Entropia

.

,

,

. . , , .

Carnot. ' 2, ( 1 > 2). T

1

:

1

1

T1’

Q.

2 .

1 2,

Q,

( 1’ > 2

,

>

:

2

2 . ' 1

1

1.

.

.

S=

1),

.

’

Boltzmann, .

,

' , . ( .1),

.

)

, S=

.

.1

, ,

“

)

.

”

,

.

. . : , ,

. ( ,

)

. .

: .

1

�. .

S=

( ),

,

. . ),

.'

,

("

")

( )

( ),

( ),

,

1

.

.

1

P1 P2

.

2,

.

: ,

,

2

, =quantum (0, , 2 , 3 ).

.'

,

3 ,(

). ,

,

,

.

10

0

: ( (10) :

), , =1/10=0,1,

.

=1.

.

2

. =3/10=0,3

=3. l

,

=6/10=0,6

=6. ,

.

, Boltzmann

. . (

,

),

,

,

,

.

Boltzmann, . ,

'

,

. . (!!!)

,

Boltzmann.

: 1 mole

,

(

.2)

, .

VA

.

VB

, .

S1

. . .

2

.2

Boltzmann. : R=8,314Joule/mole K, K=1,381 10-23Joule/ K, NA=6,023 1023

: . .

: 1,

,

S1

/mole.

2=nRln2

,

S1 2=5,67Joule/ K. , =1/2.

, 1 1

'

,

2 2

:

1=

1

2), P1

S1

2

P2

Kln

P2 P1

:

: S1

1 .

4

,

1 1

1

2 2

2

2=1

2=S2-S1.

NA

(1).

(2) ( (3) Boltzmann,

). .

(3)

S1

2=KlnP2-

KlnP1 = K(lnP2- lnP1)

(4).

: .

3

P2 P1

P2

(1),(2)

1

P1

2

N 2 A

1 N 1 A 2

(4)

N Kln2 A

S1 2

S1 2

KN A ln2

S1 2 5,76Joule/ K .

: :

S=R

2

S=

l 2,

R

: K

NA

,

,

"

:

(

, "

. ' , ,

, .

,

),

, ,

,

,

,

"

,

, ,

,

Marx-Engels,

,

'

. ,

, ,

. (

.

,

, ,

" ),

' ,

" "

"

. ,

'

.

, 2

T

3K

,

:

K .

: ,

K .

K. .

Joule/

,

째 .

=0,

, .

Boltzmann

K =0. .

,

2/3 1째 .

.

4

. , 2 u ,

( rms.

square=

root-mean-

). ,

,

.

: 3P d

u2

3KT m

u2

(a)

u2

(b)

3RT r

(c)

u2

, . '

u2 .

.

P=m

u2 .

u2 ,

, (b)

(c).

,

Maxwell-Boltzmann ,

'

(

.3),

,

. .

,

, ,

,

.

Maxwell,

.3

, . :

u

u

2

m

3 2

e

.4.

mu 2 2KT

.

-

u,

,

,

, . u

m/sec.

m/sec. . u,

. .

.4

5

u. ,

,

"

,

"

, ,

. ,

(u ), .

u, u2

u2 > u >

.

, . :

u2

8

u=

R T Mr

3R T Mr

u =

2R T Mr

R T Mr

1,73 1,60 1,41

R T Mr R T Mr

. . . axwell- oltzmann,

,

(!) . ' . " "

u.

( .5) u=2.000 /m/sec 400m/sec. . . 412,147683...m/sec 400m/sec

.

.5

u=400m/sec,

2.000

. , 401m/sec),

' 6

,

500m/sec,

375m/sec (375+ 6 10 , 3,3 105 , 3,3 cm2).

10 375m/sec )m/sec.

.

2

.6, =273째 .

2.300

(10cm2) 250m/sec ,( Maxwell - Boltzmann,

1/3 ,

.

.

Zartman.

6

Zartman, (

.6),

:

( ). . . ,

, film, '

.

.6

film , , , r

. ,

x

film,

: x= rt

(1)

2r= t

(2) r

:u

2

x

(

axwell- oltzmann) , ,

.

: , , . . .

02

.

2

Maxwell-Boltzmann: 2,

. .

2

, 1=1,08

,

104m/sec,

2=2,1

:

h=600km,

,

103m/sec.

=1.500째 , R=8,314Joule/mole K,

h -3

r1=2 10 kg/mole,

r2=32 10-3kg/mole. :

=1.500째

.

:

2

7

.7

3K N

3K T m 1

u2 1

A m N 1 A

3R T Mr 2

u2 2

T

3K T Mr 1

3 4,3 10 m/sec

u2 1

u 2 1,08 10 3 m/sec 2

.

Maxwell - Boltzmann (

.7)

: u2 1

u>>

> u1.

,

2,

. u2 2

. axwell- oltzmann,

,

02

> u1. '

2,

.

.

, '

02,

2

.

2

H

R f nRT , 2

:U

:R

O2,

,

>

,

2.

K. U

nf

.

n=1

=1째 ,

U

:R

f

.

:

R, : K

f

2/f

1 KT , 2

: K

2 f

K

1 mole

1째 .

.

=1째 ,

2 f

: K

K

:

Boltzmann

,

2/f

,

1째 .

. , (

), . ,

. ,

CP

f 2 R, 2

: CV

f R 2

.' .

, . .

.

8