Systemic discrimination has created neighborhoods of neglect in our cities. THE HISTORY
OF CENTRAL CITY SOUTH IS 150 YEARS OF DISENFRANCHISEMENT, ERASURE, COMMUNITYBUILDING
2019 1999
PORTLAND AVENUE, NORTH CENTRAL CITY
S 1ST AVENUE, CENTRAL CITY SOUTH
“Government and policy have played a key role in creating these patterns by directing public and private capital in ways that advantage some and disadvantage other neighborhoods.”
1989 1985 1980s
1 7
2 8
I-10
3 4 5 6 9 10 11 12 14
13
census DEMOGRAPHICS 15
with FAA money, Phoenixʼs voluntary relocation program (VARS) begins to clear residents— mostly homeowners—from barrios unidos based on the decreased quality of life due to extremely low yovers by incoming and departing aircraft at Sky Harbor.
16th. St—7th St.
Mother Teresa visits Phoenix and stays at Our Lady of Fatima complex in Central City South
last mass held at Sacred Heart Church at 16th Street and Buckeye. The city considers demolishing the historic structure but former parishioners and the community rally to preserve it. forced dismantling of Golden Gate Barrio - 6,000+ Mexican residents, many homeowners, are forced from their land through Phoenixʼs West Approach Land Acquisition Project, a thinlydisguised “slum clearance” to clear land for industrial and commercial uses near the airport
1961
land is taken by eminent domain and construction begins on the I-10, cutting through the heart of the barrios in a scar that continues to concentrate high levels of air pollution at the curves and massively aect the health of the neighborhoods
24th St.—16th St.
Minorities make up 25% of Phoenixʼs population
&
FREEWAY EXPANSION INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT WASHED OVER MANY OFTHE OLD BARRIOS, CUTTING COMMUNITIES IN HALFAND SWEEPING AWAY OTHERS...
“Community Expansion and the Struggle for Change: 1957-1975,” Hispanic Historic Property Survey, Phoenix, year unknown
1945
Hispanic churchgoers are segregated in Phoenix, so the community funds and constructs Sacred Heart Church in Nuestro Barrio.
Brown vs. Board of education ends American segregation, but de facto housing segregation continues
city begins garbage collection in “the barrios”
returning Hispanic veterans arenʼt allowed in segregated, all-white American Legon posts. Post #41 forms in Grant Park as the rst Hispanich American Legion post in the country.
I-17/I-10
MEDIAN HOUSEHOLD INCOME $17,463
1942
TOTAL RESIDENTS 12,345 1: SHERMAN PARK 2: IG HOMES 3: MATTHEW HENSON 4: GRANT PARK 5: CENTRAL PARK 6: CUATRO MILPAS 7: COFFELT-LAMOREAUX 8: NEW HOMES
16th. St—7th St.
1972
1954
GRANT AVE
over 800 households have been relocated under 20 years of the VARS program; their lots lay barren, graveled-over and fenced-o. Minorities make up 55% of Phoenixʼs population
César Chávez fasts at Santa Rita Hall for farmworkersʼ rights, is joined by Coretta Scott King
“Gentrification, Displacement, and the Role of Public Investment,” Journal of Planning Literature, 2017
central city south NEIGHBORHOODS
&
9: 7-11 10: MARCOS DE NIZA 11: SI SE PUEDE 12: NUESTRO BARRIO 13: RIO SALADO WEST 14: RIO SALADO CENTRAL 15: GREEN VALLEY 16: GOLDEN GATE (NOT PICTURED; DEMOLISHED)
HISPANIC 9,380 (76%) MEDIAN AGE 25.6 RENTERS ~60% *does not account for underreporting due to immigration status
LEARN MOREABOUT CENTRALCITYSOUTH
1935
the United States enters World War II
redlining—the legal practice of segregating minority residents to certain, less-desirable parts of a city—is ocally a Phoenix policy. Long a dividing line, the Southern Pacic tracks are the ocial line above which minorities are not allowed to live. Ocial segregation begins in Arizona.
&
THE FATE OF ONE OFTHE BIGGEST OLDEST LATINO COMMUNITIES WAS FORESEEN IN 1935, WHEN ITWAS DECIDED TO SETTLE THE AIRPORT EAST OF GOLDEN GATE,WITHOUTTHE RESIDENTS BEING ABLE TO STOP IT... “A Vanished Phoenix Barrio: Vision of Life on 16th Street,” Barriozona, Eduardo Barraza, 2004
1930s 1929 1924 1917 1911 1901 1887 1884 1881 1870 1867
bracero program—even during the Great Depression, the federal government sponsored Mexican migrant farmworkers to come to the United States to work under-paid agricultural jobs; many of these migrants settle permantly in the Valley
Great Depression begins; Central City Southʼs Hispanic and black populations are ineligible for the federal grants available to white homeowners to help stave o foreclosure; many lose their homes
electricity comes to Hispanic Phoenix 40 years after Anglo Phoenix
the xenophobic federal 1917 Immigration Act severely restricted foreign migration into the United States; the American Cotton Growers Association sponsors an exemption for Mexican migrant workers they claimed were necessary to keep the industry healthy, bringing many permanent residents to the Valley
the Mexican Revolution brings many Mexican settlers to Arizona; many settle in what is now Central City South
cotton farming begins in Arizona; land prices skyrocket and the original Mexican homesteaders are pushed o their land through sketchy liens against property
Southern Pacific Railway comes to Arizona, bringing Anglo settlers from the East
Phoenix Light and Fuel Company is formed, bringing electricity to what is now mid- and north Phoenix
city of Phoenix incorporated
Duppa House constructed; oldest surviving structure in Phoenix, located in Grant Park
50% of the Phoenix population is Hispanic 1867-1877 two years after Fort McDowell is founded, marking the beginning of Western settlement in the Valley
SEE CENTRALCITY SOUTH CHANGE OVER THE YEARS
PHOENIX HAS CONSISTENTLYDISCRIMINATED AGAINST ITS MINORITYAND LOWINCOME COMMUNITIES, PERPETUATING CYCLES OF DISINVESTMENT NEGLECT DISPOSSESSION
&
1854
Gadsen Purchase / Venta de la Mesilla 29,670 square miles of now-Arizona and New Mexico land south of the Gila River—near the modern-day Phoenix NASCAR track—is purchased from Mexico
With the new light rail extension, what kinds of development will come to Central City South, and who will it benefit? “Walk to downtown. Near light rail! Don’t miss this opportunity to purchase in the most up and coming area of the Phoenix Valley!”
“This property is... an area that is currently experiencing a resurgence and rapid appreciation. **Investors only please, will not be sold to owner/occupant**”
“This is a mile from downtown... Home values have come up at an accelerated rate and are poised for more growth as people invest in the area.”
“Attention all investors and developers, this is your chance to take advantage of the rapid growth happening in Downtown Phoenix!”
Actual quotes from MLS listings in Central City South in 2018
“
The residents of the Project are likely to be either (i) Downtown employees or
(ii) those looking for close proximity to Downtown with transit access to other employment cores
”
(such as Downtown Tempe).
Developers look at quantitative facts, and they’re risk-averse.
Quoted from an actual application for a condo project proposed to border Grant Park in Central City South
What will happen to the existing residents?
INTERVENTIONS&ACCUMULATIONS
THESIS STATEMENT
our approach to anti-displacement-design: we identify & amplify existing positive conditions (patterns) to generate small interventions for the built environment that can be implemented by non-corporate urban actors. these interventions accumulate to reinforce the character and resiliency of the existing neighborhood while bringing economic opportunity and benefits for the residents who already live there.
We have identified three critical types of community displacement. To ensure our strategies and designs are effective at fighting displacement, we will specify how they work to combat one or more of the three types.
HADLEY STREET
physical
Literal displacement; being evicted or otherwise forced from your home or place of business
housing
Affordable housing to enable residents to stay in the neighborhood and ensure they are integrated with new development
cultural
TONTO STREET
Related to cultural traditions of a minority group that begin to fade or be replaced to the extent that they no longer exist within a neighborhood
identity
Formation and maintenance of social cohension and community identity; continuation of neighborhood cultural traditions
economic
When you are no longer able to afford to live, shop or spend time in your neighborhood because you cannot afford rent, amenities, etc.
CENTRAL AVENUE
opportunity
Continuation of affordable and relevant shopping and services; creation of suitable, well-paying jobs BUCKEYE ROAD
NOT TO SCALE
E A
HADLEY STREET
B TONTO STREET
CENTRALAVENUE
D
C
BUCKEYE ROAD NOT TO SCALE Š2019 CENK STUDIO
PARCEL PARCEL RECONFIGURATION RECONFIGURATION A STRATEGY THAT SPLITS PARCELS TO ALLOW INCREASED DENSITY WHILE ENABLING CURRENT RESIDENTS TO STAY IN THEIR HOMES
CURRENTLY, SINGLE FAMILY HOMES SIT ON LARGE PARCELS WITH WIDE STREETS, SETBACKS, AND ON OCCASIONS, ALLEYWAYS.
OFTEN, NEW DEVELOPMENT JOINS ADJACENT LOTS AND CREATES OUT OF PROPORTION DEVELOPMENT
PEOPLE MAINTAIN OWNERSHIP OF THEIR HOMES BUT ARE ABLE TO SELL PORTIONS OF THEIR LOTS FOR APPROPRIATELY SCALED NEW DEVELOPMENT
GOALS AFFORDABLE HOUSING INCOME SOURCE RESPECTS EXISTING HOMES
A
ALLEY-FACING ALLEY FACING DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT A STRATEGY THAT UTILIZES THE ALLEYWAYS THAT ARE CURRENTLY IN A STATE OF BLIGHT WITH CITY PLANS TO CLOSE THEM OFF.
CURRENTLY, ALLEYWAYS ARE BEING UNDERUTILIZED AND DANGEROUS.
B
DUE TO THE CRIME AND DRUG USETHE ALLEYS BRING, THE CITY OF PHOENIX PLANS TO CLOSE OFF AND DO AWAY WITH THE ALLEYS.
PEOPLE ARE ABLE TO SELL PORTIONS OF THEIR LOTS FOR DEVELOPMENT ALONG THE ALLEYS OR DEVELOP THEMSELVES TO INCREASE FOOT TRAFFIC AND UTILIZE THE ALLEYS.
GOALS AFFORDABLE HOUSING INCOME SOURCE UTILIZE LATENT POTENTIALS
C
LIGHT-RAIL-ADJACENT LIGHT RAIL ADJACENT DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT A STRATEGY THAT ENCOURAGES NEW DEVELOPMENT TO CULTURALLY INTEGRATE WITH THE EXISTING COMMUNITY
THE PLANNED LIGHT RAIL EXPANSION WILL PROVIDE A GREAT INCENTIVE FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENT.
OFTEN, MIXED USED DEVELOPMENTS EXISTING ALONG THE LIGHT RAIL CREATE A DISCONNECT TO THE EXISTING NEIGHBORHOODS.
D VIDEO RENDERING
LIGHT RAIL DEVELOPMENT SHOULD SERVE TO RE-DEFINE COMMERCIAL DESIGN IN PHOENIX BY CREATING A CULTURAL GRADIENT THAT KEEPS CENTRAL AVENUE CONNECTED TO THE EXISTING COMMUNITIES.
GOALS CULTURAL CATALYST PROMINENT CULTURAL PRESENCE COMMUNITY ASSISTANCE HOUSING INCOME SOURCE
E
©2019 CENK STUDIO