ACKNOWLEDGEMENTANDCONTRIBUTORS
Iamgratefultoalltheparticipantswhorepresentedtheirorganizationsand completedtheactivity.
Iwouldalsoliketothankthefollowingcolleaguesfortheirinputinsharing discussionpointsandreviewingthedraftreport:WinnieGasana,CharmaineCase, DrFeliciaKwakuOBE,SallyNyinzaandJescaGudza.
CONTENTS
Background…………………………………………………………………………………..2
Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………..2
Thestudy………………………………………………………………………………………..3
Results…………………………………………………………………………………….……..5
Discussion………………………………………………….……………………………………10
Conclusionandrecommendations……………………………………………....13
Disclaimer……………………………………………………………………………………..14
References………………………………………………………………………………………15
Appendix
AInventorylistofUKdiasporanursingandmidwifery organizations………………………………………….…………………………….…….………..16
BTableshowingnationalityrepresentationintheNHS, 2023……………………………………………………………………………….……….…….………17
CTableshowingdiasporaengagementofficesfromorigin/birth countries………………………………………………………………………………………………..18
BACKGROUND
Accordingtothestudyofetymology,theterm"diaspora"isderivedfromthe ancientGreekverbdiaspeirō,meaning"Iscatter" or "Ispreadabout".Thisreport referstothediasporaasethnicHealthCareProfessionals(HCPs)whohave migratedandarenowresidingandworkingintheUnitedKingdom(UK)asa host/residencecountrybutmaintainingstronglinkswiththeircountriesof origin/birth(THET,2021).
Asof2019,over215millionpeopleliveoutsidetheircountriesoforigin/birth.The largestistheIndiandiasporaestimatedtobeover17.5million,acrosstheworld (Canton,2021).HavingcompletedmyresearchstudyontheroleoftheDiaspora HealthOrganizationsintherecruitment,retention,andintegrationofBlackAsian MinorityEthnic(BAME)HCPsintheUK;aspartoffulfillmentforamaster’scourse, therewasagapidentifiedandtheneedtopresentabriefanalysisofwhothe DiasporaNursingandMidwiferyOrganizationscompriseof.Thisreportprovides evidenceofsomeoftheprofiles,functions,andcontributionsoftheDiaspora NursingandMidwiferyOrganizations.
INTRODUCTION
Roughlyaquarteroftheover1.3millionNationalHealthService(NHS)employees areindividualsofBAMEbackground(OfficeofNationalStatistics(ONS).InMarch 2019,theNHSreportedthat79.2%ofitsstaffwasWhite,and20.7%identifiedas belongingtotheBAMEcommunities.Ofthese,40%weremedicaldoctors,and20% wereinthenursingworkforce(Chaudhry,2020).Duringthepandemic,manyBAME HCPsformedtheseorganizations;includingtheUgandaNursesandMidwives
AssociationUK(UNMA-UK)whichthepresenterofthisreportco-foundedatthe backendofthesecondwaveofthepandemicin2020;andthemostrecentin March2022.Usingasurveytoamplifythefunctions,roles,andbackgroundsofthe organizations,thisreportpresentsthefindingsthatdemonstratetheir contributionsandachievements.
THESTUDY
Despitetheoverwhelmingcontributionofremittancesasforeignexchange, diasporaHCPspresentasuniquecontributorstoenhancinghealthcaresystems (THET,2021).However,anecdotalreportsindicatethattheyremainan underutilizedresourceinclinicalsystemsandprocedurepolicyformations (Ezaonwu,2021).
Thestudyaimedtoascertainbite-sizedinformationabouttheorganizations, showcasetheirvalue,andunderstandtheirlevelsofengagementasstakeholders incapacitybuildingforhealthcaresystemswiththeObjectivewouldinformthe stakeholdersabouttheirnatureandfunctions.
Method/Methodology
Acursoryliteraturereviewwasperformedduringthemaster’sresearchprogram study.Attwoseparatepointsintime,twoseparatesearchesoftheCochrane databasewereconducted.Themethodologyusedforthesurveywasinfourparts. I.Identificationoftheparticipants-Thetargetsofthestudywereleadersof knownorganizationswhocanprovideadeeperunderstandingofthetopicathand andbeabletocompilereliableandprecisefindingsthatwillformtheanalysisand
investigation.TheleadersoftheknownBAMENursingandMidwiferyorganizations createdandjoinedaWhatsAppgroupmessenger.BasedonAdeoye, (2023)discussionofimportantinformants;arandomsampleofinterviewswasnot applicable.
II.Purposeofthestudy-Thestudyinitiativewasdiscussedinthegroupandthe gaptoshowcasetheorganizations,theirfunctions,andvaluewasidentified.
III.Datacollection-Participationwasstrictlyconfidential;nopersonalinformation wascollected,andthedatawascodedsothatnoinformationcouldbedirectly connectedtotheparticipants.Thesurveywasconductedin2023overthree months(March–June).Theresearchmethodologythatwasutilizedtocollect primarydatawasaquestionnairebecauseprimarydataiswidelyregardedasthe superiorkindofdataandissuitablefortheinvestigation.Theleaderswereinvited toreviewandco-designtheonlinesurveyquestionnairethatincludedqualitative semi-structuredquestionswithatotalof8itemsabouttheirorganization,andthe datawascollectedwiththeuseofthesoftwareknownasGoogleForms.The resultsproducedbothquantitativeandqualitativedata.
IV.Application-Thesurveyaswellasacombinationofpreviouslycollecteddata wereutilizedsothatthefindingscouldbeanalyzedandtheresearchmethodology replicated.
RESULTS
Theresultshavebeenpresentedinorderfollowingstudyandincludesthenature oftheorganizations,thefunctions,objectives,andthecontributions.
OutofThirty-Twoorganizationsrepresentedinthegroup,eighteenleadersofthe organizationscompletedthequestionnaireactivity,indicatingthatthemajority arebasedinEngland,44.4%ofthemarebasedinLondon,and11.1%inSheffield (Seedisclaimerpage14).Theorganizationsvaryinyearsofoperation,theoldest havinglaunchedin1978.ThelistofknownorganizationsappearsinAppendixA. Nearlyhalfoftheorganizationsthatcompletedthequestionnairereportedhaving over300members.
Ofthosethatcompletedtheactivity,eightoftheleadersreportedbeing registeredasCommunityInterestCompanies(CIC),fouraslimitedcompanies, threeasCommunityInterestOrganizations(CIO),andtherestindicatedthatthey areintheprocessofregistration.
Onthequestionregardingtheobjectives,andactivities,themajorityoftheDNMO scoredhighestinthefiveareasbelow.Theyareinnoorderofpriority.
1.Tocreateasupportiveprofessionalgrouptobelongto,includingsocial belonging,andespeciallytheintentiontosupportnewIRcolleaguesandto supportthemtosettleandintegrate,feelwelcomeandmakesuccessful employmentstay.
2.Asgrassrootorganizations,todisseminateinformationintothecommunities.
3.Toprovideandparticipateinimprovedandculturallycompetenthealth care.
4.Fornetworkingopportunitiesandresourcestofacilitatetheexchangeof information.
5.Mentorship,andcoachingforcareerdevelopment.
Nearlyalltheparticipantswhocompletedtheactivityindicatedthemainareaof growthanddevelopmenttobefunding-94.1%.Thiswasfollowedbyboth
membershipandstakeholderengagementscoringat88.2%andleadershipand proposalwritingatboth64.7%.Seegraphbelow.
About80%ofthosethatparticipatedindicatedthattheyhaveprojectsand/or initiativestheyorganizeandparticipateintheircountryoforigin/birthandinthe UKasthecountryofresidence.Thesehavebeenthemedandcategorizedandthe statementshavebeenquotedandincludedinthetablebelow:-
Theme QuotesfromthequestionnaireonProjects/initiatives
Educationand training
A)Countryoforigin/Birth
Teachinginsomeofournursingschools,providingmaterialsupportto someofourhospitalsandofferingfinancialassistancetosomeUK charityorganizations
Resiliencetraining/culturalintegration
Healthandwell-being,HealthEducation.Clinicalpractice NHSinternationaldiasporaproject
ClinicalpracticePatientcareandsupportthroughvariousHealthcareinstitutional services
Clinicalskillssupport,mentor-ship,coaching,financialsupportto studentnurses.Supporttoteachersandlecturersinnursingschools.
Cancercare,mentalhealth&supportingMidwives.
Cyclone initiatives Cycloneinitiatives
Infrastructure/ supporting WearerebuildingourhospitalsbyDonatingequipmentfromsomeNHS hospitals.
healthcare systems
Equipment/ supporting healthcare systems
WorkingcloselywithourUKcommunitytosupportcontinuededucation toourhospitalssuchasmentalhealthsessions,learningdisabilities sessions,maternitysupport,drug,andsubstancemisuse.
Wehaverenovatedtwowardsintwohospitals,wehaveinthepast, sentPPEstothemainteachinghospitalinthecity,andprovidedPPEin thecityslumareas.
DuringtheEbolaoutbreakin2014,wesentateamofmentalhealthand psycho-socialmemberstohelpthevictims.Wesentmedicalequipment totheburnsvictimswhenthepetroltankerexploded.
SourcinghealthcareequipmentintheUKandshipping.
VoluntaryFieldwork,Modelwardadoptionforskillsexchange,PPE donation.Amnestyagreementwiththeregulatorybodyre:default annuallicencefeesforourmembers.
B)Countryofresidence
Stakeholder engagement
WorkingwiththeResuscitationCouncilUK,MarieCurie,DKMS,Anthony NolanandNHSBT.
Babylife,SaferBeginnings,NursingNarratives,FNF,CapitalMidwife, LondonMayor'sinitiatives,PerinatalHealthCulturalCompetency workshops,RCM,Sands
Ellie’sFoundation-charitysupportingyoungpeople.
Capitalmidwifehealthandwell-beingtask-force.Capitalmidwifeantiracismworkforce.
NHSinternationaldiasporaProject.
Publichealth andcommunity engagement
Educationand training
EducationandtraininginourcommunitiesondiseasesthataffectBAME duringtheBlackHistoryMonthinOctober.
Workingwithothercharitiestomeetthedemandsofourcommunity.
Communityoutreachprojectsincommunitieswithahighproportionof BAMEgroups.
Engagingethnicminoritiestoparticipateinprogramsthatreduce equalityandpromotediversity.
MentalhealthandFoodbanks.
SupportingyoungchildrensettlinginUKschools.
PastoralCare,Wellnessprogrammes,Masterclasses,MembershipDrive
Pastoralfornewarrival/mentoring/coaching/growingourworkforce.
Wehavecompletedapastoralbooklet;Nextplanistohavean associationApptoincludementalhealthsupport.
Pastoralcareandmembershipsupport.
HealthEducation.
ReadjustlifeintheUKandpastoralsupport.
Professionaldevelopmentandpublichealthsupport.
ProvidingPastoralsupporttoIENs,Diabetesprojectinitiativefor communityhealthpromotion,mentoringandcoachingorganization membersetc.Workingwithotherblackandminoritydiasporagroupsto promoteequalityanddiversitywithintheNHS.
Thequestionnaireactivityalsorequiredthatorganizationsidentifythemain challengesthattheyareexperiencingandtryingtoovercome.Theresultshave beenthemedandthestatementshavebeenquotedandincludedinthetable below:-
Theme
Funding
Leadershipinthe organization
Member engagement
Statementsfromthequestionnaire
Fundingforwebinars,travel,administration,etc.
Workloadandfunding
Fundingandmemberparticipationactivities
Opportunitytogetgrantsorbefundedforourlocalprojects.Wekeep applying.Werelyheavilyonmembershipsubscriptions.
Collaboration,commitment.Funding.Globalcommunity
Internalgovernance
Transformationalleadership
CommitmentofTrusteesduetopressureofwork
Lackofprotectedtime
Collaboration,commitment.Funding.Globalcommunity Membershipengagement
Paidmembership,peoplearenotkeentomakeanycontribution. Gettingmoreexecutiveteammembers
Supportfor members
Supportfrom workplace
CommitmentofTrusteesduetopressureofwork
Memberengagementduetoworkcommitments
Lackofprotectedtime widegeographicaldifferences
Membershipengagementandrecruitmentofnewmembers
Lackofengagement utilisingsocialmedia
Growingthemembershipandincludingyoungermembers. AnincreaseinmemberstotakeupOfficerposts
MembersfacingworkplaceissuesincludingNMCreferrals, Membersnotbeingprogressedintheircareers, discrimination,bullyingandharassment,lackofprofessional developmentopportunities, lackofflexibleworking
Lackofengagement
Morepastoralandprofessionalsupportforourmembers
Gettingtimeofffromworktoundertakesomeofthemeetingsbeing held.
PledgefromSeniorTeamsintheNHSandPrivatesectorforsupport. Timemanagement,weholdourjobsandtheexpectationstodeliver atourownprofessional, personalandfinancialdetriment.Weareusingourleavetosupport ourmembersanduseourpersonalfinancemoneytofundprofessional events. lackofflexibleworking
Recognitionand supportfromthe countryoforigin
Visibility
Engagementfromtopbandsfromcountryoforiginsupportingour initiatives.
Linkinginwiththecountryoforiginonleadershipandstrategy personalandfinancialdetriment.Weareusingourleavetosupport ourmembersanduseourpersonalfinancemoneytofundprofessional events.
Membersengagement,utilizingsocialmedia
DISCUSSION
Thediscussionsectionhasbeenanalyzedfromthethemesfromtheresultsofthe activity.Theyhavebeengroupedintosub-titles.
Geographicalcatchment
Alltheeighteenorganizationsthatcompletedthestudyindicatethattheyare basedinEngland.However,theCICandCIOregisterorganizationaddressesacross
theUK.Withnowoverthirtyorganizations,thereisaneedforarepeatstudyto capturemoredatathatrepresentstheorganizationsasbasedacrossthewholeof theUK.
Structureandgovernance
Theorganizationsthatcompletedtheactivitydemonstratedthattheyare independentorganizationswithbespokegovernancestructuresandreporttothe appropriateregulatorybodies.Theyindicatedthattheyareregisteredentitiesas eitherCICsorCIOsandotherswereintheprocessofregistrationevidencingtheir professionalismtoadheretoappropriatelegislationandregulation.
DiasporaContribution
Fromtheresultspresented,theorganizationsareinnovativeandevidencebridging inequalitygapsidentifiedthroughself-fundedinitiativesandcontributingto invaluableworkincludingCycloneinitiatives,outsourcingandsupplyingequipment, trainingandeducation,pastoralcare,andtheretentionandintegrationofthe BAMEHCPs.
In2023,thediasporaoverwhelminglyrecordedcontributionstothecountriesof birth/originoftheforeignexchangeasremittances,whichwasrecordedtobeUSD 656billionasreportedbyIMO,anincreaseof0.7percent.Despitethisevidenceof contribution,fewLowMiddle-IncomeCountries(LMIC)havesetupstrong, effectivelinkswiththediasporainthehostcountriesasevidencedinAppendixC.
Thismeansthatthediasporaremainsanunderutilizedresourceinclinicalsystems andpolicyformationsonproceduresandmoreinformationisrequiredto
understandandexaminetheirimpactandcontributiontoenhancingthehealthcare systems(THET,2021).
Legacyandrecognition
AsdisclosedbyEzeonwu,(2021),diasporaplayaroleinhealthinequalitiesthat requirecoordinated,multi-stakeholder,collaborativepartnershipsatbothlocal andgloballevels.Fromtheresultsabove,theorganizationshavebeencontributing tovariousinitiativesandprojectsbothinthecountriesofresidenceand origin/birth;thefirstorganizationwascreatedin1978withanoutstandinglegacy. Theseplayanin-depthcriticalroleasgrassrootsorganizationsinanalyzingdata, disseminatingit,andcontributingtopublichealthconcernsincludinghighlighting discrepanciesintheUK.
Withtheongoingdiscussionsonfundingshortages,retentionoftheBAMEHCPs shouldbeviewedasequallyessentialandtheorganizationshouldberecognizedas uniquecontributorstostrengtheninghealthcaresystems.Byharnessingthe diasporaasresourceful,skilled,experts,theirpassionshouldbereimbursed throughtheallocationoffundstosupporttheirstrategicengagementsrequired withboththeirmembershipandstakeholders.
Sustainability
Theorganizationsareindependentinnatureandtheleadershipisofferedona voluntarybasis.Theydonotreceivemainstreamfundingfortheirbudgetaryfrom theNHSwhichwouldsupportsomeoftheirprojectsandinitiativesandoffer sustainabilityfortheirvaluableinput.Asanexample,thevolunteerstudyleave
canbeconsideredandmadeavailabletotheleadershipsoftheorganizationsasa standardessentialoftheircontractedtime.
Representation
Althoughmostofthedataanalyzedinthereportdemonstratesahigh representationoftheNHSworkforce,theNMCregistershowsahighproportionof BAMEN&Msareemployedinthesocialcaresector.Througharepeatstudy,more informationanddatacanbethereforeobtainedasrequiredtoobtainahigher levelofinclusionandrepresentationofoursocialcareworkforceandachievea moreholisticperspectiveofalltheorganizations'functionsanddiversityof representationforallsectors.
Mostoftheorganizationsthatcompletedtheactivityindicatedthattheir organizationshadbeenformedattheonsetorduringthepandemiclockdownin 2020.Thereappearstobeaparallelconnectionbetweenthepandemicandthe impactandeffectofthepandemicontheBAMEHCPsinleadingtotheformation oftheorganizations.Acomprehensivein-depthstudyisrequiredtoinvestigateand offerabetterunderstandingoftheconnection,ifany.
CONCLUSIONANDRECOMMENDATION
Theorganizationsarestrategicuniquestakeholders,contributors,andliaisonsto healthinterventions.Asgrassrootsorganizations,theyprovideprofessional connectionsandupholdtheirimportantroleofdisseminatingrelevantculturally
competenthealthcareinformationintothecommunitiesasdiscussedbyBenRafael,(2013).
Sufficetonotethatasof2024,therearenowoverthirty-sixorganizationsandthe resultsofthisreportreflectafractionofthosethatparticipatedintheactivity.A furthercomprehensiveinvestigationisrequiredtofullyinvestigatethefunctions, value,andcontributionoftheorganizationsaspartoftheirjointobjectivesin strengtheninghealthcaresystemsandinordertoobtainacomprehensive generalizedrepresentation.
Disclaimer
Atthetimeofpublishingthisreport,twoassociationleadersoptedoutofthe surveyhowever,theanalysisoftheresultshadalreadybeencompleted.
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APPENDIXA
INVENTORYLISTOFUKDIASPORANURSINGANDMIDWIFERYORGANIZATIONS
AllPakistaniNurses–Email:sgakhtar@gmailcom
AssociationIsabelZendal:AssociationofSpanishNursesandHealthWorkers|Website
AssociationofSeniorKeralanNurses–Email:bejoysebastian@nhsnet
AssociationofSouthAfricanNurses,UKWebsite
AssociationofSouthAsianMidwives|Website
AssociationofZambianNurses,UK|X
BritishArabNursingandMidwiferyAssociation,UK|Website
BritishIndianNursesAssociation(BINA)Website
BritishSikhNursesWebsite
CameroonNursesandMidwivesAssociation,UKWebsite
CaribbeanNursesandMidwivesAssociationUK(CNMAUK)Website
DiasporaUgandaNursesMidwivesSociety(DUNMS)https://wwwnhccugandacom |info@nhccugandacom
FilipinoNursesAssociation(FNA)UnitedKingdomWebsite
FilipinoSeniorNursesAlliance–Email:louie.horne1@nhs.net
GambiaHealthcareMattersUK(GHMUK)Website
GhanaNursesAssociation(GNAUK)Website
HellenicBritishMidwivesAssociationtzenikoutsi@gmailcom
HongKongNursingAssociationUKWebsite
ItalianNursesandMidwivesAssociationUK|X|Facebook
IvorianAssociationforHealthPromotion,UK–Email:lydiagnahoua@nhsnet
KairaliNursesForum–Email:naveen.harikumar@nhs.net
KenyanNursesMidwivesAUKAssociationWebsite
Malawian-UKNursesAssociationforAdvancement(MUNAA)Website
MauritianNursesandHealthCareProfessionalsUK–Email:spavaday@nhsnet
NursesAssociationofJamaicaUK(NAJUK)Website
NepaleseNursingAssociationUK(NNAUK)Website
NigerianNursesCharitableAssociationUK(NNCAUK)Website
PhilippineNursesAssociationofUnitedKingdom(PNAUK)Website
PortugueseNursesAssociation–Email:danielacosta2@nhsnet
RefugeeNursesAssociation–Email:dimaabdulghani2000@gmailcom
RomanianNursesAssociation–Email:alexpinzar@tghnhsuk
SocietyofAfricanCaribbeanMidwives–Email:marshajones@nhsnet
SpanishNursesAssociationhttps://isabelzendalcouk/
SriLankanNursesAssociation–Email:dayani.baiai@nhs.net
UKTibetanNursesAssociation–Email:samtenchodon1@nhsnet
UkraineNursesAssociation–Email:kovyzhenko@yahoocouk
UgandaNursesMidwivesAssociation(UNMA-UK)|Website
UnionofUKMalayaleeAssociations(UUKMA)NursesForumWebsite
ZimbabweMidwiferyandNursesAssociation((ZIMNA)|Website
APPENDIXB
TABLESHOWINGNATIONALITYREPRESENTATIONINTHENHS,2023
APPENDIXC
TABLESHOWINGDIASPORAENGAGEMENTOFFICESFROMORIGIN/BIRTH COUNTRIES
COUNTRY
Algeria MinistryofNationalSolidarity,Familyand theNationalCommunityAbroad
Angola MinistryofForeignAffairs InstituteoftheAngolanCommunities AbroadandConsulateAffairs
BangladeshMinistryofExpatriates’Welfareand OverseasEmployment(MEWOE)
Benin MinistryforForeignAffairs,African Integration,theFrancophoneCommunity, andBenineseAbroad
BurkinaFasoMinistereDesAffairesEtrangresEtDeLa CooperationRegionale
Notavailable
http://wwwmirexgovao Notavailable
http://www.probashi.gov.bd 2001
Notavailable
http://www.mae.gov.bf 2007
Burundi MinistryofForeignAffairs,Directorateof Diaspora Notavailable
Dominica MinistryofTrade,Industry,Consumer, DiasporaAffairs
http://www.dominica.gov.dm/e mployment-trade-industry-anddiaspora-affairs
Notavailable
Egypt MinistryofManpowerandEmigration, EmigrationSector HigherCommitteeonMigration Notavailable
Eritrea MinistryofForeignAffairs,Departmentof EritreansAbroad
Ethiopia MinistryofForeignAffairs,Diaspora AffairsDirectorateGeneral;Ministryof CapacityBuilding,DiasporaCoordinating Office
TheGambiaMinistryofForeignAffairs,International Cooperation&GambiansAbroad
Ghana MinistryofInterior,NationalMigration Unit
Guinea MinistryofForeignAffairsandGuineans Abroad
http://www.mfa.gov.et/Diaspora /more.php?newsid=7 1990’s
http://www.mfa.gov.et/Diaspora /morephp?newsid=7 2002
http://www.mofa.gov.gm/index. php?option=comcontent&view=a rticle&id=58&Itemid=83
Notavailable
http://wwwmfagovgh/indexp hp?id=1 2003
NowebsiteContactno+22430 451270 Notavailable
Guyana MinistryofForeignAffairsDiasporaUnithttp://wwwminforgovgy/indexNotavailable
Jamaica DiasporaandConsularAffairsOffice
Kenya MinistryofForeignAffairs:Diaspora AffairsDirectorate
.php?option=comcontent&task=v iew&id=70&Itemid=120
http://wwwmfaftgovjm/jm/ab out-us/departmentsunits/diaspora-consular-affairs
http://www.kenyaembassytlv.or g.il/209618/MINISTRY-OFFOREIGN-AFFAIRS-ON-DIASPORA
1993
2007
Lebanon MinistryofForeignAffairsandEmigrants Notavailable
Lesotho Association:DiasporaAlliance
Liberia Ministryofstateswithnoportfolio
Malawi MinistryofForeignAffairsDiaspora Services
Mali MinistryofMaliansAbroadandAfrican Integration
http://lesothopretoria.com/?trad e14 Notavailable
http://www.emansion.gov.lr/2co ntent.php?sub=32&related=21&th ird=32&pg=sp http://www.mofa.gov.lr/public2 /doc/EOI%20FOR%20DIASPORA%2 0ADVISOR(Bank%20Comments)%20 (1).pdf
http://wwwforeignaffairsgovm w/index.php/diasporaservices/overview
1972
Notavailable
http://www.ime.gob.mx 2002
Morocco MinistryChargedwiththeMoroccan CommunityResidingAbroad Notavailable
MozambiqueInstituteforMozambicanCommunities LivingAbroad(INACE)intheMinistryof ForeignAffairs
Niger MinistryofAfricanIntegrationand NigeriansAbroad CommitteeinChargeofMigration
Nigeria TechnicalWorkingGroupand InterministerialCommitteeonMigration
Rwanda Departmentondiasporaengagement, MinistryofExternalRelationsandInternal Cooperation
http://www.iom.int/cms/en/site s/iom/home/news-andviews/press-briefing-notes/pbn2014b/pbn-listing/mozambiquelaunches-diaspora-eng.html 2014
http://www.messrs.ne/index.ph p?option=comcontent&view=arti cle&id=70:ministere-des-affairesetrangeres-de-lintegrationafricaine-et-des-nigeriens-alexterieur&catid=1:liste-desappeles-du-service-civiquenational-pro&Itemid=67
Notavailable
http://www.nigeriadiasporaday.c om/index.php/about/nnvs 2002
http://www.minaffet.gov.rw/ind ex.php?id=890 2008
Senegal MinistryofSenegaleseAbroad
Serbia MinistryofReligionandDiaspora
SierraLeoneOfficeofthePresident,Officeofthe Diaspora
Somalia MinistryforDiasporaandCommunity Affairs
OfficeforDevelopmentandPartnership withthePuntlandDiasporaCommunity
SouthAfricaDepartmentofInternationalRelationsand Cooperation
SouthSudanDiasporaEngagementSteeringCommittee forSouthSudan
SriLanka MinistryofForeignEmployment PromotionandWelfare
Tanzania MinisterforForeignAffairsand InternationalCooperation
Togo Noapparentdept,butentiresectionof websitededicatedtoTogolesediaspora affairs
http://www.diplomatie.gouv.sn2003
http://www.mfa.gov.rs/en/cons ular-affairs/diaspora/diasporageneral-information
http://wwwdiasporaaffairsgov sl/index.php?option=comconten t&view=article&id=1&Itemid=2 2007
http://www.mfa.somaligov.net https://www.facebook.com/Offi ceforDiasporaAffairs 2013
http://wwwdfagovza Notavailable
https://wwwfacebookcom/sout hsudandiasporaforhealth 2013
http://wwwforeignemployming ov.lk 2010
http://wwwforeigngotz Notavailable
http://www.republicoftogo.com /Toutes-les-rubriques/Diaspora Notavailable
Tunisia MinistryofSocialAffairs,Solidarity,and TunisiansAbroad Notavailable
Uganda Diasporaofficeintheministryofforeign affairs
http://www.mofa.go.ug/data/s menu/16/Overview-andMandate.html 2009