.
,
,
.
Cardan,
,
.
.
,
), .
.
.
.
,
.
1999.
.
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
dL dt
.
(1)
(1)
0
L =
(2) .
,
:
1. ,
( ,
1) ,
. ,
. (
180ยบ)
Lo,
. .
L
= Lo (
L
=
L
=
Lo =
L
L
)
Lo =
L
+
+
L ,
Lo Lo
+
=
+
2Lo .
,
,
.
.
Cardan
( )
.
( )
)
( ) ,
.
)
,
( ),
( ),
( )
,
)
( )
2 . ( )( 2 . ( ) .
),
,
( )
2. ) ,( ) ,( )
( ,( )
)
, ( )
,( ) ( ) ), ( ) ( )
.
.
,( ) ,( )
.
, ( ) ,( ) , ( )
,( )
.
.
( )
.
,
( )
180ยบ,
.
( )
, ( )
,(
( )
. 180ยบ.
2
( ), .
254x192x118 mm.
: . (
.
Cardan). ,
(
. ,
).
. .
,
.
'
. "
.
1999,
. , .
'
. ( )
.
. ,
,
( )
( )
, ,
.
,
,
.
,
,
( . .
",
.
)
.
.
,
, .
, . .
,
, ,
4
5
.
,
:
. .
.
[1]. , , , , , , 1959, . 225. [2]- . , , , World University Service, , 1967, . 239-246 [3]-Raymond A. Serway, PHYSICS For Scientists & Engineers, Saunders Colleg Publishing, Philadelphia, . , , 1990, . 280. [4]- . , . , . , . , & ' ., , , 2001, . 121-125.