for fairer and more inclusive, transparent and accountable public resource management. Drawing on available literature and interviews with practitioners and users in fragile and conflict-affected countries1, the research identifies approaches to ICT that can lead to real impact in fragile and conflict-affected countries. The research maps innovative tools and captures challenges and implications for the use of ICT tools for open contracting in situations of conflict and fragility. It is important to note that this study provides an overview of tools and emerging lessons as ICTenhanced accountability is still a new approach in many fragile and conflict-affected states and a topic that has only recently emerged in analytical literature. Further research, insight and feedback are very welcome. The case studies in this report were selected due to the depth of understanding of the country context, tool and implications. They were developed by practitioners in these states, such as country partners of the Network for Integrity in Reconstruction, or in-depth interviews with users and developers. The action research will be used to 1 Please see Annex I for a list of interviewees and resource people I C T 4 O C : I C T F O R O P E N CO N T R A C T I N G I N F R A G I L E A N D CO N F L I C T - A F F E C T E D S TAT E S

inform programmes and ICT support to organisations engaged in open contracting in fragile and conflict-affected countries. It builds on the learning and multi-stakeholder collaboration at a workshop in November 2011, organised by the WBI and financed by the World Bank/Netherlands Partnership Program (BNPP) and AusAid, on strengthening procurement in small, fragile and conflict-affected countries. WBI and Integrity Action continue to engage with the representatives from the public sector, the private sector, civil society and development partners in order to implement ICT-enhanced initiatives and open contracting in their countries.

CONCEPTS AND L I T E R AT U R E R E V I E W

This section provides an overview of the concepts, trends and ICT innovations for procurement and contract monitoring in fragile and conflict-affected countries. Fragile and conflict-affected countries are home to 14% of the world’s population, and up to 33% of the world’s poorest people, according to the World Bank. While a clear agreement on the concept of fragile states is lacking, these countries are generally noted for their limited ability to govern a population and territory, and build mutually constructive and reinforcing relations with society (OECD 2010). Kaplan (2013) explains how fragile states are defined by sociopolitical fractures and structural weakness or volatility, and their peoples do not accept common identities, borders, and institutions. The lack of legitimacy and stability characteristic of these states present immense challenges to the livelihoods of communities, as well as development, defense and diplomatic strategies and collective action. (Schouten 2011) The World Bank has traditionally defined fragile states through its Country Policies and Institutional Performance Assessment (CPIA) scoring system, an annual review in which countries are measured against 16 criteria, including transparency, accountability and corruption in the public sector. A country would also be considered fragile based on the presence of a United Nations and/or regional peacekeeping or peace-building mission. In parallel to the CPIA, the Bank has in recent years broadened its definition to accommodate the diversity of characteristics exhibited by countries in situations of fragility. This is evidenced in the World Bank 2011 World Development Report on Conflict, Security and Development (WDR 2011) where fragile and fragile situations are defined as “[p]eriods when states or institutions lack the capacity, accountability, or legitimacy to mediate relations between citizen groups and between citizens and the state, making them vulnerable to violence.” (WDR 2011: xvi) Such vulnerability is “the combination of the exposure to internal and external stresses and the strength of the immune system, or the social capability for coping with stress embodied in legitimate institutions.” (WDR 2011: 7) A reviewed list of fragile states utilised by the World Bank and peer institutions enabled the researchers in this study to draw upon a more complete and relevant group of countries for tools and lessons for ICT-enhanced accountability and open contracting. Countries such as India, Indonesia and the Philippines were included to better understand how ICT-enhanced accountability can improve public resource management in fragile contexts. The list of countries is presented in the table on the following page.

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Table 1. Extended list of ‘fragile’ states R EG ION

CO U N T R I E S

Africa

Cote d’Ivoire, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda

America and the Caribbean

Colombia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti

Asia and the Pacific

Afghanistan, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Mongolia, Pakistan, the Philippines, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Timor Leste, Vanuatu

Middle East

Occupied Palestinian Territories

Procurement is defined as the purchase of goods or services from preparation and processing of a requisition through to receipt and approval of the invoice for payment. The goods/services and works should be appropriate and procured at the best possible cost to meet the needs of the purchaser in terms of quality and quantity, time, and location (Weele 2010). Public procurement represents a significant business, with the market for contestable public procurement among developing countries estimated at around US$825 billion or more per year. (World Bank 2012) As highlighted in the Methodology for Assessment of Procurement Systems (MAPS) Guidance Note for Application in Small, Fragile or Post Conflict Countries, the following highlights key challenges for procurement reform in fragile and conflict-affected states: “There has been an emerging debate in the context of state building about what constitutes the minimal state—i.e. what functions must a state be able to provide in order to meet the basic needs of its citizens? In fragile situations where resources both technical and financial are constrained, clarity and agreement as to what these basic functions are is important. Too often governments in these situations (often with the encouragement of the international community) have aspired to perform a set of functions that are beyond their capacity to provide and that may in many cases not be essential to meet the core needs of a country’s population. This can result in much being done poorly rather than the basics being performed well”.2 Open Contracting is a movement for greater public disclosure and monitoring of public contracting, from procurement to the close of projects. It is currently focused on creating and promoting global principles and data disclosure standards, building the capacity of a wide range of actors across regions, enhancing the sharing of tools and knowledge, and effectively communicating and advocating in support of a global Open Contracting agenda. Over a period of two years, over 200 stakeholders have been involved in the development of the Open Contracting collaborative effort. Open Contracting is currently being convened by CoST, GIZ, Integrity Action, the government of Philippines, Oxfam America, Transparency International and the World Bank Institute. Information and Communication Technology (or technologies) (ICT) is a term that encompasses any communication device or application, including: radio, television, cellular phones, computer 2 Discussion Note, May 2009 “Contracting out core state functions and services in fragile and post-conflict situations: A transitional arrangement or an option for long-term delivery?” Greg Ellis, World Bank

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and network hardware and software, satellite systems, as well as the various services and applications associated with them, such as videoconferencing and distance learning. Information and Communication Technologies for Development (ICT4D), a term which gained prominence in the 1990s, refers to the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) within the fields of socio-economic development, international development and human rights. The approach stipulates that more and better information and communication furthers the development of a society, such as income generation, education, health, security, or any other aspect of human development. According to this approach, supporting ICTs is the most tangible and effective way to improve information and communication flows. The concept is generally associated with applications in developing countries and relates to directly applying information technology approaches to poverty reduction. (McNamara 2003) ICTs are playing an increasingly prolific role in the field of integrity, transparency and public accountability for improved development outcomes. A study by Avila (2010) highlights how ICTs, particularly online and mobile technology tools, are changing the field of transparency and accountability and public service delivery, enabling citizens with greater access to information and new space for participation. The table on the following page highlights the various technologies and accountability mechanisms.

Table 2. Technologies for transparency, accountability and participation WEBSITES/ WIKIS

SOCIAL MEDIA

I N T E R AC T I V E MAPPING

S M S A N D VO I C E O T H E R REPORTING T E C H N O LO G I E S

Public information/ Public Information Election monitoring Transparency campaigns

Citizens report issues with service delivery

Tracking Politicians and voting records

Citizen reporting issues

Citizen Journalism

Participatory budget approach

Crime mapping

Data collection, including Community Scorecards and Citizen Report Cards

Open Budget Index

Budget and Financial Complaints and Transactions response mechanisms

Power of crowds in vocalizing and organizing

Human Rights Reporting

Community radio

Audience engagement on radio Government information services Election monitoring

Source: Kuriyan et al (2011) Technologies for Transparency and Accountability: Implications for ICT Policy and Implementation and FrontlineSMS I C T 4 O C : I C T F O R O P E N CO N T R A C T I N G I N F R A G I L E A N D CO N F L I C T - A F F E C T E D S TAT E S

CONTEXT AND ICT

The application of such tools in fragile and conflictaffected settings requires further attention. The 600 million

people living in countries affected by fragility and conflict face different challenges than their peers in other settings. Poverty rates in these countries average 54%, compared to 22% for low-income countries as a whole.3 Most fragile and conflict-affected countries contend with particularly severe development challenges such as weak institutional capacity, high factionalism and politico-economic instability. Resources and skills are often in great demand, the physical environment may be destroyed, and basic infrastructure is often lacking. In such settings, ICT can contribute to constructive dialogue, collective identity, and nonviolent political action, but it can also have harmful consequences. Elites and others seeking power can use these same tools to organize for purposes of political manipulation, recruitment, and violence. Citizens may also use ICTs to polarize groups, reinforce biases and rumors, and provoke violent conflict. (Sigal 2009) As FrontlineSMS, for example, notes: “In our experience, mobile projects must respect locally appropriate cultural norms and privacy requirements, offer incentives and provide effective feedback mechanisms.” (FrontlineSMS 2013) Understanding the context and the users of ICT is therefore critical. This means understanding contextual trends in terms of the population and potential users, including capacities, such as literacy, access to ICT, and motives; institutional capacity and accountability mechanisms, including whether public and private sector providers have legal frameworks and systems to collect, manage and share information; and whether citizens have the voice and political space to engage with authorities and hold them accountable. Annex II provides a table of the World Bank’s extended list of fragile states included in this report with data on factors such as population, literacy rate, democracy, access to information, media independence and ICT infrastructure.

3 http://wbi.worldbank.org/wbi/about/topics/fragile-states

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ICT TOOLS IN FRAGILE AND CONFLICT-AFFECT COUNTRIES– M A P PI N G T H R O U G H T H E B U D G E T P R O C E SS

Several ICT tools and innovations in fragile and conflict-affected countries can be mapped through the budget process to inform how they can be used for monitoring and procurement reform. To better understand how ICT tools can contribute to procurement reform and monitoring, they have been tracked in this study from the processes of revenue/financing and mapping aid and budget data; to procurement disclosure through government data portals and market price information; to the allocation of funds through participatory budgeting; procurement monitoring and tracking public resources and spending through (off-) budget execution and project mapping, natural resource management, service delivery and infrastructure monitoring and reporting, social auditing and reporting on bribes; and closing the loop by enabling collaborative and innovative processes to drive reform. The ICT tools and their country application have been mapped against the budget processes in Annex III.

I REVENUE FLOWS / FINANCING Public transparency and accountability in revenue flows and financing are important to support effective planning, budgeting, procurement and execution. When ICT tools are used to facilitate transparent resource mobilization and fiscal discipline, this creates conditions and incentives that facilitate allocative efficiency or strategic prioritization in conformity with set objectives. ICT tools in this category include the Government of Sierra Leone’s Online Repository System4, which has information on all revenue data for the country’s extractive industry, including payments made for licences, royalties and contributions to local chiefdoms – collected, recorded and published for public accessibility. The project, executed by the Revenue Development Foundation, cost around US$520,000 to implement over two years, including training, support and equipment for an administrative system. The system aims to increase government credibility and investor confidence in licenses issued by the government, and thereby increase foreign investments. It also shows whether mining companies have been authorised to legally operate in the country. The system currently has over 500 users, 65% of whom are mining companies and investors looking to verify government issued licenses and companies’ good standing. Similar systems are currently being deployed for Liberia and The Gambia. (Chambers et al 2012) 4 http://sierraleone.revenuesystems.org/login/auth I C T 4 O C : I C T F O R O P E N CO N T R A C T I N G I N F R A G I L E A N D CO N F L I C T - A F F E C T E D S TAT E S

Revenue monitoring tools also include Revenue Watch Institute’s (RWI) ‘EITI report analysis tool’5 containing information extracted from over 50 national reports from the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) covering USD 500 billion in payments. RWI’s tool provides per-country analysis using RWI’s own indicators of report quality, features for comparison of different country results and tools for sharing and downloading data. RWI also launched an interactive calculator6 showing the number and value of extractive sector companies listed on the largest global stock exchanges to highlight the importance of disclosure rules for international oil and mining companies. This research and the consolidated presentation by value, by exchange and by sector, enables non-experts to use the data themselves, and better understand the implications of the new US and proposed EU laws requiring companies to be open about what they are paying to governments of resource-rich countries. (Chambers et al 2012) While report quality varies by country, citizens in EITI states, such as Cote d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, and Timor Leste, can now compare factors such as reporting companies, price figures and production quantities and hold government and business accountable. The application of such tools in fragile and conflict-affected countries has highlighted the extensive support needed to strengthen administrative processes and systems in order to enable public analysis of revenue and financing data. The Revenue Development Foundation provided ongoing support through the secondment of staff to the Sierra Leone government’s Mining Cadastre Office over the two-year period. For the Revenue Watch data sites, four to five people were engaged, but each phase required different skill sets and ‘cleaning’ the data was critical. Good data collection does not ensure good data modelling for comparability when there are cross-listings or duplication in the data, as was the case for the stock exchange calculator. (Chambers et al 2012) The examples also show that the tools may not be used as expected. In the Sierra Leone case, for example, the users were expected to be civil society organisations, but were instead mining companies, investors and law enforcement agencies. Revenue Watch’s tools were picked up by a range of users, including officials at the International Monetary Fund who used the tool instead of building their own extractives industry transparency repository. ICT can thus play a helpful role in making data sets available and avoiding duplication in disclosure and management of revenue and finance information.

The Open Knowledge Foundation’s OpenSpending.org7 is an international platform to upload, explore and visualise government financial data. The database already holds many international, national and sub-national datasets and the software can easily be translated into other languages. OpenSpending is open source and open to contributions on any level from the community. Contributing data or code and translation are the most common activities. It is also used for the International Aid Transparency Initiative (IATI)8 in its BETA version to show aid spending in 150 countries, including fragile and conflict-affected countries such as Cambodia, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Nigeria and Pakistan. The tool has also been used to map aid data on budget data in Uganda.9 It took a diverse team six months to collect, clean and report the data, which dates from 2003 to 2006/7. While the mapping provides insight into how public funds are spent and the degree to which donors align with government priorities, there has been little take-up by the public or journalists apparently due to the outdated data and lack of understanding or interest in its implications.10 (Chambers et al 2012)

III GOVERNMENT DATA PORTALS These are websites that make fiscal data available to the public in one dedicated location. These often begin with datasets that are already open or that are disclosed by departments. Procurement portals enable users to interactively view all open tenders, grouped by the type of business, and access and review all awarded tenders. An overview of existing data portals is available at http://datacatalogs.org/. According to Chambers et al (2012: 8), “data portals could become one of the most important technological tools of the government with regard to public spending monitoring and control.” The e-procurement web portal in Nepal11 was designed to enable bidders to submit their bids through e-submission thus increasing transparency, non-discrimination, equality of access, and open competition. This site provides user-friendly internet access to information on tenders and award of contracts. The Ministry of Finance works with dedicated staff to implement this process. E-bidding for road construction contracts has been cited as an initiative that has improved accountability in Nepal. (Dix et al 2012)

II MAPPING AID AND BUDGET DATA Fragile and conflict-affected states are among the most highly-aid dependent countries, with aid representing the greatest financial flow in these countries. (OECD 2012) Aid is a precious resource, and transparency in aid flows can help strengthen budget processes. Recipient governments require aid information in order to assess overall resources available and allocate these resources in line with policy priorities. 5 http://data.revenuewatch.org/eiti 6 http:// data. revenuewatch.org/listings

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7 http://openspending.org/ 8 http://openspending.org/iati 9 http://www.publishwhatyoufund.org/resources/uganda/ 10 Developers are further exploring possibilities of mapping International Aid Transparency Initiative (IATI) compliant aid data onto Classifications of the Functions of Government (COFOG) compliant budgets, although more granular standards may be required in order to accurately represent the data. 11 http://eproc.presidentofnepal.gov.np/ I C T 4 O C : I C T F O R O P E N CO N T R A C T I N G I N F R A G I L E A N D CO N F L I C T - A F F E C T E D S TAT E S

CASE STUDY

Budget Transparency and e-Procurement Portals in Timor Leste The government of Timor Leste, one of the world’s most oil dependent economies, has recently started to use ICT in an effort to be accountable to citizens. As an Extractive industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) compliant country, the government must disclose all revenues from the oil gas sector to the public. Access to this information is crucial if the government is to be accountable to citizens. This is also a requirement under the Petroleum Fund Law (2005), which established the Petroleum Fund for oil revenue to be deposited in order to secure the national budget for development. To ensure accountability, withdrawals from the fund must be approved by three agencies: the Investment Advisory Board, the Ministry of Planning and Finance and the Central Bank of Timor Leste. The government also publishes its annual budget and expenditures for public scrutiny and in 2011 the Ministry of Finance launched the Budget Transparency Portal and the e-Procurement Transparency Portal to share information with the public. These websites allow members of the public to monitor the state budget and procurement systems in Timor Leste by accessing up-to- date data and information related to the budget, procurement bidding process and contracts. In theory, these portals are an excellent way for the government to be transparent and accountable to citizens, and for citizens to keep up to date with procurement and budget activities. To better understand the portals, their challenges and potential, Luta Hamutuk, a civil society organization (CSO) in Timor Leste, interviewed representatives of national parliament, government and civil society. They discovered that in a country where about 50% of the population lives below the basic needs poverty line of $1.25 per person per day (Human Development Index 2011) and lives in rural areas with no access to computers and internet, it is difficult for the vast majority of the population to access information via these portals. In addition, internet coverage is low at 5-10% and mobile phone coverage is 40%. For those who live in areas such as the capital city Dili, where there are higher levels of internet coverage, internet costs are high (e.g. $6 per hour in an internet station) and electricity cuts are frequent. Furthermore, the government does not update data on the portals regularly meaning even those who can access the data have out-of-date information. In order for these portals to be useful there need to be improvements in internet coverage and access to internet facilities. For example, the government can provide cheaper internet access and/ or computers and internet access to community centres, youth groups or CSOs in order for citizens to access the portals. Until there are improvements in internet coverage, access and cost, traditional channels such as radio, television, newspapers and public meetings will remain the best channels for information dissemination.

IV MARKET PRICE INFORMATION ICT tools such as FrontlineSMS have been used to help local farmers and fishermen access information on markets. Following a pilot in Banda Aceh, Indonesia, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the government have implemented a nationwide project called Fish Marketing Information System (FMIS) to support the development of fair trade practices for fish products in the local, national, regional and international markets. Fish price information is sent to fisher folk, fish farmers, traders, processors and government agencies through a combination of SMS, local radio, the project website and local newspapers.12 In Côte d’Ivoire, the second largest producer of raw cashews, a non-profit organization called RONGEAD helps facilitate small producers in Africa to gain better access to markets by transmitting information on the cashew market via SMS. They use FrontlineSMS to send 3,000 SMS messages every week enabling more than 8,000 producers and 250 peasant leaders to have access to the information on market prices, and provide tools, knowledge and skills that can help to improve and secure revenue sources.13 According to FrontlineSMS, the huge value is in information knowledge. Farmers can be empowered to make timely, up-to-date data driven decisions about when to harvest crop or take livestock to market and access to this information can often save them time and money instead of having to make the journey to market to find out. (O’Donnell 2013) To support such initiatives, FrontlineSMS provides training focused on designing locally appropriate communication systems to enable participation and a meaningful voice for users. These trainings are most effective when integrated into comprehensive engagement, including ongoing technical and execution support. Users are then able to analyze the advantages and opportunities in interacting with particular groups, establish and manage SMS interventions, produce use cases in specific contexts and understand the risks related to incorporating SMS into programs, particularly with regard to data integrity.

MOBILE NETWORK OPERATOR (MNO) PERSON

COMPUTER

TOWER

1 TOWER

PHONE

PERSON

Diagram showing the path (and potential vulnerabilities) of an SMS interaction between a FrontlineSMS user and a mobile phone, or end user, who both subscribe to the same mobile network operator. Source: FrontlineSMS

Data integrity is a key concern, particularly in fragile and conflict-affected states where data may be unreliable, destroyed or manipulated, and information management systems are often weak or non-existent. To help manage such risks, FrontlineSMS has 12 http://www.frontlinesms.com/2009/12/15/fishing-meets-texting-in-banda-aceh/ 13 http://www.frontlinesms.com/2011/05/20/6763/

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developed a user guide for data integrity.14 While users need to assess their individual program goals, standards and operating context, the guide provides steps that can be taken to protect the information integrity and mitigate risks of it being lost, changed or read by unauthorized third parties. The guide analyses five major components of a FrontlineSMS deployment – mobile network operator, mobile phone, computer hardware, computer software, and human participation – highlighting vulnerabilities, threats, risks and risk reduction. Risks may include unauthorized users, physical tracking of users and service stoppage, while risk reduction steps comprise researching operators and users, coding sensitive information and creating a service interruption plan.

V PARTICIPATORY BUDGETING Participatory budgeting enables citizens to be involved in deciding how government funds are spent, for example by budget consultations or in-person meetings. Such budgeting takes place in over 1500 cities in the world. A google map15 indicates through red pointers locations that have used ICT tools, referred to as ‘e-PB’. (Chambers et al 2012) Mobile-Enhanced Participatory Budgeting in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) involves the use of mobiles to invite citizens to participate in participatory budgeting assemblies through geo-targeted SMS messages. These messages, reaching all the phones receiving signal from a particular tower, announce the date, time and location of the assemblies. The World Bank sent 300,000 messages through this blanket approach. In a more targeted approach, the World Bank facilitators manually collected phone numbers and basic information about participants, such as gender, and the neighbourhood they live in, so that targeted messages can be sent out and low attendance rates from women counteracted by sending invites just to women. Around 2,000 messages have been sent this way. Mobile phones were also used for voting budget priorities, allowing the citizens to send a text to identify which of the priorities they would like to see addressed in their community. This was trialled in a controlled environment at the in-person meetings. This ensures that citizens are present throughout the discussions and so are able to make informed decisions. During meetings, the participants rank their priorities on a scale of 1-4. This makes meetings more efficient as counting is done electronically and feedback can be monitored. Through text messages, citizens are able to offer feedback and monitor the projects and 50+ other applications in participatory budgeting software census. (Chambers et al 2012) According to the World Bank Institute staff, local councillors and community members, the PB process in South Kivu, DRC has increased trust in authorities and tax collection from citizens, and delivered some development projects, but building the enabling environment, beyond the initial positive provincial government policies and protocols and ICT-enhanced assemblies, remains critical.16 14 http://www.frontlinesms.com/user-resources/user-guide-data-integrity/ 15 http://bit.ly/lS8Skf 16 Interviews were conducted by Integrity Action in August 2012 with World Bank Institute staff, and Bagira town participatory budgeting pilot committee, civil society and local officials

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In Indonesia, Solo Kota Kita (SKK)17 is a tool for neighbourhood planning in Surakarta (Solo) used in the annual participatory budgeting process (known locally as musrenbang). The tool, ‘the Mini-Atlas’, presents a map and thematic information about each neighbourhood in Solo. Each atlas includes a map of community facilities (responding to local feedback that often the participatory budgeting meetings happen without a map of the neighbourhood) and thematic data regarding education, water, sanitation, housing, poverty, and health, highlighting key assets and issues for residents to discuss. SKK providers, in coordination with the city government and musrenbang facilitators, post large copies of the mini-atlases in neighbourhood public spaces. Residents can also print-off this information themselves and use the maps whenever they like. In some neighbourhoods the mini atlases served as a catalyst for communities to enhance their discussion of issues and prioritization of musrenbang funding requests. In Nigeria, BudgIT18 is a budget access and open data platform, which aims to stimulate citizens’ interest and discussion around public data for better governance. iWatch19 is a tool to track government contracts and capital projects. The platform lists all the projects that have been approved by the Federal Executive Council with their locations. Using an open crowd based methodology, iWatch elicits comments and progress reports from the people who live in the areas where the projects are being executed. These initiatives complement government sites such as http://www.bpp.gov.ng/ and http:// www.nigeriafederaltenders.gov.ng/. Not all states of the country have published their approved projects and budgets online, and where they have, the documents are often in PDF. Initiatives such as BudgIT and iWatch enable monitoring of the budget and contract performance for greater transparency and accountability. According to the founders of these platforms, the next steps are to tackle cost variation and push for a more open bidding process.

http://yourbudgit.com/

17 http://solokotakita.org/en/ 18 http://yourbudgit.com 19 http://www.iWatchlive.org/ I C T 4 O C : I C T F O R O P E N CO N T R A C T I N G I N F R A G I L E A N D CO N F L I C T - A F F E C T E D S TAT E S

VI PROCUREMENT MONITORING Several civil society organizations, including Procurement Watch Inc. in the Philippines and Indonesia Procurement Watch, have successfully monitored public procurement in their countries. To support such monitoring, Transparency International (TI) USA developed a Civil Society Procurement Monitoring (CSPM) Tool 20, a simple, user-friendly, web-based tool. The tool has 6 main components: 1) the Procurement Monitoring Guide on how to monitor public procurement through a forensics and red flags approach; 2) the Country-specific Procurement Monitoring Guides with countrylevel procurement monitoring information; 3) the Monitoring Assistant, an interactive checklist that helps detect common red flags of corruption in public procurement, suggests actions when irregularities are found and facilitates reporting on monitoring findings; 4) the Links Pages with links to useful resources for procurement monitoring; 5) the Learning Community, a forum where users of the CSPM tool can share procurement monitoring experiences and feedback; and 6) the Online Training that teaches users how to apply the CSPM tool to monitor procurement. The tool is free and open for use. TI USA piloted the tool in Indonesia and the Philippines with Indonesia Procurement Watch and Procurement Watch Inc. and received positive feedback.

CASE STUDY

ICT-Enhanced Procurement Monitoring in Nigeria In Nigeria, where 71% of the country’s 167 million people have mobile access and 40% have Internet coverage, the Public and Private Development Centre (PPDC) is helping drive procurement reform. PPDC mobilized civil society voice in support of procurement reforms, and secured the inclusion of a mandatory clause for NGO and professional bodies to monitor every public procurement activity carried out at the Federal level of government in Nigeria into the Public Procurement Act 2007. Following the passage of that law, PPDC designed and launched the procurement monitor’s portal observatory as a central mechanism for collation, analysis and e-reporting of citizen led procurement monitoring. The portal provides 24 hours access for virtual submission and collective analysis of procurement monitoring reports by registered monitors. It has a free online training tool, a blog for providing free legal advice to investigative journalists and monitors, and a virtual public procurement library. Following statutory definitions, PPDC works with trained procurement monitors who are affiliated with non-governmental organizations or professional bodies. The monitors make requests online to PPDC for tokens and these tokens are used to access a checklist on the portal. The checklist is a procurement-monitoring tool that contains all the compliance benchmarks present in the public procurement Act 2007 and has been recently expanded to include performance benchmarks. Using the checklist, procurement monitors fill in their observations from procurement monitoring in the field and then submit the reports. PPDC collates the reports through the automated system on the portal and this provides statistical feedback which is submitted mainly to the regulators, the Bureau of Public Procurement (BPP), as evidence of the level of compliance within Federal ministries and extra-ministerial departments with the public procurement process. Before the reports are submitted, they are turned into digestible content, linking procurement processes within ministries and also proffering solutions in areas where intervention is needed. This gives the BPP a substantial starting point to enforce compliance of ministries with the reform process. In addition to the procurement portal observatory, PPDC has a robust mailing list that is used to disseminate, share and receive information among stakeholders in the procurement process. The mailing list has frequently been used to mobilize citizens for action, for example, during the fuel subsidy removal in Nigeria. However, all these tools are enablers and depend on the activeness of citizens who are the main drivers of the procurement reforms.

http://www.monitoring.transparency-usa.org/

As Seember Nyager of PPDC notes, “the tool is of no use if procurement monitors do not go out in the field to observe and report on the procurement process. Similarly, the observatory is of no use if procurement monitors observe procurement processes but fail to report on those processes.”

20 http://monitoring.transparency-usa.org/

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This underscores the importance of human resources. Procurement monitors need both technical and financial empowerment to submit procurement reports. This capacity includes a good understanding of the procurement process, ability to attain relevant documents (access to information), relationship with professionals in the field and finances to cover logistic costs of monitoring. The portal observatory, which can be built at a slightly higher price of a regular website, needs constant maintenance to troubleshoot the reporting mechanism and to upgrade the site where necessary. For example, the checklist is being extended to include project monitoring and a phone application for filling the checklist is being developed. The portal also requires a webmaster to update the library and news items. Running at its optimum, the portal can also be an income generator through advertisements and training, but that is after a lot of investment has been made in ensuring that the site is reliable for providing the latest information and procurement training. In other words, a high return on investment is achievable but that is after consistent and considerable technical, administrative and financial investment to gain the confidence and sufficient interest of relevant stakeholders.

VII (OFF-) BUDGET EXECUTION AND PROJECT MAPPING The World Bank’s Mapping for Results21 visualizes the locations of more than 2,500 World Bank financed projects and international aid programs in 144 countries. For select countries, the platform overlays geographic information of World Bank-financed projects at the sub-national level with disaggregated poverty and human development data, such as infant mortality rates. The World Bank has organised learning and mapping forums to facilitate ICT monitoring in fragile and conflict-affected countries, such as a ‘mapathon’ of South Sudan organized with Google.22 As part of the eTransform Knowledge Platform, the ‘mapathon’ with Sudanese Diaspora enabled the plotting of better maps of the area, including roads, settlements, buildings and local businesses. As Aleem Walji, manager of WBI’s innovation practice, says “with innovations in geospatial tools and access to local knowledge and data gathered from people who know their communities best, maps can be created in near-real time that have real value.”23 With the entire Bank portfolio now geo-coded, the World Bank and other donors established an Open Aid Partnership to improve coordination and effectiveness of aid worldwide. By making aid information about development partner’s activities accessible at the local level, citizens and other stakeholders can use the data and provide direct feedback on project results.

21 http://maps.worldbank.org/content/about 22 http://maps.worldbank.org/content/article/south-sudan-poorest-countries-map-development 23 http://maps.worldbank.org/content/article/south-sudan-poorest-countries-map-development

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The Ujima Project24, is a centralised online repository of datasets including USAID and DFID spending, information on lobbyists hired by foreign governments and organisations to influence US foreign policy, data from the African Development Bank, health spending information from the Global Fund, and information on weapons sales. As accessing such information is more difficult in developing countries, the Ujima Project’s goal is to make this information available to citizens, particularly journalists, in Africa. Users can filter the data, sorting and searching by country, year, amount and other variables. Interactive graphics accompany some of the datasets, for example, enabling users to compare total USAID disbursements to different African countries. The Ujima Project recently released an application that lets iPhone users browse its data. (Avila et al 2010) Development Seed 25 provides tools such as Haiti Aid Map26 that maps NGO activity. It is focused on collecting information on NGOs’ work at the project level and making it accessible to donors, NGOs, businesses, governments and the public through an online, interactive mapping tool. It aims to increase transparency within the NGO community, facilitate partnerships and improve coordination among NGOs, private sector, governments and donors, help NGOs and others involved in relief and development make more informed decisions about where to direct their resources and serve as a tool for advocacy and influence policy. AKVO27 provides open source web and mobile software, and builds networks of skilled partners to help connect doers and donors to report on aid in some of the poorest parts of the world. In the Akvo Really Simple Reporting (RSR) system, every development project has its own internet page and people involved can share project updates easily online. The platform encourages others to build on and improve these tools, or adapt the platform for other purposes. The system is designed to appeal to a new generation, who want to see online where their money is being spent and follow progress online. Knowledge is shared and people can use these storylines to build exciting new campaigns and networks.

VIII NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT The Central African Ministry of Water, Forests, Hunting and Fishing and the World Resources Institute (WRI) are working together to improve the quality and availability of information on the Central African forest sector and, simultaneously, build the country’s remote sensing, and forest information management capacities. The Interactive Forest Atlas for Central African Republic28 is one of the major products of this collaboration. It presents forest information in an easy-to-use, publicly accessible format 24 http://www.ujima-project.org/ 25 http://maps.worldbank.org/content/article/south-sudan-poorest-countries-map-development 26 http://haiti.ngoaidmap.org/ 27 http://www.akvo.org/rsr/projects/all/ 28 http://www.wri.org/publication/interactive-forest-atlas-central-african-republic I C T 4 O C : I C T F O R O P E N CO N T R A C T I N G I N F R A G I L E A N D CO N F L I C T - A F F E C T E D S TAT E S

CASE STUDY through a combination of data sets and interactive maps on forestland allocation, roads, production forests, and protected areas, the Atlas CD-ROM and an accompanying report. Targeted to all stakeholders working in Central Africa’s forest sector, the Atlas enables users to monitor the government’s sustainable forest management policies and logging activities. Congomines29 is a documentation centre on industrial mining in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). It was developed by the Carter Center in Katanga as part of its Mining Governance Project to facilitate access to information on industrial mining in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The site has over 400 documents and covers all stages of the value chain, including access to natural resources (contracts, allocation of mining rights), the mining operations themselves, the collection of revenues resulting from these mining operations and public spending. The site also has a mapping tool for viewing trends geographically and variations within the mining sector. Moabi30 is a collaborative mapping system that helps track the future of forests in the DRC. It aims to increase civil society participation in REDD+ by providing a suite of satellite monitoring initiatives assessing the current state of Congo forests and calculating future emissions from deforestation and degradation. It will provide onthe-ground verification of activities such as identifying groups involved in logging activities and mining as well as finding the locations of planned projects such as dam sites and agriculture concessions. It can also help governments understand competing land uses and improve overall land use planning and transparency. It uses crowd sourcing to find and update information related to the many projects proposed in the DRC. A consortium of non-profit organizations, government agencies, and academic institutes has agreed to share data on development projects that may affect DRC’s forests. Moabi allows users to update and share spatial information on new projects proposed by any agencies. The result is a constantly updated map of projects ranging from new roads and hydroelectric dams to logging and mining concessions.

ICT for Accountable Development in Afghanistan In Afghanistan, challenges to public resource management and monitoring are abundant, including poor security, tough geographical terrain and limited state-society engagement. While the literacy rate is among the lowest at 26 per cent, half of households have at least one mobile phone and signal covers 85 per cent of the population. Geolocation technologies and cameras capture accurate data from the field for asset verification. Tools from SMS to smart phones are used to convey beneficiary feedback. Mobile platforms streamline coordination and program management. For example, practitioners use Global Positioning System (GPS) enabled cameras to collect field data to monitor irrigation schemes, providing evidence, ‘remote’ supervision and asset verification. In the education sector, practitioners collect quantitative school performance data through mobile technology from school administrators, community councils and Ministry of Education staff. This allows for citizens to report on their perception of school performance and for ‘triangulated’ evidence to inform decision makers. Such ICT enhanced processes are useful for program management and integrity in reconstruction since the payments of contractors are subject to the provision of pictures. The National Solidarity Program (NSP), which operates in 30,000 communities and supports 50,000 projects, is as an example of an accountable, development program (Integrity Watch Afghanistan 2007). The NSP will use SMS to source reports from community councils for fund flows and subproject status, as well as smart phones for geo-tagged photos for asset verification, starting in Bamyan at the end of 2012. The Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation is developing an application to record the projects and a national database to store the data. Integrity Watch Afghanistan (IWA), an integrity civil society organization, has used geocoding and mobile phones as personal digital assistants (PDAs) over the last few years to collect citizen feedback on corruption in government services. (Galtung and Tisne 2009) IWA is further exploring the use of ICTs for monitoring and development. They have highlighted risks and challenges including the high cost (estimated at US$100,000 to monitor 300 projects using smart phones), the integrity of the agents using the tools, illiteracy and the risks of using mobiles especially in conflict-affected communities. For example, it may put the lives of community monitors and leaders working with the NSP in danger, as the Taliban are checking people’s mobiles on a regular basis whenever they put up a checkpoint on the roads. It is crucial to take context, needs, user capacities and risks into account when considering the use of such tools.

http://www.congomines.org/ 29 http://www.congomines.org 30 http://www.congomines.org

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IX SERVICE DELIVERY AND INFRASTRUCTURE MONITORING AND REPORTING In East Africa, Twazeza 31 uses ICT tools such as mobile phones to monitor public services, including water, electricity and education. They use data visualizations to track service delivery data32. Twaweza builds partnerships in the areas of religion; mobile phones; mass media, in particular radio; fast-moving consumer goods; and teachers to open up conversations and increase people’s options. In Kibera, Kenya, one of Africa’s largest slums, activists use Map Kibera to visualize daily water costs, which are often an average of ten times more expensive than the average wealthy Kenyan neighbourhood. Other ICT tools include basic mobile phone SMS technology to deliver official records on basic individual entitlements such as pensions, subsidized food grain, and maternity entitlements to individuals via monthly text. Kibera also specialises in training youth in new technology and creates community resources in poor and marginalized areas, allowing people to speak and advocate for themselves in ways that were not possible before. 33

Huduma Kenya 34 , conceptualized by Infonet Program at SODNET, enables citizens to amplify their voices in the demand for services a web and mobile-based platform that aggregates and channels concerns and observations of citizens (SMS, voice, video etc) directly to authorities for redress. It is developed as a model for open governance that allows transparency and accountability in the provision of services. It seeks to facilitate especially the demand-side of service provisioning through encouraging active citizenship and citizen-state engagement. Huduma platforms have also been used in Mozambique, Nigeria, Uganda and the Philippines at the country level35 and across Africa with the State of the Union and Oxfam Pan African Program.36 In Tanzania, where only 54% of rural waterpoints are functioning, the non-profit organisation Daraja (‘bridge‘ in Kiswahili) launched a three-year program called Maji Matone (‘Raising the Water Pressure‘) to enable citizens to report water point breakdowns to district water engineers, who are responsible for repairs. The engineers receive text messages via a partnership Maji Matone has established, and monthly aggregated reports are also published. Local radio stations also receive the information, and sometimes broadcast it, putting additional pressure on the government to be responsive. The government has shown commitment to improving the situation, increasing funding to support rural water access by 400% since 2006, and more recently promising to create a National Rural Water Supply Infrastructure Monitoring System, based on Maji Matone. (Avila et al 2010) 31 http://www.twaweza.org/ 32 http://www.twaweza.org/go/service-delivery-data 33 http://mapkibera.org 34 http://www.huduma.or.ke/ 35 http://www.huduma.info/portfolio/ 36 http://www.huduma.info/portfolio/state-of-the-union/

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At recent events and through social media, Daraja has shared the failures of Maji Matone. While the project received early acclaim, citizens did not send many text messages (only 53 out of an expected 3,000 texts) and officials’ responsiveness was low. Daraja cited citizens’ reluctance to report the government, the lack of access of women and children, those responsible for water collection, to mobile phones, as well as limited electricity and mobile network coverage, as reasons for failure. Such lessons learned are important for ensuring the effectiveness ICT-enhanced projects. (Barnett 2012) Through FrontlineSMS37, the Popular Engagement Policy Lab (PEPL) in Pakistan used SMS to communicate with affected communities during the humanitarian response to the floods in 2011. People were able to share their experiences of accessing food and shelter using FrontlineSMS to set up a Complaints and Response Mechanism.38 The PEPL ensured accountability to aid beneficiaries by empowering marginalised and vulnerable communities. They used picture cards to combat illiteracy and offered call back services through a multichannel approach. Using group features allowed categorization of contacts by characteristic or behavior, which allowed for a personal response. The feedback loop improved the quality of staff work as they felt they were being held accountable and yet the majority of responses were positive and enabled affected communities to have a voice and connect with services they needed. (O’Donnell 2013) In Punjab, Pakistan, the government has designed and implemented the Punjab Model for Proactive Governance.39 This program proactively seeks feedback from citizens on their experiences using public services through the use of SMS messages and a mobile callback system. Punjabis provide their mobile numbers to local officials when they visit a government office for services, such as acquiring a driver’s license or registering property. Assigned staff then text or call citizens to inquire about the quality and level of service, including whether bribes were asked for or paid. Administrators aggregate and analyze the data for patterns. Where there are many cases reported against a specific official or office, the relevant official may be issued a warning, be suspended, or dismissed from service. (Callen and Hasanain 2011) In India, Kiirti40 is an online platform where any individual or CSO can make a complaint or raise an issue by telephone or by using the website. The issue is then tracked, categorized, mapped and forwarded on to authorities. The issues can range from cleanliness to environment to sexual harassment. Kiirti provides for aggregation of various issues in a single place so that they can be tracked by anyone interested. It aggregates and visualizes submitted reports and connects with partner organizations that deal with civic complaints at the local level throughout India. The most successful application has been its highlighting and resolution of problems with auto-rickshaw 37 http://www.frontlinesms.com/about-us/ 38 More info at http://www.frontlinesms.com/2012/02/22/sending-a-message-of-accountability-sms-helps-improve services-after-pakistan-floods/ 39 http://www.punjabmodel.gov.pk/ 40 http://www.kiirti.org/ I C T 4 O C : I C T F O R O P E N CO N T R A C T I N G I N F R A G I L E A N D CO N F L I C T - A F F E C T E D S TAT E S

providers. In this case, the main information providers are customers and the information user is the regulatory agency responsible for enforcing policy, which is effective at addressing the problem. (Fung et al 2010: 23) In Palestine, the Applied Research Institute - Jerusalem (ARIJ) uses Geographical Information Systems (GIS) to analyze and assess management of natural resources, water, and agriculture, as well as institutional capacity. GIS is an organized collection of computer hardware, software and geographic data, it is designed to effectively capture, store, update, manipulate, analyze and display all forms of geographically referred information. ARIJ has collected 30,000 data points in the West Bank, providing information, for example, on the withdrawals, quality and quantity of water available to localities, and the actions that the public and local authorities take to manage and protect the water resources.

integrity indicators, including i) access to information (such as contracts and project plans), ii) community engagement (whether communities were consulted or involved in the project), and iii) project effectiveness (whether delivery problems were resolved, project delivery according to photo evidence, and community satisfaction). Across Afghanistan, Cote d’Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Liberia, Nepal, Palestine, Sierra Leone, Sudan and Timor Leste, the CSOs engage (sub-) national governments, aid agencies, and contractors to address identified problems. At the international level, DevelopmentCheck provides citizen feedback for the International Aid Transparency Initiative (IATI) standard and empirical evidence of development effectiveness.

In the Philippines, Check My School41 is an interactive platform and a comprehensive database on the government’s education services that allows parents, students and educators in the Philippines to monitor school funding and report on any issues. The project was launched through collaboration between the department of Education in Manila and the Affiliated Network for Social Accountability (ANSA), an initiative supported by the World Bank Institute (WBI) to strengthen and scale up social accountability efforts of grassroots organizations. They also partner with Google and make use of Google Maps technology and mobile phone messaging to facilitate citizens’ monitoring of public education services. The site facilitates interaction through features that allow users to send feedback, comments, photos, videos, and additional information. Parents, students and educators can use the site to monitor the resources that the government has made available to the schools and complain when a teacher does not show up, textbooks are lacking or, all the information is fed into the geo-referencing database by local school monitors who send in real-time data via their cell phones using SMS text messaging. Fix my street42, developed by UK charity mySociety, is an open source portal which enables citizens to report problems on their street like graffiti, or poor street lighting, by entering their postcode, locating the problem on a map, and describing the problem which is then sent to the council on their behalf. Citizens can later check whether the problem has been fixed through the website. Countries that have adapted the idea include conflict-affected Georgia: Chemikucha (http://www.chemikucha.ge/).43 DevelopmentCheck44 is an online platform that enables community-based organizations to provide feedback on the transparency, community engagement and effectiveness of development projects. Integrity Action and CSOs in the Network for Integrity in Reconstruction work with communities to collect, triangulate and report data on

http://www.developmentcheck.org/demo/

41 http://www.checkmyschool.org/user/register 42 http://www.fixmystreet.com/ 43 http://15iacc.org/blog/2012/05/02/fix-my-street/ 44 www.developmentcheck.org

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CASE STUDY

Tracking Development Promises in Liberia After fourteen years of war, Liberia has been rebuilding its institutions and infrastructure for nearly a decade. At the end of January 2012, the government announced its 150 days action plan to deliver 83 outputs in the five pillar areas of the national development strategy. The Liberia Media Centre (LMC), a leading media organization, has been tracking these promises through the 150 days Action Plan Tracking Barometer (http://www.lmcliberia.com/ five_pillars.html). LMC uses the tool to track service delivery in real time, mobilizes people around the findings, and engages the authorities to deliver on promises. They train journalists who go to the district level to verify the deliverables and then score the government by percentage of completion. Following the launch of the tool in April and data collection by journalists, LMC first reported in May 2012. The President’s Office called to praise the report and confirmed support for the tool, ensuring authorities would provide necessary information. The Ministry of Information responded by setting aside a press briefing every Tuesday on the 150 days. Development agencies were there to report progress. Results appeared in the top ten newspapers and numerous radio shows have covered the progress. LMC built the application with limited resources and overhead costs. They faced challenges as the system was new, heavy on graphics and the connectivity is slow. As sustaining interest is difficult, they developed a social media page on Facebook to keep the information flowing. As of 11 June 2012, their site received 50,000 hits and 10,000 unique visitors, mainly in the Diaspora whose influence adds to the debate. LMC has succeeded in changing policy and practice, as the government is now publishing strategies, such as the National Youth Empowerment Fund, workplans and intended beneficiaries. They intend to further hold the government to account using tools such as the Development Projects Tracking infographics (to map development projects and their status in the counties, mainly targeting projects under the County Development Fund and other local contributions through concessionaires); a two-way automated SMS Budget Tracking system (designed to allow people access to information on district and county level budget line items); and Open Access Online Documentation Resource Portal (a one-stop shop for laws, policies, contracts, concession agreements, and responses to freedom of information requests). Such tools and ongoing engagement with other bodies, such as the National Integrity Forum whose members include the Public Procurement and Concessions Commission, the General Auditing Commission, the Anti-Corruption Commission, the Liberia Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, the Civil Service Agency, the Press Union of Liberia and various civil society organizations, can help ensure the new Poverty Reduction Strategy brings tangible results to people’s lives.

X SOCIAL AUDITING India’s Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme – AP 45 aims to enhance livelihood security, ensuring at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment in every financial year to every household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work. The tool provides close to real-time feedback and reporting on tenders, work task sheets, complaints and quality control. Such tools can greatly facilitate traditional labour-intensive social auditing practices and offer the possibility to scale up significantly and reach out to rural areas. These initiatives, however, often rely on sub-national level data, which is often lacking or inconsistent in situations of conflict and fragility. The Accountability Initiative in India gathers economic and budgetary data through open government datasets as well as through official Right to Information requests. It then publishes the information online, where users can search for relevant information such as food subsidy information, education and health expenditure and water sanitation resources. The organization collects data from government websites and reorganises it into a searchable, sortable database. An ‘Expenditure Track’ tool pulls data from 15–20 key government websites and converts it into clear fact sheets. The organisation also offers a ‘document library’ of information clearing-house, briefs and a ‘How to Read the Budget’ guide46 explaining the structures and language used in government budget documents in order to enhance citizen understanding of these documents. (Avila et al 2010:16)

XI REPORTING ON BRIBES Pera Natin ‘to! (It’s Our Money!)47 is an initiative of the Philippine Public Transparency Reporting Project which enables Filipino citizens to use text, photos and videos to report when they are asked for bribes. The goal is to ‘put under the public spotlight important issues such as control and management of the nation’s public wealth – and keep them there’. The project uses investigative reporting based on these crowd-sourced submissions. (Avila et al 2010:30) Ipaidabribe48 in India is operated by the Bangalore based NGO Janaagraha where ordinary citizens can register bribery anonymously (Bangalore is currently listed as the city with the highest corruption although this could be because the website is housed there and has been well publicized). Such campaigns, however, are only efficacious if the government allows them. In China, an individual reportedly adopted the Janaargraha model (www.ibribery.com) but was shut down after censors blocked 45 http://nrega.ap.gov.in/Nregs/Home_eng.jsp 46 Accountability Initiative, ‘How to Read the Budget,‘ http:// accountabilityindia.in/sites/default/files/know_your_ budget.pdf. 47 http://www.transparencyreporting.net/ 48 http://www.ipaidabribe.com

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access to it in China. (Associated Press 2011) The reluctance of China to allow citizen feedback websites and blogs highlights that participation in public access to information and governance are not always embraced. Furthermore, while these websites are intended to be anonymous, if the individuals can be traced, they can be convicted of offences and if the information is not verified, as in the case of Janaargraha, false accusations can be made. (Kuriyan et al 2011)

Various organizations and networks, including Global Voices56, Indigo Trust57 , Omidyar Network 58, Open Knowledge Foundation59, Tactical Tech60 and the World Bank ICT4GOV 61, are bridging communities of practice and public, private and civil society sectors to enable the effective use of information and ICTs for progressive social change. They forge collaborative partnerships across technologists, information designers, data and security experts, reformers and civil society activists committed to social change and transparent, accountable and effective development.

XII ENABLING COLLABORATIVE AND INNOVATIVE PROCESSES Ushahidi49, CrisisCommons50, OpenStreetMap51 and Random Hacks of Kindness52 have spurred innovation centres such as iHub in Africa and enabled a movement of “apps competitions” to develop new applications. (Livingston 2011) “Hackathons” (or hack days, hackfests or codefests), which are events where programmers work together for educational, social and/or software development purposes, are on the rise. The concept of “technology for social good” has spread, with organizations such as Young Innovations53 in Nepal supporting the implementation of the International Aid Transparency Initiative and developing applications or “apps” to track aid information and infrastructure and service delivery. Open Nepal54, a collective effort of organizations including Freedom Forum, NGO Federation of Nepal, Young Innovations and the aidinfo programme at Development Initiatives, provides an open data platform, capacity development and support, and evidence documenting the demand, use and impact of information. The leveraging of best-in-kind technology platforms to improve the internal efficiency and effectiveness of CSOs working in the transparency and accountability space is also growing. Many CSOs, both large international organizations and domestic grassroots groups, use outdated technology and burdensome project management tools, usually Microsoft Word documents and hard copy paper, to gather and disseminate information, making replication of successful efforts labor intensive and costly. One initiative that aims to address those challenges is the Indaba fieldwork platform55, a web-based project management and information collection tool aimed at easing the challenges associated with gathering and publishing data around issues of service delivery, government accountability, and transparency. Indaba represents one of the few efforts thus far to explicitly target the internal processes of CSOs in the transparency and accountability space. (Avila et al 2010) http://www.opendatanepal.org/

49 http://ushahidi.com/ 50 http://crisiscommons.org/ 51 http://www.openstreetmap.org/ 52 http://www.rhok.org/ 53 http://www.younginnovations.com.np/ 54 www.opendatanepal.org 55 Indaba: http://getindaba.org

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56 http://globalvoicesonline.org/ 57 http://indigotrust.wordpress.com/ 58 http://www.omidyar.com/ 59 http://okfn.org/ 60 http://www.tacticaltech.org/ 61 http://ict4gov.net/ I C T 4 O C : I C T F O R O P E N CO N T R A C T I N G I N F R A G I L E A N D CO N F L I C T - A F F E C T E D S TAT E S

CONCLUSION: LESSONS LEARNED AND IMPLICATIONS FOR USE OF ICT TOOLS FOR CONTRACT MONITORING AND PROCUREMENT REFORMS

This research report has provided a mapping of ICT tools to inform open contracting in fragile and conflict-affected countries. As research and practice in the field ICT-enhanced accountability in situations of conflict and fragility remain rather limited, the research highlights the need for further case studies and analysis. While there is still a dearth of evidence and lessons learned, several insights emerge for the use of ICT tools for public resource management, including procurement and contract monitoring, in fragile and conflict-affected states. These lessons can help inform support to organizations interested in employing ICT tools for their monitoring and pubic resource management reforms. In situations of conflict and fragility, often defined by sociopolitical tensions and weakness in institutional capacity or interest in delivering to the needs and expectations of citizens, ICT can be a tool to complement constructive engagement and build trust for accountable and effective public resource management. Lessons can be drawn from more stable states to inform initiatives in countries experiencing or emerging from crisis. Context is key - Ensure fitness for purpose. An analysis of the socio-political economy and security situation of the country and people concerned should drive any initiative. Internet-based tools are more likely to serve urban, elite purposes. Traditional technologies, such as community radio, are powerful tools that may be more appropriate in lower bandwidth environments. Strategies that embrace ‘new’ and ‘old’ technologies, such as ICT-enhanced social auditing in India and participatory budgeting in the DRC, can be more inclusive of poor and rural communities. ICT tools should not replace, but complement, face-to-face processes that strengthen the social contract between the state and society. The example of Daraja in Tanzania highlighted the need to understand the relationship between local communities and authorities to ensure ICT tools contribute to citizen action and government responsiveness. As cases from fragile and conflict-affected countries such as Afghanistan highlight, citizens may be fearful to report if their mobiles are easily confiscated or if their IP addresses can be tracked. Furthermore, unfacilitated debates and reporting can be burdensome for policy-makers or dangerous for all involved if they contain false accusations, convictions or threats.

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Understand needs and capacities to identify and address the risks, interests, motives and incentives, capabilities (including literacy), authority and resources of organizations to use ICT tools for their interventions. This applies to state and non-state actors, who require the capacity to generate, manage and use information. Ownership, access and control are also important considerations as usage varies across socio-economic groups and gender. PPDC in Nigeria, for example, highlighted the challenges of maintaining sites and providing accurate, real-time and useful information. Understanding the ICT infrastructure and the capacities of developers and users can help determine the suitability and sustainability of the tool. Data integrity matters. Information needs to be reliable, trusted, timely and accessible. In situations of conflict and fragility, the risks of destroyed or lost data are greater. Information management systems are often weak or non-existent. FrontlineSMS, for example, highlighted the challenges of operating in volatile environments and emphasized the need to consider date integrity issues of confidentiality, authenticity, availability, and usability of information. Be strategic and connect decision makers with users. Some of the most impactful projects bridge and create relationships between senior-level decision makers and endusers from the design stage of the project. The use of Kiirti in India for auto-rickshaw providers has been successful because customers were information providers and the regulatory agency responsible for enforcing policy, the information user, was effective at addressing the problem. Such projects are far more likely to lead to high impact and lasting problem solving than solutions that are either completely top-down or entirely bottom-up. Keep it simple and timely. In countries where capacities and ICT infrastructure are weak, simple tools and support to use the tools to gather, manage, disseminate and use information can be more effective. The aid/budget mapping in Uganda took a dedicated team months to undertake and there has been little uptake as the interest and understanding of the visualisation is limited and the data is outdated. Current, yet verifiable, open data that is meaningful to citizens can drive reform. Community radio may be a powerful tool for engaging citizens and conveying useful information across areas that otherwise difficult to reach. Standards for fiscal data can enhance monitoring and procurement reform. There are currently very limited general data standards in existence. Such standards could focus on well-known, commonly used formats, such as CSV, XLS or XML rather than PDFs, for the release of data. (Chambers et al 2012) The adoption of existing coding conventions or schemes, such as functional or economic classifications, and a simple userdriven standard for transaction-level expenditure information will allow for better planning, management and monitoring. As fragile and conflict-affected states are among the most aid-dependent and resource-rich countries, commonly used formats and standards, such as IATI, can enable governments to better manage public resources and citizens to benefit from them. I C T 4 O C : I C T F O R O P E N CO N T R A C T I N G I N F R A G I L E A N D CO N F L I C T - A F F E C T E D S TAT E S

BIBLIOGRAPHY Strengthen collaborative partnerships. Initiatives for transparent and accountable development, including monitoring and public resource management reforms, require strong commitment, capacity, ongoing support and collaboration across providers and users to enable development results. While it is still early to identify the results and development outcomes of ICT application in fragile and conflict-affected states, the examples above from various low-and middle-income countries highlight the need for communication and information that reaches concerns citizens and stimulates collective action by users and providers. Bridging government, media and training institutes, citizen groups and technologists may yield more long-term outcomes that extend well beyond the use of a particular tool.

Associated Press (2011). “Censors shut down Chinese website blowing whistle on bribery.” World News The Guardian available at http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jun/22/censors-shut-chinese-bribery-website Avila, Renata, Hazel Feigenblatt, Rebekah Heacock and Nathaniel Heller (2010) “Global mapping of technology for transparency and accountability: new technologies.” Transparency and Accountability Initiative. Available at http:// www.transparency-initiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/global_mapping_of_technology_final1.pdf Avila, R., Chak, S. Gomick, J., Victor, K., Presley S., Fibeiro M., et al. (2010) “Technology for transparency: The role of technology and citizen media in promoting transparency, accountability and civic participation.” Available at http:// globalvoicesonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/Technology_for_Transparency.pdf Barnette, Inka. “Failed ICT development projects: Sweeping it under the carpet and moving on?” Institute of Development Studies Vulnerability and Poverty Blogspot. 10 December 2012. Available at http://vulnerabilityandpoverty.blogspot.co.uk/2012/12/by-inka-barnett-use-of-information-and.html Bottrill, Leo And Charles Huang (2011) “Mapping the future of forests: an introduction to Moabi.” Presentation. Callen, Michaela and Ali Hasanain (2011) “The Punjab Model of Proactive Governance: Empowering Citizens Through Information Communication Technology.” Available at http://www.punjabmodel.gov.pk/wp-content/ uploads/2011/08/Punjab_Model_Evaluation_-Callen-and-Hasanain.pdf Chambers, Lucy, Velichka Dimitrova and Rufus Pollock (2012) “Technology for Transparent and Accountable Public Finance (TTAPF)” Open Knowledge Foundation. Available at http://openspending.org/resources/gift/index.html. Dix, Sarah, Karen Hussmann and Grant Walton (2012) “Risks of Corruption to State Legitimacy and Stability in fragile situations.” U4 Issue Paper number 3. Available at http://www.u4.no/publications/risks-of-corruption-to-statelegitimacy-and-stability-in-fragile-situations/ Frontline SMS (2011) “Small-scale producers in Cote d’Ivoire manage international markets via SMS.” Available at http://www.frontlinesms.com/2011/05/20/6763/ Frontline SMS (2009) “Fishing meets texting in Banda Aceh.” Available at http://www.frontlinesms.com/2009/12/15/ fishing-meets-texting-in-banda-aceh/ Fung, Archon, Hollie Russon Gilman, and Jennifer Shkabatur (2010) “Impact case studies from middle income and developing countries: New technologies.” Transparency and Accountability Initiative. London. Available at http://www. transparency-initiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/impact_case_studies_final1.pdf Galtung, F. and M. Tisné (2009). “A New Approach to Postwar Reconstruction.” Journal of Democracy 20 (4): 95–100. Hogge, Becky (2010) “Open Data Study: New Technologies.” Transparency and Accountability Initiative. London. Available at http://www.transparency-initiative.org/reports/open-data-study-new-technologies Integrity Watch Afghanistan (2007) “Assessing the National Solidarity Program: the role of accountability in reconstruction.” Available at http://tiri.org/docs/rniss/cs/afghan_nspcs.pdf Kelly, Tim, et al. (2012) “Information and Communications for Development 2012: Maximizing Mobile” International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. Kuriyan, Renee, Savita Bailur, Bjorn-Soren Gigler and Kyung Ryul Park (2011) “Technologies for Transparency and Accountability: Implications for ICT Policy and Implementation.” Open Development Technology Alliance. Available at http://www.scribd.com/doc/75642405/Technologies-for-Transparency-and-Accountability-Implications-for-ICTPolicy-and-Recommendations Livingston, Steven. (2011) “Africa’s Evolving Infosystems: A Pathway to Security and Stability” The Africa Center for Strategic Studies. National Defense University Press, Washington, D.C.

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ANNEX

LIST OF INTERVIEWEES AND RESOURCE PEOPLE

McNamara, Kerry S. (2003) “Information and Communication Technologies, Poverty and Development: Learning from Experience.” World Bank, Washington D.C., USA.

O R G A N I Z AT I O N

NAME

O’Donnell, Amy (2013) Interview and email correspondence.

Accountability Lab

Blair Glencorse

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2012) “Ensuring Fragile States Are Not Left Behind: 2013 factsheet on resource flows and trends” Paris.

BudgIT Nigeria

Oluseun Onigbinde

Frontline SMS

Amy O’Donnell

iWatch Nigeria

Segun Fodeke

Omidyar Network

Martin Tisne

Open Knowledge Foundation

Lucy Chambers

Procurement Watch

Carole Belisario

Procurement Innovation Challenge Fragile States Cases. Schouten, Claire (2011) “Social accountability in situations of conflict and fragility” Chr. Michelsen Institute (U4 Brief 2011:19), URL: http://www.u4.no/publications/social-accountability-in-situations-of-conflict-and-fragility/ Sharma, Geeta, and Paul Sturges (2007) “Making Use of ICT to Facilitate Poor People’s Access to Public Services: an action research programme” Information Development, 23, 1, pp. 15-23. Sigal, Ivan (2009) “Digital Media in Conflict-Prone Societies”, Center for International Media Assistance, National Endowment for Democracy, Washington, D.C.

Transparency International USA Francesco de Simone

Singh, Ravneet, et al. (2012) “Technology and Citizen Participation in the Construction of Democracy” Instituto Electoral y de Participación Ciudadana. United Nations Development Programme. Mexico.

World Bank

Tenzin Norbhu

Weele, Arijan van (2010) “Purchasing Supply Chain management.” 5th revised edition, Cengage Learning. London.

World Bank Institute

Dr Sabiti Kalindula, DRC; Kathrin Frauscher; Marcela Rozo; Norma Gaza; Tiago Peixoto

Young Innovations

Bibhusan Bista

World Bank (2011) “The Extractive Industries Map of Ghana.” Presentation. World Bank (2012) “Procurement Policies and Procedures: Policy Review Initiating Discussion Paper” World Bank, Washington, D.C. Available at http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2012/05 /01/000350881_20120501091143/Rendered/PDF/684460BR0AC20101200Discussion0Paper.pdf World Resources Institute (2011) “Forest Governance in Central Africa: Two Approaches toward Increased Transparency.” Presentation.

CASE STUDY 1: Budget Transparency and e-Procurement Portals in Timor Leste Fongtil

Jose Amaral

Lao Hamutuk

Juvinal Diaz

Luta Hamutuk

Mericio Akara

Parliamentary Commission G

Sr. Pedro Martires Patria

Director of Procurement, Ministry of Finance

Sr. Manuel Monteiro

CASE STUDY 2: ICT Enhanced Procurement Monitoring in Nigeria Public and Private Development Centre (PPDC)

Seember Nyager

CASE STUDY 2: ICT for Accountable Development in Afghanistan Integrity Watch Afghanistan

Haris Jahangeer; Yama Torabi

CASE STUDY 2: Tracking Development Promises in Liberia Liberia Media Centre

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Lawrence Randall I C T 4 O C : I C T F O R O P E N CO N T R A C T I N G I N F R A G I L E A N D CO N F L I C T - A F F E C T E D S TAT E S

ANNEX COUNTRY

COUNTRY CONTEXT FOR ICT TOOLS POPULATION

DEMOCRATIZATION

ACCESS TO INFORMATION

MEDIA INDEPENDENCE

LITERACY RATE

indexmundi. com

EIU Democracy Index (2011)

2010 survey by Right2Info.org

FreedomHouse 2012

CIA UN Global E-Govt Survey 2012 World Factbook

Kenya

43,013,341 (July 2012 est.)

Ranked 103 Score: 4.71

Partly Free Score: 52

87.40%

Ranked 119 Estimated internet access per 100 inhabitants: 20.98 Estimated fixed telephone line /100 inhabitantss: 1.14 Mobile suscriber/100 inhabitants: 61.63

Ranked 166 Estimated internat access per 100 inhabitants: 2.60 Estimated fixed telephone line /100 inhabitantss: 1.13 Mobile subscriber/100 inhabitants: 75.54

Liberia

3,887,886 (July 2012 est.)

Ranked 98 Score: 5.07

2010

Partly Free Score: 3

60.80%

Ranked 169 Estimated internet access per 100 inhabitants: 0.07 Estimated fixed telephone line /100 inhabitantss: 0.15 Mobile suscriber/100 inhabitants: 39.34

66.80%

Ranked 174 Estimated internet access per 100 inhabitantss: 0.72 Estimated fixed telephone line /100 inhabitants: 0.06 Mobile suscriber/100 inhabitants: 17.21

Nepal

29,890,686 (July 2011 est.)

Ranked 108 Score: 4.24

2007, 2009

Partly Free Score: 55

60.30%

Ranked 164 Estimated internet access per 100 inhabitants: 6.78 Estimated fixed telephone line /100 inhabitantss: 2.81 Mobile suscriber/100 inhabitants: 30.69

Partly Free Score: 75

52.90%

Ranked 187 Estimated internat access per 100 inhabitants: 8.37 Estimated fixed telephone line /100 inhabitants: 0.50 Mobile subscriber/100 inhabitants: 40.03

Nigeria

170,123,740 (July 2012 est.)

Ranked 119 Score: 3.83

Partly Free Score: 50

61.30%

Ranked 162 Estimated internat access per 100 inhabitants: 28.43 Estimated fixed telephone line /100 inhabitants: 0.66 Mobile subscriber/100 inhabitants: 55.10

2008, 2010

Partly Free Score: 37

61%

Ranked 125 Estimated internet access per 100 inhabitantss: 7.50 Estimated fixed telephone line /100 inhabitants: 2.87 Mobile suscriber/100 inhabitants: 61.42

Pakistan

190,291,129 (July 2011 est.)

Ranked 105 Score: 4.55

Partly Free Score: 4

54.90%

Ranked 156 Estimated internet access per 100 inhabitants: 16.78 Estimated fixed telephone line /100 inhabitantss: 1.97 Mobile suscriber/100 inhabitants: 59.21

2008, 2010

Partly Free Score: 49

90%

Ranked 97 Estimated internet access per 100 inhabitantss: 9.10 Estimated fixed telephone line /100 inhabitants: 15.83 Mobile suscriber/100 inhabitants: 91.72

Palestine

3,886,968 (July 2012 est.)

Ranked 99 Score: 4.97

Not Free Score: 83

92.4%

Ranked Estimated internet acess per 100 inhabitants: Estimated fixed telephone line /100 inhabitants: Mobile subscriber/100 inhabitants:

POPULATION

DEMOCRATIZATION

ACCESS TO INFORMATION

MEDIA INDEPENDENCE

LITERACY RATE

indexmundi. com

EIU Democracy Index (2011)

2010 survey by Right2Info.org

FreedomHouse 2012

CIA UN Global E-Govt Survey 2012 World Factbook

Afghanistan

30,419,928 (July 2012 est.)

Ranked 152 Score: 2.48

Not Free Score: 74

28%

Ranked 184 Estimated internet access per 100 inhabitants:1.90 Estimated fixed telephone line/100 inhabitants: 0.37 Mobile suscriber/100 inhabitants: 29.03

Cote dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Ivoire

21,952,093 (July 2012 est.)

Ranked 142 Score: 3.08

Not Free Score: 70

56%

DR Congo

73,599,190 (July 2012 est.)

Ranked 145 Score: 2.89

Not Free Score: 83

Haiti

9,801,664 (July 2012 est.)

Ranked 114 Score: 4.00

India

1,205,073,612 (July 2012 est.)

Ranked 39 Score: 7.30

Indonesia

245,613,043 (July 2011 est.)

Ranked 60 Score: 6.53

2005

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ICT INFRASTRUCTURE

COUNTRY

2002

ICT INFRASTRUCTURE

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A N N E X III COUNTRY

Philippines

Sierra Leone

Tanzania

POPULATION

DEMOCRATIZATION

ACCESS TO INFORMATION

MEDIA INDEPENDENCE

LITERACY RATE

indexmundi. com

EIU Democracy Index (2011)

2010 survey by Right2Info.org

FreedomHouse 2012

CIA UN Global E-Govt Survey 2012 World Factbook

103,775,002 (July 2011 est.)

Ranked 75 Score: 6.12

Partly Free Score: 42

92.6%

5,485,998 (July 2011 est.)

Ranked 106 Score: 4.51

43,601,796 (July Ranked 90 2012 est.) Score: 5.64

Partly Free Score: 49

35.10%

69.40%

ICT INFRASTRUCTURE

Ranked 88 Estimated internat access per 100 inhabitants: 25.00 Estimated fixed telephone line /100 inhabitants: 7.27 Mobile subscriber/100 inhabitants: 85.67 Ranked 186 Estimated internat access per 100 inhabitants: 0.26 Estimated fixed telephone line /100 inhabitants: 0.24 Mobile subscriber/100 inhabitants: 34.09 Ranked 139 Estimated internat access per 100 inhabitants: 11.00 Estimated fixed telephone line /100 inhabitants: 0.39 Mobile subscriber/100 inhabitants: 46.80

BUDGET PROCESS, ICT TOOLS AND COUNTRY APPLICATION

REVENUE/FINANCING

MAPPING AID AND BUDGET DATA

DISCLOSURE THROUGH GOVERNMENT DATA PORTALS

DISCLOSURE OF MARKET PRICE INFORMATION

PARTICIPATORY BUDGETING (PB)

OFF-BUDGET EXECUTION AND PROJECT MAPPING

Govt of Sierra Leone Online Repository System

Open Knowledge Foundation’s OpenSpending.org

http://datacatalogs.org/

FrontlineSMS in Cote d’Ivoire and Indonesia

Mobile-enhanced PB in the DRC

World Bank’s Mapping for Results

E-procurement portals in Nepal, Nigeria, and Timor Leste

Solo Kota Kita in Indonesia

Ujima Project In Africa

Open Knowledge Foundation’s CKAN

BudgIT in Nigeria

Development Seed and Haiti Aid Map

Revenue Watch Institute’s EITI Report Analysis Tool

AKVO NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

SERVICE DELIVERY AND INFRASTRUCTURE MONITORING AND REPORTING

SOCIAL AUDITING

REPORTING ON BRIBES

ENABLING COLLABORATIVE AND INNOVATIVE PROCESSES

Interactive Forest Atlas for Central African Republic

Twaweza in East Africa mobile monitoring and data visualizations

National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme-AP online tool in India

Pera Natin’to! text, photo and video reporting In the Philippines

Ushahidi

Congomines in the DRC

Map Kibera in Kenya

Expenditure Track tool by the Accountability Initiative in India

Ipaidabribe website in India

CrisisCommons

Moabi in the DRC

Huduma platform Kenya, Mozambique, Nigeria, Uganda and the Philippines

Open Knowledge Foundation’s CKAN

OpenStreetMap

Daraja Maji Matone SMS waterpoint breakdown reporting

Random Hacks of Kindness

FrontlineSMS and the Popular Engagement Policy Lab in Pakistan

Indaba fieldwork platform

Punjab model of SMS and mobile callback system Kiirti online platform in India ARIJ GIS tracking of natural resources, water and agriculture services in Palestine CheckMySchool platform in the Philippines 150 Days Action Plan Tracking Barometer in Liberia FixMyStreet online portal DevelopmentCheck online platform

I C T 4 O C : I C T F O R O P E N CO N T R A C T I N G I N F R A G I L E A N D CO N F L I C T - A F F E C T E D S TAT E S

The World Bank Institute is a global connector of knowledge, learning, and innovation for poverty reduction. We connect practitioners, networks, and institutions to help them find solutions to their development challenges. With a focus on the “how” of reform, we link knowledge from around the worldand scale up innovations. We work with and through global, regional, and country-based institutions and practitioner networks to develop customized programs that respond to specific needs. WBI connectsglobally and delivers locally. For more information, visit http://www.worldbank.org/wbi/. Integrity Action is an independent non-governmental organisation that works with governments, business and civil society to find practical solutions to making integrity work. Our mission is to empower citizens to act with and demand integrity, actively taking part in building institutions to promote a state that is open, accountable and responsive to their needs and expectations. For more information, visit http://www.integrityaction.org/ The Network for Integrity in Reconstruction (NIR), facilitated by Integrity Action, supports civil society organisations in capacity development, community monitoring and policy engagement in fragile and conflict-affected states. NIR is active in Africa, Asia and the Middle East to ensure transparent, accountable and effective governance and delivery of public resources. http://www.facebook.com/NIRpage Open Contracting Open Contracting is a collaborative effort focused on enhancing disclosure and participation of public contracting around the world. Contracting that is more open leads to more effective use of public resources, better service delivery, and ultimately, improved development outcomes. Open Contracting is currently focused on creating and promoting global principles and data disclosure standards, building the capacity of a wide range of actors across regions, enhancing the sharing of tools and knowledge, and effectively communicating and advocating in support of a global Open Contracting agenda. Over a period of 2 years, over 200 stakeholders have been involved in the development of the Open Contracting collaborative effort. Open Contracting is currently being convened by CoST, GIZ, Integrity Action, the government of Philippines, Oxfam America, Transparency International and the World Bank Institute. For more information, visit http://www.opencontracting.org

For more information, please contact: Norma Garza – ngarza@worldbank.org

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