.
,
,
. . , , .
Carnot. ' 2, ( 1 > 2). T
1
:
1
1
T1’
Q.
2 . 1 2,
Q,
( 1’ > 2
,
>
:
2
2 . ' 1
1
1.
.
. S=
1),
.
’
Boltzmann, .
,
' , . ( .1),
.
)
, S=
.
.1
, ,
“
)
.
”
,
.
. . : , ,
. ( ,
)
. .
: .
1
�. .
S=
( ),
,
. . ),
.'
,
("
")
( )
( ),
( ),
,
1
.
. 1
P1 P2
.
2,
.
: ,
,
2
, =quantum (0, , 2 , 3 ).
.'
,
3 ,(
). ,
,
,
.
10
0
: ( (10) :
), , =1/10=0,1,
.
=1.
.
2
. =3/10=0,3
=3. l
,
=6/10=0,6
=6. ,
.
, Boltzmann
. . (
,
),
,
,
,
. Boltzmann, . ,
'
,
. . (!!!)
,
Boltzmann.
: 1 mole
,
(
.2)
, .
VA
.
VB
, .
S1
. . .
2
.2
Boltzmann. : R=8,314Joule/mole K, K=1,381 10-23Joule/ K, NA=6,023 1023
: . .
: 1,
,
S1
/mole.
2=nRln2
,
S1 2=5,67Joule/ K. , =1/2.
, 1 1
'
,
2 2
:
1=
1
2), P1
S1
2
P2
Kln
P2 P1
:
: S1
1 . 4
,
1 1
1
2 2
2
2=1
2=S2-S1.
NA
(1).
(2) ( (3) Boltzmann,
). . (3)
S1
2=KlnP2-
KlnP1 = K(lnP2- lnP1)
(4).
: .
3
P2 P1
P2
(1),(2)
1
P1
2
N 2 A
1 N 1 A 2
(4)
N Kln2 A
S1 2
S1 2
KN A ln2
S1 2 5,76Joule/ K .
: :
S=R
2
S=
l 2,
R
: K
NA
,
,
"
:
(
, "
. ' , ,
, .
,
),
, ,
,
,
,
"
,
, ,
,
Marx-Engels,
,
'
. ,
, ,
. (
.
,
, ,
" ),
' ,
" "
"
. ,
'
.
, 2
T
3K
,
:
K .
: ,
K .
K. . Joule/
,
째 .
=0,
, . Boltzmann
K =0. .
,
2/3 1째 .
.
4
. , 2 u ,
( rms.
square=
root-mean-
). ,
,
.
: 3P d
u2
3KT m
u2
(a)
u2
(b)
3RT r
(c)
u2
, . '
u2 .
.
P=m
u2 .
u2 ,
, (b)
(c).
,
Maxwell-Boltzmann ,
'
(
.3),
,
. .
,
, ,
,
.
Maxwell,
.3
, . :
u
u
2
m
3 2
e
.4.
mu 2 2KT
.
-
u,
,
,
, . u
m/sec.
m/sec. . u,
. .
.4
5
u. ,
,
"
,
"
, ,
. ,
(u ), .
u, u2
u2 > u >
.
, . :
u2
8
u=
R T Mr
3R T Mr
u =
2R T Mr
R T Mr
1,73 1,60 1,41
R T Mr R T Mr
. . . axwell- oltzmann,
,
(!) . ' . " "
u.
( .5) u=2.000 /m/sec 400m/sec. . . 412,147683...m/sec 400m/sec
.
.5
u=400m/sec,
2.000
. , 401m/sec),
' 6
,
500m/sec,
375m/sec (375+ 6 10 , 3,3 105 , 3,3 cm2).
10 375m/sec )m/sec.
. 2
.6, =273째 .
2.300
(10cm2) 250m/sec ,( Maxwell - Boltzmann,
1/3 ,
.
.
Zartman.
6
Zartman, (
.6),
:
( ). . . ,
, film, '
.
.6
film , , , r
. ,
x
film,
: x= rt
(1)
2r= t
(2) r
:u
2
x
(
axwell- oltzmann) , ,
.
: , , . . .
02
.
2
Maxwell-Boltzmann: 2,
. .
2
, 1=1,08
,
104m/sec,
2=2,1
:
h=600km,
,
103m/sec.
=1.500째 , R=8,314Joule/mole K,
h -3
r1=2 10 kg/mole,
r2=32 10-3kg/mole. :
=1.500째
.
:
2
7
.7
3K N
3K T m 1
u2 1
A m N 1 A
3R T Mr 2
u2 2
T
3K T Mr 1
3 4,3 10 m/sec
u2 1
u 2 1,08 10 3 m/sec 2
.
Maxwell - Boltzmann (
.7)
: u2 1
u>>
> u1.
,
2,
. u2 2
. axwell- oltzmann,
,
02
> u1. '
2,
.
.
, '
02,
2
.
2
H
R f nRT , 2
:U
:R
O2,
,
>
,
2.
K. U
nf
.
n=1
=1째 ,
U
:R
f
.
:
R, : K
f
2/f
1 KT , 2
: K
2 f
K
1 mole
1째 .
.
=1째 ,
2 f
: K
K
:
Boltzmann
,
2/f
,
1째 .
. , (
), . ,
. ,
CP
f 2 R, 2
: CV
f R 2
.' .
, . .
.
8