.
1
(
1
i.
, V 1,
-V,
V 2,
3,
1
=8atm, V1=2L,
1
=500 . ,
T4=862 ,
V 4,
.
4,
5,
-V,
.
3
.
:
=1000 ,
.
,
V- .
2 1
1)
, V- .
=1,67.
V2=4L, P3=4atm, V4=10L, P4=2,75atm, T5=172,4
3 mole R
n
: 1 2 2 3 3 1
1
=273
2
. .
4
=323
: R=8,314 J/mole .
W =12,26J 1
n 1
=3,4atm.
5 mole R
=340 .
=1,4, ,
,
,
1.700ln2J.
, 2.
3
. . . .
3
2,
.
:
3, 1 .
V3=8,2L, T3 279K,
5
=1dm
L1=0,48m.
U1
R=8,314 /mole
3=-762,5J,
1
2
x,
.
3, .
W =109,85J Q2
=1atm.
3=-1.068,5J
m=100kg. ,
, .
=2
.
.
. . 1
.
m 2 : g=10m/sec ,1 atm=10 N/m .
.
6
,
2
5
x=0,24m, =0,24m, W2
V =5L 0=3atm R*=11
. 0
=300 .
A
t=1.000s.
: ,
.
1
.
2
. .
7
5
: =1,4, 1atm 10 N/m.
P=4,1atm, T1=492K, T2=328K, I=0,5A
1 4 3,
Q143=400J
,
W143=W14=250J.
.
:
Q123=500J. Q3 1= - 450J.
1 2 3,
.
8
Wmg=-240J, W =-240J
A=10-2m2 n moles
x=0,1m.
.
3=480J,
3 1
W123=350J W3 1= -300J
1mole 1=5,5atm.
,
1
=298 2=1.490 .
,
. .
:
,
,
.
-V. .
. W1
2=9.900J, Q1
2=34.687J,
CP=29,1J/mole , CV=20,79 J/mole .
.
U1 2=24.787J W2 3=24.787J, Q2 3=0J, U2 3=-24.787J W3 1=-13.954J, Q3 1= -13.954J, U3 1=0J W =20.733J, Q =20.733J, U =0J . e=60%
9
(1 2)
( >1),
(2 3)
(3 1)
.
. .
. - 1)
e =1-
-1
**10
:
( >1),
(1 2) (2 3)
(3 1). . .
:
U1 2=f(n, R, T1, , ) S1 2=f(n, CP, ), n
.
R
,
moles .
1
e =1-
ln -1
11
,
,
U 1
2
nRT 1( -1
. 2
1)
1
=1,2 105N/m2, V1=0,5m3 =1,4,
=293 V2=1m3 1
2
=586 .
:
. .
. U1 2
12
, 1,
. .
2
13
nCV
A U1 2
2
(T1
nCV
B U1 2
T2 ),
(T1
2
. ,
2 3
4 1
, .
.
1.
.
: .
CV .
. ,
). 2
.
T2
496,8J/K
2
.
,
T1
S 1
( n moles
T
5 1,5 10 J,
T2 ),
U1 2
0
1 2 3 4
: 1atm 105 /m2
W =8.000 ln2J
14
. 13
, 1 2, 2 3 ,
2
3 1. 3, ( >1). e =1-
ln -1
15
, . 2 3,
1 2, 3 4
4 1.
, .
V3 e=(1-
1-
V 1. .15
}100%
16
. 3
, (
Diesel),
1 2, 2 3, 4 1.
3 4
,
:
V 2 V4
k,
V 1 V4 1
e =1-
-1
- 1)
17
n moles, 1
.15
,
V 1.
.
o
V2
V1, >1. Q,
R.
.
n R( + 1)
1
= 1+ Q
VA=2L
18 V =4L,
.
B
:
TB
.
PA=5atm
4.000 K, R
PB=2atm,
:
TA
2.500 K R
R
. .
:
. .
. : CV
3 R , 1atm 105 N/m 2
R=8,314 J/mole . 2.500
. TA
19 (1
n R T1 lnk
2),
(2 3), (3 1),
K , P=3atm .
UA=+300J,
UB=-300J
R
.
. e
20
2
1
3 ln3
n mol ,
nR=10J/K, Carnot (
1.947J. .
. )
R
2,
( 1
: ln2 0,7, ln3 1,1
3,
2
2 3
). 2
1,59 1999
. 4