Connections - Summer 2017

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SUMMER 2017 | ISSUE 202

20

CASE STUDY 16 Andrew Brister sees how Darlington Locomotive Works brought the age of steam up to date

APPRENTICE OF THE YEAR 18 There can be only one: the 2017 winnerr is crowned after a gruelling g grand final

ENERGY STORAGE 2 0 The next big ig move in renewables ables will meet demand for cheaper power

‘Energy storage could revolutionise the whole energy system’ 16

29

VAN THEFT 24 Take measures to

13

defeat the tool-thieves who break into a UK van every 23 minutes

CONTRACTOR PROFILE 2 9 Bojen Electrical looks to expand among Oxford’s dreaming spires

18 HELLO 4 Freshening up Connections

TRAINING 1 0 Learn new skills and diversify your

TECHNICAL 33 Technical information 35 Ask the experts 36 Circuit protective conductors 41 Apprentice Corner 46 Selectivity and co-ordination 50 Markings on fuses 55 Compliance with regulations 58 Snags and Solutions

business through NICEIC and ELECSA’s focused training programme

INDUSTRY UPDATE 6 Live South attracts 500

PRODUCT FOCUS 61 The latest products on the market

contractors to bustling expo

ADVICE 1 3 Act smart in customer disputes,

7 An improved insurance

says Gemma Carson, and avoid damage to your wallet and your reputation

partnership with SMEi; warnings over web design companies

OFF THE TOOLS 64 ‘My classic car collection’ CAUGHT ON CAMERA 65 Barmy botch jobs and

8 Making moves in the Middle East

OPINION 1 4 Minimise the risk of vibration

incompetent installations

9 Have your say on the 18th edition of the wiring regulations

injuries, kickback and noxious dust from power tools, warns Eric Streuli, and know your legal responsibilities

CURRENT AFFAIRS 66 Pee Power headlines at Glasto

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hello

TE I CAL E MC MHN A C LANCY

Emma Clancy is chief executive officer, Certsure

Freshening up This issue of Connections features a new size and redesign, following feedback from contractors, as well as a few new sections to enjoy

W

elcome to the latest edition of Connections. As I am sure you will notice, we have changed things around this issue: we hope you enjoy the new format.

The first thing to observe is the size! Yes, the magazine is more compact, but it comes with more content than ever, including some new features we hope will appeal to you.

One of these is our redesigned technical section on pages 33-59. As one of the most popular parts of the magazine, it now has a more distinctive look and feel that will lead you to it in an instant.

Our gallery of rogue installations is also given more prominence in our new Caught on Camera feature (page 65). We hope you enjoy the new layout – but it doesn’t provide too many spit-your-tea-out moments!

As an antidote to the bad we wanted to highlight

all the good that you do. A new section, #sparkslife on page 66, showcases the variety of jobs you are involved with. Please keep sending in your photos and we will feature the best of them right here.

Another new item is Off the Tools on page 65.

When not carrying out great work around the country, many of you have an unusual hobby or pastime that keeps you extra busy. We want to highlight those interesting stories that might strike a chord with electricians elsewhere.

The changes are a reflection of your feedback.

Past surveys have let us know your likes and dislikes – and we hope we have managed to capture some of your likes in the new format while still retaining the old favourites such as contractor profiles, interesting new projects and the latest industry news.

We hope you enjoy the new design and, as always, would appreciate your feedback.

‘Past surveys have let us know your likes and dislikes – and we hope we have managed to capture some of your likes’

CO N TAC TS / CO NNE C T IO NS

Level 5, 78 Chamber Street, London E1 8BL EDITORIAL General 020 7880 6200 Fax 020 7324 2791 Email nick.martindale@redactive.co.uk Editor Nick Martindale Technical editor Timothy Benstead Sub editor James Hundleby Senior designer Craig Bowyer Designer Adrian Taylor Picture researcher Akin Falope Publishing and business development director Aaron Nicholls ADVERTISING/MARKETING Senior sales executive Darren Hale Display 020 7880 6206 Fax 020 7880 7553 Email darren.hale@redactive.co.uk Sales executive Greg Lee Email greg.lee@redactive.co.uk Classified 0207 880 7633

PRODUCTION General production enquiries 020 7880 6240 Fax 020 7880 7691 Production manager Jane Easterman Production executive Rachel Young Email rachel.young@redactive.co.uk SUBSCRIPTIONS Should you require your own copy of Connections or multiple copies for your staff, subscriptions are available by calling 020 8950 9117 CONTRIBUTIONS Connections welcomes ideas for contributions.

Please email nick.martindale@ redactive.co.uk

© Redactive Publishing Ltd 2017 17 Britton Street, London EC1M 5TP. Registered No. 3156216. All rights reserved. This publication (and any part thereof) may not be reproduced, transmitted or stored in any print or electronic format (including but not limited to any online service, any database or any part of the internet) or in any other format in any media whatsoever, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Redactive Publishing Ltd accepts no liability for the accuracy of the contents or any opinions expressed herein.

Printed by Southernprint.

Paper by Denmaur Papers plc.

The paper mill that makes the text paper for this magazine states that it uses at least 80 per cent wood pulp from sustainable sources.

ISSN 2042-5732

WWW.NICEIC.COM WWW.ELECSA.CO.UK ENQUIRIES Certsure 01582 539000 Communications manager Paul Collins 01582 539148 paul.s.collins@certsure.com NICEIC Direct Paul Elcock 01582 539709 paul.elcock@certsure.com Twitter @officialNICEIC or @officialELECSA Customer services 0333 015 6625 Sales 0333 015 6626 Training 0333 015 6627 Technical helpline 0333 015 6628 Insurance 0333 015 6629 Legal/tax 24-hour helpline 0117 934 2111 (provided by DAS Business Law)

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Electrical Labelling Kit The PT-E550 is our dedicated electrical labelling machine, ideal for electricians and electrical contractors (Compliant with IET Wiring Regulations).

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Find out more at www.shop.niceic.com p05_CON.Sum17.indd 5

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news

INDUSTRY UPDATE

Stuart Pearce reminisced about his time as an electrician for Brent Council

Live South hits the spot More than 500 electrical contractors descended on Epsom Downs for the annual Live South event from NICEIC and ELECSA. This year’s star attraction was former England footballer Stuart Pearce, who told a captivated audience about his time working as an electrician for Brent Council alongside his experiences of working with some of the most famous names in football.

Following his talk, Pearce, who was capped 78 times

by England, took time out to visit the exhibition hall, speaking to exhibitors and stopping off for hundreds of selfies with the crowd.

The crowd also heard talks from NICEIC and ELECSA’s Tony Cable and Darren Staniforth. It was the final Live South event for Tony, who clocked up more than 60 years in the industry before retiring in June.

Tony said: “I have had an amazing career in this industry and met lots of wonderful people. I hope I have managed to pass on a few things that I have learnt along the way.”

MORE THAN 500 ELECTRICAL CONTRACTORS ATTENDED

Attendees were also able to quiz NICEIC and ELECSA’s technical experts during a debate that threw up many questions surrounding the current regulations.

There were also talks from Neil Baldwin from Scolmore on emergency lighting, David Lewis from Schneider on asset management and Phillip Schuster from Loxone about the growing opportunities for contractors in smart home technology.

In addition to the talks, contractors were able to look around a thriving exhibition hall, try out the latest kit and take advantage of special offers including £250 worth of discounts.

The expo hall also featured a virtual reality experience in which contractors had to move around a virtual room spotting the electrical faults.

“Each year we try and bring something different to Live which will appeal to contractors and help them with their business,” commented Mark Smith, director of marketing and communications at Certsure, which operates NICEIC and ELECSA. “The exhibition area was also buzzing and it was great to see so many contractors getting involved and finding out about all the latest developments.”

Live North will be held on 23 November at Aintree Racecourse in Liverpool. For more information and to book your tickets, visit www.niceic-elecsalive.com

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BETTER INSURANCE DEAL FOR CONTRACTORS Certsure has appointed SME Insurance Services (SMEi) to run all insurance products for NICEIC and ELECSA. The change of broker is part of our commitment to ensure contractors receive high-quality insurance solutions that provide value for money, from the features and benefits of the policies through to the advice and guidance you’re offered and the customer service you receive.

SMEi is part of Marsh, a global leader in insurance broking and risk management. The new partnership means contractors can benefit from competitive premiums; enhanced policy features including increased limits; additional types of insurances including cover for commercial

vehicles, shops or offices; and a new, user-friendly website at www.niceic-and-elecsainsurance.com.

The previous broker, Towergate Partnerships, will continue to facilitate any current insurance policies in place until your next renewal. However, SMEi, trading as NICEIC and ELECSA Insurance Services, will then be in touch with you to discuss your insurance requirements prior to your renewal.

SMEi offers high-quality insurance solutions

If you have any insurance queries or need advice, please contact NICEIC and ELECSA Insurance Services on 0333 015 6629 or visit www.niceic-and-elecsa-insurance.com

DIARY DATES > September 12 TechTalk Milton Keynes Stadium MK 21-22 ELEX Coventry

> October 4 TechTalk Exeter Westpoint Arena 11 TechTalk Southampton St Mary’s Stadium 17 TechTalk Belfast Culloden

> November 2-3 ELEX Sandown 23 NICEIC ELECSA Live Aintree Racecourse, Liverpool www.niceic-elecsalive.com

Warning for firms over web design companies

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Be wary of unsolicited website design offers

Several companies have approached contractors offering web design services in association with ELECSA and NICEIC, we have been made aware.

We would like to remind contractors that we do not work in association with any such companies and we do not share

personal details with third-party companies who are not official partners with either ELECSA and NICEIC. We are aware of one company in particular that has approached contractors. We have now written to the managing director of this organisation and warned them to cease using the NICEIC or ELECSA name in any communications.

If you are unsure about a company offering any particular service said to be associated with ELECSA or NICEIC, we would urge you to refrain from entering into any agreement before checking with us first.

If you would like to report any company you feel has acted inappropriately, please email enquiries@certsure.com

FINAL FAREWELL Industry legend Tony Cable signed off from his final shift at the end of June.

The veteran called time on his career after more than 60 years in the electrical industry.

In his book Tony’s Final Fix, he recalls some of his most memorable events along with his own musings on how the industry has developed over time.

It is a joyous collection of tales for every electrician – to see a copy for free, visit www.niceic.com/final-fix

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INDUSTRY UPDATE

MAKING MOVES IN THE MIDDLE EAST

NEWS IN NUMBERS

57% The proportion of the electrical industry that stems from newbuild installations, according to AMA Research’s Electrical Contractors Market Report

64% The increase in theft of tools from vans in the last year, according to the BBC

64% The proportion of contractors that believe smart home installations are a specialist electrical activity, according to the NICEIC and ELECSA survey of smart home contractors

79% The proportion of engineering services firms that say turnover increased or remained the same during the first quarter of 2017, according to the Building Engineering Business Survey

86% The amount by which the number of RIDDORreportable accidents in the electrical industry fell between 2001 and 2016, according to the JIB Survey of Accidents report, released in May

NICEIC has branched out its operations to include assessments of workers in the United Arab Emirates.

NICEIC was initially invited to the Middle East back in 2015 at the request of a major employer that wanted thirdparty accreditation for the quality of its electrical workers. The company wanted to demonstrate how its workers were assessed to the most relevant and stringent levels of competency.

Since then more and more firms have sought NICEIC accreditation, including many facilities maintenance firms that have overall responsibility for the management of buildings in Abu Dhabi and Dubai.

Eddie Arrowsmith, NICEIC’s regional engineering manager, who looks after the Middle East operation, said: “There’s a dichotomy in this region.

On the one hand, the buildings here are extremely sophisticated, far more complex than those that you’d generally find in the UK in terms of size, loadings and technology.

“On the other hand, the competency levels and skills base of electrical contractors tends to be quite weak in comparison.

“There is very little in the way of formal training in this region and that is where NICEIC can help.”

NICEIC’s primary strategy is to speak with owners, developers and operators in the region’s property market.

“We need to convey the message that companies that have been assessed for competency represent a lower risk than those that have not,” he added. “It will be a long process, but I am confident that there’s a real desire to raise the bar in the Middle East.”

Webshop proves a hit with contractors More customers than ever are now using the NICEIC/ELECSA webshop.

The webshop underwent a radical revamp last year to include a range of new products, courses and services.

It now features over 650 new stock lines from leading suppliers, including our latest partnership with tool specialist Makita, the number one brand requested by contractors.

Other improvements have included: • Minimum order for free delivery reduced to £50 from £100 • Same-day despatch up to 4.30pm • Improved courier services with 99 per cent

of orders delivered within 48 hours • Goods can be delivered straight to site • Free returns within 30 days of purchase • Price-match guarantee on test equipment • Secure log-in area with access to all past purchases • Email or text confirmation of delivery The new webshop also lets contractors book services such as training or equipment hire, all in one place.

Many of these improvements are a direct result of surveys or chats with our contractors.

If you haven’t visited our shop, log on and see what offers are in store for you today. www.shop.niceic.com

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Your chance to feed in on wiring regulations NICEIC and ELECSA are urging all electrical contractors to contribute to the public consultation on the proposed changes to the 18th edition of the wiring regulations.

The 18th edition of BS 7671 IET Wiring Regulations is due out in July 2018. It will become the new national standard for all electrical installation work.

The British Standards Institute has recently launched a Draft for Public Comment (DPC) whereby contractors can get an early opportunity to see the proposed changes, and to comment on the proposals.

Alan Wells, technical standards director at Certsure, which operates the NICEIC and ELECSA brands, said: “An important stage in the

development of any standard is the DPC period.

“It is essential that anyone who feels that they have something to contribute to the draft BS 7671 standard makes full use of the public comment period to make comment on its provisions.

“All comments of the public, industry and other related parties are considered in detail by the technical committee and, if necessary, further drafting is undertaken.”

Contractors looking to get an early look at the proposals should visit standardsdevelopment.bsigroup.com where they can also add their views.

The closing date for comments is expected to be August 23, 2017

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ROGUE BUILDER PLEADS GUILTY TO LOGO MISUSE A rogue builder who falsely claimed to be NICEIC registered faces jail after deceiving customers out of thousands of pounds.

Umran Suleman, from Blackburn, pleaded guilty to 17 charges under trading standards regulations, some in his own name and some in the name of U&A Drylining Limited.

District judge Michael Hopkinson, who heard the case, said he had no doubt the offences merited a custodial sentence.

He said: “The public deserve protection from people like you. You used the logos of regulatory bodies to mislead the public as to the tradesmen working for you.”

Preston Crown Court heard from two victims of Suleman who had paid for work which was defective and attempted to get money back.

A Blackburn man is facing a custodial sentence for misleading customers

Invoices were submitted containing the NICEIC and Gas Safe logos but subsequent inquiries showed that neither of the regulatory authorities had ever heard of Suleman or his company.

Emma Clancy, CEO of Certsure, which operates the NICEIC brand, commented: “The NICEIC name is associated with quality, and we will work with the appropriate authorities to protect those contractors who are legitimately registered with us and have the quality of their work assessed on a regular basis.”

FREE POCKET GUIDE Inside this issue of Connections, you will find Pocket Guide 40 – Protective equipotential bonding of metallic gas installation pipework in domestic premises.

A printable version of each pocket guide is available on the NICEIC website.

Additional copies can be obtained by contacting the customer service department on 0870 013 0382 or at enquiries@certsure.com

BILL WRIGHT NICEIC and ELECSA were saddened to hear of the death of Bill Wright, a former non-executive director of NICEIC and most recently head of energy solutions at the Electrical Contractors Association.

Bill was also a fellow of the IET and played an important role in the development of wiring regulations.

He died in May after a battle with cancer.

CERTSURE SIGNS UP FOR LUTON TOWN SPONSORSHIP Certsure has renewed its contract to sponsor Luton Town FC for the upcoming 2017-18 football season.

The NICEIC and ELECSA logos will appear on the home and away shirts of the Hatters, who narrowly missed out on promotion from League Two last season.

Luton Town regularly host in excess of 8,000 fans at each home game.

PLATINUM PROMISE Did you know that choosing an NICEIC or ELECSA registered contractor is a home or business owner’s best option?

Why? Because NICEIC and ELECSA’s platinum promise is an assurance to your customers that any work that has not been carried out in compliance with Building Regulations will be rectified.

The Platinum Promise lasts for six years from the date of work completion and covers up to a limit of £25,000 for any one installation.

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UP TO SP E E D

New tricks

NICEIC and ELECSA roll out courses for the skills of the future, says Alan Charlton

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Alan Charlton is head of training and consultancy at Certsure

elcome to our new training page, which we hope will provide you with all the information you need to learn new skills and diversify your business.

We recently asked you for feedback on the courses we provide so that we could improve our training programmes and add new, relevant courses to support you further.

The information was very useful and thankfully a massive 92 per cent of you knew that NICEIC and ELECSA offered training in the first place.

However, while the majority of you know that we offer various electrical courses, only half are aware of the additional courses we provide such as data cabling – something we believe will be huge for contractors over the next few years.

Rapid advancements in technology are revolutionising the construction industry and creating new opportunities for contractors.

Smart home technology will soon be common in both domestic and commercial properties.

So if you are looking to add another service to your business then our data cabling course might be the perfect place to start.

Interestingly, 84 per cent of respondents said they would like any updated 18th edition training to be available online.

We have seen an upsurge in the number of people taking our courses online in recent years – because of the flexibility it provides contractors to fit in studies around work commitments.

We will of course take into account your views when it comes to providing 18th edition training, with various online options sure to feature.

Another aspect we will be developing is the number of training centres we have available.

For many of you who have not attended an NICEIC or ELECSA training event, the main reason is that courses are not available at a convenient location.

We are looking into this and will be increasing the number of colleges and training centres which can already offer our courses.

I would like to thank all those who took part in the survey. Your comments will ensure we deliver the services appropriate to your needs.

UPCOMING COURSES > August 17th edition (Dunstable, Chesterfield, Lymm) Periodic inspection (Dunstable) Safe isolation (Dunstable, Newbury, Chesterfield) PAT testing (Dunstable) Fire alarm fundamentals (Chesterfield, Lymm) Network cabling for smart homes (Dunstable)

> September 17th edition (Sevenoaks, Penkridge) Initial verification (Dunstable) Periodic inspection (Chesterfield) Electric vehicle charging (Dunstable EICR workshop (Lymm, Penkridge) Safe isolation (Lymm, Cardiff ) Please call 0333 015 6627 or email traininginfo@niceic.com for exact dates and more details

TAILORMADE TRAINING Did you know that NICEIC and ELECSA can offer bespoke training to meet the specific needs of your organisation?

Courses can be delivered at a time and place to suit you, saving on travel and accommodation costs, and all courses are developed and delivered by leading industry experts.

For more information, call 0333 202 5725 or email traininginfo@certsure.com

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KNOWLEDGE IS POWER TechTalks are handy, informative seminars aimed at anyone operating within the electrical industry. Our presenters deliver a number of technical seminars throughout the day to keep you up-to-date and ahead of the competition.

TOPICS INCLUDE: Changes to BS 5839

Arc fault detection devices

BS 7671 – The 18th Edition

EICR Coding

GAIN VALUABLE ADVICE AT A TECHTALK NEAR YOU 12.09.17 Milton Keynes | 4.10.17 Exeter | 11.10.17 Southampton 17.10.17 Belfast | 5.12.17 Swansea | 7.12.17 Bristol 7.2.18 Newcastle | 9.2.18 Leeds | 20.2.18 Newmarket 22.2.18 Wolverhampton TICKETS: £25 INC. VAT Book online at niceic.com/events or elecsa.co.uk or call 0333 015 6626

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RESO LV I N G CO MP L AINTS

Handle with care Adopting the right approach to dissatisfied customers can prevent disputes escalating further and damaging your business, says Gemma Carson

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egardless of the business you are in, there will be a time when you receive a complaint around the goods or services you have provided. How you handle that could determine whether this is escalated further, potentially costing you money or, worse, your hardearned reputation.

The following points should ensure you handle any issues professionally, and in a way that will do as little damage to your business as possible.

AVOID KNEE-JERK REACTIONS It’s common for us to see people react quickly by arguing their point over the phone or sending a heated email, but this may be an expensive mistake.

When emotions are running high, it is easy to get embroiled in a heated dispute as to the rights and wrongs, mistakes and failures, or actions and inactions of one party or another.

Initially, consider the content of the complaint; make no commitments and no threats. It’s best to ‘mantelpiece’ your response in these cases by writing out everything you plan to say in an email and putting it on your virtual mantelpiece to revisit, without sending.

Only return to the draft once you have calmed down, and decide whether it’s logical to send the same response or whether you need to amend it or start again.

Gemma Carson is a partner at law firm Wright Hassall www.wrighthassall.co.uk

CHECK THE CONTRACT Check whether a service agreement and/or a contract exists between the parties. It’s important to read any agreements carefully and check what they actually say.

With an agreement in place, you may be able to respond by pointing out relevant contractual terms that may help manage the situation.

ACKNOWLEDGE THE ISSUE Be proactive and do not ignore the complaint. You can often stop it becoming a bigger problem if you take steps to deal with it when it happens.

Meeting face-to-face often helps to air problems before they escalate – it’s better to either raise the matter directly or seek legal advice before you do.

If it feels serious, make sure you retain all

the information relating to the issue. Include documents, correspondence, any products/ specimen products from the same batch, and document any inspections of installations or equipment/machinery.

CONSIDER COLLABORATION If a dispute cannot be resolved easily, early intervention could prove effective, using more collaborative methods of dispute resolution.

These include mediation, conciliation and negotiation, as opposed to court proceedings or arbitration.

Early intervention offers significant benefits: • Speed A dispute could be resolved more quickly • Costs The costs can be significantly reduced in comparison with traditional court proceedings • Flexibility It offers more flexible and commercially focused resolutions for resolving disputes • Relationships Parties are often allowed to preserve working/commercial relationships • Publicity Confidential resolution processes that can be beneficial and sometimes compulsory • Concurrency Intervention can, if necessary, be used alongside other methods of dispute resolution.

SEEK LEGAL HELP Dispute resolution advice is very effective when an issue first emerges. Lawyers do not need to take an active role, but can offer legal guidance focused on strategy and resolving complaint situations by defusing potential disputes, while preserving the commercial position for the future.

The most important legal factor to remember is that a rash statement or decision to stop providing a service – by sending that email draft without first putting it on the virtual mantelpiece – may cause a serious breach of contract.

A breach of contract can entitle the party affected to terminate the contract and bring legal proceedings against you for damages.

Finally, if parties have become so embroiled that legal proceedings seem the only option, choose to work with experienced lawyers, accomplished in commercial disputes, who demonstrate a commitment to an early, pragmatic, commercial and cost-effective resolution.

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SA F E T Y

Hidden risks Electrical contractors must take steps to minimise the risk of injury from power tools, including from less obvious dangers, says Eric Streuli

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ood practice with power tools is instilled early into professional tradespeople, but we should always look beyond the obvious threats. Three of the most dangerous hidden factors are vibration, which slowly damages internal tissues; unexpected obstacles within structural materials; and dust, perhaps the most lethal of all.

Almost 2 million people in the UK are at risk from hand-arm vibration syndrome, according to the Health and Safety Executive (HSE). Nerve damage develops gradually, and eventually becomes permanent – leaving sufferers unable to work.

In 2015, new industrial disablement benefit claims for the related conditions of vibration white finger and carpal tunnel syndrome totalled 895.

Using manufacturers’ vibration ratings, a calculator on the HSE website will tell you how long a particular tool can be used safely each day. Tools with vibration control or dampening extend that time and improve user comfort.

Many sudden injuries from power tools result from ‘kickback’, where a drill bit, grinding disc or saw blade is halted by something unexpectedly

resistant in the work material. Rotation instantly transfers to the tool itself, with horrifying results.

Kickback control systems can now detect sudden tool movements and cut the power. Detection equipment should be used to scan for concealed cables or pipes before drilling or cutting, while welldesigned guards help keep blades and flesh apart.

The HSE estimates, annually, around 12,000 deaths from respiratory diseases due to past working conditions, and 14,000 new cases of workrelated breathing or lung problems.

A purpose-built vacuum cleaning system with appropriate filtration levels is a must. Dust masks and other personal protective equipment should be a last resort.

If you provide workers with power tools, you have a legal responsibility to safeguard them against these hazards. There is a heavy human cost to failing in this duty. And, remember, your health is your capital. Make sure you protect it.

Eric Streuli is UK training manager for Bosch Power Tools www.bosch-professional.com

IN FO C U S / RYAN CROSS How did you get into the industry?

I was a professional footballer at Plymouth, Hartlepool and Bury, when I started thinking about life after football. A guy who wanted to sign me ran his own electrical business, and offered to train me up if I played for him at Bodmin, so I did. That was 15 years ago.

What do you do today?

I’ve been running my own business for two years, and take on anything within an hour and a half of Plymouth.

Ryan Cross RC Electrical, Plymouth

Where do you get work from?

It’s mainly word of mouth. People

know my name from football, although I had more hair when I was younger so I don’t get recognised as much now!

broken into, so we’re getting a lot of calls to install CCTV.

How would you like to grow the business?

Your mind is always working, so you never shut off. But you have to learn to deal with that.

Recently I’ve been turning work away rather than get too big but I’m now thinking about going for it. I’ve taken an apprentice on, and the next step would be to take on a young qualified sparky, and then go from there.

Would you get involved in different sectors?

At the moment there are a lot of van thefts, and sheds are being

What’s the hardest thing about working for yourself?

What do you do outside work?

I play for Plymouth Argyle’s veterans team in charity games.

Other than that, it’s family.

If you are a small business or sole trader and would like to feature in In Focus, email infocus@redactive.co.uk

14 SUMMER 2017

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www.niceic.com 13/07/2017 09:31

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07/07/2017 12:10

C ASE ST U DY

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“

hile we’re all busy embracing today’s technologies, it’s nice to hark back to the days of yesteryear from time to time. If truth be known, I think most of us have a soft spot for the days of steam.”

Richard Mann, electrical quality manager and NICEIC qualified supervisor at Nottingham-based PWP Building Services, is talking about the firm’s recent lighting scheme at the remarkable Darlington Locomotive Works (see box), where a small team of dedicated enthusiasts are keeping the days of steam alive.

Darlington Locomotive Works is home to the A1 Steam Locomotive Trust, a registered charity. The much-loved A1 steam locomotives were designed by Arthur H Peppercorn, the last chief mechanical engineer of the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER).

The culmination of a line of famous express locomotives for the East Coast ast Main Line, the last A1 was scrapped rapped in 1966. numbered Now a brand new w A1 A1,, nu n umb mber e ed 60163 dubbed 163 and dubb bed d Tornado, Torrna nad do o, has has ha been by the en brought broug ghtt tto o li llife ife fe b y th he trust trus rustt att

its Darlington base. The team built a completely new A1 to the original design, with the help of the latest technology. Fitted with additional water capacity and the latest railway safety electronics, Tornado is fully equipped for today’s main-line railway and has been out running for seven successful seasons.

With the A1 project completed, the trust has now established the P2 Steam Locomotive Company to build a new Gresley class P2 Mikado, numbered 2007 and called the Prince of Wales. The Gresley class P2 steam locomotive was the most powerful express passenger locomotive to operate in the UK. Six class P2s were built between 1934-36, but sadly the design was never fully developed and they were scrapped by 1961.

It is estimated that the new P2 will cost around £5 million to build, with completion expected in 2021.

As with Tornado, funds will be raised through regular monthly donations, commercial sponsorship, loans and a bond issue.

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the workshop’s lighting to today’s LED technology, with improved light output and energy efficiency.

“There’s also a slight twist to this story, as the works were completed under the watchful eye of former NICEIC area inspector Tony Lord who, since retiring, has spent a great deal of his time making things tick behind the scenes as buildings manager,” explains Richard.

With money tight for the charity, the extent of the works quickly became clear following a survey of its premises by PWP. “The funds weren’t available for new circuitry and cable containment, so it was a case of retaining as much of the installation as possible, while replacing the old lamp technology

‘If truth be known, I think most of us have a soft spot for the days of steam’ with modern, efficient fittings,” Richard says.

PWP has replaced 40 inefficient twin 70W T8 reflector type fluorescent luminaires with 40 high-output LED 65W luminaires complete with GRP body and polycarbonate diffusers arranged in four rows. “It is a potentially arduous environment with the steam engine, so we opted for Dextra’s Dexeco Eco Impervia fittings,” says Richard. This IP65rated, moisture-resistant luminaire is capable of supplying 9,600 lumens, and the scheme has delivered a very good uniformity across the workshop area.

The construction of P2 was well underway when PWP arrived on site, so the contractor had to contend with a live working environment in which to access the high-level luminaires. “We had to be mindful of the stock that was in the workshop and work around that,” points out Mann.

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Tornado: Darlington Locomotive Works gave this Victorian classic a new lease of life on modern track

Works in progress The old lighting system

TORNADO IMAGE: EDWARD J DYER

“The engine was taking shape down the middle of the building so we also had to work around that.

With work ongoing, it was case of leaving certain fittings in if they were needed for a piece of work and taking others down, rather than working to a sequence.”

LIGHT RELIEF The installation gets the thumbs up from former area inspector Tony: “The engineer doing most of the work says that the new lighting is perfect, leaving minimal shadows and providing sufficient illumination for both construction and painting.”

As well as an improved working environment, the charity will benefit from the reduced running costs for the energy-efficient LED luminaires. “We reduced the electrical load from 5.6kW to 2.6kW maximum,” adds Tony.

“We now find ourselves only having to use two rows of the lights even

The new lighting system

£5M: THE ESTIMATED COST OF BUILDING THE NEW P2 LOCOMOTIVE

in mid-winter, and our usual lighting electrical load is down to 1.3kW.” The only time that the trust has needed to turn on the righthand row of lights was when James May of Top Gear fame came in recently to manufacture a part for the new locomotive.

“He was working under a torch light held by our engineering director until I turned it on.

I cannot mention the expletive used by him when the light came on but it impressed him,” Tony quips.

“We would like to thank PWP for its invaluable help in achieving these savings and their professionalism in the way they worked around our production process to complete the project.

I always had confidence in this company from the word go.”

It’s not just the steam locomotives that have a rich heritage. The Grade II-listed Darlington Locomotive Works building, built in 1853, has its own place in history.

In 1995, the A1 Steam Locomotive Trust signed an agreement with the building’s owner Darlington Borough Council to set up its permanent base in what was to become the new Darlington Locomotive Works.

Restoration and conversion of the building, including lowering the workshop floor by one metre, was paid for by grants from Darlington Borough Council, the National Heritage Memorial Fund and the European Regional Development Fund. The trust opened its doors in September 1997.

The trust occupies the restored southern end of the building.

The North Eastern Locomotive Preservation Group occupies the unrestored northern end.

Work is currently underway to restore upstairs rooms, including Arthur Peppercorn’s former office.

Andrew Brister is a freelance journalist specialising in the electrical industry

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13/07/2017 09:32

A P P RE N T IC E O F T H E Y E AR

George Maynard from Leicester overcame tough competition to take the title of 2017 NICEIC and ELECSA Apprentice of the Year at the grand final in June

M

ore than 400 started off, but in the end there could only be one winner. And so it was that George Maynard from Leicester was crowned the 2017 NICEIC and ELECSA Apprentice of the Year.

The 25-year-old battled through three tough stages to come out on top, including a grand final that tested the skills of all eight finalists.

George said: “I was shocked when they called my name out. I thought all the lads in the final produced some great work and they were all top guys.

I think getting to the final was a great achievement, to be honest. It’s a lovely way to round off all the hard work I have put in over the last three years.”

The finalists were put through a gruelling day of challenges at the headquarters of competition sponsor Scolmore Group in Tamworth in June.

The nine tasks were designed to assess their ability across a range of disciplines including testing, fault finding, conduit bending, tray manufacturing and safe isolation. This year’s final also included a virtual

‘It’s a lovely way to round off all the hard work I have put in over the last three years’

IMAGES: I.ONE PHOTOGRAPHY

By George! reality task followed by an interview with Certsure’s technical standards director Alan Wells.

Darren Staniforth, technical development manager with NICEIC and ELECSA, said: “We really wanted to test their ability to carry out a range of tasks that we feel all good, skilled apprentices should be able to do, along with some tests that they might not have been so comfortable with.

“It was tough choosing a winner but I am confident all of them will go on to have a successful career in the industry.”

George was presented with a holiday voucher worth £2,000; runner-up Michael Costello, 25, from Edinburgh received a holiday voucher worth £750; and third-placed Billy Stapleton, 20, from Essex received a £250 holiday voucher.

All eight finalists were given an engraved glass trophy, an iPad and a kit bag containing an array of Scolmore’s electrical accessories.

NICEIC and ELECSA’s Apprentice of the Year competition is designed to support the talents of all electrical apprentices across the UK. The competition is intense and competitive but comes with great rewards to all who enter.

If you think you have what it takes to be the next Apprentice of the Year or you are an employer who feels your lad or lady could be the one, then keep an eye out for more details of next year’s event, coming soon.

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Meet the winner George is currently studying at Leicester College while working for EDSB Fire and Security, which also won a year’s free registration with NICEIC as part of the overall prize.

It was the second time George had entered the competition, after making it to stage two in the previous year.

His attitude and dedication impressed everyone, including Neil McManus, programme area manager for construction at Leicester College. “George is an outstanding student,” he said.

“He continuously shows willingness to learn and improve, and supports other students and learners in the workshop. He’s the full-rounded electrician, the type of person you want to see in the future with their own company looking to put back into the industry.”

George intends to take his pals away to Barcelona with the voucher from his victory.

But longer-term he has bigger plans. “I am keen to learn as much as I can and see where it takes me,” he said. “There are lots of opportunities out there and I want to experience as many aspects of the trade as possible.”

“George is a very fitting winner,” added Alan Wells, Certsure’s technical standards director. “His level of skill and overall enthusiasm shone through and we wish him, and all of the other finalists, the very best in their future careers.”

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13/07/2017 10:07

EN ERGY STO R AGE

The next big move in renewables is likely to be the use of energy storage technology and the cost-saving solutions designed to capture power and release it when required

BY ROB SHEPHERD

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A SIGNIFICANT AND WELCOME

increase has occurred in renewable energy generation in recent years.

Although this plays a vital role in helping meet the growing demand for power, a new challenge involves storing this energy, so it can be used at times when people actually need it.

The UK government has identified the importance of storage for future energy systems, with prime minister Theresa May even suggesting a postBrexit Britain will be a world leader in this area with the creation of a new research institution, headed by the government chief scientific adviser Mark Walport.

Energy storage is a fairly simple concept that involves storing electricity and heat when it is cheap and plentiful, and using it later when supply may be scarce or expensive. It is thought that if the peaks and troughs of renewable energy generation can be levelled out, then the UK will require fewer conventional power stations to meet peak demand.

It’s a view shared by Paul Reeve, director of business and external affairs at the Electrical Contractors’ Association (ECA). “We have now reached the stage where the UK energy challenge is far less about how to produce low- to no-carbon electrical energy, and much more about how to distribute, store and use it,” he says.

The energy storage sector has the potential to deliver tremendous benefits for system stability and security of supply, as well as helping to lower the amount of CO2 generated. There are close to 900,000 homes with solar photovoltaic (PV) panels, but this energy can rarely be used at times of peak demand. More to the point, it is estimated that the National Grid spends £1 billion a year on balancing and managing the demand and supply of energy.

“A residential property with solar panels tends to export the majority of the power it gains from the sun during the day because demand is low, but has to draw energy from

the grid in the evening when the solar panels are not able to generate electricity,” explains Richard Molloy, business development manager for energy storage at Eaton. “At grid level, it is possible to relieve congestion at peak times by putting power closer to the point of use.”

SUPPLY AND DEMAND Energy storage, though, is still at an early stage. “At present, most of the demand is at the large scale, with renewable developers applying to build several GW of storage,” says Frank Gordon, policy manager at the Renewable Energy Association.

“There is interest from consumers and businesses as well, with probably a few thousand units installed in the past 18 months, but the number of projects is still low compared to the amount of solar PV panels. This is expected to change rapidly as energy storage costs continue to fall in the next 12 months.”

Currently, a number of trials are taking place that could accelerate demand. In early 2017, Powervault, in partnership with UK Power Networks, initiated a £625,000 project to install batteries in 60 homes. Each unit stores 2-4kWh, which is enough energy to watch television for 14 or 28 hours, or wash two to four full loads in a washing machine.

“A control and monitoring system works out whether you are importing or exporting electricity,” says Joe Warren, managing director at Powervault. “If you are exporting, it will charge the batteries until they are full. If it notices that you are importing electricity it will start to discharge energy and reduce the amount of energy being imported from the grid by offsetting that with the energy in the battery.”

There is a growing number of solutions available. One with the highest profile is Tesla’s Powerwall 2, a rechargeable lithium-ion battery designed to enable self-consumption of solar power, emergency backup, load shifting and other grid service applications.

“Powerwall 2 consists of a 14kWh lithium-ion battery pack, a liquid thermal control system, an integrated inverter and software that intelligently dispatches electricity when it’s needed most,” says Laura Hardy, Tesla’s communications manager, UK and Ireland. “The unit mounts seamlessly on a wall or on the ground, indoors or outdoors, and is integrated with the grid to export excess energy, maximising the opportunity for economic benefit.”

Energy storage technologies can be divided into those that store electrical energy and those that store heat energy. According to the International Energy Agency, heat accounts for 46 per cent of world energy consumption, and electricity just 17 per cent.

Heat energy storage is therefore

‘A residential property with solar panels tends to export the majority of the power it gains from the sun during the day’ an area that has potential for huge gains, and the sector is witnessing some exciting developments. “Our SunampPV stores solar-generated electricity as heat to provide instant hot water,” says Sunamp’s CEO Andrew Bissell. “It is smaller and lighter than an equivalent capacity hot water heater, and can provide up to 75 per cent of a household’s annual hot water free of charge.

Working alongside renewables and energy efficiency initiatives, heat energy storage could revolutionise the whole energy system.”

COST OF CONTAINMENT Clearly, many benefits are associated with both large- and small-scale energy storage; however, it is not a cheap option in terms of capital expenditure, which may inhibit

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EN ERGY STO R AGE

20-30% The amount by which the cost of lithium-ion batteries is expected to fall each year until 2020

the growth of the sector. According to Tesla, one 14kWh Powerwall 2 battery comes in at £5,400 and the supporting hardware costs £500.

The typical installation cost ranges from £800 to £2,000, which does not include solar PV installation, electrical upgrades or any retailer/ connection charges that may apply.

When looking at return on investment, two established trends are currently driving the energy storage market: rising electricity costs and decreasing technology costs. According to government figures, electricity costs rose by 41 per cent between 2007 and 2013, while in 2015 Deutsche Bank calculated that the cost of lithium-ion batteries halved in the previous 12 months and is likely to fall by 20-30 per cent each year up to 2020.

“Although this is a very exciting sector, cost is a massive challenge to overcome in terms of achieving faster adoption,” says Paul Collins, technical services manager at Certsure. “Things are certainly heading in the right direction, but it could take some while and we will need to see more early adopters and further initiatives to give consumers a better understanding of the technology on offer and how it can benefit them.”

GOLDEN OPPORTUNITY Energy storage is also opening up new opportunities for electrical contractors, who will already have many of the skills necessary and can use it to complement any existing renewables work.

Molloy at Eaton offers three key pieces of advice for electrical contractors looking to get involved.

“Firstly, work with a reputable

manufacturer,” he says. “It’s important that they will still be around in 10 years. Secondly, it’s vital to ensure that all staff are trained. This is especially important in the residential sector because it’s not just about following the standards but about the claims you make in any discussions with customers. To that effect, abiding by the Renewable Energy Consumer Code is vital.

“Thirdly, look for a partner that prioritises safety, quality and responsibility over all other considerations. There are unscrupulous operators in this space already, which is evident from the number of complaints being recorded.”

Bissell at Sunamp also believes this is a potential growth area, although he sounds a word of caution: “Contractors need to stay up to speed with emerging technologies

On the ball Eaton is now the official home energy storage partner of Manchester City Football Club; something which has coincided with the launch of a limited edition of Eaton’s xStorage Home residential energy storage system.

Using Eaton’s power quality technology and electronics, combined with second-life or new electric vehicle batteries from Nissan, the system offers customers greater energy independence and control.

The technology enables customers to increase their use of renewable energy and lower energy bills by up to 50 per cent. When connected to residential power supply and/ or renewable energy sources, the unit helps save money on electricity bills by charging up when renewable energy is available or energy is cheaper and releasing it when demand and costs are high.

“Aside from making power safe and reliable, it also needs to be sustainable to improve our overall quality of life and contribute to a better environment,” says Cyrille Brisson, vice president for Europe, the Middle East and Africa at Eaton. “Energy storage is a key part of that strategy.”

‘Although this is a very exciting sector, cost is a massive challenge to overcome in terms of achieving faster adoption’ and work with manufacturers to fully understand the capabilities of the available systems to ensure they are recommending the best solution,” he says. “In many cases this could be to install both heat and electrical storage systems.”

There are still many hurdles to overcome before energy storage really takes off, but the potential for this technology is obvious as take-up of renewables continues to grow. Ultimately, ensuring that

energy supply matches demand, while improving cost efficiencies by storing energy generated when the sun shines to meet heat demand on a cold and rainy day, can only be good news for the renewables sector, and those involved in specifying, installing and maintaining this technology.

Rob Shepherd is a freelance business journalist specialising in the building services industry

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V E HI C L E S E C U R IT Y

The theft of tools from vans, or the vehicles themselves, is becoming an increasingly common occurrence for electrical contractors. Taking a few precautionary steps can reduce the risk

BY DAVID ADAMS

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K

IMAGE: SHUTTERSTOCK

elly Vincent, owner of Kelly Electrics, a four-woman firm of electricians, became a victim of vehicle crime when thieves broke into her van one night in 2012 while it was parked outside her house in south London.

“They took my toolbag – which contained tools I had collected over the years that were very difficult to replace – drills, cash and even my make-up bag,” she says. “I had to cancel all my jobs over the next two days while I frantically searched online for deals on tools. The value of hand tools I lost totalled nearly £500.” This year, her colleague Elly White’s van was also broken into, with thieves getting away with expensive testing equipment and drills.

These are not isolated incidents.

Figures obtained by BBC Radio 5 Live earlier this year from the 45 UK police forces showed that the number of reported thefts from vans rose from 14,063 in 2014-15 to 22,749 in 2016-17.

True, there are more than 4 million vans on the road in the UK, according to the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders, so only a tiny number of van owners suffer such thefts, but this is clearly still a common crime, and one to which electrical contractors’ vans are particularly vulnerable. Those figures suggest tools are stolen from vans in the UK on average once every 23 minutes.

As Matt Weston, product manager, LCV and electric vehicles, marketing, at PSA Group (which produces Peugeot and Citroen vehicles), puts it: “You’ve got a toolbox on wheels: something valuable that people are keen to get access to.”

22,749: THE NUMBER OF THEFTS FROM VANS REPORTED IN 2016-17

A VAN BREAK-IN OCCURS EVERY 23 MINUTES ACROSS THE UK

THE TWO MOST COMMONLY STOLEN VANS ARE THE FORD TRANSIT AND THE MERCEDES SPRINTER

more than standard locking and ignition systems is at risk of theft or targeting by thieves. The motor and insurance industries are currently concerned about an increase in the use of skeleton keys, which enable swift access to a vehicle as easily as if the thief had the real key. Digital ignition systems are also relatively easy to hack.

The on-board diagnostics (OBD) port, located near the steering column, is also a security vulnerability. “It is possible to plug a laptop into the OBD and add an additional key for the vehicle,” Ashton explains. “The process can be completed in less than a minute.”

FIGHTING BACK There are things you can do to address these vulnerabilities. Fitting a lockable device over the OBD port, and using ignition locks, or pedal boxes and steering locks, can all help to deter and even defeat attempts to steal the van.

But these devices won’t stop someone breaking into the back of the van to steal its contents. Now there are usually solid bulkheads between the cab and the back of the van, thieves often get into the back of the vehicle by peeling open a weak part of the panelling on the side or rear doors.

‘You’ve got a toolbox on wheels: something valuable that people are keen to get access to’

WEAK POINTS Simon Ashton, vehicle industry liaison for security solutions provider Selectamark, says theft from or of vans is now less likely to be opportunistic: much more of it is the work of highly organised illegal businesses.

The two most commonly stolen vans are the Ford Transit and Mercedes Sprinter, which are stolen to order for parts that are then sold online. These vans are so popular simply because they are the best-selling vans, so offer the two most lucrative markets for spares.

But any vehicle protected by nothing

Having a lockable toolbox or locking up valuable tools with a strong wirelock could prevent the theft of some items, says Simon Cook, LCV leader at leasing company Arval.

“Anything that will slow thieves down is worth having,” he says.

You can also mark tools with UV tracer and microdot markings that identify them as yours, but cannot be seen without special equipment.

Manufacturers of marking kits such as Selectamark also offer the opportunity to upload photos of individual tools to their databases, which can then be shared with police to help reunite stolen items with their owners.

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V E HI C L E S E C U R IT Y

Learning the hard way -

Glen Dunkin has been working as an electrician for more than 25 years, serving clients in south London and across the surrounding region. Two years ago his van was broken into while parked outside his house in Banstead, Surrey.

After the initial shock, he then had to wait for almost a year before his insurer would pay out on his claim, after which it then increased a quote for his next annual premium by £500.

He now makes sure he takes all his tools out of the van and into his house every night. “It’s a bit of a pain but it’s worth it, rather than having them stolen again,” he says. He has also installed a CCTV camera at his house.

Unfortunately, this spring he was hit by a second robbery while the van was parked outside a client’s property. “I was gone for 20 minutes and when I came down the van was unlocked and all the tools were gone,” he says.

“They’d taken everything, even my paperwork. That did knock me back a bit.

“Since then I’ve bought deadlocks for the rear and side doors. That came to about £350 and if I want the front ones done it will be another £400. It’s all more money, but it’s what you’ve got to do these days.”

Additional measures to improve security include fitting extra shielding around doors and locks, Thatcham-approved alarms, and alarms and immobilisers.

RECOVERY PLAN If a van is stolen, tracking technologies like Teletrac can help police to recover the vehicle, although in some cases thieves will be able to find and remove the tracking system. But, if all else fails, insurance could be what saves your business from complete disaster.

You need to make sure you have the correct cover, and that you have provided accurate information to

‘It’s a gut-wrenching feeling when you set off to work only to find your tools have been taken’ the insurer, to be certain a claim won’t be refused on a technicality.

Lee Tetley, operations director, NICEIC and ELECSA Insurance Services, says you should make a simple registry of the tools you have, ideally keeping a record of serial numbers and receipts.

“It gives the insurer very clear details of exactly what tools you owned,” he says. “Straight away you bypass a lot of the form-filling.”

He also stresses the importance of buying all the cover you need. People

Security measures • Lock your van at all times • Install security lighting and/or CCTV where the van is parked • Use a Thatcham-approved alarm or buy/lease a van with these fitted

tempted to buy “the premium they want, rather than the cover they need” may find that any savings they gain at the outset are dwarfed by the loss they suffer when they can’t claim for everything stolen.

He advises contractors to check with their insurer they have all the cover they need, asking them to explain the relevant section of the policy if it is jargon-heavy.

Providing an insurer with a crime reference number may help speed up the claims process. “It may expedite the claim significantly, because then the insurer knows the loss is valid,” Tetley explains. Some insurers may insist on the theft having been reported to the police before they will settle the claim.

Yet the most important actions a contractor can take are those that significantly reduce the chances of having to make a claim in the first place. “If a person’s livelihood is in that van, they’ve got to secure it to the utmost,” says Ashton at Selectamark. “Once you lose your van, everything goes: your work, all those tools you’ve accumulated, the money.”

Kelly Vincent simply suggests that electricians keep anything of value in the van as well hidden and protected as possible. “And get an alarm,” she says. “It’s well worth the peace of mind: it’s a gutwrenching feeling when you set off to work only to find your tools have been taken.”

David Adams is a freelance business journalist

• Don’t leave equipment in the van overnight • Fit stronger locks, or get a van with stronger locks • Keep tools inside a lockable toolbox and/or use extra locks to secure tools and toolboxes inside the van • Use tracking technology to increase the chance of a stolen van being recovered

• Use extra security devices in the cab, such as OBD and ignition security locks • Mark van and tools with security markings that may deter thieves and enable recovery of stolen goods • Make sure you have the right insurance cover and keep a registry of your tools to help speed up a claim

26 SUMMER 2017

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13/07/2017 11:09

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11/07/2017 16:35

CONTRACTOR PROFILE

Abingdon firm Bojen Electrical has thrived on the back of contracts with Oxford University and working on local landmark buildings

LEARNING ON THE JOB

IMAGES: DAVE FLEMING/UNP

L

ike many electrical businesses, Abingdonbased Bojen Electrical is the result of two colleagues having the belief they would be able to successfully start up their own company. It was back in 2005 when Wayne Bound and Craig Jennings – the first letters of each surname giving rise to the company name – decided to branch out on their own after realising the potential to win work in the local area.

“I did an apprenticeship with a local company in Oxford and had worked my way up to running large projects for them, and Craig was a selfemployed electrician who had worked on a few jobs with me,” recalls Wayne. “I was a foreman but more of a contracts manager, and Craig was more of a foreman. We started doing our own work on weekends and decided that we would set up a company and took it from there.”

But it was the potential for work with Oxford University that really helped make up their minds to go for it. “We’d done work for them previously, and asked them if we were to set up a company whether we would be able to enrol on any lists so we could work directly for them.

They were happy with that; we had to meet certain criteria, but that was the main reason why we went for it.” It proved a good move: the new business started out doing laboratory refurbishments worth around £10,000 and also

Founder-directors of Bojen Electrical, Craig Jennings (left) and Wayne Bound

worked for the estates department, and remains a contractor for the university to this day.

Not long after starting up came the economic downturn, but being a young company with relatively low overheads meant it was able to prosper. “We never really felt the recession,” says Wayne. “We were doing a quality job, and they were happy to pay us because we were still cheaper than the larger companies. We were working from my house and I would do paperwork in afternoons or evenings.”

‘We specialise in LED installation and energy saving. People don’t realise how quickly they can save money’ The business eventually took on an apprentice and other staff and moved into its current premises on a local industrial estate in 2013.

Today, the business turns over £1.3 million and employs 20 people, including five office-based staff and five apprentices, with both Wayne and Craig now off the tools. They are assisted in the office by Wayne’s wife Nikki, contracts

29 SUMMER 2017

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CONTRACTOR PROFILE

BOJEN'S BIGGEST JOB WAS A £750,000 REFURB OF STUDENT FLATS

THE COMPANY EMPLOYS 20 PEOPLE

IT AIMS TO INCREASE TURNOVER BY £150,000 A YEAR

manager John Simms and admin assistant Sarah Tamburro. The last two have been brought in over the past six months to help free up the other three to develop the business. “We’re trying to give everyone the right roles so it gives me time to go out and sell the business,” says Wayne.

DUAL FOCUS Most of the company’s work today is commercial or newbuild, although it also undertakes domestic work and will sometimes push this through social media in the quieter winter months. Recent projects include working on the final phases of the conversion of the Old Gaol building in Abingdon into apartments, and a three-year project working in a listed building on Beaumont Street in Oxford city centre. “We did all the infrastructure for the data and the power, and fitted high-tech Dali lighting with all the controls,” says Wayne. “It was a very specialised job because there were lots of restrictions. We were the main contractor on that, and employed builders and fire alarm specialists.”

The work with Oxford University has seen it undertake its biggest job to date – an 18-month project worth £750,000 on the refurbishment of student flats in Summertown – and also led to a contract with the John Radcliffe Hospital working on new MRI suites.

Company Bojen Electrical Established 2005 Major projects Old Gaol building, Abingdon; Oxford University student accommodation; Oxford Centre for Magnetic Resonance

£1.3m

Over time, the business has developed a number of specialist areas, including energy efficiency. “We try to market the fact that we specialise in LED installation and energy saving,” says Wayne. “People don’t realise how quickly they can save money.” It’s also undertaken heat recovery, underfloor heating and air source heat pump installations, although moved away from solar photovoltaics once tariffs were reduced.

ROOM FOR EXPANSION The plan for the next few years is to continue to grow, says Wayne, although he’s reluctant for the business to get too big and have to put in place a middle-management tier. “We have two main offices and a meeting room in our current premises, so from an infrastructure point of view we’re set up now to go up to 25 people on site,” he says.

“We’d probably be able to bring one more person into the office, but with three of us running contracts we could probably take on another 10 electricians and still manage.”

Bojen aims to increase turnover by £150,000 a year, something achieved for the past three years.

“We would like eight electricians and apprentices per contracts manager, so we’d be looking at 24 electricians out on site as a projection in the next two years,” he says. “Currently we have five each so we’re looking for three more each. If we get to that stage that will get us to above the projection in the increase in turnover.”

The company is particularly keen to take on apprentices, and has even developed a training booth to help give them experience. “They can do practice runs with conduit and other aspects such as twin and earth,” he says. “We have a power supply to it with a fuseboard so we can do some testing as well, because it’s quite difficult to do that on site.” It also recently installed Zumtobel emergency and standard lighting in its own premises – which it often installs in university buildings – partly to enable staff to get used to wiring and operating the systems.

Both founders have two sons each, and Wayne admits he’d be pleased if they were interested in joining the business one day. But, for now, he’s happy with what has been accomplished over the past 12 years.

“I always hoped it would be successful and grow into a decent-sized company,” he says.

“We’ve come a long way and I know that we’re very well respected in the area. I’m massively proud of what we have achieved.”

Nick Martindale is editor of Connections.

Could your business feature in our contractor profile slot? Email contractorprofile@redactive.co.uk

The amount the business turned 30 over last SUMMER 2017 year 29-30 Contractors profile.indd 30

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07/07/2017 12:27

technical

Your industry-leading reference guide to technical information 35

Ask the experts Answers to some of the more frequently asked questions put to our Technical Helpline

36

Using metal conduit as a circuit protective conductor While it is permitted by Regulation 543.2.1 for a circuit protective conductor to be formed solely of rigid metallic conduit, the relevant safety requirements of BS 7671 must be satisďŹ ed

41

Apprentice Corner: graphs and the use of log-log scales Focusing on graphs that exist within Appendix 3 of BS 7671, followed by multiple-choice questions

46

An introduction to selectivity and co-ordination of electrical equipment Introducing the methodology used when looking at selectivity between various types of overcurrent protective device

50

Markings on fuses The numbering and lettering used on low-voltage fuses to BS 88 is explained

55

Compliance with the Building Regulations Contractors should carry out work in accordance with the relevant requirements

58

Snags & Solutions A practical guide to everyday electrical problems

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T EC HN I C A L

Ask the experts

QU E ST I ON

How can I determine when a measured value of external earth fault loop impedance is unacceptably high when working on an existing electrical installation?

ANSWE R

We continue with our series of answers to some of the more frequently asked questions put to our Technical Helpline Q UE STIO N

What are the maximum external earth fault loop impedance values at the origin of an electrical installation having a low-voltage TN-S supply from a public network?

A N SW E R

A figure of 0.8 Ω has been quoted as a typical maximum value for external earth fault loop impedance at the point of supply where a TN-S system supply was provided.

Values higher than 0.8 Ω may be deemed acceptable by the DNO under certain circumstances.

It is the electrical installation designer’s responsibility to design their installation to meet the requirements for electrical safety.

Q UE STIO N

Is it permissible to measure the external earth fault loop impedance values at the origin of an electrical installation and quote that value as a maximum?

What are the maximum external earth fault loop impedance values at the origin of an electrical installation having a low-voltage PME supply from a public network?

Q

Distribution Network Operators (DNOs) publish ‘typical’ maximum values for external earth fault loop impedance (Ze) at the point of supply applicable to a new supply from a new LV network. These values are based on Engineering design standard EDS 08-0136 published by the UK Power Networks.

EDS 08-0136 states typical values as follows: • 230 V single-phase up to 100 A 0.35 Ω • 400 V three-phase up to 100 A 0.35 Ω • 400 V three-phase 200 to 300 A 0.20 Ω • 400 V three-phase exceeding 300 A 0.15 Ω Such values are not maximum values, and under certain circumstances, such as where the supply is at a significant distance from the transformer, these values may be exceeded.

A

A N SW E R

Yes. However, it is important that safe working is undertaken as the requirements of the Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 apply. This may include the use of appropriate personal protective equipment.

Furthermore, DNOs also state that a measured value of external earth fault loop impedance will change over time due to a range of causes including alterations, faults and network maintenance, and the effect of embedded generation.

Do you have a technical query? Call our helpline on 0333 015 6628

The key issue is whether the required disconnection time(s) can be achieved for circuit(s) within the installation.

If, say, the external earth fault loop impedance (Ze) measured at a domestic premises with an installation forming part of a TN-C-S system was 0.5 Ω, and every circuit in the proposed new installation was protected by an RCD (as is the norm rather than the exception in modern installations) then the required disconnection times for all the final circuits would still be achievable via the RCD protection.

It should be noted, however, that where higher than expected values of earth fault loop impedance (Zs) are found on an existing circuit you must satisfy yourself that this is not due to a latent defect on the final circuit rather than as a result of the high external earth fault loop impedance (Ze) value.

QU E ST I ON

If, based on my measured values of earth fault loop impedance at the installation, the required disconnection times cannot be met, can I carry on with the work?

ANSWE R

No new work should take place until the installation has an adequate means of earthing (Regulation 132.16 refers).

If the external earth fault loop impedance is significantly higher than the typical maximum values quoted by the DNO you should ascertain whether this is due to the nature of the supply and not a fault by asking the DNO. According to BPG 4 (issued by Electrical Safety First) Electrical installation condition reporting: Classification Codes for domestic and similar electrical installations an absence of a reliable and effective means of earthing for an installation would warrant a code C2; that is, it presents a potentially dangerous condition.

35 SUMMER 2017

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T E C HN I CAL

Using metal conduit as a circuit protective conductor O B JE C TIVE

The purpose of this article is to remind contractors that whilst it is permitted by Regulation 543.2.1 for a circuit protective conductor (cpc) to be formed solely of rigid metallic conduit (referred to in this article as conduit), the relevant safety requirements of BS 7671 must be satisďŹ ed.

It may no longer be common practice for conduit to be used as the sole circuit protective conductor (cpc) for one or more circuits within it, but it is not uncommon however to encounter installations where conduit is used as the cpc.

A correctly installed rigid steel conduit system1 should, due to its size, robustness and associated

parallel earth paths, provide a reliable cpc for most, if not all, sizes of conductor installed within it. Indeed, it is permitted for conduit to form a high integrity protective connection in accordance with Regulation 543.7.1.203 (i).

In view of this, where new work or additions to existing installations are planned it may, in some circumstances, be beneďŹ cial for the designer to use conduit as the cpc, rather than install separate circuit conductors. For example, using conduit as the cpc may allow more circuits to be accommodated and thereby reduce the number or size of conduits having to be installed. In such circumstances careful consideration would need to be given to grouping.

Fig 1 Metal conduit installations

36 SUMMER 2017

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Fig 2 High conductivity links in trunking

However, in all such circumstances, it is the responsibility of the designer to fully assess the risks of using conduit as the cpc, and to verify that compliance with the relevant safety requirements of BS 7671 is achieved.

In particular, the following requirements of Regulation 543.2.2 should be satisfied: • the cross-sectional area (csa) of the conduit should comply with Regulation 543.1.1 or be verified by test, and • electrical continuity should be assured either by construction or by suitable connection

To verify compliance, reference either should be made to the conduit manufacturer’s tables or suitable published guidance. From Table D5 of IET Guidance Note 1 Selection and Erection, a typical value for heavy gauge steel conduit is 82.6 mm2, so compliance with Regulation 543.1.1 is achieved.

Alternatively, the minimum cross-sectional area of steel conduit may be determined by applying the adiabatic formula of Regulation 543.1.3, which is reliable for disconnection times of up to 5 seconds.

However, where a conduit contains conductors of different csa, compliance will need to be confirmed for all circuits and be calculated based on the most onerous fault conditions.

It should be recognised that where a conduit is connected to a metallic trunking, the trunking may not be suitable for use as a cpc unless suitable high conductivity links are used across the joints.

1 A contractor may also encounter on occasion rigid metallic conduit systems other than steel, for example, aluminium.

2 This is not required for a lampholder having no exposed-conductive-parts suspended from such a point in wiring/accessory.

Compliance with Regulation 543.1.1 As illustrated in the following example, selection is generally the simplest method for verifying compliance with Regulation 543.1.1.

Example: A single-phase radial circuit, comprised of 70 °C pvc singles (copper conductors) having a cross-sectional area of 6 mm2 is installed in 20 mm diameter heavy gauge metal conduit and connected to a 32 A Type B circuit-breaker. To confirm that the conduit is sufficient to serve as the cpc, Table 54.7 of BS 7671 may be used as follows: From Table 54.7 the minimum csa required is:

Exposed-conductive-part Where, as is usually the case, fault protection is provided by Automatic Disconnection of Supply (ADS), all exposed-conductive-parts of the installation must be connected to the same earthing system (Regulation 411.3.1.1 refers). Therefore, whether metal conduit is, or is not, used as a circuit protective conductor, it should provide reliable electrical continuity and be effectively and permanently connected to the Main Earthing Terminal.

Regulation 411.3.1.1 requires a cpc to be run to and terminated at each point in wiring and at each accessory2. Where conduit serves as a

Fig 3 Fly lead link

Earthing terminal

Earthing tail

k1 115 ×S= × 6 = 14.68 mm2 k2 47 Metallic coupler

(compliance with the nearest larger standard conductor size is required) Metallic conduit

Where: S is the csa of the largest line conductor contained within the conduit k1 is obtained from Table 43.1 k2 is obtained from Table 54.5 37 SUMMER 2017

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T E C HN I CAL

Building structure

Catenary wire

be tight. Where necessary, paint or similar insulating material should be removed so that a low resistance connection is achieved between the conduit and metallic enclosures.

Where installations are comprised of a mixture of metallic and non-metallic enclosures, care should be exercised in confirming that earth continuity is maintained.

ELV Cable

Suspended ceiling

Protection against external influences

Isolated conduit

External influences can vary considerably depending on the environmental conditions, work activities undertaken or whether the conduit is routed internally, externally, surface mounted or buried. For these reasons, all conduits should comply with the appropriate part of the BS EN 61386 series, and be selected taking account of the conduit manufacturer’s instructions and literature (Regulation 521.6 and 134.1.1 refer respectively).

For example, conduit installed underground should conform to BS EN 61386-24: 2010 Part 24: Particular requirements – Conduit systems buried underground.

It should be noted that a conduit that is surface mounted is easier to inspect than conduit concealed or buried.

Regardless of whether a protective coating such as paint is deliberately removed from a metallic enclosure to obtain good continuity, as previously described, or removed inadvertently during the process of cutting and threading conduit, suitable precautions should be taken to provide protection against corrosion.

For example, where the protective coating is removed from a galvanised conduit installed outdoors, say due to the fabrication of a running coupler, a suitable protective coating, such as galvanised paint, should be applied to prevent oxidation (rusting).

Note: Where a flexible conduit forms part of the wiring system, such as for the connection of an item of machinery, the conduit must not be used as a protective conductor (Regulation 543.2.3 refers).

Class II enclosure Fig 4 Isolated conduit

cpc the earth terminal of each accessory, such as a socket-outlet or switch plate, should be connected to its metallic back box or enclosure using a separate protective conductor (Regulation 543.2.7 refers).

It should be noted that in some circumstances a metallic conduit may not require earthing as an exposed-conductivepart, such as short length(s) of isolated conduit. As shown in Fig 4, extra-low voltage control wiring is often installed in short length(s) of isolated conduit.

Electrical continuity Except in the circumstances described previously, every joint in the conduit system should be electrically and mechanically continuous (Regulation 543.3.6 refers).

Therefore, plain slip or pin grip connection sockets should not be used (clause 6.8 of BS 7430: 2015 refers) and all conduit fittings, such as bushes, couplings and lock-nuts should

Summary Irrespective of whether a cpc is formed by a conduit or by any other means permitted by Regulation 543.2.1, it is the responsibility of the installation designer to confirm that all the relevant requirements of BS 7671 are met.

38 SUMMER 2017

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11/07/2017 16:36

T E C HN I CA L

Log-log paper A logarithmic scale is one where each unit increase represents a tenfold increase or decrease in a quantity. Logarithmic graph paper1 is useful when it is required to represent data that covers a very wide range of values. For example, it might be difficult to accurately fit data ranging from, say 0.01 to 1 000 000 on the same linear scale. Using a logarithmic scale enables each section to represent a separate range as can be seen in Fig 1a.

Consider the log-log paper in a) of Fig 1: the horizontal scale starts at 1 and progresses in single lines (unevenly spaced) to 10. Each subsequent line represents a jump of 10 up to a 100; then each line represents a jump of 100 and so on until 10 000 is reached.

Similarly, the vertical axis starts at 0.01 and progresses up to 10 000 in similar steps. What these values represent is immaterial until the axes are labelled, as in b) of Fig 1. In b) of Fig 1, the vertical axis is time (s) and the horizontal axis is prospective current (A).

The graph of b) in Fig 1 shows the characteristic curve of a 32 A fuse to BS 88-2. As an example of how to read such a graph, assume a prospective fault current of 250 A has been calculated; the red dotted lines show that it takes a time of approximately 0.4 s for the fuse to operate.

Apprentice Corner The focus of Apprentice Corner in this issue of Connections is graphs, and in particular the use of log-log scales. In the field of electrical engineering, charts and graphs are used as a communication and data tool. For data analysis and to view that data in an easy understandable format, the use of graphs is an invaluable part of an engineer’s ‘toolbox’.

The range of graph types is broad and varied and for the most part exceeds the scope of this article. However, it is important that contractors are aware of how graphs are read and interpreted.

This article therefore, will focus on the graphs that exist within Appendix 3 of BS 7671 and those issued by manufacturers to aid in the selection of overcurrent protective devices.

Fig 1 Log-log graph paper with an example from Appendix 3 of BS 7671

a) Log-log graph paper

b) 32 A fuse to BS 88-2 10 000

1 000

1 000

100

100

TIME, SECONDS

10 000

10

10

1.0

1.0

0.4 0.1

0.1

0.01

0.01 1

10

100

1 000

10 000

1

10

100 250

1 000

10 000

PROSPECTIVE CURRENT, r.m.s. AMPERES

41 SUMMER 2017

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UFHS Connections 210x280.ai

p42_CON.Sum17.indd 42

1

04/07/2017

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07/07/2017 12:32

Fig 2 Manufacturer’s chart2 showing let-through energy for BS 88-2 fuses

There are two important points to notice about the time current characteristic curves shown in Appendix 3 of BS 7671, and these are: • The curves have been cropped at 0.1 s.

For disconnections times shorter than 0.1 s, manufacturers’ data must be consulted.

• With respect to the curves relating to BS EN 60898 devices, the slowest operating times are shown.

32 A 40 000

16 A 20 000

6A

15 000 12 000 10 000 8 000 6 000 4 000 3 000 2 000 1 500 1 000

15 000

8 000

10 000

5 000

4 000

3 000

2 000

Prospective short-circuit current (A)

BS 88-2, and there is a spare way to allow a feed to be taken to the security office.

It is envisaged fitting a two-way metal-clad consumer unit to BS EN 61439-3: 2012 in the security office. The final circuits will have overcurrent protection of Type B RCBO devices to BS EN 61009. The lighting is to be protected by a 6 A device and the radial circuit supplying a socket-outlet is to be protected by a 16 A device.

Contractor’s considerations

Scenario Your company has been asked to install some lighting and power in a portable building to be used as a security office at the entrance gates to a large factory.

An available source of supply is nearby in the factory itself, but is quite close to one of the many supply transformers feeding the factory.

The available distribution board houses fuses to

1 500

600 500

For disconnection times shorter than 0.1 s, the curves detailed in Appendix 3 no longer apply and the designer will need to use manufacturers’ data.

The ability of a cable to withstand the energy heating it up depends upon its cross-sectional area (size) (S), resistivity, temperature coefficient and heat capacity of the conductor material, and the appropriate initial and final temperature (k).

A cable’s ‘withstand’ formula is k2S2. The formula for ‘let-through’ energy, that is the energy generated during the period of the fault, is I2t. It is important that the value of k2S2 for the cable is not less than the value of let-through energy (I2t) quoted by the manufacturer of the device I2 t ≤ k2 S2 (Regulation 434.5.2 refers). Such a chart showing energy let-through against prospective short-circuit current is shown in Fig 2.

For fault conditions where there are very short disconnection times it is necessary to use manufacturer’s data to determine the let-through energy (I2t). Typically, this is more of a concern on commercial and industrial installations than domestic ones.

Consider the 32 A BS 88-2 fuse in our first example. What happens when the designed fault current is 3 000 A rather than 250 A? From Appendix 3 curves listed in BS 7671 it is clear that the disconnection time will be less than 0.1 s and, therefore, manufacturer’s data will need to be accessed. Using the graph of Fig 2, with a fault current of 3 000 A, the let-through energy (I2t) is about 12 000 A2s.

Providing the product of the k factor (Table 43.1 of BS 7671) and the conductor cross-sectional area, both squared (k2S2), is equal to or greater than 12 000, compliance with Regulation 434.5.2 will be achieved.

63 A

60 000

Let-through energy I2 t (A2 secs)

Manufacturers’ charts

BS 88-2 Fuse curves

80 000

1 000

Appendix 3 graphs

1 Logarithmic graph paper can be either log-log, where both scales are logarithmic, or log-lin, where only one scale is logarithmic.

2 This chart is for illustration purposes only.

1. What is the prospective fault current at the distribution board in the factory?

2. How much will the prospective fault current reduce due to the length of cable run to the security office?

3. What breaking capacity of circuit-breaker will be required for the consumer unit?

4. Will the two-way consumer unit be adequate in terms of prospective fault current for its intended location?

5. What current rating and breaking capacity of fuse should be fitted in the factory’s distribution board?

6. What protective bonding is going to be required in the security office?

7. What is the earthing arrangement in the factory and how will this affect the earthing arrangement in the security office?

43 SUMMER 2017

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T E C HN I CAL

The answers to the questions below are given on page 48 of this issue along with some additional explanations where necessary.

before the 6 A circuit-breaker is guaranteed to operate? a) 30 s b) 12 s c) 0.1 s d) 0.001 s

Multiple-choice questions

4. An RCBO offers protection against a) earth-fault current and load current only b) short-circuit, earth-fault and overload currents c) short-circuit and earth-fault current only d) short-circuit, load current and earth-faults

1. When carrying out an earth fault loop impedance test on the supply cable to the security office, which Table of BS 7671 will be used to check compliance with the instrument reading? a) Table 41.6 b) Table 41.5 c) Table 41.2 d) Table 41.4

5. When performing an earth fault loop impedance test on the 16 A circuit in the security office, what is the maximum permissible value allowed? a) 7.28 Ω b) 0.65 Ω c) 1667 Ω d) 2.73 Ω

2. The maximum prospective short-circuit or earth-fault current in a circuit should not exceed a) The current-carrying capacity of the circuit conductors b) The design current of the circuit when fully loaded c) The rated breaking capacity of any associated protective device d) The current causing effective operation of the protective device

6. A 32 A BS 88-2 fuse is used to protect the cable to the security office. Assume a fault current of 10 000 A is present at the two-way consumer unit and the k factor for the supply cable is 115.

With the aid of Fig 2 and using the equation of Regulation 434.5.2, what is the minimum size of conductor cross-sectional area required to supply the security office. a) 4.0 mm2 b) 2.65 mm2 c) 2.5 mm2 d) 1.6 mm2

3. If an overload current of 20 A developed on the lighting circuit, what time will lapse

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T E C HN I CAL

An introduction to selectivity and co-ordination of electrical equipment O B JE C TIVE

This article summarises the terminology associated with selectivity and co-ordination and introduces the methodology used when looking at selectivity between various types of overcurrent protective device. Subsequent articles will focus on the processes involved to determine whether selectivity and co-ordination is achieved between various types of overcurrent protective device.

Definitions and terminology Table 1 contains a summary of the definitions and terminology used when considering the subject of selectivity. Many of the definitions within the 17th Edition of the Wiring Regulations (BS 7671: 2008) are likely to change in the 18th Edition; due for publication in 2018; to more closely align with the definitions given in other publications, such as IEC/TR 61912-2: 2009 – Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear –

Fig 1 Schematic showing total selectivity in a simple installation. Only the overcurrent protective device closest to the overcurrent has operated

DB2 DB1

Over-current protective devices – Part 2: Selectivity under over-current conditions looking specifically at this subject.

Determination of selectivity between overcurrent protective devices This section is a brief introduction to the principles which will be explored in subsequent articles.

It is important for the designer to understand the nature of protective devices when seeking to determine whether selectivity (total or partial) will be achieved. It should also be noted that manufacturers can often provide test/ tabulated data, the use of which will make performing a desk study unnecessary.

In general, where overcurrent protective devices are connected in series, only the device which is intended to operate; typically the device closest to, but upstream of, the overcurrent should do so. This is known as total selectivity.

There are situations where it is essential to achieve total selectivity and others where partial selectivity is sufficient or acceptable.

Where fuse-links are connected in series with each other, in the overload zone, comparison of the time/current characteristics is required to confirm that they do not overlap.

For fault levels giving operating times of 0.1 seconds or less, the total let-through energy (I2t) of the fuse-link nearest the fault (minor fuselink) should not exceed the pre-arcing energy (I2t)1 of the next fuse-link upstream (major fuse link) at the applied system voltage.

For fuse-links to BS EN 60269-2/BS 88-2 of the same type – for example, both general purpose (gG) – of rated currents not less than 16 A, total selectivity under both overload and short-circuit (either between live conductors or to earth) typically will be achieved if the ratio of their

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Table 1: Definitions applied to selectivity and co-ordination BS 7671: 2008 (17th Edition)

IEC/TR 61912-2: 2009

Back-up protection

Back-up protection

Protection which is intended to operate when a system fault is not cleared, or abnormal condition not detected, in the required time because of failure or inability of other protection to operate or failure of the appropriate circuit-breaker(s) to trip.

Overcurrent co-ordination of two overcurrent protective devices in series where the protective device, generally but not necessarily on the supply side, effects the overcurrent protection with or without the assistance of the other protective device and prevents any excessive stress on the latter.

Note: It is likely that the 18th Edition will define back-up protection as: Overcurrent co-ordination of an overcurrent protective device (OCPD) in series with another electrical device where the OCPD, generally but not necessarily on the supply side, provides the overcurrent protection and prevents any excessive stress on the electrical device.

Co-ordination of overcurrent protective devices Co-ordination of two or more overcurrent protective devices in series to ensure overcurrent discrimination (selectivity) and/or back-up protection.

Discrimination

Overcurrent discrimination

Ability of a protective device to operate in preference to another protective device in series.

Co-ordination of the operating characteristics of two or more protective devices such that, on the incidence of overcurrents or residual currents within stated limits, the device intended to operate within these limits does so, while the other(s) does (do) not.

Note: Fundamentally, selectivity is the ability of a protective device to operate in preference to another protective device in series.

Note: It is likely that the term discrimination will no longer be used in the 18th Edition and will be replaced by the term selectivity.

Total selectivity Selectivity for all overcurrents up to the value of the breaking capacity (of the downstream device)(see Fig 1).

Partial selectivity Selectivity up to a value of overcurrent less than the breaking capacity of the downstream device.

rated currents is 1.6:1 or higher and no additional verification by the user will be necessary; for example, a fuse rated at 10 A will operate before one rated at 16 A. Where a circuit-breaker is upstream of a fuse-link, total selectivity in the overload zone is achieved where there is no overlap of the device time/current (inverse/thermal curve) characteristics. Manufacturer’s data or the product standards will show a tolerance band for these characteristics and this should be taken into account.

For fault currents leading to a disconnection time of less than 0.1 s for fuse-links or instantaneous for a circuit-breaker, selectivity will be achieved up to the fault current level at which the peak let-through current of the fuse is less than the peak value corresponding to the instantaneous tripping level of the circuitbreaker, taking into account the tolerance.

Where a fuse-link is upstream of a circuitbreaker, selectivity in the overload zone will be achieved if the maximum inverse/thermal tripping time-current characteristic of the circuit-breaker does not intersect with the timecurrent characteristics of the fuse-link.

For fault currents leading to a disconnection time of less than 0.1 s for fuse-links or instantaneous for a circuit-breaker, the maximum operating I2t value of the circuitbreaker is less than the minimum pre-arcing I2t of the fuse-link.

Where circuit-breakers to BS EN 60898 are connected in series with each other, selectivity will be achieved when one circuitbreaker completes its breaking operation before the opening command of the other becomes irreversible.

Circuit-breakers to BS EN 60898 have integral direct-acting thermal/magnetic elements, and during magnetic (instantaneous) operation there is generally a negligible delay between a short-circuit condition being signalled and the point at which the opening command becomes irreversible.

Two methods that could be used in a desk study to determine whether or not selectivity will be achieved between circuit-breakers connected in series are: 1. In the overload zone, confirming there is no overlap of the device time/current (inverse/ thermal curve) characteristics.

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T E C H NI CA L

UPSTREAM DEVICE DOWNSTREAM DEVICE (method used) (value of fault current used)

Apprentice Corner answers 1.

Correct option is (d) The 32 A BS 88-2 fuse in the distribution board

pre-Arc

I2t

>

energy let-through

is protecting a distribution circuit, therefore the maximum disconnection time permitted is 5 s. Regulation 411.4.8 refers.

2. Correct option is (c) Regulation 432.1 refers.

>

peak cut off current

3. Correct option is (a) See Fig 3A4 of BS 7671.

minimum peak tripping current

4. Correct option is (b) An RCBO is a combination of a circuitbreaker and an RCD. As such it will operate

Fig 2 Summary of selectivity methods in the fault current zone

on overload currents, short-circuit currents and earth-fault currents.

5. Correct option is (d) Refer to Table 41.3 of BS 7671.

2. For fault currents/instantaneous tripping, using manufacturer’s data for peak current limitation and tripping. Selectivity is achieved when the peak cut-off current of the downstream device is less than the minimum peak tripping current (corresponding to the instantaneous tripping level) of the up-stream device.

Selectivity will be achieved where the operating time/current zones of the circuit-breakers do not overlap, up to the maximum prospective fault current at their location.

Circuit-breaker time/current characteristics generally include tolerances. These should be taken into account when assessing selectivity.

Where time/current characteristics are used in a desk study, account should be taken of the reference ambient temperature applicable to the tripping curves.

Other selectivity methods can be used – for example: time delay, zone interlock, but these are considered outside the scope of this article.

For disconnection in the event of a fault to

1 The time current characteristic of a fuse-link uses the pre-arcing time; that is, the time after which the fuse-link will operate.

For an AC supply; above 0.1 s pre-arcing time, the arcing time of the fuse is not considered significant.

However below 0.1 s prearcing time, the arcing time is a significant portion of the total ‘operating’ time and hence the time/ current characteristic is no longer useful and so the I2t characteristic is used.

occur in 0.4 s, the earth fault loop impedance needs to be very low.

6. Correct option is (c) From the manufacturer's graph of Fig 2, for a fault current of 10 000 A, the I 2t = 35 000 A2s.

Using the equation given in Regulation 434.5.2; S2 = I2t = 35 000 ≈ 2.65 so S = √2.65 = 1.6 mm2 k2 1152 The nearest available conductor csa is 2.5 mm2.

This is the minimum size of conductor based on the fault current, not necessarily the appropriate size of conductor for the design. Other factors would need to be considered including voltage drop and current-carrying capacity.

devices and makes possible the use of shortcircuit protective devices with a lower breaking capacity than required in BS 7671.

Combined short-circuit protection Where the level of short-circuit protection given by two overcurrent protective devices in series results in a short-circuit current capability higher than either one of the overcurrent protective devices alone, this is called combined shortcircuit protection.

Combined short-circuit protection is applicable only to short-circuit protective

Summary Future articles will focus in some detail on the selectivity issues introduced here between fuses (BS 88), between fuses (BS 88) and circuitbreakers (BS EN 60898), between circuitbreakers (BS EN 60898), and where moulded case circuit-breakers (MCCB) are used.

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T E C HN I CAL

Markings on fuses O B JE C TIVE

The aim of this article is to explain the meaning of the numbering and lettering used on low-voltage fuses to BS 88. By understanding the marking, the designer will be able, more appropriately, to select the correct protective device for the particular application and environmental conditions.

This is the first of two articles dealing with the manufacturer’s markings written on fuses and circuit-breakers. This article will be detailing fuse markings and the second article will consider the markings on circuit-breakers to BS EN 60898 and BS EN 60947 protective devices.

be of an appropriate type in accordance with Section 432. The selectivity and co-ordination between protective devices is outside the scope of this article. Fuses to BS 3036 will not be considered due to their lack of use.

Fuse types The bullet points below list the BS 88 fuses now available since the restructuring of the IEC 60269 series of standards.

• BS 88-2: 2010 Fuse system E and G (Type gG and gM) • BS 88-3: 2010 Fuse system C BS 88-2 fuses are for use where accessible to, and replaced by, skilled persons (mainly for industrial applications). BS 88-3 fuses are for use by ordinary persons and are mainly for household and similar applications.

A typical general purpose fuse to system E is shown in Fig 1 to illustrate how such fuses should be marked. Where fuses are too small to accommodate the markings, then manufacturers must include all appropriate details with the accompanying documentation.

Introduction Unless Regulation 434.3 applies, a protective device(s) should be installed in every circuit and Fig 1 Example of a BS 88-2 bolt-on fuse

Name The name of the manufacturer or a trade mark by which they may be readily identified must be marked on all fuses.

ASTA 20 A fuse-link cannot be tested, calibrated or modified after manufacture. Therefore, the ASTA 20 mark is a certification mark showing that the fuse conforms to the requirements of the certification body under the rules of the ASTA 20 scheme.

Voltage rating (550V AC) The voltage rating indicates the maximum voltage the open fuse will block; it is not an indication of the voltage the fuse is designed to withstand while carrying current. In other words, once the fuse has ‘opened’ any voltage less than the 50 SUMMER 2017

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voltage rating shown on the fuse will not be able to "jump" the gap of the fuse and maintain the arc.

The voltage rating is a maximum rms value. A fuse having a voltage rating equal to or higher than the circuit voltage must be selected. For example, fuses to be used on a three-phase circuit must be rated equal to or higher than 400 V AC. When an alternating current passes through zero an arc will be quenched as there is no electrical pressure available to maintain it. Direct current faults, however, are difficult to stop or interrupt since they do not pass through zero as would an alternating current.

There are fuses with equal AC and DC voltage ratings but in most cases, the DC voltage rating is significantly less than the AC voltage rating. If a fuse only has an AC voltage rating, it is likely that it is not designed for DC applications, and guidance should be sought from the manufacturer before it is used in such an application.

devices are designed to open very quickly and let through a minimum amount of energy during an overcurrent, whilst motor protection fuses are designed to withstand large in-rush currents in multiple start-up situations.

The 100 A shown on the fuse of Fig 1 is the value of current that the fuse-link can carry continuously without deterioration. In BS 7671, this is given the symbol In. The ‘Q1’ written on the fuse is an historical term and refers to ‘close’ excess current protection.

Class Q1 has a fusing factor1 of 1.25 – 1.5 (Definitions in the 14th Edition refers). It is similar in performance to Utilization Class gG.

CE mark This indicates compliance of a product with the appropriate standard(s) of the European Union (EU) and is marked on the product or its immediate packaging. It signifies that the product may be used in all EU countries without any restrictions. The CE mark is not a quality mark; it is a mark of compliance.

Rated breaking-capacity (80 kA) The highest value of prospective current that fuses can safely interrupt, which in this case is 80 kA. The rated short-circuit breaking capacity of a fuse shall not be less than the maximum prospective fault current at the location the fuse is installed (Regulation 434.5.1 of BS 7671 refers). The fuse-link may have an AC rating, a DC rating or both.

Motor circuit fuses BS 88 fuses are available as motor circuit ‘gM’ fuses and have a dual rating shown as; In M Ich as shown in Fig 2.

The first value In denotes both the rated current of the fuse and the fuse holder and is the maximum continuous current rating or rated current. The second value Ich denotes the timecurrent characteristic of the fuse-link. It is this

Current rating (100 A) BS 88 fuses each have an assigned breaking capacity and utilisation category designated by two letters such as: • gG – full range breaking capacity for general application.

• gM – full range breaking capacity for the protection of motor circuits.

• gR – full range breaking capacity for the protection of semiconductor devices.

• aM – partial range breaking capacity for the protection of motor circuits.

• aR – partial range breaking capacity for the protection of semiconductor devices.

The breaking range is the range of prospective currents for which the breaking capacity of the fuse is assured. Some BS 88 fuses have only a partial-range breaking capacity and although they are able to interrupt short-circuit fault currents they are not designed to interrupt overloads. Such fuses are designated by the letter ‘a’ in the first letter position.

All fuses are designed to open a circuit to protect other valuable equipment from overcurrent. However, they are not all designed to do it in the same way. For this purpose ‘utilisation categories’ describe the various operating classes of fuses. For example, fuses that are designed to protect sensitive semiconductor

Fig 2 Example of a motor fuse

1 Fusing factor is an obsolete term which referred to the ratio of minimum fusing current and current rating of the fuse.

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T E C HN I CAL

latter rating that determines the fuse’s ability to withstand motor starting current.

For example, a ‘gM’ fuse with a dual rating 63M100 can be used in a motor circuit where the full load current of the motor does not exceed 63 A but the motor starting surges require a ‘gG’ fuse-link with a 100 A time-current characteristic.

The dual rating enables economies in the size of equipment used in motor circuits to be achieved.

In the example given, the installation designer would be permitted to employ a 63 A fuse-board (in place of a say a 100 A fuse-board). Note that for the purpose of Regulation 433.1.1 relating to co-ordination between conductor and protective device, the rated current or current setting In should be taken as Ich. For BS 88 ‘gG’ and ‘gM’ fuses, the conventional fusing current (If) is equal to 1.6In and conventional non-fusing current (Inf) is equal to 1.25In. The conventional times for ‘gG’ and ‘gM’ fuses are given in Table 2 of BS 88-1: 2007, which has been reproduced in Table 1 for ease of reference.

The symbol generally used for conventional fusing current in BS 7671 is I2, rather than If as used in BS 88. This is because the term ‘conventional fusing current’ means the same as the term ‘current causing effective operation of the protective device within the conventional time’ as used in Regulation 433.1.1 of BS 7671.

Table 1: Conventional time and current for gG and gM fuse-links Rated current In for gG Characteristic current Ich for gM A

Conventional time hours

In < 16 16 ≤ In ≤ 63 63 < In ≤ 160 160 < In ≤ 400 400 < In

1 1 2 3 4

Conventional current Inf a If b

1.25In

1.6In

a – A current value the fuse-link is capable of carrying without melting, and varies between 1 and 4 hours. b – A current value that causes operation of the fuse-link within a specified time, and varies between 1 and 4 hours.

can limit the damage that could occur if the fault current was allowed to continue to flow.

The details written on fuses should contain sufficient information to allow the designer or contractor to make informed decisions as to their suitability for use in a particular application.

Fuses fall into two categories, those that are accessible to, and replaced by, skilled persons which is mainly for industrial applications and those that are for use by ordinary persons which are mainly for household and similar applications.

Fuses to BS 88 are current limiting devices; that is they are capable of operating and clearing high prospective fault currents before the stored energy is transferred into the electrical system, limiting any potential damage that could be done to cables and switch gear.

Summary Circuit protection whether by fuse or circuit-breaker cannot prevent faults from occurring; however they

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T E C HN I CA L

Compliance with the Building Regulations O B JE C TIVE

The aim of this article is to remind contractors, especially those who undertake work across a number of building service sectors, that all such building work1 should be carried out in accordance with the relevant requirements of the Building Regulations.

The primary purpose of building regulations is to require that the design and construction of buildings and the provision of services within and around buildings meets the health, safety and welfare needs of the users. Building regulations within the UK exist to minimise the risk of harm to persons by ensuring buildings are safe for use.

For these reasons, aspects of building work such as, structural, electrical, plumbing and heating and ventilation are subject to control.

This requires those responsible for building work to gain Building Regulations approval (where required) prior to undertaking such work. They are also required to meet minimum technical requirements and follow correct procedures for certifying and verifying work for compliance with Building Regulations.

Note: To improve the safety of electrical work in dwellings, requirements for electrical installation

1 In this article the term ‘building work’ refers to work that is not exempt from the respective UK Building Regulations; the Building Regulations 2010 (England and Wales), Building (Scotland) Regulations 2004 and Building Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2012.

2 For England and for Wales, Approved Documents are published, for Scotland – Technical Handbooks, and for Northern Ireland – Technical Booklets.

work in such premises were incorporated into the Building Regulations for England and Wales by the introduction of Part P. To achieve compliance with Building Regulations, those who undertake work in different parts of the UK or those who work across multiple disciplines, such as electrical, heating, ventilation and/or air conditioning installations, need to recognise that: • In the UK the power to make Building Regulations has been devolved to the constituent parts (England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland). Therefore, a particular approach that achieves compliance in one part of the UK may not necessarily achieve compliance in other parts. In all cases, Building Regulations applicable to where the work is undertaken must be satisfied.

• Building Regulations are regularly reviewed and amended to incorporate factors such as changes to legislation and standards and to cater for advances in materials and technology. Therefore, contractors must ensure that work is carried out and certified in accordance with the current Building Regulations requirements.

Building regulations are prepared in a nonprescriptive manner; that is they appear to be open to significant levels of interpretation.

To support contractors to satisfy their requirements, devolved governments publish practical guidance2 on specific aspects of the Building Regulations, such as Approved Documents in England and Wales.

It should be noted however, that whilst a requirement may be the same in each region, the approach or means by which compliance is achieved may alter significantly. For example, in recent years, a number of EU Directives have been implemented through Building Regulations to deliver more energy efficient buildings. However, as the energy performance of buildings improves it is essential that good air quality is maintained. While the fundamental requirement (to maintain good air quality in homes) may not have changed,

Fig 1 Building Regulations control building work

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Fig 2 Mechanical extract system example

In addition to electrical schemes, NICEIC and ELECSA operate a range of other competent person schemes, including, but not limited to: • Ventilation • Plumbing • Heating and Hot Water • Microgeneration Note: Authorised competent person schemes for England and Wales are listed in Schedule 1 of the Building Regulations 2010 (England and Wales).

Authorised by the Department for Communities and Local Government (DCLG), competent person schemes permit contractors to self-certify work for compliance with Building Regulations. Whilst a contractor registered for a particular type of work does not have to notify the local authority in advance when carrying out notifiable work within the scope of their registration, they still have a legal obligation to ensure compliance with Building Regulations. Therefore, whenever notifiable work is completed they must provide notification to their Approved Body to ensure a BRCC is issued for the work.

Extract system

as buildings become more air tight it may require a mechanical ventilation system to achieve compliance.

Nevertheless, where a building service, such as the extract system shown in Fig 2, is not installed correctly or adequately controlled, then irrespective of the individual rating and efficiency of the component parts, say a fan(s), the system is unlikely to operate effectively or efficiently. Consequently, to verify the installed system satisfies the requirements of Building Regulations, sufficient inspection, testing (airflow testing) and commissioning needs to be undertaken, by suitably qualified personnel.

Note: Compliance with all relevant parts of the Building Regulations must be satisfied. For example, if the ducting passes through a fire resisting wall/floor or fire compartment the requirements for preventing the spread of fire must be satisfied.

3 In Scotland, NICEIC operates a scheme for the Certification of Construction (Electrical installations to BS 7671).

Notification of work Approved Bodies such as NICEIC or ELECSA have specific responsibilities under the rules of these schemes. They are required to have documented systems in place to ensure that registered contractors are: • notifying all work carried out under the scheme, and • forwarding certificates (BRCC) and associated information to the relevant local authority within the agreed time period.

Under Regulation 20 of the Building Regulations 2010 (England and Wales) such certificates should be received within 30 days of the completion of the work. However, NICEIC and ELECSA recognise that some installers are not notifying work within this deadline and in some cases are neglecting to notify the work at all.

Note: In accordance with Part P of the Building Regulations, more categories of electrical work require notification in Wales than in England.

For further information, refer to Connections 201 and the article entitled – The Notification of electrical work in England and Wales.

Competent Person Schemes Competent person schemes were introduced in England and Wales to simplify the certification of specific types of work for compliance with Building Regulations. The schemes operate on the principle that suitably qualified and experienced tradespeople can be responsible for ensuring compliance with Building Regulations. Likewise; in Scotland the option of certification was introduced to enable a contractor registered on an approved scheme3 to verify work subject to a building warrant for compliance with the Building (Scotland) Regulations 2004.

Summary Building regulations are statutory requirements, for the purpose of controlling building work carried out in the UK. For these reasons, NICEIC and ELECSA competent person scheme members are reminded of their legal obligation to notify work so that BRCC is issued within the required (30 day) deadline.

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T E C HN I CAL

Snags & Solutions A practical guide to everyday electrical problems Now updated to Amendment No 3 of BS 7671

‘Snags & Solutions’, NICEIC’s problem solving books, are now available in five parts, and cover many commonly encountered electrical installation problems. All parts have been updated, where appropriate, to take account of the requirements of Amendment No 3 to BS 7671: 2008 (17th Edition of the IET Wiring Regulations), which was published on 1st January 2015.

Part 1 of Snags & Solutions addresses 53 problems relating to earthing and bonding. Part 2 covers 55 problems relating to wiring systems. Part 3 covers 52 problems relating to inspection and testing. Parts 4 and 5, which have recently been introduced, cover 50 problems relating emergency lighting and 48 problems relating to domestic fire detection and alarm systems, respectively.

The books are available from NICEIC Direct.

To give an indication of the value of these books, a snag and solution is being covered in each issue of Connections.

This issue addresses a snag from Part 3 – inspection and testing, relating to continuity testing where there may be parallel paths.

snags and solutions

snags and solutions

snags and solutions

A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO EVERYDAY ELECTRICAL PROBLEMS

A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO EVERYDAY ELECTRICAL PROBLEMS

A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO EVERYDAY ELECTRICAL PROBLEMS

Boiler

Consumer unit

Circuit protective conduit

Means of earthing

Main protective bonding conductors

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Continuity testing – parallel paths A continuity test should be carried out on a single circuit, after taking account of any possible parallel paths.

snags and solutions

snags and solutions A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO EVERYDAY ELECTRICAL PROBLEMS

A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO EVERYDAY ELECTRICAL PROBLEMS

Part 1

earthing and bonding 5th Edition

Amd 3: 2015

Part 2

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Snag 33 Failure to disconnect conductors that create a parallel path, may lead to recording incorrect test results or conceal the fact that a circuit protective conductor (cpc) is not electrically continuous.

Meet the helpline John O’Neill technical engineering manager

Solution It is essential that every protective conductor, including each main and supplementary protective bonding conductor, is tested to verify that it is electrically continuous and correctly connected (Regulation 621.2.1 refers).

Otherwise, an exposed-conductive-part, extraneous-conductive-part, or the earthing terminal at a point or accessory could be left without effective means of fault protection.

Before carrying out a continuity test, care should be taken to locate and disconnect (where practicable) any conductive paths that may be connected in parallel with all or part of the circuit under test. An example of a parallel path may be between the earthing terminal of a metallic boiler and the main earthing terminal (MET), where the conductive paths from the boiler are: • the cpc connecting the earthing terminal of the boiler to the MET • the metallic gas and water installation pipes, which both connect to the MET through their respective main bonding conductors.

In the above example, before checking the continuity between the boiler earth terminal and the MET, it may be possible to temporarily remove the parallel paths by: • disconnecting the main bonding conductors that connect to the gas and water installation pipes from the MET, or • disconnecting the cpc from the MET, or • disconnecting the cpc from the boiler earthing terminal.

Sam Donaghy technical helpline engineer

Stuart McHugh technical helpline engineer

Duncan McFarlane technical helpline engineer

Norman Bradshaw technical helpline engineer

Mark Cooper technical helpline engineer

Richard Atkins technical standards engineer

Mark Barnes-Rider technical helpline engineer

Such disconnections must only be carried out if practicable and safe to do so, and after the supply has been securely isolated. Also, any items disconnected must be securely reconnected after testing, and before restoring the supply.

Craig Kemp technical helpline engineer

Regulation 612.2.1 Continuity of protective conductors, including main and supplementary equipotential bonding A continuity test shall be made. It is recommended that the test be carried out with a supply having a no-load voltage between 4 V and 24 V, d.c. or a.c., and a short-circuit current of not less than 200 mA.

Craig Cunningham technical helpline engineer

Call the technical helpline on 0333 015 6628. Got a legal query? Call our legal helpline free on 0117 934 2111

59 SUMMER 2017

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ELECTROCORDER Q & A Q. Voltage Problems?

Q. Loading Problems?

Q. Expansion Capacity?

Q. Machines Tripping?

Q. Fuses Blowing?

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Q. V.O.?

A. Electrocorder Voltage Loggers.

A. Electrocorder Current Loggers.

A. Electrocorder Power Loggers.

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The Electrocorder range of electrical data recorders has been designed and manufactured in the UK to help you do your job better. Every model has been expertly calibrated to give the most accurate electrical diagnoses using constant sampling techniques, helping you to carry out comprehensive and reliable energy audits. Plus, with its simple design, free software and simple data transfer via USB to your laptop, the Electrocorder is such a low cost investment that it canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t fail to amp up your business.

ENERGY AUDITS VOLTAGE OPTIMISATION ACCURATE DATA & LOW INVESTMENT

E : sales@acksen.com W : www.acksen.com T : +44 (0)870 225 1790 Acksen p60_CON.Sum17.indd FP.indd 1 60

27/06/2017 07/07/2017 11:54 14:43

P ROD UC T FO C U S

Electrorad

Ellis

Electrorad introduces its Digi-Line range of electric radiators with cutting-edge energy management features. These include unique independent double panel control, in-built energy monitoring (on the TouchE3 option) and virtual open window sensors, making Digi-Line the efficient and easy-to-control alternative to traditional central heating. Available with two heating panels, it is an ideal replacement for outdated storage heaters and panel heaters. www.electrorad.co.uk / 0113 274 6799

Ellis has seen its Alpha trefoil cable cleats installed by Edelnor in a new transmission substation in Lima, Peru.

The substation has been constructed to pave the way for line 2 of the city’s metropolitan railway system.

Ellis’ Alpha cable cleats are manufactured in extruded aluminium (6000 series) to BS EN 755 – making them far more robust than cast aluminium cleats. They are also easy to fit, thanks to an easy one-bolt fixing mechanism and zinc-plated steel closing fasteners. www.ellispatents.co.uk / 01944 758395

Scolmore

Fluke

Scolmore brings to market the Inceptor Omni, a new and improved fire-rated downlight that combines existing technology with a number of cutting-edge features – all at a highly competitive price. Flexibility and ease of installation were the major considerations in the design of the Inceptor Omni, and key features include an adjustable colour temperature switch, interchangeable fixed and adjustable bezels, and an insulation support clip for use when insulation is present. www.scolmore.com / 01827 63454

Fluke Digital Multimeters safely and efficiently identify and troubleshoot a wide range of issues. Fluke now provides a quick, interactive webpage to help purchasers choose the right digital multimeter model for their specific needs at www.fluke.co.uk/multimeter. Until 31 August 2017, purchasers of any Fluke Digital Multimeter can use their invoice to request, via this webpage, a free Fluke 2AC VoltAlert, which offers 90 V to 1000 V AC voltage detection. www.fluke.co.uk / 0207 942 0700

Hultafors

Snickers

Hultafors’ latest additions to its knives and axes range are the outdoor knives for tougher tasks on site.

They’re all ergonomically designed with comfortable, secure grips and made from the highest-quality Japanese steel, which is honed and sharpened for durability, effectiveness and to withstand corrosion. Hultafors hand axes for felling, carpentry and trekking activities are all hand-forged with dense steel heads and hickory handles. www.hultafors.co.uk / 01484 854788

The Hultafors Group has acquired Puvab – the specialist in protective clothing for workers in energy and utility markets. The acquisition is part of the growth strategy for the Hultafors Group, and further strengthens the Snickers Workwear brand in the UK. Puvab is a Swedish company specialising in designing and developing functional and certified high-quality garments with innovative designs and functionality for work in demanding conditions. www.snickersworkwear.co.uk / 01484 854788

Danlers Danlers introduces a new range of passive infra-red (PIR) occupancy switches with daylight-linked dimming (maintained lux level), designed for lighting loads controlled by DALI, DSI or 1-10 V dimmable ballasts. These products switch lights on when an area is occupied and maintain a chosen lux level by dimming the lights in response to changes in the ambient daylight level. There is also a ‘run-on’ timer (corridor function) which allows the light to return to a minimum background level following a period of occupancy. This can either be for a chosen time or as a permanent background light. 01249 443377 / www.danlers.co.uk

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P RO D UC T FO C U S

Marshall-Tufflex

Martindale Electric

Marshall-Tufflex is releasing a special 75th anniversary edition of its popular product catalogue. The manufacturer, based in East Sussex, was an early pioneer of PVC extrusion and has gone on to cement its position as a dedicated producer of cable management solutions. The new catalogue gives an overview of the Marshall-Tufflex history and its recently launched products, including Cablelay, punched mini-trunking, aluminium power modules, pre-wired floor boxes and Part M spacers. www.newcatalogue.co.uk / marketing@marshall-tufflex.com

Now available from Martindale Electric: the new SP79 Class 2 Sound Level Meter, suitable for health and safety personnel who want to carry out workplace noise assessments and comply with noise at work legislation. The SP79 is a user-friendly sound level meter that features A and C frequency weighting and fast and slow time weighing. Compact and lightweight, the SP79 offers ease of use and can be handheld for spot-checking noise levels, or mounted on a tripod. martindale-electric.co.uk / 01923 441717

Loxone Loxone is a flexible, convenient, 360° smart home solution for lighting, heating, security, AV, blinds and intelligent energy management. We offer a dedicated installer program with training courses, free technical support, a dedicated project consulting and demonstration service, free software and apps, and much more. As a Loxone installation partner you’ll be able to offer your customers a complete home automation solution that is feature-rich and future-proof. Loxone also run regular free information sessions for companies interested in joining the Loxone Partner Program. loxone.com/become-partner / 01183 130140

For great deals on products and services, visit shop.niceic.com

N O R T H 2 0 1 7

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11/07/2017 16:39

OF F T HE TO O L S

How did you get into restoring vintage cars?

When I was at school, one of my teachers had an old broken-down Morris 8. My dad was a motor mechanic and I’d cut my teeth repairing cars, so I helped the teacher fix his other car and found a starter switch for his old Morris 8.

It went from there. I ended up buying it off him once I’d started my apprenticeship back in 1983.

Is it just pleasure or business too?

It’s purely for my pleasure, much to my wife’s annoyance. You get known with old cars so people come up to me and ask me to look at their old cars. It happened recently with an old Morris Marina van,

Classic collection Martin Wheeler joined Gravesend-based Hollisters Electrical as an apprentice, and returned in 2009 to buy the business.

Away from the day job, he can usually be found tinkering with classic cars

which was the same as those we used to drive when I started at Hollisters. It’s been in the garage for a couple of years and is going to be done up to look like one of the old vans we had.

What do you do with them all?

I keep them all! I have a barn that I rent off a farmer.

I have three in there, one at my mum’s house and three at home.

How much time does it take up?

Not a massive amount. I spend longer on them in the winter when the days are shorter and I can’t do a lot else.

I’ll spend some of the weekend doing them and if it’s a rainy day then I’ll spend it in the garage. I’ve just finished a 1936 Morris 14 and a few weeks ago I got back my old Vauxhall, which has been away for 12 years being painted.

I’m now doing the mechanics on that. But I have a threeyear-old daughter now, so it’s harder to disappear down to the garage!

What are the challenges you face?

Trying to locate some of the bits: I have a Morris 25, which is the only one of its type in the country. I had it restored in New Zealand and shipped it back. I used to go out and see it. The internet makes it a bit easier: before, I’d spend hours on the phone.

Do your electrical skills come in handy?

They do, because I’ve worked on a lot of mechanical projects as well. Trying to get rusty old motors off aggregate plants that get covered in sea water has helped me get rusty old bolts undone on the cars. Some of the experience from when I was working with my dad is useful too.

Any achievements or notable moments?

I’ve had several dinners at the House of Commons with the Jaguar Drivers’ Club and met Stirling Moss and a few MPs. I also met one of the Hairy Bikers with an old 1930s Citroën while I was buying wine in France.

Do you have any plans to take it up full-time?

Martin Wheeler shows off his Morris 25

Possibly. I haven’t got much of a mortgage now, and when the financial pressures are such that I’m not so dependent on a regular income then I may do something as a semiretirement project. But I’ll never make a fortune – there are a lot of people doing it now. At the moment I don’t have enough time to do my own cars, let alone anyone else’s.

What do your family think of your hobby?

My wife doesn’t like me driving over the lawn and leaving tracks, which I have to do sometimes. I also have a Princess 37, which is a 37-foot motor-cruiser boat.

She doesn’t like that either!

What do you get up to in your spare time?

Email offthetools@redactive.co.uk

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2

Caught on camera

1

Trusty NICEIC and ELECSA contractors have been busy uncovering and rectifying dodgy installations and DIY botch jobs. Here are some of the worst offenders from the past quarter

4

3 6

D

odgy wiring in a domestic kitchen (1); the aftermath of a consumer unit fire (2); the hidden legacy of an old consumer unit that had been plastered over (3); an ill-advised spot of socket location (4); and an unfortunate end for a mouse (5).

It continues with: a burnt-out and unearthed kitchen fluorescent fitting (6); a consumer unit with a bypassed RCD and a ring main on a 40 A breaker (7); a dodgy meter installation including a lead-sheathed cable soldered to a strap (8); and dubious wiring in a junction box (9).

5 7

Thanks to... >Calvin Mansell of BBS Electrical Services in Southampton >Kevin Totten from Totten Electrical Contractors in County Antrim >Matt Leydon of Unite Electrical in Greenhithe >Macsood Duberia of Nuneaton firm MDElectrics >Oscar Pegg of Derbyshire-based Pegg Electrical Contractor >Scott Neil from SN Electrical in Bath >Matt Deary of M Deary Electrical Contractors in Ashton-under-Lyne >David Fretwell from Chester firm House Plumbing & Electrical >Andy Honey from Kenwyn Electricals in Cornwall

9

Keep those shots coming in!

Email caughtoncamera@redactive.co.uk

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SUMMER 2017

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CURRENT AFFAIRS

#SPARKSLIFE We’ve been asking you to send in pictures of the jobs you are working on via social media – and you haven’t disappointed. Keep sending them in via Twitter @officialNICEIC or @officialELECSA or via Facebook using the hashtag #sparkslife.

This issue’s prize for the best shot, a £25 voucher, goes to Kelly Vincent of Kelly Electrics.

Pee Power makes a splash Attendees of June’s Glastonbury festival helped power the information boards – by donating their wee.

The Pee Power urinals were located near the Glastonbury Pyramid stage, housed in revellers two units that between them queue to could accommodate up to help power 40 people at a time. the festival info boards The project was designed

to showcase the potential for urine as a source of power, and was developed by scientists at the Bristol BioEnergy Centre.

It works by tapping into the biochemical energy deployed by microbial fuel cells that use urine to grow.

The two units were located next to the cider bus, ensuring a regular supply from thirsty revellers and a good excuse to carry on drinking.

@TomCrabbe262 Enjoying the sunshine

@JemJemmaa Lovely lighting

THE CABLE GAL

-

IMAGE: SHUTTERSTOCK

SENT TO COVENTRY A survey carried out by Ironmongery Direct claims to have identified the best start-up locations for different tradespeople.

It seems the destination of choice for electricians should be the glamorous surroundings of Coventry – the report says it offers a large number of jobs and has low advertising costs.

Brighton represents the best location for builders, carpenters and gardeners, while

A 94-year-old woman has recalled her time working as an electrician in Glasgow’s shipyards during the Second World War. For six years, Netta Harvey wired up destroyers in the city’s shipyards for the Royal Navy.

“We worked with the full-time tradesmen,” she told the Daily Record. “They gave us the light jobs. Us women did mostly power boxes, where the cables come in.

To me it was just like knitting.”

After the war, the returning men took the jobs back. But Netta said: “A job that maybe took them a week, we could do in three days.”

@Kelly_Electrics Chasing out walls

@ElectricianTR18 Steady hand

@jasonoxenforth Fitting solar panels

Chester is seen as the place to go for aspiring plumbers.

One place electricians should avoid is London, which ranked 17th out of 20.

Tell us about any hidden talents or charity initiatives. Email currentaffairs@redactive.co.uk

Tag us at...

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v

It’s the 1s that make the difference

The new MFT series from Megger adds one to the number but loads of value features.

MFT1711 - single-phase tester Now with auto-RCD tests, 1 kV insulation range, True RMS voltage measurement and ZMAX facility

MFT1721 - 3-phase tester Now with 100 V Insulation range, True RMS voltage measurement, mV sensor input and Type B RCD test MFT1731 - the ultimate 3-phase tester Now with a large soft carry case for tester, leads and tools, more earth testing with ART and stakeless methods enabled

Yes the new 1s give you so much more.

To find out what and to see a datasheet call 01304 502 101 Or visit web site by scanning the QR code Megger Ltd, Archcliffe Road, Dover, CT17 9EN, T. +44 (0) 1304 502101

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Upgrade yourself – the Toolbox App. It’s in your hands. Bosch Professional.

Download the Toolbox App and get your job done with a range of smart functions. www.bosch-professional.com/upgrade

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