Trade Facilitation
Cost of Non-Cooperation to Consumers in the ASEAN Economic Community
Nimnual Piewthongngam S.J.D. • Prasert Vijitnopparat
Trade Facilitation
Cost of Non-Cooperation to Consumers in the ASEAN Economic Community
Authored by Nimnual Piewthongngam S.J.D. & Prasert Vijitnopparat
Contents Abbreviations Foreword
6 7 8
Executive Summary ASEAN and Trade Facilitation ................................................................. 15
Trade Structure ......................................................................................... 19 Obstacles to Trade Facilitation ............................................................... 23
Scenario Analysis for Trade Facilitation Cooperation .......................... 29
Policy Recommendations ........................................................................ 35
Appendix Index
List of Tables and Figures
6
Trade Facilitation in ASEAN
Abbreviations
AHN ASEAN ASW
HS
NSW
NTM
Trade Facilitation in ASEAN
7
Foreword
Véronique Salze-Lozac’h
The Asia Foundation
Trade Facilitation in ASEAN
9
Preface
Nimnual Piewthongngam S.J.D
Trade Facilitation in ASEAN 11
Executive Summary
12 Trade Facilitation in ASEAN
Scenarios
Time
days
days
Trade Facilitation in ASEAN 13
ASEAN and Trade Facilitation T
he
ASEAN’s efforts to improve trade facilitation
to enhance export competitiveness and investments
Tariff liberalization
ASEAN Secretariat
Trade Facilitation in ASEAN 15
ASEAN Single Window (ASW) Elimination of non-tariff measures and non-tariff barriers
The
AMS ASEAN Secretariat reported that the
NTM database maintained by the ASEAN Secretariat
Customs modernization and integration
The ASEAN product content in their exported
transparency between the business community
16 Trade Facilitation in ASEAN
three other the
Enhancement of ASEAN Rules of Origin (ROO) requirements The ASEAN Secretariat reports that the ASEAN
Harmonizing standards and conformance procedures
Trade Facilitation in ASEAN 17
to undertake the
Economic
many actions that have to be taken in order to
ASEAN Economic
“
““
“
ASEAN
associate parties should have general awareness.
If trade facilitation has improved, shipping cost and
18 Trade Facilitation in ASEAN
Trade Structure I to the
Source: Author estimation from data obtained from International Trade Center
Trade Facilitation in ASEAN 19
Source: Author estimation from data obtained from International Trade Center
Source: Author estimation from data obtained from International Trade Center
products to
20 Trade Facilitation in ASEAN
Country
ASEAN 6
PRC
ASEAN 4
Rest of the world
Cambodia
4.77
1.16
7.81
86.25
Thailand
12.98
10.99
10.94
65.08
Myanmar
39.91
12.67
1.68
45.74
Malaysia
7.42
12.60
17.98
61.99
Lao PDR
61.96
35.67
0.20
2.16
Viet Nam
13.07
10.36
7.06
69.51
PRC
4.48
-
4.20
91.32
Source: Author’s estimation from data obtained from International Trade Center
Country
ASEAN 6
PRC
ASEAN 4
Rest of the world
Cambodia
2.67
1.12
2.2
94.02
Thailand
7.32
4.41
12.02
76.25
Myanmar
31.95
4.83
4.95
58.27
Malaysia
4.65
4.34
20.50
70.51
Lao PDR
48.01
2.27
0.19
49.53
Viet Nam
5.83
9.43
11.16
73.58
PRC
3.05
-
3.86
93.09
Source: Author’s estimation from data obtained from International Trade Center
Country
ASEAN 6
PRC
ASEAN 4
Rest of the world
Cambodia
28.49
39.92
82.41
15.15
Thailand
29.04
26.06
127.6
-1.19
Myanmar
16.00
23.77
8.78
8.85
Malaysia
16.66
26.98
1.94
2.69
Lao PDR
21.75
69.04
13.03
11.57
Viet Nam
35.15
21.9
14.89
19.35
PRC
28.22
-
23.82
22.7
Source: Author’s estimation from data obtained from International Trade Center
Trade Facilitation in ASEAN 21
Source of intra - ASEAN 6 country’s exports (%) Country
Destination of intra- ASEAN 6 country’s imports (%)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
2001
2010
2001
2010
Cambodia
0.21
0.21
1.72
0.98
Thailand
0.83
0.83
2.12
1.72
Myanmar
21.63
11.69
14.83
9.58
Malaysia
4.69
2.41
2.47
1.78
Lao PDR
25.12
20.09
19.13
11.58
Viet Nam
4.63
7.74
6.00
7.07
PRC
42.88
57.02
53.72
67.30
Total
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
Source: Author’s estimation from data obtained from International Trade Center
“ 22
Obstacles to Trade Facilitation T
his section is based on
ASEAN
trade
Time and costs associated with the
current
Trade Facilitation in ASEAN 23
24 Trade Facilitation in ASEAN
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Laos
Laos
Item
668
Transport cost per
Obstacles to trade facilitation
associated with trade in each ASEAN country
process
shipment
process
Trade Facilitation in ASEAN 25
border
Thai borders are
ASEAN Map of the Asian Highway Network in the GMS Region
transport infrastructure
26 Trade Facilitation in ASEAN
In In
In
In
products to their destination on time because
improved communications system and data
For
Trade Facilitation in ASEAN 27
in
Lack of competition in logistics services consignments
providers in
The
Note: $US per container or semi-trailer Source: World Bank (2007)
Myanmar
Scenario Analysis for Trade Facilitation Cooperation
I transportation
Myanmar
Trade Facilitation in ASEAN 29
The
second
Scenarios
scenario
assumes
Time
days
days
Results of the Simulation
improved in both scenarios and that and
30 Trade Facilitation in ASEAN
that
the
Laos
Myanmar
Laos
Myanmar
Laos
Myanmar
Processed Food
Sea Transport
Processed Food
Sea Transport
Trade Facilitation in ASEAN 31
Exporter
Importer Laos
Myanmar
Laos
Myanmar
Laos
Myanmar
Laos
Myanmar
“
Exporter
Importer
We still have room to improve trade facilitation. We better infrastructure.
32 Trade Facilitation in ASEAN
Laos
Myanmar
Laos
Myanmar
Processed Food
Sea Transport
Processed Food
Sea Transport
Trade Facilitation in ASEAN 33
Policy Recommendations T
2) Establish institutional reform
the
in trade facilitation
introduce competitive pressures in the customs at
the system more transparent and easy to
Poor
transportation
we recommend increased partnership with with the
Trade Facilitation in ASEAN 35
5) Encourage the establishment of industrial clusters across regional production zones
4) Encourage greater
causes
cost
36 Trade Facilitation in ASEAN
References
Trade Facilitation in ASEAN 37
Appendix
0.296 0.068 0.052 0.416
0.017 2.647 2.664
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
0.323 0.024 3.548 3.895
65.82 22.68 0.029 106.15 194.69
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
49.748 0.425 15.529 65.702
1.445 1.680 0.042 0.643 3.810
ROW
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
Viet Nam
5.416 0.418 0.016 0.002 5.852
Laos PDR
51.964 0.005 0.001 51.970
Malaysia
Thailand
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
Myanmar
From/to
Cambodia
01
1.259 1.259 02 4.192 0.244 4.436 03 1.091 0.070 0.028 1.189 04 17.869 1.783 19.652
31.353 0.452 0.002 0.005 31.812
16.597 0.008 16.605
1.852 0.239 3.777 5.868
103.02 5.868 0.662 3.795 0.016 113.36
15.877 0.033 7.090 23.000
22.700 0.530 23.230
0.023 17.480 1.923 19.426
0.023 60.545 0.050 4.882 7.672 73.172
0.031 50.43 35.14 0.011 55.15 140.77
0.541 0.340 0.881
0.081 60.13 41.81 102.03
0.112 112.52 100.96 64.59 0.040 165.2 443.47
3.638 0.403 4.041
24.211 0.002 24.213
5.275 3.378 8.653
100.74 1.445 7.266 0.042 16.57 126.07
0.093 0.316 0.409
0.006 0.006
2.635 0.878 3.513
2.750 2.326 1.521 0.002 5.511 12.110
05 Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
0.006 0.420 0.426
40 Trade Facilitation in ASEAN
2.326 0.643 0.002 4.775 7.746
0.010 0.010
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
0.074 2.311 2.385
1.746 0.040 1.786
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
1.333 0.024 0.024 4.274 5.655
0.822 25.913 5.759 6.452 2.440 41.386
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
4.583 0.335 14.367 19.285
1.901 5.813 2.770 61.495 71.979
06 0.517 0.517 07 0.612 0.028 0.640 08 12.450 0.001 12.451
0.328 0.022 0.350
0.833 0.304 1.137
0.044 2.898 0.047 0.076 3.065
0.044 4.650 1.793 0.076 2.677 9.240
15.400 37.717 16.563 69.680
0.290 13.536 13.826
4.276 0.595 0.364 5.235
0.822 21.911 63.654 6.406 6.816 36.813 136.422
7.101 1.008 10.521 18.630
11.969 3.236 15.205
19.046 0.286 0.041 19.373
55.149 2.909 6.435 2.811 89.619 156.923
0.001 1.757 0.758 0.947 0.003 0.041 102.377 1.801 104.083 10 0.822 2.027 246.116 2.482 0.033 452.909 2.060 702.329 11 3.221 123.885 0.282 0.014 11.652 3.235 135.819
0.202 0.440 0.642
0.006 0.120 4.557 5.243 9.926
0.007 3.298 1.958 15.017 5.553 156.460 182.293
11.937 6.884 18.821
1.199 79.483 1.335 8.016 90.033
3.094 344.607 3.762 1.705 29.341 462.003 844.512
0.180 5.173 0.950 6.303
2.268 11.069 0.612 0.156 14.105
2.448 146.294 0.289 7.323 0.156 35.651 192.161
09 Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
0.461 0.002 0.173 0.636
1.011 10.455 0.310 53.429 65.205
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
5.044 1.917 6.961
1.073 1.280 0.337 21.325 0.293 24.308
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
2.946 1.949 10.755 15.650
0.007 4.748 12.294 17.049
Trade Facilitation in ASEAN 41
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
1.362 0.003 0.163 1.528
1.302 0.576 0.954 4.257 25.776 32.865
12 2.147 2.147
0.176 6.933 0.166 0.002 7.669 14.946
0.195 0.005 0.020 0.220
0.506 10.954 2.964 0.487 14.911
1.984 21.591 0.742 3.926 4.746 33.628 66.617
0.405 0.458 0.115 0.978
0.038 0.006 0.044
0.491 0.273 0.083 0.847
2.578 0.479 0.416 0.486 0.278 4.237
0.098 0.075 0.173
0.017 0.017
0.026 6.163 0.059 6.248
0.142 0.615 18.922 0.950 0.662 21.291
0.511 226.404 0.794 227.709
5.318 0.285 0.006 5.609
0.351 29.444 359.796 0.002 389.593
0.862 350.827 648.649 0.002 41.815 1,042.1
30.404 0.005 7.414 37.823
2.222 0.008 2.230
1.752 1.454 3.206
58.494 0.005 6.319 39.443 104.261
0.002 191.495 0.142 17.693 209.332
25.159 0.164 25.323
141.192 28.316 169.508
0.547 658.434 0.142 34.323 2.439 40.320 736.205
13 Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
0.206 0.206
0.021 0.140 0.403 0.157 0.721
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
0.014 0.014
0.615 12.714 0.891 0.587 14.807
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
27.953 4.218 40.921 73.092
118.498 0.094 118.592
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
15.117 0.164 7.765 23.046
4.665 24.256 28.921
1.438 0.003 1.441 14 0.001 0.031 0.032 15 61.708 165.852 227.560 16 8.999 0.036 9.035 17
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
281.167 2.857 3.798 287.822
42 Trade Facilitation in ASEAN
0.545 3.085 2.439 18.665 24.734
19.421 0.065 19.486
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
1.255 0.243 2.121 3.619
37.448 0.741 38.189
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
53.990 7.583 47.984 109.557
73.478 6.082 101.962
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
17.495 0.686 1.120 19.301
0.077 13.649 1.481 2.676 17.883
18 3.774 0.459 4.233 19 62.694 6.735 0.316 71.945 20 14.857 0.067 14.924
11.301 6.793 18.094
1.945 0.048 1.993
3.286 7.133 10.419
21.561 45.283 9.703 76.547
0.009 111.032 0.075 2.947 138.671
43.627 4.412 48.039
49.654 37.684 91.221
0.009 320.997 0.075 125.480 61.741 561.395
0.015 28.490 0.272 3.675 32.452
14.097 0.766 14.863
3.115 3.266 0.032 6.413
0.015 78.054 0.349 17.668 1.513 8.237 105.836
46.391 0.087 19.537 66.015
51.333 0.154 51.487
54.075 27.748 81.823
373.048 0.090 101.481 0.014 35.679 510.312
37.070 0.131 5.257 42.458
37.814 1.510 39.324
3.468 88.500 96.728 0.098 188.794
3.468 465.179 0.131 190.442 0.151 49.842 709.213
68.870 5.266 50.170 124.306
22.943 1.970 24.913
0.038 67.589 19.200 86.827
0.038 219.635 6.835 23.628 0.073 95.917 346.126
21 Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
93.801 0.728 4.692 99.221
0.003 70.128 0.014 10.775 80.920
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
145.883 6.424 26.356 178.663
86.704 0.053 16.719 103.476
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
52.876 0.173 35.738 88.787
1.569 3.924 0.073 7.458 13.024
127.448 2.877 0.521 130.846 22 155.912 0.586 156.498 23 7.357 0.331 0.581 8.269
Trade Facilitation in ASEAN 43
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
1.224 2.120 0.491 11.045 14.880
0.370 34.055 3.799 4.671 42.895
24 1.151 0.015 0.531 1.697
2.000 5.180 0.003 10.145 17.328
0.185 2.332 2.480 4.997
2.090 5.658 23.186 1.400 32.334
4.645 15.545 0.003 59.376 5.690 28.872 114.131
62.267 3.849 66.116
43.085 10.990 54.075
0.014 100.212 9.427 13.084 122.737
0.014 467.112 0.301 24.495 17.057 29.857 538.836
1.271 6.243 0.532 8.046
0.007 0.256 0.263
0.007 1.233 0.644 1.884
0.007 1.996 8.565 2.488 1.831 0.760 15.647
1,195.8 1,931.9 3,127.8
576.703 106.560 683.263
0.001 0.001 741.755 3,358.6 2,595.4 317.284 2,115.6 0.011 284.3 3,081.8 1,059.0 11,435.9
51.514 4.044 32.452
11.975 0.234 14.863
41.855 16.284 0.006 6.413
113.562 0.006 64.878 0.021 7.893 105.836
303.703 10.325 66.015
22.640 1.216 51.487
0.059 148.280 129.683 0.045 81.823
0.059 528.419 393.497 0.045 37.195 510.312
25 Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
107.822 1.905 109.727
0.301 10.518 3.973 13.093 27.885
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
0.461 0.461
2.322 1.255 1.187 0.228 4.992
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
515.729 2.363 834.744 1,352.6
2,595.4 1,771.9 284.33 208.61 4,860.2
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
3.680 0.121 1.716 19.301
0.006 47.392 0.015 1.889 17.883
153.726 4.550 0.020 158.296 26 0.001 0.001 27 328.580 24.116 352.696 28 4.538 1.081 0.010 14.924 29
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
11.663 0.244 4.675 99.221
44 Trade Facilitation in ASEAN
263.171 18.476 80.920
42.133 0.399 2.503 130.846
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
26.550 3.595 5.902 178.663
0.001 4.586 1.536 103.476
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
44.203 0.062 94.593 140.626
0.155 0.176 145.349 1.359 12.338 390.194
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
14.080 4.262 4.725 23.067
36.576 10.035 46.611
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
78.360 0.841 5.892 85.093
0.014 0.055 33.222 18.960 52.251
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
50.229 0.377 26.587 77.193
0.005 31.233 0.002 7.830 39.070
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
1.331 0.496 4.670 6.497
6.284 0.013 3.436 9.733
30 40.493 6.995 4.058 156.498 31 9.434 3.644 0.547 51.874 32 16.522 3.461 0.064 20.047
0.092 20.041 6.789 42.458
9.011 0.072 1.516 39.324
0.153 57.849 8.624 188.794
0.245 153.944 0.001 23.872 19.801 709.213
2.246 37.258 176.822
13.896 12.308 29.529
2.734 23.910 498.007
0.155 72.513 0.176 172.965 1.359 157.044 1,287.0
30.279 5.616 35.895
8.614 0.384 8.998
27.537 46.074 73.611
97.032 90.373 20.824 208.229
134.021 1.024 8.776 143.821
22.534 0.050 0.208 22.792
0.003 70.677 29.691 100.371
0.017 346.339 1.079 65.945 33.974 447.354
69.320 41.901 111.221
23.919 0.046 23.965
0.009 46.885 18.206 65.100
0.014 217.021 54.345 0.002 76.425 347.807
23.779 2.935 26.714
2.099 0.050 2.149
13.769 8.467 22.236
44.059 16.378 0.013 11.092 71.542
33 40.747 2.141 0.138 43.026 34 26.668 4.529 0.061 31.258 35 3.081 1.131 0.001 4.213
Trade Facilitation in ASEAN 45
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
0.259 0.139 0.398
1.684 0.014 0.022 1.720
36 1.433 0.313 1.746
1.117 0.320 1.437
0.558 0.707 0.142 1.407
0.153 0.153
3.367 2.857 0.153 0.484 6.861
8.614 0.899 9.513
0.638 0.638
0.957 3.175 4.132
11.630 14.593 1.478 27.701
39.243 19.291 58.534
10.672 2.134 12.806
88.811 39.9 128.7
0.001 175.5 0.101 229.8 0.015 75.499 481.0
0.385 536.3 0.004 66.948 603.6
59.343 0.158 10.054 69.555
0.431 527.4 235.8 0.623 764.4
0.830 1,297.1 0.005 694.0 1.045 241.1 2,234
7.992 1,965. 92.394 451.62 2,517.6
43.018 0.026 7.162 50.206
61.695 302.51 63.389 0.357 427.95
72.342 2,452. 92.414 214.13 0.462 496.42 3,328.0
0.511 226.404 0.794 227.709
5.318 0.285 0.006 5.609
0.351 29.444 359.796 0.002 389.593
0.862 350.827 648.649 0.002 41.815 1,042.1
37 Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
0.495 0.043 0.143 0.681
11.130 0.436 11.566
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
16.786 2.032 8.755 27.5
0.001 0.101 181.8 0.015 43.928 225.8
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
74.455 8.584 0.177 77.138 160.3
0.014 0.001 422.7 0.245 83.726 506.7
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
94.921 1.435 13.419 109.77
2.655 0.020 146.7 0.105 21.840 171.34
0.926 0.245 1.171 38 20.0 5.974 1.391 27.450 39 99.508 26.645 3.284 129.4 40 46.199 2.563 2.377 51.139 41
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
27.953 4.218 40.921 73.092
46 Trade Facilitation in ASEAN
118.498 0.094 118.592
61.708 165.852 227.560
42 1.460 0.109 1.569 43 0.020 0.020 44
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
1.195 0.095 0.183 1.473
0.002 3.169 0.221 6.120 9.512
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
0.001 0.002 0.040 0.043
1.479 0.015 0.099 1.593
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
1.862 0.232 0.301 1.121 3.516
0.104 72.405 196.0 51.010 2.748 322.3
1.987 0.298 0.087 2.372
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
0.001 0.001
0.225 0.225
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
0.487 0.012 0.499
0.002 0.276 0.159 0.926 1.363
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
0.005 0.009 0.014
0.944 6.374 1.266 0.298 8.882
0.049 0.049 46 1.749 0.005 1.754 47 0.111 0.045 0.156
3.301 6.150 9.451
0.432 0.226 0.658
1.966 0.476 2.442
0.002 8.354 3.849 0.221 12.679 25.105
0.124 0.124
0.689 0.689
0.063 0.018 0.081
0.897 1.499 0.015 0.139 2.550
103.2 23.558 0.030 39.060 165.875
2.049 0.030 0.730 2.809
4.188 80.559 76.616 1 324.398
4.292 189.6 95.963 273 214.376 43.746 821.3
0.002 0.002
0.028 0.028
-
0.080 0.225 0.305
0.516 0.106 1.355 1.977
0.821 0.112 0.933
0.001 0.102 0.103
0.003 3.675 0.382 0.164 2.405 6.629
3.175 0.022 3.197
0.128 0.128
0.510 2.035 1.020 0.316 3.881
0.510 5.454 0.944 7.439 1.582 0.329 16.258
45
Trade Facilitation in ASEAN 47
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
40.796 4.281 23.818 68.895
0.155 0.007 85.092 0.004 12.017 97.275
48 14.616 2.716 0.215 17.547
0.005 146.02 29.945 175.97
24.388 0.036 7.830 32.254
0.098 143.96 42.99 0.002 187.06
0.258 369.7 0.007 135.1 0.006 73.825 579.0
0.011 3.133 0.004 0.013 0.324 3.485
5.415 0.010 0.094 5.519
5.548 1.014 6.562
0.017 16.388 0.009 6.303 4.298 2.819 29.834
0.082 0.007 0.089
0.053 4.128 4.181
0.001 0.032 0.033
0.001 0.173 0.013 0.040 8.828 9.055
0.060 0.026 0.086
0.001 0.001
0.073 0.004 0.077
0.171 0.498 0.001 0.057 0.727
0.032 26.415 55.430 81.877
23.663 0.021 2.134 25.818
0.037 34.932 23.535 0.002 58.506
0.069 146.07 3.928 28.328 0.146 101.50 280.05
0.127 0.025 0.350 0.502
0.029 0.020 0.049
0.034 0.002 0.036
0.212 0.026 0.166 0.264 0.381 1.049
49 Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
0.117 0.348 0.001 1.521 1.987
0.006 0.005 4.857 4.284 0.880 10.032
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
0.006 2.993 2.999
0.013 0.040 1.700 1.753
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
0.033 0.007 0.040
0.494 0.001 0.002 0.497
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
20.305 0.530 7.081 27.916
3.928 4.179 0.144 36.762 45.013
2.175 0.074 2.249 50 51 0.004 0.022 0.026 52 40.760 0.063 0.098 40.921 53
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
0.004 0.006 0.010
48 Trade Facilitation in ASEAN
0.001 0.164 0.264 0.005 0.434
0.018 0.018
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
6.463 1.139 17.323 24.925
0.014 0.061 21.497 0.077 134.38 156.03
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
5.365 2.053 42.744 50.162
3.301 0.019 26.371 29.691
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
19.368 0.243 3.233 22.844
13.531 1.665 15.196
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
0.739 0.086 0.099 0.924
0.960 0.006 0.065 1.031
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
3.314 0.882 3.536 7.732
0.003 0.233 0.107 1.658 2.001
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
1.020 1.169 1.633 3.822
2.415 6.622 9.037
54 20.174 0.892 1.118 22.184 55 17.541 0.169 0.233 17.943 56 28.855 0.399 0.581 29.835
21.152 0.126 19.496 40.774
5.012 6.076 11.088
86.801 38.451 0.013 125.26
0.014 139.60 0.187 61.979 0.090 178.40 380.27
0.013 10.123 28.914 39.050
8.748 3.513 6.716 18.977
0.432 115.010 12.758 0.196 128.396
0.445 156.787 21.794 0.215 104.978 284.219
20.872 0.003 5.106 25.981
3.781 0.382 4.163
14.375 7.627 0.048 22.050
87.251 0.003 21.800 0.048 10.967 120.069
7.899 0.654 8.553
0.364 0.002 0.366
4.058 0.535 4.593
13.417 1.581 0.006 0.820 15.824
1.574 0.010 0.127 1.711
4.279 0.814 5.093
0.021 10.674 0.342 11.037
0.024 22.644 0.010 1.512 0.107 6.620 30.917
0.001 9.024 9.828 18.853
1.019 0.116 1.135
0.007 14.445 1.136 15.588
0.008 27.041 4.798 19.731 51.578
57 0.357 0.357 58 2.803 0.055 0.485 3.343 59 1.533 0.078 1.532 3.143
Trade Facilitation in ASEAN 49
60 Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
41.019 81.663 72.850 195.532
0.012 4.074 0.131 6.974 11.191
1.917 0.072 0.189 2.178
0.271 10.394 9.232 19.897
32.710 2.406 3.726 38.842
0.164 41.821 7.016 0.086 49.087
0.447 127.861 95.231 0.217 92.971 316.727
1.279 12.306 0.070 0.010 10.152 23.817
0.019 6.391 2.416 8.826
0.369 3.250 0.641 0.929 5.189
2.210 39.113 0.071 7.485 2.341 19.741 70.961
0.023 19.863 3.559 13.229 36.674
1.848 0.004 1.530 3.382
0.013 6.413 1.620 0.005 8.051
0.040 44.867 4.384 6.621 2.280 21.851 80.043
0.377 8.374 3.626 10.542 22.919
0.950 0.009 1.068 2.027
0.446 1.795 6.286 8.527
1.314 29.897 3.673 17.214 0.164 42.711 94.973
0.139 3.335 0.004 55.470 58.948
2.020 1.384 3.404
0.657 5.753 2.332 8.742
0.836 42.302 6.230 11.471 0.056 108.443 169.338
0.017 0.198 0.002 0.481 0.698
1.077 1.077
0.015 0.155 0.130 0.300
0.036 3.504 0.002 0.237 0.004 1.336 5.119
61 Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
9.438 3.412 0.005 2.108 14.963
0.543 0.001 3.423 1.397 5.063 10.427
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
3.462 0.743 1.196 5.401
0.004 0.821 4.191 2.275 5.884 13.175
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
8.618 1.507 8.675 18.800
0.491 0.047 8.019 0.164 22.094 30.815
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
6.596 0.008 0.148 29.255 36.007
0.040 6.218 8.943 0.056 22.331 37.588
7.728 0.009 0.002 7.739 62 13.281 0.067 0.012 13.360 63 10.160 1.393 0.332 11.885 64 24.598 0.048 0.003 24.649
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
1.175 0.021 0.004 0.345 1.545
0.004 0.081 0.493 0.578
0.899 0.005 0.017 0.921
65
50 Trade Facilitation in ASEAN
66 Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
0.024 0.005 0.069 0.098
0.001 0.004 0.025 0.030
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
0.071 0.071
0.001 0.009 0.010
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
24.992 1.846 3.600 30.438
0.074 9.459 0.020 1.192 10.745
0.282 0.282 67 0.020 0.042 0.062 68 13.508 2.071 0.068 15.647
0.034 0.034
0.068 0.002 0.070
0.101 0.007 0.108
0.509 0.001 0.016 0.096 0.622
0.029 0.088 0.117
0.003 0.003
0.083 0.083
0.206 0.001 0.139 0.346
12.856 0.015 3.912 16.783
24.813 0.008 2.554 27.375
0.004 25.625 8.326 0.004 33.959
0.004 101.794 0.089 21.710 0.024 11.326 134.947
24.776 0.006 18.735 43.517
0.012 28.180 2.174 30.366
5.814 5.410 11.224
0.930 85.250 0.017 24.699 0.005 70.702 181.603
0.064 30.037 0.110 110.284 140.495
9.313 0.754 10.067
47.275 8.926 56.201
0.064 104.777 0.110 43.734 0.027 127.437 276.149
0.501 39.735 0.002 0.452 40.690
1.315 1.315
0.009 65.385 3.255 68.649
1.435 126.584 0.653 207.781 6.888 343.341
69 Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
11.831 0.381 18.818 31.030
0.918 0.011 18.170 0.005 29.376 48.480
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
6.485 0.641 7.960 15.086
33.601 0.027 8.417 42.045
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
19.731 0.033 19.764
0.925 0.651 204.371 6.403 212.350
14.649 0.738 1.599 16.986 70 11.667 0.566 0.022 12.255 71 0.418 0.155 0.573
Trade Facilitation in ASEAN 51
72 Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
33.386 0.070 219.149 252.605
0.123 162.438 0.139 109.052 271.752
65.626 0.238 9.135 74.999
125.114 248.294 373.408
85.298 61.014 146.312
2.686 166.393 397.418 0.128 566.625
2.686 475.817 0.123 560.164 0.267 646.644 1,685.7
0.104 171.509 0.488 95.738 267.839
59.897 0.006 30.604 90.507
0.094 168.135 64.489 0.001 232.719
0.533 495.756 0.565 379.268 0.568 218.921 1,095.6
115.567 8.091 2.119 0.671 126.448
0.941 3.762 4.703
56.081 18.126 88.378 162.585
175.253 25.144 166.332 399.715 37.048 803.492
0.180 0.022 0.202
0.015 0.015
0.096 1.161 1.257
0.293 1.824 0.022 2.139
0.920 54.125 4.022 59.067
4.900 0.358 2.508 7.766
1.232 30.081 55.398 0.063 86.774
2.152 117.542 0.006 233.088 0.064 35.153 388.005
73 Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
49.743 4.034 64.646 118.423
0.335 0.077 280.474 0.567 26.019 307.472
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
0.547 0.109 0.186 0.842
17.053 147.638 309.218 32.384 506.293
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
-
0.663 0.663
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
12.234 6.755 16.474 35.463
0.006 164.081 0.001 12.059 176.147
46.472 30.265 1.914 78.651 74 2.117 0.459 0.045 2.621 75 0.002 0.002 76 16.202 6.496 0.090 22.788 77
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
52 Trade Facilitation in ASEAN
78 Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
0.038 0.010 0.048
0.020 9.358 0.152 1.234 10.764
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
0.441 0.410 0.851
3.191 0.028 3.633 6.852
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
0.011 0.276 0.287
6.451 0.007 6.458
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
0.004 0.004
0.362 3.458 3.820
0.063 0.442 0.505 79 1.692 0.180 1.872 80 0.078 0.078 81 0.009 0.009
0.106 2.049 2.155
0.017 0.008 0.025
3.392 3.521 6.913
3.616 0.020 13.321 0.152 3.301 20.410
4.876 0.291 5.167
12.131 0.236 12.367
8.924 1.483 10.407
28.064 4.854 0.028 4.570 37.516
4.882 0.419 24.034 29.335
0.089 0.020 0.109
3.417 12.808 0.891 17.116
8.399 0.419 19.337 0.891 24.337 53.383
0.028 0.130 0.158
0.072 0.072
0.075 0.075
0.188 0.362 3.588 4.138
0.014 8.724 3.699 12.437
7.783 0.038 7.821
9.919 13.744 23.663
0.014 32.994 0.008 50.767 0.019 5.763 89.565
0.001 53.972 0.076 2.437 56.486
6.485 0.428 6.913
40.138 17.980 58.118
0.001 114.058 0.102 36.194 0.021 19.638 170.014
82 Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
3.510 0.012 0.130 3.652
0.008 36.700 0.019 1.896 38.623
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
5.549 1.100 3.277 9.926
0.026 16.990 0.021 13.402 30.439
3.058 0.311 3.369 83 7.914 0.124 0.094 8.132
Trade Facilitation in ASEAN 53
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
198.396 0.001 10.380 0.022 31.592 240.391
132.523 0.234 2,330.2 12.003 300.805 2,775.7
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
301.136 5.668 0.278 75.417 382.499
0.580 0.067 2,313.7 19.211 572.435 2,906.0
84 104.602 23.764 1.813 130.179 85 106.998 10.872 3.383 121.253
0.997 2,307.9 0.078 0.005 115.4 2,424.4
0.004 247.659 2.440 8.030 258.133
0.748 899.244 326.863 0.954 1,227.8
134.272 3,757.8 0.313 2,693.6 12.984 457.685 7,056.7
0.547 1,674.4 2.067 0.006 233.012 1,910.0
0.451 76.846 3.175 18.208 98.680
0.689 349.682 373.113 1.892 725.376
2.267 2,509.0 2.134 2,706.6 21.387 902.455 6,143.9
1.680 1.241 2.580 5.501
0.384 0.384
0.007 0.046 2.036 2.089
0.831 2.356 1.243 20.283 0.114 3.179 28.006
0.755 1,161.6 34.0
271.139 0.007 25.292
7.047 379.060 11.012 0.164 -
13.065 2,090.6 0.059 217.2 7.895 201.273
27.159 0.005 0.004 0.062 27.230
0.747 0.081 0.092 0.920
0.006 0.179 1.699 1.884
0.009 28.129 0.005 14.917 0.004 0.298 43.362
287.840 1.358 289.198
0.226 0.226
3.140 0.335 277.256 280.731
3.270 289.558 434.862 0.001 4.862 732.553
86 Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
0.079 0.007 0.193 0.279
0.824 0.002 15.824 0.114 0.406 17.170
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam
171.400 6.643 0.017 28.761
5.263 0.059 194.961 7.714 112.710
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
0.025 0.098 0.123
0.003 12.754 0.046 12.803
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
0.245 2.339 2.584
0.130 157.581 0.001 1.165 158.877
54 Trade Facilitation in ASEAN
0.167 2.416 2.583 87 107.468 4.646 0.413 88 0.044 0.358 0.402 89 0.912 0.025 0.937
90 Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
10.729 0.019 0.684 5.052 16.484
0.040 1.437 418.070 1.517 162.253 583.317
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
0.248 0.050 0.026 0.324
1.618 12.436 14.054
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
0.141 0.141
0.499 0.380 0.177 1.056
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
0.025 0.070 0.095
-
6.645 2.536 1.052 10.233 91 0.201 0.201 92 0.019 0.073 0.092 93 -
0.004 105.192 0.013 35.939 141.148
7.469 0.756 4.844 13.069
0.117 66.400 37.666 0.024 104.207
0.161 196.435 1.456 459.712 1.554 209.140 868.458
1.046 0.030 1.076
0.022 0.004 0.026
0.299 0.175 0.474
1.816 1.843 12.496 16.155
0.020 0.102 0.002 0.124
0.380 0.380
0.007 3.073 3.080
0.020 0.508 3.786 0.380 0.179 4.873
0.825 0.825
0.010 0.829 0.839
0.002 0.072 0.074
0.837 0.926 0.070 1.833
1.138 32.726 0.065 0.004 45.173 79.106
8.240 0.029 6.342 14.611
0.207 24.478 19.845 0.005 44.535
1.349 80.374 2.428 44.633 0.713 91.877 221.374
5.051 4.395 9.446
1.133 0.015 0.042 1.190
2.809 2.770 5.579
0.066 12.638 7.567 0.173 7.990 28.434
94 Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
6.336 1.697 9.706 17.739
0.004 2.363 21.274 0.704 22.494 46.839
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
0.706 1.073 0.800 2.579
0.066 3.397 0.173 2.750 6.386
8.594 1.788 8.162 18.544 95 2.939 0.312 0.003 3.254
Trade Facilitation in ASEAN 55
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
5.209 3.055 16.071 24.335
0.006 0.010 6.919 0.012 16.270 23.217
Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
0.036 0.103 0.139
0.020 0.056 0.092 0.051 0.219
96 10.092 0.198 0.264 10.554 97 0.006 0.006
0.130 8.610 0.437 7.466 16.643
3.980 0.754 4.734
0.003 10.073 5.453 0.007 15.536
0.139 37.964 0.447 15.625 0.019 40.825 95.019
0.120 0.008 0.080 0.208
0.007 0.007
0.010 0.152 0.012 0.174
0.030 0.321 0.064 0.207 0.131 0.753
0.028 0.688 0.011 7.324 8.051
0.026 0.060 1.976 2.062
0.436 26.432 0.003 26.871
0.531 0.688 78.975 0.077 9.627 89.898
98 Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW 99 Cambodia Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Laos PDR Viet Nam ROW
2.012 0.063 0.242 2.317
56 Trade Facilitation in ASEAN
0.039 43.588 0.061 43.688
0.002 6.883 0.024 6.909
HS
Description
HS
Description
preparations and products preparations
tobacco substitutes and tubers
and extracts nes
preparations nes
Trade Facilitation in ASEAN 57
HS
Description
HS
Description
tapestry etc
knit or crochet knit or crochet
66 67
pictures etc
58 Trade Facilitation in ASEAN
68
human hair
HS
Description
HS
Description
88 76
structures
78
etc apparatus
accessories
86 87
tramway
Source: Thai customs
Trade Facilitation in ASEAN 59
commodities
and Fruit Processed Food
6
Heavy
7
Sea Transport
8
Sea transport
Transport
60 Trade Facilitation in ASEAN
Laos
Myanmar
Trade Facilitation in ASEAN 61
Transport
Sea Transport
Heavy
Processed Food
and Fruit
Index
W
62 Trade Facilitation in ASEAN
About the Report This report highlights the current state of trade facilitation in the to consumers. It further provides a critical assessment of the obstacles to trade including shipping time and costs, transport infrastructure, logistical services, and delivery reliability. Analysis bases on interviews of key public and private stakeholders as well as statistical data provides a clear picture of what is needed to
This report provides policy makers, investors, and other stakeholders policy a clear picture of the current trading environment and gives recommendations that will ensure ASEAN countries can take advantage of the single market under the ASEAN Economic Community.