SKELETON CONSTRUCTION
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION II
TUTOR : MR RIZAL
TANG SOON FOO NG SI JING ONG YI TENG POH JIA YEN VIVIEN NG SU-QI
0330958 0326474 0326486 0331197 0326476
CONTENT 01. INTRODUCTION
07. DESIGN ANALYSIS
02. DESIGN CONSIDERATION
08. LOAD TEST
03. DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
09. RENDERING
04. ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING
10. CONCLUSION
05. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
11. REFERENCES
06. CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
01. INTRODUCTION This project aims to introduce the fundamentals of skeletal structure in building construction. In a group of five, we are required to demonstrate our understanding of the module by constructing a 1:5 scale model of a bus stop measuring 600mm in height with a base of 400 x 800mm. This report shall include a detailed analysis of different building components such as column, beams, floor and roof; and subsequently, its relevant joints and connections. The overall design of the bus stop should address various factors such as strength and stability, comfort, as well as weather resistance and other environmental considerations. However, consideration should also be given to other minor factors such as portability and accessibility. These design considerations are key to the fabrication of a structurally strong bus stop; not to mention, serves as a basis for the construction of skeletal architecture with considerable structural integrity.
04. ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWINGS
ROOF PLAN
FLOOR PLAN
SCALE 1 : 25
SCALE 1 : 25
FRONT ELEVATION
SIDE ELEVATION
SCALE 1 : 25
SCALE 1 : 25
Polycarbonate Roof
Steel Roof Frame
Steel Structure Frame
Timber Seating
Timber Flooring
Steel Base Frame
Concerete Pad Footing
05. EXPLODED AXONOMETRIC
06.
PRE-CONSTRUCTION A detailed bus stop model is formed by using Revit software. This includes the specific measurements of the temporary bus stop.
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS FOUNDATION 1. The concrete pad foundation are represented by blocks of timber in the model. 2. The wooden blocks are positioned beneath each steel plate. 3. The foundation blocks are sprayed with a coat to represent concrete. It is then left to dry before it serves as the foundation of the scaled model.
SKELETAL CONSTRUCTION 1. The SHS steel are cut according the specific lengths with a steel cutter chop saw. 2. The SHS steel were welded together and the connections are represented with the appropriate brackets and connector plates. 3. When the steel structure has been completed, it is coated with layer of black paint.
TIMBER CONSTRUCTION 1. The timber seats, leaning bar, flooring and joists are made of Balau wood. 2. The Balau wood is cut into planks with specific lengths according to their purpose that they serve. 3. The planks are then screwed into place onto the designated position on the steel structure with a cordless drill.
ROOF CONSTRUCTION 1. The steel roof frame is welded together and the appropriate joints and connection is indicated. 2. The steel rafters are placed and fastened to the frame. 3. The roof structure is attached to the main beam with the use of brackets and connector plates.
POLYCARBONATE ROOF CONSTRUCTION 1. The polycarbonate sheet is cut into the specific length and width according to the size of the roof. 2. The glazing bars are screwed onto the roof structure. 3. The polycarbonate sheets are then fitted and held into place by the glazing bars.
07. CONSTRUCTION DETAILS SIDE ELEVATION OF PAD FOOTING
7.1 CONCRETE PAD FOOTING COMPONENTS Anchor Bolt Diameter : 9mm Height : 250mm
Column Stump Height : 250mm Steel Thickness : 5mm
Steel Plate
Steel plates are welded at the bottom end of column stump. Length : 325mm Width : 325mm Thickness : 5mm
Concret Pad Footing Height : 400 MM Width : 400 MM
CONNECTION OF STEEL PLATE TO CONCRETE PAD FOOTING Steel Plate is used to strengthen the foundation. Steel Plate is able to withstand immense stress therefore it will evenly distribute the load over an area and to allow the connection between column and concrete pad footing.
7.2 STEEL BASE FRAME PERSPECTIVE OF STEEL BASE FRAME
COMPONENTS
Column Stump Height : 250mm Width : 100mm Length : 100mm Thickness : 5mm
Plan View
Hex Head Bolt & Nut
b a
Top View
c
Bottom View
Diameter : 16mm Length : 43mm Head : 7mm a : 8mm b : 9.1mm c : 10.5mm
L-Bracket
width
Length : 60mm Height : 60mm Width : 40mm Thickness : 5mm Diameter of Holes : 10mm
length
height
thickness
PLAN VIEW OF STEEL BASE FRAME
- Located at the lowest part of the bus stop. - This is to ensure the timber floor, timber seating and columns to be connected above while the concrete pad footings to be connected below
Indication of welded part of plate with column Indication of L-Brackets
CONNECTIONS
SHS TYPE 1 The used of it is to act as a girder to join the concrete pad footing in a row. Length : 3700mm
SHS TYPE 2 Work as floor beams to connect the front and back part of the concrete pad footings. Length : 1800mm
Steel column is welded to the steel plate.
L brackets are bolted to the base steel beam.
7.3 TIMBER FLOORING & JOISTS SECTIONAL PERSPECTIVE OF TIMBER FLOORING
PLAN VIEW OF TIMBER FLOOR PLANKS (NTS) 1900mm
1900mm
PLAN VIEW OF TIMBER JOISTS 1900mm
1900mm
1900mm
(i) CONNECTION OF TIMBER PLANK TO TIMBER JOIST
COMPONENTS Timber Plank
Timber Joist
Length 3700mm Width 225mm Thickness 15mm
Length 1800mm Width 50mm Thickness 100mm
Self Tapping Screw
L-Bracket
Head Length : 3mm Length : 65mm Diameter : 8mm
Top View
Length : 60mm Height : 60mm Width : 40mm Thickness : 5mm width
Elevation
Timber planks are secured onto the timber joists with self tapping screws.
height
diameter
(ii) CONNECTION OF TIMBER JOIST TO STEEL BASE FRAME
thickness
Front & side elevations
Hex Head Bolt & Nut
b a
Top View
c
Bottom View
Timber joists are secured onto the steel base frame with L brackets fastened with self-tapping screw on timber and hex head bolt and nut on steel.
length
Diameter : 16mm Length : 43mm Head : 7mm a : 8mm b : 9.1mm c : 10.5mm
7.4 TIMBER SEATING & STEEL SUPPORT PLAN VIEW (NTS)
PERSPECTIVE VIEW (NTS)
1900mm 450mm Leaning Bar 1900mm
COMPONENTS Seating
Seatings
Leaning Bar
It is made up from wooden planks.
It is made up from wooden plank, laid 30° from column.
Leaning Bar Steel Support (b)
Leaning Bar Steel Support (a)
Length : 1900mm Width : 350mm Thickness :
Length : 1900mm Width : 225mm Thickness : 15mm
Leaning Bar Steel Support (a)
Leaning Bar Steel Support (a)
Length : 1700mm Width : 70mm Height : 70mm
Seating Steel
Length (a)
Length (b)
Length (a) : 142mm Length (b) : 200mm Width : 100mm Height : 100mm Slants 30° from vertical line.
Seating Steel Support (b) Seating Steel Support (a) Length : 1700mm Width : 100mm Height : 10mm
Seating Steel Length : 500mm Width : 100mm Height : 100mm
(ii) CONNECTION OF LEANING BAR TO STEEL SUPPORT
(i) CONNECTION OF STEEL SUPPORT TO COLUMN
(i) (ii)
Self tapping screw is used to hold leaning bar to steel base frame together.
(iii) CONNECTION OF SEATING TO STEEL SUPPORT
COMPONENTS Hex Head Bolt & Nut
(i) L-Bracket L bracket is used to hold steel base frame together horizontally. Length : 60mm Height : 60mm Width : 40mm Thickness : 5mm
Diameter : 16mm Length : 43mm Head : 7mm a : 8mm b : 9.1mm c : 10.5mm
b a
(ii) Triangular Bracket Triangular bracket used to hold steel base frame to column vertically. Length : 125mm Height : 75mm Width : 40mm Thickness : 5mm
Top View
Hex head bolt & nut is used to hold L bracket to the steel structure.
Self tapping screw is used to hold wooden seating to steel base frame together.
COMPONENTS Self Tapping Screw Head Length : 3mm Length : 65mm Diameter : 8mm
c
Bottom View
Top View
7.5 STEEL STRUCTURE FRAME PERSPECTIVE VIEW
PLAN VIEW (NTS)
3700mm Steel Main Beam 550mm
450mm Steel Bracing (A)
Steel Sub-Beam
1775mm
1775mm
COMPONENTS Steel Bracing (B)
Steel Column
Steel Bracing (A) Height : 2700mm Length : 100mm Width : 100mm Steel Thickness :
a
Angle of bracing from the column is 39 degrees.
b
Length : 763.5mm Width : 50mm Steel Thickness : 5mm a : 45mm
Steel Main Beam Length : 3700mm Height : 100mm Width : 100mm Steel Thickness :
Steel Column
Steel Sub-Beam Length : 3700mm Height : 50mm Width : 50mm Steel Thickness :
Steel Bracing (B) a b
Angle of bracing from the column is 40 degrees.
Length : 954mm Width : 50mm Steel Thickness : 5mm a : 45mm b : 25mm
(i) CONNECTION OF STEEL COLUMN TO STEEL BEAM
(ii) CONNECTION OF STEEL BRACING TO STEEL COLUMN COMPONENTS
Steel gusset plates are used to hold the main steel columns and two side bracings together. Rectangular plates (1)will be at welded at the end of each bracing. For the bracing at the middle that is connecting to the middle column, rectangular plate is the only connection to hold bracing up. There are also extra rectangular plates welded to side bracings other than gusset to connect to side beams so it is strong.
L
h
COMPONENTS
t
Gusset Plate
a
w h
L-Bracket is used to hold the beam laid on top of the column at right angled. Hence, hex head bolt & nuts are used to hold and secure L-bracket with steel beam and column in place.
b
L-Bracket Length (L) : 60mm Height (h) : 60mm Width (w) : 40mm Thickness (t) : 5mm Hole Diameter : 10mm
w
Height (h) : 200mm Width (w) : 65mm a : 40mm b: 180mm Thickness : 5mm Hole diameter : 10mm
Rectangular Plate (1) Height (h) : 130mm Width (w) : 100mm Thickness : 5mm Hole diameter : 10mm
(iiI ) CONNECTION OF SUB-BEAM TO STEEL BRACING
Gussets and rectangular plates (2 & 3) are used to hold and secure sub-beams on to the bracings. The gussets have two different angles to hold the butterfly roof at different angles. The rectangular plates are welded at the tip of the bracings to connect and hold the sub-beam more securely.
COMPONENTS w
Longer Length (L) : 90mm Shorter Length (s) : 40mm Width (w) : 40mm Angle : 126° Thickness : 5mm Hole diameter : 10mm
L
Gusset (Type 2)
w
s
L
Indications of the welded parts at the tips of bracings with rectangular plates to connect to sub-beams. Indications of the welded parts at the end of bracings with rectangular plates to connect to columns.
COMPONENTS Gusset (Type 1)
s
WELDING INDICATIONS
Longer Length (L) : 80mm Shorter Length (s) : 40mm Width (w) : 40mm Angle : 140° Thickness : 5mm Hole diameter : 10mm
Rectangular Plate (2)
Hex Head Bolt & Nut
* 4 holes plate Height (h) : 150mm Width (w) : 50mm Thickness : 5mm Hole diameter : 10mm
Diameter : 16mm Length : 43mm Head : 7mm a : 8mm b : 9.1mm c : 10.5mm
b
a
Reactangular Plate (3) * 2 holes plate Height (h) : 100mm Width (w) : 50mm Thickness : 5mm Hole diameter : 10mm
c
Hex head bolt & nut is used to hold steel brackets or steel gusset plates to all the steel structures include steel column, beam and bracing.
STEEL ROOF FRAME WITH POLYCARBONATE ROOF SHEET EXPLODED AXONOMETRIC VIEW
COMPONENTS Glazing bar Dimensions: 1128x62 mm (Roof A) 950x62 mm (Roof B)
Polycarbonate Roof Gutter Dimensions: 3700x100 mm
Steel Joist
Steel Roof Frame
Gutter
Polycarbonate sheet A (Roof A) Dimensions: 1807x1288 mm Quantity : 2 pcs Roof A a: 3700mm, b: 1128mm, c: 558mm
c a b
Steel Structure Frame
c a
b
Polycarbonate sheet B (Roof B) Dimensions: 1807x1246 mm Quantity : 2 pcs Roof B a: 3700mm, b: 950mm, c: 558mm
(i) CONNECTION OF STEEL JOIST & ROOF FRAME
The steel joists are connected to the steel roof frame with L brackets on each side and screwed with hex head nut and bolts.
(ii) CONNECTION OF STEEL ROOF FRAME TO MAIN BEAM AND BRACING
(iii) CONNECTION OF POLYCARBONATE ROOF TO ROOF FRAME
The polycarbonate sheet is secured into place with a set of glazing bars attached to the steel roof structure.
COMPONENTS
L-Bracket
The steel roof frame is attached to the main beam with a L bracket and fastened with hex head nut and bolts. The connection between steel roof frame and bracing uses L brackets, fastened with hex head nut and bolts.
Length (L) : 60mm Height (h) : 60mm Width (w) : 40mm Thickness (t) : 5mm Hole Diameter : 10mm
Angled L-Bracket Length (L) : 60mm Height (h) : 60mm Width (w) : 40mm Thickness (t) : 5mm Hole Diameter : 10mm
Hex Bold & Nut Length (L) : 43mm Head Length : 7mm Bolt Diameter : 10.5mm Head Diameter : 16mm
MATERIALITY
STAINLESS STEEL COLUMNS & BEAMS - Smooth surface - Painted black - Ductile - High durability - Corrosion resistant - Gives a feeling of lightness and strength
TIMBER FLOORING & SEATINGS - Smooth surface - High impact resistance - High strength to weight ratio - Corrosion resistant - Durable - Low embodied energy material - Renewable, sustainable resource that stores CO2
08. DESIGN ANALYSIS
POLYCARBONATED ROOF - Smooth surface - Impact resistant - Lightweight - Waterproof - Thermal resistant - Ultraviolet ray resistant - Transparency of polycarbonate allows optimum sunlight to enter the space
VERTICAL MEMBER The SHS columns and column stumps serves as the vertical members of the structure which supports the loads which are subjected to compressive force.
HORIZONTAL MEMBER The SHS columns and column stumps serves as the vertical members of the structure which supports the loads which are subjected to compressive force.
09. LOAD & FORCES Load Transfer System : One Way System Loads or forces are transferred vertically downwards in one direction.
One way load distribution
Load distribution
Concentrated Load
EXTERNAL FORCES External loads like live loads and static loads will also constantly act on the structure. DEAD LOAD
LIVE LOAD
The weight of the structure permenant elements such as roof, beam and column will constanty apply forces towards the structure for its entire lifespan.
Rain that falls and hits on to the roof will spread evenly throughout the roof surface hence transfer the load from beam to column then to then foundation and ground.
10.
ROOF Test Subject: 1 human Total Load: 50kg Representation: Live load imposed onto the roof. Test Results: Successful. The roof is able to withstand the loads imposed onto the structure
LOAD TEST
FLOORING Test Subject: 2 books Total Load: 5kg Representation: Live load imposed onto the timber floor. Test Results: Successful. The roof is able to withstand the loads imposed onto the structure
SEATING Test Subject: 2 laptops Total Load: 5kg Representation: Live load imposed onto the timber seatings.. Test Results: Successful. The roof is able to withstand the loads imposed onto the structure
11. RENDERING
12. CONCLUSION
This project has been extremely crucial in providing the necessary knowledge and wisdom in the principles of building a skeletal structure as well as understanding the fundamentals of joinery and connections. Although we have undergo several attempt and mistakes throughout the process, we have gained useful knowledge and insights on how a structure reacts when put under load; and the necessary steps to prevent collapse of structural failure. With the knowledge that we’ve learnt from this assignment, we now understand the importance of designing a structurally stable and safe structure while fulfilling its aesthetical motives.
13. REFERENCES
ONLINE REFERENCES: 1. Joints in Concrete Construction - Types of Concrete Joints in Structures. (2018). Retrieved from https://theconstructor.org/concrete/joints-in-concrete-structures/970/ 2. 36 Types of Screws and Screw Heads (Ultimate Chart & Guide). (2018). Retrieved from https://www.homestratosphere.com/types-of-screws/ 3. of Screws, H. (2018). Here’s How to Use Different Types of Screws | Make:. Retrieved from https://makezine.com/2016/03/23/heres-how-touse-different-types-of-screws/ 4. Liberte, M. (2018). Floor Joists - Construction Instruction. Retrieved from https://constructioninstruction.com/building-resources/building-science-videos/floor-joists/ 5. Team, W. (2018). 7 Advantages of Structural Steel Frame Construction. Retrieved from https://www.whirlwindsteel.com/blog/bid/407580/7-advantages-of-structural-steel-frame-construction BOOK REFERENCES : 1. Bus Stop Design Guide. (2018). [Ebook] (p. 79). Retrieved from https://www.planningni.gov.uk/downloads/busstop-designguide.pdf 2. Floor Construction. (2018). [Ebook]. Retrieved from https://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/BSSC/FEMA232_Chapter4final.pdf 3. Design and Installation Guide. (2018). [Ebook] (p. 27). Retrieved from https://www.builditsolar.com/Projects/Sunspace/SundanceDesignGuide.pdf