Algorithmic Morphogenesis: A Biomimetic Design Methodology for Form Development and... by nhalford76

Algorithmic Morphogenesis: A Biomimetic Design Methodology for Form Development and Structural Application

Nicholas Halford Kennesaw State University

Algorithmic Morphogenesis: A Biomimetic Design Methodology for Form Development and Structural Application Request for Approval of Thesis Research Project Book Presented to: Professor Arash Soleimani and to the Faculty of the Department of Architecture College of Architecture and Construction Management by Nicholas Dean Halford In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Architecture Kennesaw State University Marietta, Georgia May 7, 2021

Acknowledgments: This Thesis is the product of the dedication and guidance of Professor Arash Soliemani. Throughout my five years at Kennesaw State University, Arash Soliemani has been a driving force in my dedication and interest in architectural design. I would like to thank Arash Soliemani for his continued support throughout the program and this thesis. I would also like to acknowledge the Kennesaw State University Architecture Despartment’s Faculty and Staff for the opportunity to grow in the field of architecture. Finally, I would like to thank my parents for their continued faith and support in the years leading up to this Thesis.

iii

Abstract: Nature has been around and perfected the cycles of growth and development through billions of years. When looking for inspiration or for answers, it is a well cultivated library that has many of the answers for us. Michael Palwyn argues “If biomimicry increasingly shapes the built environment – and I feel it must – then, over the next few decades, we can create cities that are healthy for their occupants and regenerative to their hinterlands, buildings that use a fraction of the resources and are a pleasure to work or live in, and infrastructure that becomes integrated with natural systems” (Pawlyn 8). The use of this natural library can help to cultivate the tools we use to in our own building library, and create a more efficient, sustainable, and forward-thinking environment that does not waste the resources we have but use them to our advantage. Throughout the research of this thesis, studies of the evolutionary successes that biology has to offer will present us with powerful technologies that biological organisms have developed and used for millions of years. So why now for a biomimetic design approach? Today there are many digital technologies that have been developed that allow us to recreate previously unachievable or rigorous design solutions. Developments of these technologies are now included and taught around the world in various forms and fields of study. For many years, the ideas of biomimetic design have been used, but not to the extent that it can be. Previously, visual analysis was the only tool we had to study biomimicry, but again with recent technological developments, we can now study natural mentors on many different levels, and through many different lenses. For this reason, the focus of this thesis will use a technological approach for analysis and recreation. For the focus of this thesis, the vast majority of these computational studies will be done in Grasshopper, a visual scripting tool for Rhino.

TABLE OF CONTENTS:

CH.01 DESIGN THEOREM Pg. 06-09

CH.02 RESEARCH Pg. 10-23

1.1

Biomimetic Introduction

2.1

Research Questions

1.2

Thesis Statement

2.2

Natural Design Principles

2.3

Biomimetic Levels

2.4

Design Matrix

2.5

Conceptual Framework

vi 66 Biomimicry in Architecture

CH.03 PRECEDENT STUDIES Pg. 24-41

3.1

Precedent Analysis 3.1.1 Precedent Synthesis

CH.04 DESIGN PROCESS

CH.05 DESIGN SYNTHESIS

Pg. 42-55

4.1

Methodological Framework

CH.06 APPENDIX

Pg. 56-61

5.1

Architectural Development

Pg. 62-65

6.1

References

4.1.1 Site Analysis 4.1.2 Bio Inspiration Research 4.1.3 Synthesis of Bio Parameters 4.1.4 Generation of Phenotypes 4.1.5 Physical Models

vii

DESIGN THEOREM

1.1

Biomimetic Introduction

1.2

Thesis Statement

What Is Biomimicry?

BI-O-MIM-IC-RY

From the Greek Bio meaning life , and mimesis meaning imitation The design and production of materials, structures, and systems that are modeled on biological entities and processes. The Biomimicry Institute defines biomimicry as “the practice of looking to nature for inspiration to solve design problems in a regenerative way.” The origins of the field of biomimicry are centered around the term biophilia. Biophilia is a term first used by E.O. Wilson which refers to a hypothesis that there is a natural and instinctive bond between humans and other living beings. Using this understanding biomimicry has been used extensively as an inspiration for thousands of years, but it is not until recently that we have actively looked to biomimicry to solve modern problems. Biomimicry can and is applied to many fields of study from Aerospace applications to medical solutions. Here we will specifically refer to biomimetic architecture.

Biomimetic architecture is the concept of finding solutions for architectural sustainability in nature by understanding the rules that guide natural forms and processes. Buildings that use biomimicry often abstract the forms of their inspirations, yet this is not the goal of biomimetic design. The goal is to explore the processes of nature and understand how these can be adapted to the built environment to provide solutions for anything from structural applications, to building systems. Biomimicry in architecture has three understood levels: Organism, Behavior, and Ecosystem. These levels help categorize the types of biomimicry in our environment, and help in understanding what the building accomplishes in the overall conversation of biomimicry. Other terms that are necessary to understand the context of this thesis are Biomorphic, a term used to describe design based on biological forms, and Bio-utilization, or the direct use of nature for beneficial purposes. For the purpose of this thesis I will use these terms and their corresponding definitions, while biomimicry and biomimetic will be used interchangeably.

The Biomimicry Institute

Why Biomimicry? The big question is why use biomimetic design at all? Well, nature has been around and perfected the cycles of growth and development through billions of years. When looking for inspiration or for answers, it is a well cultivated library that has many of the answers for us. Michael Palwyn argues “If biomimicry increasingly shapes the built environment – and I feel it must – then, over the next few decades, we can create cities that are healthy for their occupants and regenerative to their hinterlands, buildings that use a fraction of the resources and are a pleasure to work or live in, and infrastructure that becomes integrated with natural systems” (Pawlyn 8). The use of this natural library can help to cultivate the tools we use to in our own building library, and create a more efficient, sustainable, and forward thinking environment that does not waste the resources we have, but use them to our advantage. Throughout the research of this thesis, studies of the evolutionary successes that biology has to offer will present us with powerful technologies that biological organisms have developed and used for millions of years. So why now for a biomimetic design approach? Today there are many digital technologies that have been developed that allow us to recreate previously

Thesis Statement unachievable or rigorous design solutions. Developments of these technologies are now included and taught around the world in various forms and fields of study. For many years, the ideas of biomimetic design have been used, but not to the extent that it can be. Previously, visual analysis was the only tool we had to study biomimicry, but again with recent technological developments, we can now study natural mentors on many different levels, and through many different lenses. For this reason, the focus of this thesis will use a technological approach for analysis and recreation. For the focus of this thesis, the vast majority of these computational studies will be done in Grasshopper, a visual scripting tool for Rhino.

The purpose of this thesis is to explore the adaptation of biomimetic principles in the overall language of architectural design, specifically how nature can be used as a model for design, a measure for design standards, and a mentor for the future of design. The final for this thesis will create an overall design methodology that will aim to create a natural harmony between the built and natural environments as they co-evolve. Using a Bio-Inspired algorithm, a case design will be explored in to show the adaptability of this design methodology in various scales. These designs will be guided and informed through the natural design principles and the given site parameters defined through the design methodology.

02 RESEARCH

05 66

Biomimicry in Architecture

2.1

Research Questions

2.2

Natural Design Principles

2.3

Biomimetic Levels

2.4

Design Matrix

2.5

Conceptual Framework

Research Questions How can nature be used as a model to inspire the design of the built environments? How can Biomimicry bring a harmony to the natural and built environments as they co-evolve?

Natural Design Principles

Nature as a Model

01 02 03 09

Structure

Model

Form

Program

Algorithmic Design

Measure

Evolution

Design Parameters

Nature has evolved to create its own supporting structures, forms, and programs through millennia of trial and error. When given these perfect models, we should take advantage. The goal of nature as a model is to use these structures, forms, and programs to our create answers to our own environments. Many forms of architecture have already taken inspiration from these natural counterparts.

Nature as a Measure The world has a natural The Earth has a natural cycle to keep in equilibrium, and the many inventions and innovations of mankind are not a part of that cycle. The purpose of nature as a measure is to use our environment to keep our footprint from outweighing our positive footprint. Nature has many levels of recursive and self correcting processes. If these self-regulating actions are what keep the environment in motion, then it is important we work algorithms and constraints that nature has set for us.

Sustainable Practice

Mentor

Natural Harmony

Evolutionary Principals

Nature as a Mentor Through nature’s multiple billion years of development, who better than nature itself to act as a mentor going forward. The idea of nature as mentor is more about the future of innovation and design. The future of how we design, from our products to our environments is going to play a huge role in the success of our species and our success as a part of this world.

Biomimetic Levels

Organism Organisms have developed and evolved for thousands of years to become what they are today. These years of development have shaped the ways in which birds fly, cheetahs run, and fish swim. The Organism level looks at individual organisms and the form or structure they have taken. These studies only include a singular organism.

Behavior The Behavioral level looks at the interaction between an organism and its environment. These interactions can range from the way a bird uses wind tunnels to glide upwards to the was termites use cross ventilation in their mounds. These interactions can include a dynamic part of the environment such as wind or other organisms, or more static parts of the environment such as boulders or trees.

Ecosystem Because there are over 8.7 million species of animals and almost 400,000 vascular plants, the world has learned to work together through natural ecosystems. The Ecosystems level mimics these conditions where multiple different organisms have learned to coexist. These systems typically consist of mutually beneficial relationships. 10

Design Matrix

Organism As a Model

Organism As a Measure Model

Organism

• • • •

• • • • •

Behavior

Ecosystem

Organism as a Model Composition Form Structure Program

• • • • •

Behavior as a Model Organism(s) behavior Composition Form Structure Program

Ecosystem as a Model Environmental systems Composition Form Structure Program

Measure Organism as a Measure • Individual organism • Creation • Interaction • Evolution

Mentor Organism As a Mentor Organism as a Mentor • Organism’s sustainable actions • Evolutionary Principles

Behavior As a Model Behavior as a Measure • Organism(s) behavior • Creation • Interaction • Evolution

Ecosystem as a Measure • Entire ecosystem • Creation • Interaction • Evolution

Behavior as a Mentor • Sustainable behaviors • Behavioral evolution

Behavior As a Mentor Behavior As a Measure

Ecosystem as a Mentor • Large scale interactions of organisms • Sustainable practices • Environmental development

Ecosystem As a Mentor

The Design Matrix is a simple nine square grid that cross analyzes the Natural Design Principles and the Biomimetic Levels to create a more in depth logic when categorizing the precedent analyses. These also help to determine what these precedents accomplish in there own explorations of biomimicry.

Ecosystem As a Measure

Ecosystem As a Model

Conceptual Framework Integrated Urban Morphologies: Florian Krampe Christopher Voss (x²/a²)+(y²/b²)=1 Lorenz Attractor Collective Behavior S(t+1) = f[I(t),S(t)]

Projects and Examples

Epigenetic Landscape Caternary System

The conceptual Framework acts as a system of classification for this thesis’ Biomimetic language. Throughout the research phase of this thesis, many different projects, examples, methods, scholars, laws, theories and more were studied for their ability to be synthesized and used in design. These were broken down into five major categories: Projects and Examples, Systems, Methods and Frameworks, Laws and Theories, and Scholars and Professions.

Recursive Thinking

MODEL

Biopopulations Entropy Structure Systems Cartesian Grid Homologous Thermoregulation Embryogeny

Generating System Systems Thinking

MEASURE

Systems

Morphogenesis Open System Population Thinking Lindenmayer Systems (L-Systems)

Homeostasis Logarithmic Fractals Function Kit of Parts

Simple Feedback Scheme

MENTOR

Generative Design Parametrics Design Modular Design Algorithmic Form Finding

lation

ing

Sys t

sis

ink

ng in Th

er ay

st Sy

e nd

ra t

Patternology Equifinality

Bildung

s ta

Self-Organization

rp Mo

Transmutationism

Sy s

ting

sT h

era

Gen

Sy st

ny roge Emb

oregu Therm

Cartesian Grid

Homologou

ems Structure Syt

y Entrop

tions opula Biop

hin eT rsiv

u Rec

Tra

r ate

ati ut

m ns

Fibonacci Sequence

Po p

Methods and Frameworks

Computation

Fib

tio

S ci

ism

st Sy

kin

Regeneration Degeneration

rit

eg e

cF or m

Fin

rit

ne ra t

Re g

Genotype

Fra

rp Mo

rb dU

e rat

eg Int

Phenotype Gestalt Theory Transformation/Formation Theory

ORGANISM

²)=

/b (y²

sig

rD e

du la

ics

etr

Par am

/a²

(x²

ies

log

s tal

tor

ttrac nz A

sig

ign

rativ eD es

Gen e

Lore

Darwinism

Gene Theory

back

le fe ed

Simp

Kit of Pa rts

t)] S(t+1) = f[I(t),S(

Holism System’s Theory

Epigenetic Landscape

Mutation

Goethe

Axiom, ignorato motu, ignoratur natura

Funcion Quote Axiom

D’Arc

pson

Mutati

wig

von Bert

e Syst

Sea

Holi

him

ris

el ha

ffy

Ludwig von Bertalanffy

Sean Ahlquist

Achim Menges Antonio Gaudi

Goethe

Christopher Alexander Darwin

ECOSYSTEM

Michael Pawlyn Biology

w Pa

ics

ite re

nce

ie r Sc

erin

ctu

ine

Eng

istry

pute

Robotics

Chem

Self Organization

Psychology

inality

Patterno logy

Equif

tio

ism

l vo

io n

n/ Fo r

Com

ch Ar

o ol

ys Ph

Bild ung Ge not ype Ph en oty pe Ge s t alt Tr Th a eo n sf ry or m at io

Ev ol

r Va

ly Po

nio

uis

“Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution” -Theodosius Dobzhansky

D’Arcy Thompson

alan

nA hlq

BEHAVIOR

y Tho m

Lud

Law and Theories

Polymorphism

vior ive Beha Collect

Biomimetic Language

Evolution Variational Evolution

Physics

Scholars and Professions

Architecture Engineering Computer Science Chemistry Robotics Psychology

The

ory

Sche

Therm oregul ation Em b rogen y Gen era ting Sys Sy tem st e ms Th Mo ink rp ing ho ge Op ne en sis Sy Po st pu em la tio n Th in ki ng

Cartesian Grid

din

er at

ge n

rit

a og

ith

Alg

Fo r

Fin

tals

c Fra

Sim pl e feed back Schem Gen e era tive D esig Par n a m etr ics De sig n De sig n

lar

Inte

S(t+1) = f[I(t),S(t)]

Biomimetic Language

Epigenetic Landscape Goethe

Funcion

Quote

Axiom

D’Arcy

Mutat

Lud

ion

wig

e Syst

Holi

Ge in

nio

ly Po

istry

n ly w Pa el ha ic y M og ol Bi ics ys re Ph ctu ite ch Ar g erin ine Eng nce Scie ter

Robotics

Chem

pu Com

Self Organization

Psychology

Patterno logy

Equifin ality

noty

oty

Bild ung

Th eo ry

r Va

tio

ory

ism

The

l vo

Ge st a

Tr an

Integrated Urban Morphologies: Florian Krampe Christopher Voss

ris

Ev o

Paper Strip Morphologies, 2004

Epigenetic Landscape

at io n

Lorenz Attractor

S(t+1) = f[I(t),S(t)]

Series by Stuttgart University

Collective Behavior

/F or

Epigenetic Landscape

Lorenz Attractor

him

pson

nA hlq

Thom

von Bert a

Sea

at io n

Ocean North and Scheffler

vio ve Beha

Collecti

S(t+1) = f[I(t),S(t)]

tor

Attrac renz

lu tio

(x²/a²)+(y²/b²)=1

²)=

²/b

)+(y

/a²

(x²

lanff y

uis

gie

olo

rph

rb dU

te gra

Kit of Pa rts

Florian Krampe Christopher Voss

Homologous

ms Structure Syte

Entropy

n ce tio en ta qu pu Se ci ism ac n n o io tat Fib mu m ns ste Sy Tra ry a n g ter kin Ca hin eT iv urs Rec tions la u op Biop m Co

er at

Integrated Urban Morphologies:

Precedents

s Sy

Projects and Examples

er ay

Cartesian Grid

Homologous

Therm oregul ation Em b rogen y Gen era ting Sys Sy tem st e ms Th Mo ink rp ing ho ge Op ne en sis Sy Po st pu em la tio n Th in ki ng

ms Structure Syte

Entropy

n ce tio en ta qu pu Se ci m ac nis on io tat Fib mu m ns ste Sy Tra ry a n g ter kin Ca Thin ive rs u Rec s lation u op Biop m Co

er at

din

er at

ge n

ith

r ga

ith

Alg

Fo r

Fin

tals

c Fra

Sim pl e feed back Schem Gen e era tive D esig Par n a m etr ics De sig n De sig n

lar

Caternary System

Systems

m Ho

s Sy

er ay

Inte

S(t+1) = f[I(t),S(t)]

Biomimetic Language

Epigenetic Landscape Goethe

Quote

Axiom

D’Arcy

Mutat

Lud

ion

wig

e Syst

Holi

ly Po

istry

Chem

pu Com

Psychology

Robotics

logy

Self Organization

Patterno

Equifin ality

noty

oty

Bild ung

Th eo ry

r Va

tio

ory

ism

The

l vo

Ge st a

Tr an

Cartesian Grid Homologous Thermoregulation Embryogeny Generating System

Lindenmayer Systems (L Systems)

Systems Thinking Morphogenesis Open System Population Thinking Lindenmayer Systems (L-Systems) Homeostasis

Embrogeny

Logarithmic Voronoi

Morphogenesis

nio

n ly w Pa el ha ic y M og ol Bi ics ys e r Ph ctu ite ch Ar g erin ine Eng nce Scie ter

Ev o

at io n

/F or

at io n

Structure Systems

Voronoi

ris

Caternary System

him

pson

nA hlq

Thom

von Bert a

Sea

lu tio

Entropy

vio ve Beha

Collecti

Funcion

Biopopulations

tor

Attrac renz

Kit of Pa rts

Recursive Thinking

²)=

²/b

)+(y

/a²

(x²

lanff y

uis

gie

olo

rph

rb dU

te gra

Therm oregul ation Em b rogen y Gen era ting Sys Sy tem st e ms Th Mo ink rp ing ho ge Op ne en sis Sy Po st pu em la tio n Th in ki ng

Cartesian Grid

Homologous

ms Structure Syte

Entropy

n ce tio en ta qu pu Se ci ism ac n n o io tat Fib mu m ns ste Sy Tra ry a n g ter kin Ca hin eT iv urs Rec tions la u op Biop m Co

er at

Methods and Frameworks

s Sy

er ay

rit

a og

din

er at

ge n

tals

c Fra

ith

Alg

Fo r

Fin

Sim pl e feed back Schem Gen e era tive D esig Par n a m etr ics De sig n De sig n

lar

Inte

S(t+1) = f[I(t),S(t)]

Epigenetic Landscape Goethe

Funcion

Quote

Axiom

D’Arcy

Mutat

Lud

ion

wig

e Syst

Holi

Ge in

nio

ly Po

istry

n ly w Pa el ha ic y M og ol Bi ics ys re Ph ctu ite ch Ar g erin ine Eng nce Scie ter

Robotics

Chem

pu Com

Self Organization

Psychology

Patterno logy

Equifin ality

noty

oty

Bild ung

Th eo ry

r Va

ism

ory

tio

The

l vo

Simple Feedback Scheme

Thallus Installation (Generative Design)

Transmutationism

Ge st a

Fibonacci Sequence

Computation

Tr an

Fibonacci Sequence

Ev o

Degeneration

at io n

Regeneration

Algorithmic Form Finding

/F or

Modular Design

at io n

Parametrics Design

ris

Generative Design

Regeneration

him

pson

nA hlq

Thom

von Bert a

Sea

lu tio

Modular Design

vio ve Beha

Collecti

Biomimetic Language

Kit of Parts Simple Feedback Scheme

tor

Attrac renz

Kit of Pa rts

Function

²)=

²/b

)+(y

/a²

(x²

lanff y

uis

gie

olo

rph

rb dU

te gra

Cartesian Grid

Homologous

Therm oregul ation Em b rogen y Gen era ting Sys Sy tem st e ms Th Mo ink rp ing ho ge Op ne en sis Sy Po st pu em la tio n Th in ki ng

ms Structure Syte

Entropy

n ce tio en ta qu pu Se ci m ac nis on io tat Fib mu m ns ste Sy Tra ry a n g ter kin Ca Thin ive rs u Rec s lation u op Biop m Co

er at

din

er at

ge n

ith

r ga

ith

Alg

Fo r

Fin

tals

c Fra

Sim pl e feed back Schem Gen e era tive D esig Par n a m etr ics De sig n De sig n

lar

Self-Organization

Law and Theories

m Ho

s Sy

er ay

Inte

S(t+1) = f[I(t),S(t)]

Biomimetic Language

Epigenetic Landscape Goethe

Quote

Axiom

D’Arcy

Mutat

Lud

ion

wig

e Syst

Holi

ly Po

istry

Chem

pu Com

Psychology

Robotics

logy

Self Organization

Patterno

Equifin ality

noty

oty

Bild ung

Th eo ry

r Va

tio

ory

ism

The

l vo

Ge st a

Tr an

Phenotype Gestalt Theory Transformation/Formation Theory Evolution Variational Evolution Darwinism

Evolution

Polymorphism Gene Theory Holism System’s Theory Mutation Axiom, ignorato motu, ignoratur natura

Darwinism

“Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution” -Theodosius Dobzhansky

Mutation

nio

n ly w Pa el ha ic y M og ol Bi ics ys e r Ph ctu ite ch Ar g erin ine Eng nce Scie ter

Ev o

at io n

/F or

at io n

Patternology

ris

Genotype

him

pson

nA hlq

Thom

von Bert a

Sea

lu tio

Bildung

vio ve Beha

Collecti

Funcion

Equifinality

tor

Attrac renz

Kit of Pa rts

Patternology

²)=

²/b

)+(y

/a²

(x²

lanff y

uis

gie

olo

rph

rb dU

te gra

Therm oregul ation Em b rogen y Gen era ting Sys Sy tem st e ms Th Mo ink rp ing ho ge Op ne en sis Sy Po st pu em la tio n Th in ki ng

Cartesian Grid

Homologous

ms Structure Syte

Entropy

n ce tio en ta qu pu Se ci ism ac n n o io tat Fib mu m ns ste Sy Tra ry a n g ter kin Ca hin eT iv urs Rec tions la u op Biop m Co

er at

Scholars and Professions

s Sy

er ay

rit

a og

din

er at

ge n

tals

c Fra

ith

Alg

Fo r

Fin

Sim pl e feed back Schem Gen e era tive D esig Par n a m etr ics De sig n De sig n

lar

Inte

S(t+1) = f[I(t),S(t)]

Biomimetic Language

Epigenetic Landscape Goethe

Funcion

Quote

Axiom

D’Arcy

Mutat

Lud

ion

wig

e Syst

Holi

ly Po

istry

Robotics

Chem

pu Com

Self Organization

Psychology

Patterno logy

Equifin ality

Bild ung

r Va

ism

ory

tio

The

l vo

noty

Michael Pawlyn

oty

Psychology

Robotics

Christopher Alexander

Chemistry

Th eo ry

Computer Science

Engineering

Architecture

Physics

Ge st a

Biology

Goethe

Tr an

Michael Pawlyn

Ev o

Darwin

at io n

Christopher Alexander

Antonio Gaudi

/F or

Achim Menges

at io n

Sean Ahlquist

ris

Darwin

him

nio

pson

nA hlq

Thom

von Bert a

Sea

lu tio

Ludwig von Bertalanffy

vio ve Beha

Collecti

n ly w Pa el ha ic y M og ol Bi ics ys re Ph ctu ite ch Ar g erin ine Eng nce Scie ter

D’Arcy Thompson

tor

Attrac renz

Kit of Pa rts

Goethe

²)=

²/b

)+(y

/a²

(x²

lanff y

uis

gie

olo

rph

rb dU

te gra

PRECEDENT STUDIES 3.1

Precedent Analysis 3.1.1 Precedent Synthesis

Precedent Analysis

Organism (Structure, Form, Composition)

Behavioral (Action, Dialogue, Interaction)

Ecosystem (Environment, Series of Actions)

Aldar Headquarters

Nine Bridges Country Club

Atomium

One Ocean

Beijing National Aquatics Center

Sangrada de Familia

Beijing National Stadium Biomimetic Pavilion Biomimetic Pavilion 2015 BUGA Wood Pavilion California Acadamy of Science

Starlight Theatre Stuttgart Research Pavilion Stuttgart Research Pavilion II Stuttgart Lobster Pavilion Taipei 101 The Algae House

Crystal Palace Diffusion Choir Downland Gridshell Eden Project Esplanade Theatre Frei Otto Umbrellas Gardens By The Bay Helix Bridge Johnson Wax Building Kunsthaus Graz Lotus Temple Milwaukee Art Museum National Taichung Theatre

The Eastgate Development Elytra Filament Pavilion The Gherkin Park Development Tote Tree Hopper Turning Torso Stuttgart Research Pavilion III

“Diffusion Choir” | SosoLimited Model

Organism

Bird murmuration patterns

º Grid creation

º Grid array and point selection

Measure

Mentor

Diffusion Choir’s individual segments mimic the shape of a flower, opening and closing.

Behavior

The flight patterns of birds, the swarming of a school of fish, and many other patterns are simulated with Diffusion Choir.

Ecosystem

The behavior of birds in murmuration patterns were used as a model for the suspension of this installation.

Abstraction of patterns

º Individual module creation

º Module lofting and mapping

º Module variable openings

º Module closed

“The Gherkin” | Norman Foster Model

Organism

Behavior

Ecosystem

Venus Flower Sea Sponge

º Vertical circular array

º Scaling and lofting circles

Abstraction of patterns

º Extrusion and rotation around loft

º Rotating extrusion and mirroring result

º Capping structure

Measure

Mentor

The Gherkin’s basic form and structure is abstracted from the Venus Flower Sea Sponge The design algorithms of these two structures are similar in design, helping to create the representation.

“Turning Torso” | Santiago Calatrava Model

Organism

Measure

Mentor

Turning Torso takes obvious abstractions of form from the human body and spine.

Behavior

Ecosystem

Abstraction of patterns

Torso Movement

º Floorplate modulation grouped by section

The building actively represents the behavior of the object it is mimicking, yet in a static way.

º Floorplate extrusion and twisted 90 degrees

º Core extrusion

º Spine structure modulation

º Spine structure twisted 90 degrees

“Lotus Temple” | Fariborz Sahba Model

º Circular framework created and divided

Abstraction of patterns

º Creating arcs between divide points

º Lofting results and mirroring surfaces

Mentor

Organism

The mathematical design of the temple is also similar to the Lotus flower.

Behavior

The lotus Temple uses the look of a Lotus flower to derive its form.

Ecosystem

Lotus Flower

Measure

“Eden” | Grimshaw Architects Model

º Curve and Point creations

Mentor

Organism

The project required a structure that would conform to the landscape without impacting it, similar to how bubbles will conform to their constraints.

Behavior

The structure of these geodesic domes were abstractions of the structure of bubbles.

Ecosystem

Bubble Structure

Measure

The Program of the Eden Project was directed by the nature of the program; environmental gardens.

Abstraction of patterns

º Point charge and Cocoon wrapping curves and points

º Meshing result and smoothing mesh

º Extracting geodesic structure

“Watercube” | PTW Architects Model

Organism

Behavior

Ecosystem

Bubble Structure

º Defining boundary objects

Abstraction of patterns

º Creating Voronoi based off point cloud

º Using solid difference to create structure

º Creating infill panels through extrusions

Measure

Mentor

Watercube is the National Aquatics center for Beijing, which speaks to the abstractions of a bubble structure. This project uses the Voronoi principles to create the structure The structure of Watercube uses a Voronoi pattern to generate the frame.

Beijing National Stadium | Herzog & de Meuron Model

Organism

Behavior

Measure

Mentor The structure of the Beijing National Stadium is generated through a series of intersecting elements resembling a birds nest. Beijing National Stadium is created through a similar behavior to the construction of a birds nest, using a series of elements to create a wrapped facade.

Ecosystem

Bird Nest

º Creating a point cloud and brep

Abstraction of patterns

º Creating Planes through brep º Slicing through brep to create curves

º Extruding the Curves to create surfaces º Extruding surfaces to create structure around stadium

“Tote” | Series Architects Model

Measure

Mentor

Organism

Behavior

Ecosystem

Crepe Myrtle Growth

º Creating a point cloud and brep

Abstraction of patterns

º Eliminating points outside of brep º Creating a network of lines º Choosing the Lines of Shortest Walk

º Creating s mesh º Smoothing mesh

Tote mimics the structure of tree branches to support the roof of the building.

“Milwaukee Art Museum” | Santiago Calatrava Model

Organism

Behavior

Measure

Mentor Milwaukee Art Museum uses a Burke Brise Soliel system that mimics the look of a birds wings. The structure is also kinetic and moves like the wings of a bird to allow more or lees light into the atrium space.

Ecosystem

Bird Movements

º Floorplate extrusion and twisted 90 degrees

Abstraction of patterns

º Core extrusion

º Spine structure modulation

º Spine structure twisted 90 degrees

Shortest Walk Algorithm Script:

Parameters: 2 1

Number of points in point cloud

Brep that defines bounds of structure

Number of points within proximity to draw lines

Thickness of branch structure

Facade Application This Simple Walk Algorithm can be used to define a series of varying modules through the exploration of Boundary objects. This allows the shape to be panelized through the creation of modules.

Using the parameters defined the simple growth algorithm can shaped to create large modules or intricate modules, which will change the performance and interior quality of the building.

Fabrication of these panels can be done through a series of processes including casting, printing, and hand fabricated. Due to the 3d nature of this design application, the fabrication may become more costly, but does not restrain from its ability to be optimized for performance.

Simple Growth Algorithm Script:

Parameters:

Number of points to divide Crv

3 1

Boundary Crv that determines limits of Growth

Crv that will be grown

Strength of Growth Value

Facade Application Panelization of the growth algorithm allows for modulation across the skin of a building. This also creates the opportunity for a per panel optimization making the facade more performative. The shape of these panels can also be optimized to the desired shape for the design intent.

Using the parameters defined in the simple growth algorithm can shaped to create large modules or intricate modules, which will change the performance and interior quality of the building.

Fabrication of these panels could easily take the form of laser or water cut panels, or be printed through a 3d printing process. a more complex process of fabrication could allow for further development of this process such as the incorporation of algae as a medium. This could allow for further performative functions along the building skin.

Plane Intersection Algorithm Script:

Parameters: 1

Surface to create lines on

Points that will divide surface

Facade Application Panelization of the intersecting planes allows for modulation across the skin of a building. This also creates the opportunity for a per panel optimization making the facade more performative. These panels could be part of an overall pattern, or each panel could be independent of the next.

Using the parameters defined by the plane intersection algorithm each module can be changed to use more or less intersection lines, which will change the overall experience internally and externally. This pattern creates intricate interior patterns for exploration.

Fabrication of this design will depend on the scale of the patterns. On a large scale each tube could be independently fabricated, or panels for modulation could be fabricated on smaller scales.

DESIGN PROCESS 4.1

Methodological Framework 4.1.1 Site Analysis 4.1.2 Bio Inspiration Research 4.1.3 Synthesis of Bio Parameters 4.1.4 Generation of Phenotypes 4.1.5 Physical Models

Methodological Framework

Project Analysis • Site Analysis • Programmatic Analysis • Project Strategies

Project Analysis

List of Project Requirements

Begin research of BioInspired algorithms and organize these into possible solutions for parameters

Listing the parameters for the project and separating these into a list for further development. These Parameters should also be categorized into what part of the building they affect i.e. Structure, Facade, Program, etc...

Research of Bio-Inspired Algorithms

Separation of Parameters into Categories

Project requirements based off of the project analysis.

Synthesis of Parameters List of Requirements as Parameters

Initial Tests of Parameters for Site Testing initial parameters to learn and document desired outcomes

Studies of Bio-Inspired Algorithms

Synthesizing the parameters into final sets

Setup Computational Model Construct a computational model to recreate the Bio-Inspired Algorithms

Create physical models to understand the physical tectonics and perform further analysis

Physical Models

Incorporate these algorithms into the previous parameter list and create a model for each parameter

Implementation of Algorithms

Determine if the outcome is the desired result for the project

Generate series of Phenotypes for Parameters Create a series of solutions for the initial Genotype (Parameters) determined from the project analysis.

Simulation and Analysis of Phenotypes

Feedback

Bio-Inspired Output

Run simulations on these computational series to determine the best fit for the project

Modification Perform any modifications or changes to achieve the desired result.

Site Analysis

14th Street Bridge 1150 Spring St NW, Atlanta, GA 30309

Site Analysis Located along Highway 75, 14th Street is a busy intersection for vehicular and pedestrian activity. The bridge and street corners become important site nodes for the site activity. The existing land use is highly commercial on the east side of the highway, while there is mixed use, commercial, and residential along the west side. This becomes an important transition space for the city.

Existing Site Nodes

Proposed Site

Site Boundary

Site Circulation

Proposed Activation Nodes

Site Zoning Usage

Proposed Site’s Existing Conditions

Fungal Inspiration Mycelium Growth

Examples of Fungi in Nature

What is Mycelium? Mycelium is the vegetative state of fungal plants that act as the base or root system of fungal plants. The mycelium structure is a composition of branching, thread-like hyphae. The hyphae is the term for singular branches within this structure. This structure has been used commonly to grow many bio-degradable objects such as plates, bricks, structures, insulation, etc... The focus of this project will look at the use of the growth behavior of mycelium. Mycelium spores spread along surfaces and through space. These structures can be tightly packed or spread far apart. When given a parent structure, mycelium will grow to the confines of this area. To the right are two examples where mycelium has been shaped to a specific shape. One where mycelium was only granted growth in a two dimensional plane resulting in a flat even growth outwards. The second where mycelium spores were spread along predetermined extrusions. The growth of these structures are about manipulating the properties of mycelium as it grows. The following project uses the growth pattern to generate a structure through point randomization. The randomization is accomplished through the use of Perlin Noise.

Mycelium Growth in 2D

43 Mycelium Growth in 2D

Mycelium Growth in 3D

Digital Growth Example

Growth Behavior

º Creation of origin º Vertical Circle on origin º Divided Circle into series of points

º Array of Points along x axis º Scaling of Points based of distance of origin and array

º Wandering Points starting position based on Perlin noise filter

º Points as they move through and are attracted to previously scaled points

º Interpolated curve based on points as they moved through the loop

º Points final location and resulting curves

3D Model Processes

A smaller portion of the previous algorithmic output is derived and recreated using a new script

3D Model Processes 1

Using a program called BioMorpher, hundreds of design iterations were explored and synthesized using the design parameters defined in previous explorations. This generated a final form to be explored on site in the next phase. 46

Formwork Process

Flexible Plastic Tubing

Packed Sand

• Construct outer formwork • Insert flexible tubes into formwork

• Pack tightly with sand • Close and secure formwork

• Plug remaining holes • Extract tubes from formwork

Liquid Plaster

Final Plaster Cast

Packed Sand

• Rotate vertical • Pour casting material into formwork

• Deconstruct formwork • Uncover casting by extracting sand

• Clean finished cast

Formwork Process Cont.

Formwork Excavation

Final Forms

Physical 3D Print Models

DESIGN SYNTHESIS 5.1

Architectural Development

Architectural Development Placing the defined form on site, adjustments were made to allow the form to interact with the site boundaries and other conditions. The introduction of a pedestrian bridge was added using similar methods as to that of the building mass. This form was next divided into floor plates and explored spatially through various softwares. This allowed for the placement of program throughout the building. Using the Land Use studies from earlier, the site functioned as a transition between the outer areas into the city. For this reason various program uses were selected for the building. The building would be sitting on a sub grade parking structure, while the ground floor lobby spaces would be multistory spaces to allow for explorations by the public. The next nine floors would serve commercial office space to allow for passive income for the building.

Site Plan

North/South Section

Architectural Development Above the commercial floors would be a community space open to the public. This space would be multi story and populated with garden spaces, event spaces, and views of the surrounding city. The next eighteen floors would be designated for residential usage. These would provide great views for tenants and organic living spaces. The eight floors above the residential village would be entertainment spaces that would be available for restaurants, venues, and other uses. These would provide some of the best views in the area and create a lively atmosphere.

Plan Lobby/Atrium

Plan Residential East/West Section

Plan Office Space

Plan Entertainment 54

Architectural Development

Wind Field Section

Due to the nature of the organic form generated there are many issues with tall building forms. The wind around the building would provide large wind loads through many sections of the building, but these can be used to an advantage. Through a wind analysis of the form, the areas with the highest wind loads were determined and then optimized with the addition of wind turbines that generate electricity for the building. The

Wind Vector Elevation

Enlarged Wind Vector Elevation

Wind Field Section

Wind Field Plan 55

Wind Stream

Wind Vector Perspective

Wind Turbine Integration

Architectural Development Inspiration

Abstraction

Fabrication

Facade Detail

Entertainment Village

Residential Village

Community Space

Commercial Village

Lobby/Atrium

06 Appendix 6.1

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