Social Artery: SDGs oriented place-making strategy for urban happiness, Nikolaos Psaroudakis

University of Strathclyde Department of Architecture Academic Year 2018 - 2019 Mentor / Dr. Zhen Chen

22 900 Y5 Master Thesis MArch / Pg Dip Advanced Architectural Design

Social artery:

Sustainable Development Goals oriented place-making strategy for urban happiness

Nikolaos Psaroudakis Reg. Number: 201409046

Total word count: approx. 12.860 words 2

CHITECTUREARCHITECTURE DESIGN STUDIES 3A (ABSTUDIES 317) 3A (AB 317) DESIGN LIVE/TO WORK: URBANWORK: HOUSING TO LIVE/TO URBAN HOUSING MESTER ONESEMESTER TUTORIALONE UNITTUTORIAL LISTS UNIT LISTS

OUP 01

OUP 02

OUP 03

Dissertation 2018 / 2019 22 900 Y5 Master Thesis MArch / Pg Dip Advanced Architectural Design

GROUP 01 1 2 3 4

Declaration

“I hereby declare that this dissertation submission is my own work and has been composed by myself. It contains no unacknowledged text and has not been submitted in any previous context. All quotations have been distinguished by GROUP 02 quotation marks and all sources of information, text, illustration, tables, images etc.

1 have been specifically acknowledged.

2 I accept that if having signed this Declaration my work should be found at

Examination to show evidence of academic dishonesty the work will fail and I will

3 be liable to face the University Senate Discipline Committee.”

4

GROUP 03

Name:

NIKOLAOS PSAROUDAKIS

1 2

Signed:

3 Date:

01 / 08 / 2019

4

id Charles Reat David Charles Reat 8-2019 2018-2019

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract

1.

p. 10

Introduction

1.1 Problem and scope of study Background information Key questions

1.2 Aims and objectives 1.3 Methodology 1.4 Research outcome 1.5 Contribution

1.6 Structure of thesis

p. 12 p. 12 p. 13 p. 13 p. 13 p. 14 p. 14

2.

Literature Review

2.1 Sustainable Development Goals The role of architecture Existing applications 2.2 Urban Happiness Definition Happy Cities Agenda Correlation Recommendations 2.3 Summary

3.

p. 16 p. 17 p. 34 p. 35 p. 35 p. 36 p. 37

SDGs oriented assessment tool

3.1 Measuring Happiness Introduction Happy City Card Key essentials Sub-criteria Example 3.2 Case Studies 3.3 Research findings Happiness evaluation Summary of case studies

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p. 38 p. 38 p. 38 p. 39 p. 40 p. 41 p. 52 p. 53

4.

Scenario-based case study

4.1 City of Glasgow Background Analysis 4.2 Chosen area Context Recommendations 4.3 Urban voids Definition Typologies Potential sites

4.4 Urban Happiness strategy Recommendations 4.5 Design direction Concept ideas Urban Design Toolkit 4.6 Summary Limitations

p. 54 p. 55 p. 56 p. 57 p. 58 p. 59 p. 72 p. 74 p. 76 p. 78

5. Conclusion

Overall summary Future research

p. 82 p. 82 p. 84

Bibliography

p. 87

Webography

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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1:

17 Sustainable Development Goals

Figure 2:

Homed

Figure 3:

Michigan Farming Initiative

Figure 4:

Active rooftop at Konditaget Luders.

Figure 5:

Frederiksbjerg School

Figure 6:

Wonder Wood

Figure 7:

Taasinge Square

Figure 8:

Ovre Forsland Hydro-power Plant

Figure 9:

Second Home London Fields

Figure 10:

Folk Art Museum

Figure 11:

Hazelwood School

Figure 12:

Bloomberg HQ

Figure 13:

Waste Side Story Pavilion

Figure 14:

The BIG U

Figure 15:

Wastewater Treatment Plant

Figure 16:

Shanghai Houtan Park

Figure 17:

Tingbjerg Library and Culture House

Figure 18:

Climate Tile

Figure 19:

Happy Cities Agenda

Figure 20:

High Line

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Figure 21:

Aerial View

Figure 22:

Red Square

Figure 23:

Superkilen Aerial

Markthal Figure 24:

Figure 25:

Markthal’s Interior

ECObox Figure 26:

Figure 27:

SuECObox Aerial

Figure 28:

Ghost Train Park

Figure 29:

Recycled Playground

Figure 30:

Folly for a Flyover

Figure 31: Cinema

Figure 32:

Aarhus Harbor Baths

Figure 33:

Outdoor Pool

Skygarden Figure 34:

Figure 35:

Plant Village

Figure 36:

Parc de la Villette

Figure 37: Promenade

Figure 38:

Hastings Pier

Figure 39:

Events and festivals

Figure 40:

Happiness Evaluation Diagram

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Figure 41:

Glasgow City Centre

Figure 42:

Area of interest

Figure 43:

Policies for development of city centre

Figure 44:

City Centre Districts

Figure 45:

Area analysis

Figure 46:

Urban voids

Figure 47:

5 Areas of interest + 25 potential sites

Figures 48-77:

Site visit

Figure 78:

City Union Line masterplan

Figure 79:

City Union Line strategy

Figure 80:

Happiness oriented recommendations

Figure 81:

Urban Design Toolkit

Figure 82:

Site 14: Concept visualisation

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Abstract

It was in 2015 that the Sustainable Development Goals were agreed upon by all 193 Member States of the United Nations Organisation.

This ambitious set of seventeen goals falls within a global agenda which both seeks to eradicate poverty and inequality, and promotes social justice and environmental sustainability. It addresses alarmingly complicated issues and covers the majority of the pressing problems the world is afflicted with. In that respect, city planning features as a fundamental pillar towards sustainable development. With cities continuously following the “successful� city trajectory, which focuses on the material pursuit of happiness along with the desire for personal economic development, there is always an underlying danger: remaining faithful to such ideals at the expense of local culture, social integrity and public space, but at the same time also neglecting the implications of urbanization and climate change.

This thesis aims to align the interests of SDGs and urban happiness in order to provide an assessment tool for city planning strategies.

The SDGs oriented way of thinking will eventually help to shape a conceptual programmatic urban strategy for a network of personalized and communal multidisciplinary facilities and centers.

The results gained from the assessment tool will be implemented into an abstract architectural proposal. This will demonstrate a hypothetical example of sustainable development that incorporates cultural, communal and therapeutic elements for the public; a piece of sustainable social infrastructure.

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Figure 1: 17 Sustainable Development Goals Courtesy: UN (2015)

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1

1.

INTRODUCTION

1.1

Problem and scope of study

Background information

The Millennium Development Goals or MDGs were an ambitious set of goals which aimed to have combated by 2015 several alarming multilayered societal, economic and environmental issues such as: extreme poverty, universal primary education, gender inequality, child mortality, environmental sustainability, global partnerships and the like. In 2015, all United Nations Member States agreed to adopt the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, a new agreement which would set the bar higher by proposing a more ambitious template for peace and prosperity for people across the globe. This agenda was a more thorough version of the previous 8 MDGs: the updated new set of 17 Sustainable Development Goals or SDGs favoured collective action from all UN Member States and took a bolder stance on creating a more sustainable path towards the environment.

Based on the philosophy of sustainable development, the SDGs address a vast range of extremely complex issues which can be applied in all aspects of everyday human life: social, economic, cultural and environmental. Policies which champion more sustainable, feasible and safer solutions for our shared planet and posterity should be incorporated by all countries. Clearly, more commitments are to be met by the developed world; especially regarding the climate change and resource management emergencies. Given that the key to prosperity has been proven to be aligned with the viability of our environment, cities need to reframe their operations and adapt towards more sustainable ways of functioning. Thankfully, because SDGs are closely intertwined with each other and awareness-raising is on the rise, collective action from all fields can be simultaneously taken by implementing multidisciplinary tactics to tackle more than one problem at once.

Key questions

Urban environments play an integral role in contemporary human life.

Unfortunately, wellbeing in modern cities gets dramatically and negatively impacted: according to the World Health Organization (WHO), by 2020, depression will have become the second leading cause of disease globally. Gender inequality, economic and social disadvantages, which the SDGs aspire to curb, are common depression triggers across the world. Therefore, the SDGs require urban environments that facilitate sound wellbeing and emotional comfort through human-centered conditions. Arguably, certain characteristics of urban living can have negative implications to the social fabric of cities. Adaptive urban environments with the potential to transform should seek ways that tackle many SDGs at the same time in order to create happier places.

“Can SDGs influence city planning and architecture in a positive manner so as to tackle multiple issues at once by reviewing the qualities of public space and its pro-social implications?�

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1.2

Aims and objectives

The purpose of this thesis is to combine a series of strategies by aligning the principles of some, if not all, 17 SDGs along with city planning and architecture recommendations, and ultimately create an assessment tool for urban happiness.

The assessment tool will be implemented in the form of a Scorecard; a happinessmeasuring tool for built environments. Based on how they respond to SDGs and urban happiness, the Scorecard or “Happy City Card� will evaluate several key aspects of architectural design. Lastly, an abstract architectural proposal will exemplify the core hypothesis of how architecture can at the same time enhance sustainable development within the built environment and address urban happiness in relation to SDGs, and will demonstrate how relevant results have been obtained by applying the Happy City Card in other case studies.

The key questions within the scope of this thesis can be concluded in three main objectives:

1.

2.

3.

1.3

Align the interests of SDGs and urban strategies for cities.

Create a Scorecard that will act as an assessment tool for reviewing cases of SDGs implementation in relation to urban happiness.

Propose an abstract implementation of the Happy City Card.

Methodology

Prior to achieving the objectives, the main research will be conducted through the literature review. The information that is gathered through literature review will be digested in order to inform an assessment tool (Happy City Card). The Happy City Card will be used to evaluate specific qualities of several architectural projects so as to gain valuable insight and more information about the subject. Lastly, the findings will be used to influence design decisions on an abstract design implementation of the Happy City Card, in the form of a scenario-based case study. This step-by-step procedure will evolve into meeting the objectives of the thesis.

1.4 Research outcomes

The main outcome of this thesis will be the Happy City Card, a tool for evaluating happiness in urban environments and architectural projects. The Happy City Card will be based on a SDGs oriented way of thinking and will become a tool for assessing happiness for other architectural projects by questioning their philosophy as well as their functions and qualities. Lastly, an experimental case study will demonstrate the use of the Happy City Card in a real context and will also apply theory to physical material.

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1.5

Contribution

The Happy City Card will provide results on the advantages or disadvantages that other cases had. The collected data and findings will then be used to inform the research into the potential application of design principles into an abstract architectural proposal. The case study will examine a SDGs oriented strategy for urban happiness in the city of Glasgow, UK. At the end of the case study, specific key qualities or features will be identified in the form of a summarized section as the Urban Design Toolkit that could serve as advice or inspiration for future projects of a similar nature or ideology.

1.6 Structure of thesis

The approach to achieve the goals of this thesis will be established by implementing a collective and comprehensive evaluation method formed by reviewing various criteria. Obtained through a network of connections, the results can lead to assumptions about a hierarchical list of principles (Happiness Evaluation) and can then be assessed to inform the Happy City Card. The results of the Happy City Card can be viewed as yardsticks for ethics, planning and design decisionmaking. Lastly, an informed concept design will demonstrate through illustrations how those principles can be applied in practice (case study).

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2. LITERATURE REVIEW

The purpose of this chapter is to demonstrate an agenda for happy-citymaking by aligning the interests of the SDGs and urban happiness. To that effect, a deeper understanding of addressing the SDGs is introduced by highlighting specific key aspects of existing applications. Additionally, the chapter elaborates on the correlation between the two by establishing a set of principles for SDGs oriented urban happiness within the built environment.

2.1

Sustainable Development Goals SDGs

The role of architecture

The SDGs unfold in 17 compact categories that are closely interconnected and act as an open call for action for all countries regardless of whether they are developed or not. The UN acknowledges that development can be achieved on the condition that an equilibrium between economic, social and environmental sustainability is maintained. Urban environments, city planning and architecture sit at the crossroads of all goals as these are closely interrelated and interlinked with each and every one of them. The solution to sustainable development is not only dependent on ambitious future proposals but, most importantly, on the adaptation of the existing built fabric of our cities. Built environments face major sustainable issues. Architects should challenge their designs by ensuring sustainability on all levels and by taking into consideration all their environmental, social, and economic impacts (RIBA, 2018).

Existing applications

While estimates predict that 75% of the world population will be living in cities by the end of this century, it is evident that we need adaptive solutions that tackle multiple issues both simultaneously and at once (UN, 2017). City planning requires collective and joint action because remedying problems in one area is most likely to affect outcomes in others (Mossin, 2018). After acknowledging and fully comprehending every SDG, it is important to both formulate the architectural and urban planning qualities that enhance sustainable development, and to examine the ways in which the built environment can adapt in order to address them. For this reason, the next section will provide:

-

a brief description of every SDG

-

a short summary regarding their scope towards city planning

-

an example of existing applications that have responded to each SDG

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1.

No poverty

End poverty in all of its forms everywhere

While city planning alone cannot drag people out of poverty, architecture can be used to shape built environments in ways that considerably benefit the poor and disadvantaged by providing them with opportunities, adequate housing and affordable institutions. Delivering affordable multidisciplinary solutions is of paramount importance in helping poor inhabitants: on the one hand, they will claim ownership of their built habitats; on the other hand, they will effectively adapt to the climatic, geographical and cultural context of an area without having to compromise the environment in the name of profit.

Homed / Framlab New York, USA

Homed is an aspiring architectural proposal that both puts forward a possible solution for the growing homeless population of New York and also deals with urban voids. It proposes that a system of hexagonal pods be installed in empty elevations of buildings. These pods could provide temporary shelter for the homeless and could be spread around cities to address rampant homelessness.

Figure 2: Homed Courtesy: Gibson (2017)

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2.

Zero hunger

End hunger, achieve food security and improved

nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture

The built environment can respond to this goal in diverse ways. Through careful planning and landscape design, existing ecosystems can be preserved while land for food production can be promoted and protected. Urban farming can be introduced in various scales through climate-responsive design solutions, whereas local species diversities can be rebuilt in urban areas and settlements.

The Michigan Urban Farming Initiative Detroit, USA

Established in Detroit, this ambitious nonprofit organization seeks to actively engage members of the community in sustainable agriculture. The initiative transforms unused spaces of the built environment into urban agriculture in the city. As a result, neighbourhoods are turned into “agri-hoods� and almost 2,000 households get local produce for free.

Figure 3: Michigan Farming Initiative Courtesy: Perkins (2017)

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3.

Good health and well-being

Ensure healthy lives and promote wellness for all at all ages

Creating prosperous societies includes promoting healthy lifestyles and wellbeing for all ages both indoors and outdoors.

Aspects of indoor spaces such as adequate lighting, air quality, acoustics, exposure to radiation and the like should be taken into consideration in order to deliver sound living environments.

Similarly, public spaces, urban layouts and infrastructure should be designed in ways that encourage physical activity and promote good health and social wellness.

Konditaget LĂźders / Jaja Architects Copenhagen, Denmark

This building is a great example of how multiple functions can be accommodated under one roof. It combines parking space with recreational space in a way which makes the building an integral part of the city. Public space and infrastructure seamlessly coexist in harmony behind a green facade and through a landscaped playground on the rooftop.

Figure 4: Active rooftop at Konditaget Luders Courtesy: https://archello.com/project/p-hus-konditaget-luders

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4. Quality education

Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all

Quality education is necessary for achieving sustainable development. Schools and educational spaces are crucial contributors to the collective investment in a prosperous future.

Architecture should create productive educational spaces and simultaneously ensure that they are affordable, accessible and inclusive for communities with fewer resources. Additionally, architecture can promote sustainable culture by providing training opportunities regarding the sustainable performance of buildings, settlements and urban areas for both users and craftsmen. An increased focus on such areas will be key to embracing sustainable development in the future.

Frederiksbjerg School / Henning Larsen Aarhus, Denmark

Frederiksbjerg School offers a markedly alternative educational model which is combined with intense physical activity. It is the first school built under the new Danish law which requires that learning environments inspire physical activity and movement. The building allows its young students to flow effortlessly through its interior spaces in unusual ways during the day and provides them with unique facilities both during and after school time.

Figure 5: Frederiksbjerg School Courtesy: https://www.archdaily.com/799521/frederiksbjergschool-henning-larsen-architects-plus-gpp-architects/

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5.

Gender equality

Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls

The built environment has an obligation towards embracing gender equality by providing places that are inclusive and safe for all citizens regardless of their gender. The security of women, girls and LGBT+ citizens should be meticulously considered during the organisation of spaces so as to guarantee that the risks of abuse or assault are minimized. Additionally, the construction industry itself has to be reformed and reframed in order to empower and motivate women to actively engage in all levels of construction and design.

Wonder Loop / Vega Landskab Skørping, Denmark

According to recent research findings, increasing the time devoted to physical activities benefits students considerably. Additionally, as regards playground activities, male students have different preferences to their female counterparts.

In their Skørping School project, the architects made sure that both sides gained the playful environment of their liking. Following the construction of the school, research established that Wonder Loop’s intentions were actually fulfilled and girls did engage in active play during breaks.

Figure 6: Wonder Wood Courtesy: https://landezine-award.com/skorping-school/

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6. Clean water and sanitation

Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all

Urban layouts can make use of stormwater runoff and also allow it to enter groundwater so as to promote and preserve ecosystems within the built environment. Furthermore, rainfall can be collected, purified and turned into drinking water. Waste water from buildings or other facilities should be kept separate from clean water in order to ensure sanitation and hygiene.

Lastly, the built environment should be protected against floods and draughts.

Taasinge Square / GHB Landskabsarkitekter Copenhagen, Denmark

Taasinge Square is an urban space built as a protective measure towards future cloud bursts. It is Denmark’s first climate resilient neighbourhood and has been characterized as an urban oasis situated at the heart of the city. The sustainable landmark was built to be climate responsive and to manage rainwater.

Figure 7: Taasinge Square Courtesy: https://www.ghb-landskab.dk/en/projects/taasinge-square/

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7.

Affordable and clean energy

Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all

Energy is essential to our everyday lives and central to every big challenge that we face today. Although the built environment is a major energy consumer, it also has at the same time the potential to become a major energy producer.

Architecture should adapt to the climatic change emergency and start recycling its own energy, either by harvesting it or by using materials that are responsive. The maintenance of buildings and cities requires a lot of energy; therefore, it is crucial that the construction industry address such issues and deliver sustainable solutions that consume clean energy.

Ovre Forsland Hydro-power Plant / Stein Hamre Helgeland, Norway

This hydraulic power station generates clean electricity for Norwegians and doubles as a touristic destination and a learning environment which effectively raise public awareness on energy production.

Figure 8: Ovre Forsland Hydro-power Plant Courtesy: King. (2012)

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8. Decent work and economic growth

Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic

growth, full and productive employment and decent

work for all

Planning must ensure both the safe transportation of citizens to work and their accessibility to marketplaces, business outlets and places where services can be offered or purchased.

The amount of time that citizens spend in transit and their ability to freely access a place are crucial factors in determining job availability. The built environment affects economic growth and is responsible for delivering sustainable and healthy work conditions to employees.

Second Home London Fields / Cano Lasso London, UK

This collaborative environment has been described as “the most familyfriendly working space in the city�. It features a shared office which also includes a nursery and an outdoor play area. The work area is secluded within a markedly more focused and quieter context, whereas the children’s play area is located on the roof terrace and features various unusual activities such as a playground, a race track, pools and plants.

Figure 9: Second Home London Fields Courtesy: Levy (2019)

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9. Industry, innovation and infrastructure

Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and

sustainable industrialization and foster innovation

In order to promote sustainable and social development as well as economic growth, the building industry needs to keep innovating in ways that prioritize sustainable industrial development and technological advancement. Architecture and city planning need to adapt to site-specific approaches that are responsive towards climate and culture by utilizing sustainable local resources. This requires that local industries consistently update their products and services so as to comply with sustainable work ethics.

Folk Art Museum / Kengo Kuma & Associates Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China

The Folk Art Museum sits within the China Academy of Arts campus and is a great example of how quality architecture can also be resource efficient at the same time. The building uses thousands of recycled curved tiles from local houses that act both as a roof screen and cladding.

Figure 10: Folk Art Museum Courtesy: Mairs (2015).

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10. Reduced inequalities

Reduce inequality within and among countries

Sustainable development cannot be achieved if certain members of society are excluded from specific services, opportunities and chances of having a better life. This is why the built environment ought to be a challenger of inequality and prevent it from taking place in any shape or form. Through inclusive design, architecture can become socially responsible and assimilate minorities within its functions. Accessibility and usability must be amplified for all members of society unconditionally through urban planning, programming and the architecture of cities.

Hazelwood School / Alan Dunlop Architects Glasgow, Scotland, UK

Hazelwood School was an extremely complicated project designed for children and teenagers who are blind and deaf. This delicate stimulating educational environment supports the complex needs of its students by creating a haven of safety and ambition for them. The walls are clad in cork, which allows for the identification the children’s location within the school.

Figure 11: Hazelwood School Courtesy: https://aasarchitecture.com/2016/09/hazelwood-school-glasgow-alan-dunlop-architect.html/

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11. Sustainable cities and communities

Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe,

resilient and sustainable

It is estimated that by 2030, 5 billion people will be living in cities. Doubtless, consumption, production and organization patterns need to change in order for the future generations to prosper. The built environment faces its biggest unprecedented challenge as it has to both house more people than ever before and also deal with the pressing reality of environmental decay and overall sustainability. Especially in this field, adaptation is a mandatory tool for tackling issues such as: urban growth, mobility and accessibility, climate adaptation, waste management and efficient maintenance of cities.

Bloomberg Headquarters / Norman Foster + Partners London, UK

An exemplary sustainable development project, Bloomberg HQ, also known as the “word’s most sustainable office building�, was awarded with an outstanding rating by BREEAM assessors, who rank projects based on environmental, social and economic concerns. The project earned the highest design-stage score ever achieved in major office development thanks to its approach towards ventilation and various energy-saving systems, which account for 73% less water and 35% less energy consumption.

Figure 12: Bloomberg HQ Courtesy: Block (2017)

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12. Responsible consumption and production

Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns

Since the building industry is one of the biggest producers of waste, it is fundamental that innovative methods and patterns that ensure sustainable resource management be established.

Buildings should be designed with durable materials and steady maintenance. Additionally, design and construction should focus on recycling and upcycling specific components in the built environment in order to effectively contribute to sustainable waste management and resource efficiency.

Waste Side Story Pavilion / Cloud-floor Bangkok, Thailand

This project was a highlight of the 2018 Bangkok Design Week and stood as a strong statement towards efficient resource management. The pavilion offers a new outlook and life to recycled materials, such as plastic and nylon, in a bold architectural design. As a temporary installation, the building materials will be recycled into 2500 chairs and 1500 following its disassembly.

Figure 13: Waste Side Story Pavilion Courtesy: Gonzalez (2018)

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13. Climate action

Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts

The built environment has to adapt to the changing climate by offering more resilient solutions for buildings and urban environments. The CO2 emissions have to be effectively reduced immediately in order to stabilize the temperature of the planet and avert the worst-case scenarios from occurring.

To fulfill this goal, adopting renewable energy solutions along with sustainable transportation infrastructure are of utmost importance. Furthermore, existing designs have to be updated in order to consume minimum amounts of energy. Over the next years, architecture and urban design will be challenged to achieve solutions that drastically address diverse issues.

BIG U / Bjarke Ingels Group New York, USA

Big U is a sheer exemplar of adaptation to climate change and especially to rising sea levels. The proposal, which is now under construction, requires a huge urban transformation: this will eventually both create a new public space on the waterfront of lower Manhattan and also protect it from future floods, storms and rising sea levels. The 10-mile protective ribbon comes with plenty of social and environmental benefits for the local community and has a very ambitious agenda.

Figure 14: The BIG U Courtesy: Bjarke Ingels Group (2014)

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14. Life below water

Conserve and sustainably use oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development

Significant amounts of waste is being withdrawn daily in the oceans. The built environment around coastal areas needs to be considerate and protective towards underwater life and biodiversity. Water treatment and management facilities can assist in this process as they trap pollutants such as on-site pesticides, nitrogen and human waste to ensure that they never reach the groundwater or the oceans.

Wastewater Treatment Plant / Skylab Architecture Portland, Oregon, USA

The Wastewater Treatment Plant was designed as an update of the existing infrastructure and is welcoming to the public. This new engineering facility processes wastewater and stormwater while serving 600,000 residents. The green roof channels rainwater through an integrated collection system which, is then stored, used or processed.

Figure 15: Wastewater Treatment Plant Courtesy: Frearson (2014)

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15. Life on land

Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss

Ecosystems are under extreme danger as they are constantly shrinking and losing biodiversity. Both architecture and urban planning are under a huge obligation to support and restore nature. Green field expansions should be minimized while new solutions for farming need to take place due to the rising population rates. Thoughtful and meticulous planning can guarantee that the natural world can co-exist with the built environment in harmony. Lastly, wood as a building material should be obtained only from sustainable sources to stop deforestation.

Shanghai Houtan Park / Turenscape Shanghai, China

Built on a former industrial site, the overall design intention of the Shanghai Houtan Park was to restore the polluted river water and recover the degraded waterfront. The proposal features numerous environmental concerns varying from rainwater management, to constructed wetlands that also act as sustainable flood control buffers, to using reclaimed or recycled materials and urban agriculture integrated components. This project shows how ecological infrastructure can be extremely beneficial for society and nature alike in many different ways.

Figure 16: Shanghai Houtan Park Courtesy: https://www.archdaily.com/131747/shanghai-houtan-park-turenscape/

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16. Peace, justice and strong institutions

Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels

In the pursuit of economic growth, architecture and city planning may often wrongly interpret ideals. As a society, we need to ensure that our efforts and values reflect communities which are committed to social justice. Public spaces and institutions must be servants of democracy, inclusiveness and non-discrimination by providing safe, welcoming and communal environments. The building sector itself must legitimize all of its business in sustainable ways by conducting careful procurement and construction processes.

Tingbjerg Library and Culture House / Cobe Copenhagen, Denmark

The Tingbjerg Library acts as an urban catalyst that enhances social and cultural activity in a currently marginalized area of high criminality rates. The development acts as a positive contribution to the local community and has a strong pro-social agenda which fully respects the local culture.

Figure 17: Tingbjerg Library and Culture House Courtesy: Gonzalez (2018)

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17. Partnerships for the goals

Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development

In order to achieve a successful sustainable development agenda, collaboration amongst different fields is mandatory.

Built environments are highly complex organisms which require the joint action and communal contribution of governments, societies and local communities in order to achieve all of 17 SDGs. The spread of information and awareness-raising have to increase in order to create demand for new innovations and technologies. Partnership is key to a prosperous future.

Climate Tile / Tredje Natur Copenhagen, Denmark

The Climate Tile is a great example of how a diverse group of expert collaborators from different fields joined forces to develop a product that adapts to climate change. Besides its hidden properties that allow it to channel and store stormwater, this project also has a large scope for adaptation in many different scales.

Figure 18: Climate Tile Courtesy: Baldwin (2018)

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2.2 Urban Happiness Definition

The pursuit of happiness has always been an essential part of human lives since time immemorial. However, today’s urban environments seem to be designed around economic growth while neglecting its potential consequences on the depletion of the environment or its huge impact on spreading social injustices.

Especially after the conception of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, it is now becoming alarmingly evident around the world that, rather than increased GDPs and economic growth, it is wellbeing and contentment that are more crucial contributory factors leading to urban happiness. Of course, providing basic economic advantages to low-income countries, as well as eradicating poverty, are fundamental keys to higher happiness. According to the 2019 Global Happiness and Wellbeing Policy Report: “good health, both mental and physical; good friendships and social support; honesty of business and government; the freedom of each person to pursue their life’s dreams with meaning and purpose; and social trust and generosity” are a proven path to personal happiness and social peace (GCHW, 2019).

Urban contentment depends on numerous aspects such as jobs, schools, housing and infrastructure to mention a few. The SDGs provide a blueprint for peoplecentric policies, which have the potential to ultimately accelerate global happiness and social justice (GCHW, 2019). Economic prosperity does not always serve the true needs of a happy city. Creating jobs and high-rise buildings fails to account for social development. Instead, happy cities could invest more resources in covering their citizens’ basic desires. Such desires include creating a strong sense of community, freedom of mobility and movement, provision for self-fulfillment and opportunities (Montgomery, 2013). Urban happiness can be perceived as a place designed around the elementary concepts of human connection and social interaction. The feasibility of urban happiness requires the best and joint practices of government, businesses, schools, city planning, health systems and other institutions in society.

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Figure 19: Happy Cities Agenda

Courtesy: GCHW (2019)

Happy Cities Agenda

The Happy Cities Agenda, as prescribed in the 2019 Global Happiness and Wellbeing Policy Report, focuses on the specifics of creating and maintaining a happy city (GCHW, 2019). The agenda highlights several principles for designing people-centric built environments while also caring for sustainability and efficiency.

The study considers two main aspects of the city fabric: its design and the factors that enable happiness.

The Design of Happy Cities requires tangible interventions and combines physical and conceptual aspects that ultimately affect our happiness and wellbeing. The physical aspects are visible and substantial, for example: streets, squares, cycle-paths and parks, whereas the conceptual ones are more symbolic and relational such as local culture, community engagement and sociability.

The Enablers of Happiness are intangible outcomes achieved through policies and initiatives which fall into two categories. The external ones are the passive measures that do not require a direct input from citizens such as public safety, trust or affordability. The internal enablers are more active measures that require participation and citizen engagement such as sociality, initiative and relationships.

Correlation

The fundamental concept of urban happiness is already attuned to the interests of SDGs. City planning could potentially affect outcomes regarding every goal, which renders architecture and place-making great tools to satisfy the needs of citizens and promote prosperity and sustainable development. While urban happiness caters for the specifics of wellbeing and happiness achievement, it also contributes to the greater cause of the SDGs framework through design and partnerships. The 2019 World Happiness Report challenges the structure of policies and the long-term stability of the plan against unhappiness and wellbeing inequality (Helliwell F.J. , Layard R. , Sachs J.D. , 2019). Sustainable development advocates suggest that happiness thrives through a multi-dimensional focus on economic, social and environmental objectives. Since urban happiness interacts with every SDG, it seems reasonable to combine the philosophies of the two in ways that influence urban-planning strategy-making. By doing so, various outcomes can be obtained:

- provide a template for strategy-making, SDGs oriented

- maximize and accelerate positive impact, time efficient - promote an all-inclusive multi-disciplinary agenda, sustainable

- deliver pro-social solutions, people-centric

- enhance partnerships and collaboration, inclusive

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Recommendations

Research clearly illustrates that the transformation of the built environment is mandatory in order to achieve urban happiness. Coupled with the 17 SDGs, the Happy Cities Agenda can decisively influence the built fabric and ultimately positively impact the residents’ wellbeing and happiness. By following the same framework as the Happy Cities Agenda, city planning, urban design and policy-making need to take specific initiatives with a view to feasible long-term results. Those would include:

Actions, Designing happy cities

1.

Combine mixed-use transit-oriented architecture, enhance socially- driven place-making in public spaces

2.

Protect and preserve nature, promote green and blue spaces

3.

Provide various transport options, minimize the reliance on cars

4.

Enhance sustainability and partnerships, involve like-minded organisations and community groups

5.

Preserve local culture, promote activities and events

6.

Improve usability and accessibility for all, citywide services

Outcomes, Enabling happy cities

1.

Establish institutional trust, increase engagement and transparency

2.

Provide secure environments, open and well-lit places

3.

Increase housing options and funding methods

4.

Seek participation in society and economy, create equal opportunities

5.

Inspire active balanced lifestyles and healthy activities across the city

6.

Create social hubs for people with shared interests, fight loneliness

7.

Provide training and employment opportunities

8.

Sense of purpose and belonging, connected cultures

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2.3 Summary

The concept of urban happiness is enhanced after having reviewed the 17 SDGs, the role of architecture and certain pre-existing applications. Urban happiness is a multi-layered area which encompasses the fulfillment humans seek in their daily lives, for whose achievement the 17 SDGs serve as an efficient framework and toolset. After exploring the relevance of an SDGs oriented urban happiness strategy, the rest of the chapter highlights several key aspects and principles of happy-citymaking through existing policies and reports. The potential of our cities in order to overcome our current and future obstacles should be challenged. In his book Happy City: Transforming Our Lives Through Urban Design, Charles Montgomery asks a simple question about the ethics of a city:

“What should a city accomplish after it meets

our basic needs of food, shelter, and security?�

(Montgomery 2013)

The answer to this age-long persistent question remains highly complex and debatable. Unfortunately, the lack of research regarding SDGs oriented urban happiness delays the realisation of schemes that address such issues. Besides, the fundamentals of urban happiness fall into four distinct key categories during its assessment: Health, Environment, Society and Potential. Based on a variety of subjective perceptions of urban happiness, always with reference to its four key essentials and the 17 SDGs too, , the city should: Principles of SDGs oriented urban happiness

SDGs

Key essentials

maximize contentment and foster prosperity

Health, Potential

minimize struggle and social inequalities

Society, Potential

promote health rather than sickness

Health, Environment

offer freedom and create opportunities

Society, Potential

be resilient towards the economy and the environment

Environment

accessible and proportionate public space and services

Helath, Environment

engage local communities and advocate culture

Society

inspire collaboration and strengthen relationships

Society, Potential

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3

3. SDGs oriented assessment tool

This chapter introduces a new SDGs oriented assessment tool for measuring urban happiness in the built environment. The tool is tested upon ten case studies and highlights their key architectural qualities, which can be used as information or guidelines for future proposals.

3.1

Measuring happiness

Introduction

Since the conception of the 17 SDGs, various organisations have developed tools to track their progress globally, such as the Social Progress Index developed by the Social Progress Imperative. Establishing responsive frameworks is only the first step. Ensuring the long-term stability and maintenance of our actions is also required. Likewise, ever since urban happiness was introduced as a concept, several institutions have focused on making it measurable too. By analyzing data and conducting questionnaires and interviews, specialists gather valuable information about urban happiness, which gets published in journals and reports such as the World Happiness Report. More importantly, setting guidelines for new approaches enables third-parties to establish new informed strategies and pursue impactful solutions.

Happy City Card

The Happiness meter or “Happy City Card� is an SDGs oriented assessment tool for happy-city-making. It can be seen as a Scorecard that evaluates happiness, wellbeing and pro-social qualities of architectural proposals. This facilitates the processes of determining a set of strategy-making principles in urban planning and highlighting the key aspects as a foundation for future proposals. The Happy City Card gives an overall fulfillment score which is a byproduct of the four key essentials that the case study is tested upon. Certain case studies might be strong in specific areas while lacking in others. Even though it is important to commend all strong aspects, a low overall score would indicate that there is still room for improvement.

Key essentials

After reviewing the literature and comparing the requirements of other indexes or assessment tools, the criteria of the Happy City Card were formed in a SDGs-compliant way that is heavily influenced by the specifics of urban happiness.

Building for happiness suggests building for SDGs and, consequently, the combination of the two sets happiness as the main objective of applying the global goals. Hence, the Happy City Card will measure how architectural projects responded to the SDGs in order to ultimately deliver happiness. Finally, the Happy City Card highlights the specific elements of every case study in order to establish a list of priorities for urban planning strategies and design decision-making. The four key essentials that account for 25% of the overall score are: health, urban environment, society and human potential.

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Sub-criteria

The Happy City Card assesses happiness by applying a combination of sub-criteria, similar to the physical and conceptual qualities of the Happy Cities Agenda, and the set of principles prescribed in the Architecture Guide to the UN 17 Sustainable Development (Mossin, 2018). Ultimately, the overall score determines whether the case studies are happy and SDG-compliant by assessing both their strategy and architectural intention. Each one of the four key essentials unfolds in five sub-criteria.

Health, foster healthy lifestyles.

Physical activity, active public spaces, pedestrian & cyclist friendly Mental health, city-planning provision, social support, safety Wellbeing, quality of life, food security, life expectancy Psychological needs, quality of spaces, accessibility to services Risk assessment, public safety, careful urban layouts Urban environment, create sustainable cities Sustainability, renewable energy, waste and pollution management Nature, protection, preservation, re-production Green and blue space, ecosystems, stormwater management Transportation, increase options, transit-oriented infrastructure Construction, local expertise, maintenance, site-specific approaches Society, seek collective partnerships.

Trust, institutions, relationships, security Equality, accessible and all-inclusive public spaces, connect cultures

Sense of purpose and belonging, communal facilities, participation Culture, public activities, social events Social services, place-making, pro-social economy

Human potential, promote opportunities for individuals.

Assistance, affordable and safe, thoughtful considerations Education, advanced learning environments, sustainable culture Self-actualization, skills and craftsmanship, local initiatives

Freedom and life choices, promote talent, reduce hardship Local business, employment opportunities

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Happy City Card example

Case Study

Description

Score

Overall

Name of project, information

Key qualities, considerations

How well does the project meet the criteria?

SDGs compliance, percentage score

Scoring example

Every sector accounts for 25% of the overall score.

Every sub-criterion accounts for 5%.

Physical activity Mental health Wellbeing Psychological needs Risk assessment

5 +

Sustainability Nature Green and blue space Transportation Construction

10 +

Trust Equality Sense of purpose & belonging Culture Social services

20 +

)

Assistance Education Self-actualization Freedom and life choices Local business

15

Overall Fulfillment Score

50%

40

=

3.3 Case studies

The Happy City Card can be tested in a vast range of architectural projects because it assesses intention and urban planning qualities. For the purposes of this paper, the Happy City Card will be tested upon ten cases of built precedents. These vary in scale and typology and include architectural proposals and urban-planning strategies. Selected due to their place-making nature, the feature these case studies share is that they started with a challenge or disadvantage and ended up with a solution and positive impact. The list of the case studies to stand the Happy City Card test is as follows:

Built precedents

High Line, NY, USA

Superkilen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Ecobox, Paris, France

Ghost Train Park, Lima, Peru

Folly for a Flyover, London, UK

Aarhus Harbor Baths, Aarhus, Denmark

Markthal, Rotterdam, Netherlands

Seoullo 7017 Skygarden, Seoul, South Korea

Parc de la Vilette, Paris, France

Hastings Pier, Hastings, UK

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The High Line

Architects: James Corner Field Operations with Diller Scofidio + Renfro Location: New York, USA The High Line involves a disused piece of train infrastructure into a linear elevated park for West Manhattan (Cilento, 2009). This project is a great example of place-making and takes numerous issues into consideration regarding both the public and the environment. The project utilizes an “agri-tectural” strategy, which comprises half agriculture and half architecture. The paving is designed in a way that enhances the natural growth of the various species of flora planted throughout the park, while energy-efficient LED lights illuminate the pathways. The new park has initiated at least 30 new projects in nearby locations and is offering greening opportunities, alternative transportation options and social benefits to the public.

Key Qualities: mobility, sustainability, physical activity, social interaction, culture, wellbeing, social events, ecosystem

) Overall fulfillment score: 75%

Figure 20: High Line” Courtesy: Cliento (2009)

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Figure 21: Aerial View” Courtesy: https://www.dsrny.com/ project/high-line/

Superkilen

Architects: Bjarke Ingels Group + Topotek1 Location: Copenhagen, Denmark

Superkilen is a 1.5 mile long public space located in one of the most ethnically diverse and socially challenged areas in Denmark. The “urban living room” acts as a huge exhibition of globally sourced objects that originate from the 60 different homelands of its mixed-nationality population. Superkilen supports diversity and equality in the form of a “universal garden”. The project features various species of vegetation, plants and trees and, therefore, meets contemporary man’s intense desire for nature. Superkilen is also re-arranging traffic routes by introducing cycle paths and new pedestrian connections. It is a great example of how place-making can help the market, culture and sports co-exist within an urban environment.

Key Qualities: place-making, mobility, equality, social inclusion, green park, physical activity, community engagement, connect cultures

) Overall fulfillment score: 95%

Figure 22: Red Square Courtesy: https://www.archdaily.com/286223/ superkilen-topotek-1-big-architects-superflex/

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Figure 23: Superkilen Aerial Courtesy: https://www.archdaily. com/286223/superkilen-topotek-1big-architects-superflex/

Markthal Rotterdam

Architects: MVRDV Location: Rotterdam, Netherlands

Markthal is a true exemplar of mixed-use architecture because it acts as a hybrid between mixed typologies. Its unique agenda combines a mix of fresh food and hardware market, residential, leisure and parking space under one roof. The building has become a landmark for the city of Rotterdam and extremely central to the daily lives of the residents. It also features numerous environmental concerns, from the way it is ventilated, to the ways it reduces wastewater or it deals with heat and cold. As a public building, Markthal is a place of constant social interaction that also provides opportunities for local businesses. As a housing project, it offers healthy conditions to live in and it maintains a steady balance between private and public spaces.

Key Qualities: sustainability, sense of community, social services, culture, wellbeing, local business, partnership, parking space

) Overall fulfillment score: 80%

Figure 24: Markthal Courtesy: https://www.archdaily.com/553933 /markthal-rotterdam-mvrdv/

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Figure 25: Markthal Interior Courtesy: https://www.archdaily. com/553933/markthal-rotterdammvrdv/

ECObox

Architects: Atelier d’Architecture Autogérée Location: Paris, France The Eco-Urban Network or ECObox is a series of community-maintained projects in northern Paris. The initiative aims to involve the residents into transforming the misused or underused spaces of their neighbourhood by replacing them with urban spaces. Those include gardens constructed out of recycled materials, to gathering spaces for social interaction and creativity. The aim is to establish an active communal hub that seeks positive changes for the community in terms of population, mobility and ecology. As a project, the ECObox is based and built on interpersonal relationships and promotes people, skills and know-hows.

Key Qualities: sense of community, local initiative, skills & craftsmanship, sustainability, regeneration, culture, education, recycled materials

) Overall fulfillment score: 85%

Figure 26: ECObox Courtesy: http://www.arte-util.org/projects/ecobox-2/

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Figure 27: ECObox Aerial Courtesy: http://www.arte-util.org/ projects/ecobox-2/

Ghost Train Park Architects: Basurama Location: Lima, Peru

The Spanish group Basurama transformed an abandoned site into a green amusement park for kids and adults alike. According to the architects say, the site was filled with “urban waste”, ruins from old and unfinished train infrastructure projects, while the concrete columns stood there without purpose. The Ghost Train Park is a public space for the local community and is exclusively constructed out of recycled materials. This vivid environment, which emerged as a solution to urban waste, represents a sustainable and social agenda that promotes interaction, physical activity, culture and safety.

Key Qualities: mobility, sustainability, physical activity, sense of community, culture, wellbeing, quality of life, recycled materials, sports

) Overall fulfillment score: 80%

Figure 28: Ghost Train Park” Courtesy: http://basurama.org/en/projects/rus-limaautoparque-de-atracciones/

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Figure 29: Recycled Playground Courtesy: http://basurama.org/en/ projects/rus-lima-autoparque-deatracciones/

Folly for a Flyover Architects: Assemble Location: London, UK

The waterside Folly for a Flyover was a temporary piece of architecture built under a highway flyover. Its design was conceived in a way which allowed practically anyone to participate in its construction. Using reclaimed and donated materials, the hand-built project was finished over the course of a month with the help of volunteers. During its six-week lifetime, it provided a platform for socialization and creativity through spaces such as an outdoor cinema, a bar, a cafe and various activities and performances for the community. Lastly, located next to a canal, it featured a wooden jetty that allowed visitors to reach or leave the place by rowing boats and canoes.

Key Qualities: community engagement, participation, social activities, physical activities, culture, recycled materials

) Overall fulfillment score: 75%

Figure 30: Folly for a flyover Courtesy: Frearson (2011)

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Figure 31: Cinema Courtesy: Frearson (2011)

Aarhus Harbor Baths

Architects: Bjarke Ingels Group with Jan Gehl Location: Aarhus, Denmark

Aarhus Harbor Baths is an extension to the current development plan for the new waterfront area in Aarhus named O4. The baths offer the public the possibility to enjoy water in all seasons. The aim of this project was to deliver the maximum quality of life using the minimum amount of materials. Through a series of pools and secondary water facilities along with a promenade that doubles as a viewing platform for the non-swimmers, Aarhus Harbor Baths is a landmark of the waterfront that affirms and celebrates life. The building acts as a social catalyst for the area and also offers a number of restaurants, a theater and a big variety of other public-related activities.

Key Qualities: sense of community, social interaction, physical activity, culture, wellbeing, social inclusion, place-making, sports

) Overall fulfillment score: 80%

Figure 32: Harbor Baths�

Courtesy: Hernandez (2018)

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Figure 33: Outdoor Pools Courtesy: Hernandez (2018)

Seoullo 7017 Skygarden Architects: MVRDV Location: Seoul, South Korea

This project was inspired by New York’s High Line and transformed an old highway planned for demolition into an elevated linear park. Seoullo’s main mission is to offer a public space for the city and improve pedestrian mobility. Great effort was also put into making the walkway green, friendly and attractive while almost 24.000 plants, trees and shrubs create the feeling of a plant village. The park acts as an “urban nursery” for Seoul as plants and trees that are grown there are transfered to other parts of the city. The Skygarden also offers various cultural and commercial activities.

Key Qualities: mobility, urban nursery, green park, physical activity, culture, sense of community, social interaction

) Overall fulfillment score: 65%

Figure 34: Skygarden Courtesy: Mairs (2017)

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Figure 35: Plant Villages Courtesy: Mairs (2017)

Parc de la Villette

Architects: Bernard Tschumi Location: Paris, France

In 1982, this project won the competition to regenerate an astonishing 135-acre plot of unused land in Paris. What made this entry stand out against its competitors was the fact that it challenged the traditional mindset, according to which nature and landscaping are the main drives for design decision-making.

Instead, he proposed a scenario in which the park becomes a place of culture, in which the natural and the artificial co-exist in a constant dialogue. The urban park was designed as a 21st Century futuristic statement, which was not influenced by any historic precedents. The architects proposed a park where freedom and public space for activities and interaction were priorities. There are various moments through the park where visitors can socialize, meditate and play.

Key Qualities: social activities, wellbeing, freedom, culture, physical activity, social interaction, quality of life, sports

) Overall fulfillment score: 75%

Figure 36: Parc de la Villette Courtesy: Souza (2011)

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Figure 37: Promenade Courtesy: Souza (2011)

Hastings Pier

Architects: dRMM Location: Hastings, UK

Most of the Hastings Pier was destroyed following a fire in 2010, which created an opportunity to redevelop and repurpose the site virtually from scratch. The new strategy would be more heavily engaged towards the community by creating an innovative programme focusing on diverse and appealing activities for the public such as a circus, music events, local fishing and international markets. Assisted by local initiatives, the new visitor center is coated with reclaimed wood from the damaged pier and has a communal rooftop. The pier has become a local landmark and a vital catalyst to the regeneration of the area.

Key Qualities: flexibility, local initiative, social activities, reclaimed materials, physical activity, culture, sense of community

) Overall fulfillment score: 65%

Figure 38: Hastings Pier Courtesy: https://www.archdaily. com/876788/hastings-pier-drmm/

Figure 39: Events and festivals Courtesy: https://www.archdaily. com/876788/hastings-pier-drmm/

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3.3 Research findings

Happiness Evaluation

The extraction of different components and qualities from the evaluation of the case studies enables us to summarize the key learning points from every case study into a diagram. This diagram can be used as a way to understand how architecture and urban planning enhance happiness in the built environment in terms of health, environment, society and human potential. Furthermore, the diagram allows to turn specific qualities of a building or a public space into a set of priorities for future design decision-making.

Summary of case studies

After investigating the key values of architecture and urban planning that relate to urban happiness, a pattern of principles starts to become clear. Based on the author’s observations shown in Figure 40, some of the key characteristics that connect the case studies include:

-

more than one issues are addressed at a time

-

all-inclusive approaches that deliver safe environments which promote social interaction and public well-being

-

socially-driven agendas with clear design intention to enhance local identity, participation, collaboration, culture and physical activity

- consideration of the environment and ways to uplift it through communal effort

-

focus on impactful place-making rather than economic growth

By understanding the intention behind every SDG, future strategies can deliver happy place-making strategies by following a standard set of principles during the design process. Designing with impact and focusing on happiness can be beneficial for the sustainable progress and wellbeing of societies, individuals and the environment alike.

After reviewing the importance of SDGs in the built environment along with the concept of urban happiness, the final part of this thesis will demonstrate an implementation of the principles that emerged from applying the Happy City Card on various architectural proposals.

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Figure 40:

Happiness Evaluation Diagram Health

Society

Physical exercise Behavioral freedom Mental services Healthcare access Spatial comfort Spatial circulation Privacy / isolation Air quality Light quality Noise reduction Public safety

Equality Social inclusion Live, Work, Play Multi-functional infrastructure Sense of community Partnerships Focal point of the city Heritage and history Arts and culture Social activities and services Marketplace

Assistance / support Education Participation Free expression Collaboration spaces Skills & craftsmanship Technology Spatial flexibility Human movement Social interaction Employment opportunities

Green space Energy consumption Recycled materials Urban agriculture Urban nursery Regeneration Local landscape Accessibility Mobility & transportation options Parking space

Urban environment

Human potential

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4

4. Scenario-based case study

This case study proposes a socially-driven agenda for urban happiness in the city of Glasgow. Like many other cities, Glasgow too faces several problems such as: transportation, accessibility, environment, wellbeing and life quality. By turning disadvantages into opportunities, SDGs oriented place-making can be part of a solution to some of those challenges. With a view to resolving diverse issues simultaneously, this case study follows the principles of the Happy City Card and proposes an experimental social layer to the city of Glasgow through addressing all 17 SDGs while reclaiming specific underused public spaces for various purposes.

4.1 City of Glasgow

Background

Scotland’s biggest city and home to almost 600,000 citizens, Glasgow is a post-industrial city rich in history and culture. The river Clyde, which splits the city in two parts, has always been a focal point of significance and vital catalyst to the development of the city over the years. Despite its greatness, Glasgow is a place known for its alarming mortality rates and its serious issues with urban contentment.

According to the Happiness Index, Glaswegians are reported to be 40% less happy than those in Mid-Scotland (Delaney, 2017). An additional report conducted by Glasgow Centre for Population Health (GCPH) established that the reason behind Glaswegians’ vulnerability to premature death results from a combination of overcrowded neighborhoods, poor city planning decisions and the inability to address life quality in certain areas.

In the case of Glasgow, history has proved that urban happiness is closely associated with urban planning. Research from Glaswegian Universities revealed that almost half of the population lived in the 20% more deprived areas in Scotland (GCC, 2017). In an effort to combat some of the challenges, a Strategic Plan for 2022 has been released by the Glasgow City Council while various strategies and action plans have also been proposed by other organisations in order to address the pressing problems of the city and simultaneously regenerate whole areas. Offering sustainable solutions opens up new opportunities through research-based design as it introduces various typologies which can essentially improve the quality of life for the citizens. Especially in the case of Glasgow, SDGs oriented socially-driven placemaking could prove to be considerably beneficial in accelerating urban happiness by uplifting the spirit and potential of its citizens.

Analysis

Located in the south-eastern part of the city center, the City Union Line is an underused piece of train infrastructure that links the two banks of the Clyde. Inspired by the case studies reviewed by the Happy City Card, the City Union Line (CUL) could follow the same path as the High-Line in New York or the Seoullo 7017 in Seoul.

Additionally, it could adopt the same principles as the Superkilen in Denmark or the Parc de la Villette and the ECObox in France. The upcycling of urban voids created by the two-mile City Union Line provides a lot of potential for redevelopment that could incorporate cultural, communal and therapeutic elements for the public. The main objective is to explore the potential of a vivid pro-social city artery; one that stitches urban gaps with informed typologies for public use while addressing social stress and urban unhappiness. Additionally, the artery can also offer opportunities to the citizens and improve connectivity, accessibility and quality of life across the city.

54

City center

City Union Line

River Clyde

Figure 41: Glasgow city center Courtesy: Author

Riverfront routes

City Union Line

Figure 42: Area of interest Courtesy: Author

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4.2 Chosen area Context

Understanding the context of the UCL is of essence regardless of the interest it may arouse. Since 2000, over a billion GBP have been devoted to the regeneration of the city center of Glasgow. Decades of planning and work have managed to uplift its areas in many ways, however there is always room for improvement. Although the repurposing of the CUL should not be a redevelopment priority, it could potentially be incorporated in a later phase of redevelopment plans in the future. Currently, diverse action plans are being implemented that aim to deliver both massive improvements on the waterfront routes and regeneration of whole areas in the city centre and in South bank regions alike. The CUL regeneration would be a valid venture especially within the Glasgow City Development Plan context, which has already assessed and proposed specific actions for the metropolitan area.

In accordance with the policies proposed in the Glasgow City Development Plan, as shown in Figure 43, distinct similarities can be identified among SDGs oriented strategies and principles for urban happiness.

Figure 43: Policies for development of city centre Courtesy: Glasgow City Development Plan

Recommendations

Although the CUL regeneration is not part of the development plan, it could potentially become a vital component of the overall vision. By applying a placemaking strategy on the City Union Line, various beneficial outcomes can be achieved:

- - - - - - - - - - -

offer new pedestrian and cyclist networks connect the city centre with residential areas in the South create a social vivid artery introduce a green belt produce sustainable energy utilize areas below the CUL re-purpose nearby urban gaps connect local history and culture offer employment opportunities engage local communities improve health and wellbeing

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City Union Line

Figure 44: City Centre Districts Courtesy: https://www.glasgowcitycentrestrategy.com/

Learning Quarter

Central

Merchant City

Broomielaw

St. Enoch

Calton Residential

Laurieston Residential City Union Line

Gorbals Residential

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Figure 45: Area analysis Courtesy: Author

4.3 Urban voids Definition

The City Union Line used to serve trains that transported passengers and goods. Its heavy infrastructural character dominates its surroundings, rather than harmoniously blend with them. This has resulted in a dramatic increase of unfriendly, derelict and unused nearby plots of land along its route. If a CUL regeneration were to happen, the ensuing space recycling could potentially allow for the upcycling of all of those decayed regions. Architecture could offer spatial sustainability and programming by reclaiming all of those unused or underused spaces of the city.

Additionally, such a scheme would transform the CUL into an interconnected multidisciplinary network of activities that could serve many purposes and tackle various issues.

Typologies

Residual space can vary in typology. Especially in the case of the CUL masterplan there is significant type diversity of urban voids across its boundaries.

Whether underdeveloped plots, derelict areas or misused public space, all the urban voids that surround the CUL hold a lot of potential to provide the space needed in order to support this compact piece of social infrastructure. Some of the most repeated patterns of urban voids along the CUL include spaces such as:

Vacant plots Ex-demolition sites, empty or misused land

Wedges Spaces created from urban grids and infrastructural lines

In-between Gaps between buildings

Around Spaces created due to contextual morphology

Above Rooftops, elevated platforms and networks

Underneath Spaces below infrastructural elements

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Figure 46: Urban Voids Courtesy: Author

Potential Sites

Following a thorough analysis of the area and a site visit, the research concluded that there are at least 25 sites worthy of redevelopment or alteration, as indicated in Figure 47. Those urban voids or misused public space can potentially be addressed throughout the entire length of the CUL and literally activate a social artery within the city. The masterplan focuses on 5 areas of interest that are central to their context, as shown within the red dotted rectangles in Figure 47. Starting from the north to the south:

- - - - -

Merchant City: St. Enoch: Clyde: Laurieston: Gorbals:

Area 1 Area 2 Area 3 Area 4 Area 5

4 sites 4 sites 4 sites 7 sites 6 sites

The scope for adaptability of every potential site is massive. Numerous positive outcomes await to be simultaneously achieved at once by applying both urban happiness principles and a common character to this old piece of infrastructure (CUL), which would result in its transformation into an integral vibrant city artery.

Understanding the context of every phase is mandatory in order to fill the urban gaps with spaces that promote wellbeing and respond to local needs and peculiarities.

Merchant City

1

St. Enoch

6 5

4

3

2

7 8

Clyde

9 Laurieston

12 14

Gorbals

15

24 25

23

13 16

17 20 21

10 11

18 19 22

Figure 47: 5 Areas of interest + 25 Potential sites Courtesy: Author

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Access points Potential sites

1

2 3 4

Figure 48: Area 1 Courtesy: Author

Area 1: Merchant City

North entrance

The City Union Line begins at High Street Station. High Street is one of the oldest streets in Glasgow and has significant cultural and historic value. Behind the multistorey residential blocks, one can enter in the City Union Line. The north entrance is of strategic importance since it is located next to Strathclyde University and serves as an inviting getaway to the city center.

Furthermore, the site is surrounded by student accommodation facilities and other residential buildings.

Site 1: Vacant land

This derelict land is arguably one of the biggest urban voids along the CUL and it currently serves as a parking space. It has the potential to become a welcoming central feature of the CUL. Given that it is located next to residential blocks, it could still serve as an underground parking lot while at the same time allowing its roof to be inhabited, in a parklike way, with spaces for leisure, events, participation and social interaction.

Figure 49: Site 1 Courtesy: Author

Site 2: Misused plot

This plot is used as a parking space by the residents.

However, the site appears virtually neglected and needs to be urgently updated and well maintained. This site could be repurposed as a series of community gardens or even be approached as an ecosystem with treatment basins to manage stormwater runoff.

Figure 50: Site 2 Courtesy: Author

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Site 3: Underdeveloped plot

In this public space, parking has been blocked and, as a result, it now serves as a small park, occupied by several benches and trees. However, it feels unsafe during the night, due to the lack of lighting. By redeveloping some features of the space, this plot could become more vivid, friendly and aesthetically pleasing.

Figure 51: Site 3 Courtesy: Author

Site 4: Misused plot

This site sits awkwardly next to various shops located in the arches below the CUL. It is used as a parking space, but its repurposing could both regenerate the aura of the site and attract more visitors to CUL. The parking aspect should be relocated or moved underground.

This is a great opportunity for an ecosystem approach and a playful streetscape.

Figure 52: Site 4 Courtesy: Author

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Figure 53: Area 2 Courtesy: Author

Central getaway

The second area of interest is located within the St. Enoch district at the centre of the city.

It is one of the less developed areas in the city centre with a lot of urban voids, misused public spaces and derelict buildings.

It sits between the St. Enoch shopping mall and the eastern entrance of the Clyde-front park, Glasgow Green.

5

6

Area 2: St. Enoch

7 8 Access points Potential sites

Site 5: Rooftop

The plaza on King Street is currently home to various retail stores. Given that the plaza is one of the most central points of the promenade, it could be used as an access point. The glass arcade of the plaza could be redeveloped in a more harmonious way with the CUL, which would render the plaza as an integral part of the masterplan. The rooftops could be planted, which would provide a warm welcoming to the visitors.

Figure 54: Site 5 Courtesy: Author

Site 6: Misused public space

Arguably, this is the biggest urban void surrounding the CUL. This huge plot on King Street serves as a carpark. This site could potentially transform into a public asset that offers various types of social activities and events. The parking aspect could still be maintained in a way that is harmless to the aesthetics of the area. For example, an elevated park could be introduced and connected with the promenade.

Figure 55: Site 6 Courtesy: Author

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Site 7: In between space

Urban voids such as this one could be utilized as access points to the CUL. Additionally, the rooftop could also be repurposed in a way that blends with Union Line. Noise reduction is important in this area due to high vehicle activity.

Figure 56: Site 7 Courtesy: Author

Site 8: Adaptive reuse

Some derelict buildings alongside the promenade could be repurposed with new informed typologies. In this way, not only does the building get a new life but it can also be used more efficiently. In this case, provided the interiors are first restored and renovated, then the building could be inhabited with a new agenda.

Figure 57: Site 8 Courtesy: Author

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Figure 58: Area 3 Courtesy: Author

Waterfront

The River Clyde has always been a vital component of Glasgow. Along its way there are numerous bridges that connect the two banks. Unfortunately, the waterfront is underdeveloped to a great extent, which gives the impression that it has been abandoned. The riverfront routes need to be redeveloped and maintained regularly.

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10

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Area 3: Clyde

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Access points Potential sites

Site 9: North bank

There are still aspects of the waterfront that need to be addressed despite the major development that has already occurred there. The pedestrian and cyclist routes should become connected across streets, with underground passages.

The waterfront wetlands should first be thoroughly cleaned and then serve as a walkable ecosystem.

Figure 59: Site 9 Courtesy: Author

Site 10: South bank

The City of Glasgow College sits along the Marine Skills Centre on the south bank of the waterfront. Even though the routes in front of the College have recently been redeveloped, there is still room for improvement. The introduction of a ferry terminal and a jetty could provide tours of the Clyde and even serve as a means of transport for areas located in the east and west.

Figure 60: Site 10 Courtesy: Author

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Site 11: Spaces below

For the most of its length, the City Union Line is filled with arches below the train racks.

Some of those arches were used in the past or are still being used today. For example, the market on King Street is mainly set inside those arches. The utilization of unused arches could be a significant component to the functioning of the CUL. Figure 61: Site 11 Courtesy: Author

Site 12: Misused plot

The parking space next to Glasgow’s central Mosque could be moved underground.

In this way, more space would be created, which could be used in a way that respects the religiousness of the mosque while offering social spaces that are all-inclusive and promote social equalities.

Figure 62: Site 12 Courtesy: Author

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Access points

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13

Potential sites

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Area 4: Laurieston

Residential area

The recently developed area of Laurieston has provided significant amounts of housing units. The residential expansion of the area has created demand for recreational and social spaces, as well as parks and playgrounds.

Thankfully, the CUL is surrounded by numerous urban voids that allow for such opportunities.

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17 18 19

Figure 63: Area 4 Courtesy: Author

Site 13: Rooftop

This structure currently houses various warehouses and workshops, and runs parallel to the CUL. The rooftop of this structure could be used in a way that blends with the aesthetics and functions of the CUL; for example, with a green roof or a platform for seating.

Figure 64: Site 13 Courtesy: Author

Site 14: Misused plot

This plot is located next to the Citizens Theatre and is used as a parking space. If the carpark is relocated or moved underground, then this space can be repurposed for public use to serve the local community.

Figure 65: Site 14 Courtesy: Author

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Site 15: Derelict plot

Except for the wide plethora of arches that await to be reused, this site could also be repurposed as an extension of the newly-constructed residential area of Laurieston. The vast amount of space could be used as a playful inviting streetscape for cultural activities, gardening and diverse open-air events.

Figure 66: Site 15 Courtesy: Author

Site 16: Misused plot

This spacious site is currently used by various nearby shops as a parking space. Given that this plot is located between the residential areas of Laurieston and Gorbals, its repurposing could offer a civic building for public us.

Figure 67: Site 16 Courtesy: Author

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Site 17: Vacant site

This corner plot has resulted from the combination of an ex-demolition site with the infrastructural lines. Left abandoned and uncatered for, it is of no use at present. Even worse, it negatively impacts the attractiveness of the area due to its decaying and uninviting appearance.

Figure 68: Site 17 Courtesy: Author

Site 18: Misused plot

This plot is used as a parking and storage space for a pub located in the arches below the promenade. Additionally, there is a pedestrian and cyclist passage. This lot could be reused to include something more attractive and positive such as a garden, a small ecosystem or some public alfresco art.

Figure 69: Site 18 Courtesy: Author

Site 19: land

Underdeveloped

This area is an exdemolition site that sits in the rear elevation of the Caledonia Road Church. It once used to accommodate a whole street of tenements but now remains abandoned. Instead, it could serve as a park or could even house a building connected to the CUL. Figure 70: Site 19 Courtesy: Author

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South Getaway

The southern end of the CUL is located in the area of Gorbals. The finale of the promenade vanishes between industrial buildings in an inaccessible and underdeveloped piece of land which renders it as its least aesthetically pleasing part. Hiding the busy nature of industrial activities is crucial in order to amplify the aesthetics of the UCL.

21 22

Access points

Area 5: Gorbals

Potential sites 23

Figure 71: Area 5 Courtesy: Author

Site 20: Vacant land

Located on the east wing of the CUL, this is a derelict and poorly-maintained corner site.

Its gloomy appearance and unkempt condition conjure up a hauntingly negative atmosphere.

To counter that, the vacant space found inside the arches could be inhabited so as to seamlessly incorporate the site to the city promenade. This area could also serve as an access point to the CUL and as an entrance to Laurieston.

Figure 72: Site 20 Courtesy: Author

Site 21: Misused site

This private land sits aside the promenade and is used as a parking space. Rather than that, it could be planted and used as a more attractive public space of cultural importance; especially since it is located next to the Caledonia Road Church.

Figure 73: Site 21 Courtesy: Author

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Site 22: Adaptive reuse

The Caledonia Road United Presbyterian Church is an A-listed built heritage designed

by Alexander Thomson in 1856.

The building was severely damaged by a fire in 1965 and, as a result, what remains standing today is only the facade and the tower. The church offers a great opportunity for adaptive reuse and should be meticulously preserved and maintained.

Additionally, it could function as a sanctuary or a place of worship for the local community, which has therapeutic implications for the mental wellbeing of the public.

Figure 74: Site 22 Courtesy: Author

Site 23: Misused plot

The site is currently used for parking purposes by First Glasgow shuttles as this road provides vehicular access to buses. However, another entrance with considerably more parking space lies on the other side of the building. By relocating the parking space and the vehicular access passage, this plot could free up enough space to accommodate either another structure or active public space.

Figure 75: Site 23 Courtesy: Author

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Site 24: Vacant site

This corner plot sits by the side of the CUL and is located across the new residential development in Laurieston. This site could be repurposed as an access point for the promenade.

Besides, the rooftops of the various markets and workshops could be used as parts of the CUL. Figure 76: Site 24 Courtesy: Author

Site 25: land

Underdeveloped

The landscaping across the residential area behind Cumbernauld Street Station remains underdeveloped. The space feels neglected and uninviting. By making simple adjustments, the landscape could turn into a space that thrives with life and social interaction. Such additions could be: a playground, playful streetscape, communal gardening and the like.

Figure 77: Site 25 Courtesy: Author

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4.4 Urban happiness strategy Recommendations

The strategy aims to address multiple aspects simultaneously. Overall, although it responds to all the SDGs, certain goals get addressed more than once, as illustrated in Figure 79. Applying such a strategy would require a colossal amount of actions, developments and alterations to the built fabric. Although transforming all of the urban voids would be rather unrealistic, certain feasible cases could include:

- - - - - - -

plaza redevelopment (arcade, streetscape) elevated green park (stormwater management, social activities) underground parking noise protection (walls with street art, green walls) connected rooftops (auditoriums, plantation, observation points) utilize arches for cultural use (installations, public events) adaptive reuse of derelict buildings (social use, retail)

- - - - - - -

waterfront improvements (ferry terminal, jetty, both banks) ecosystem approach (stormwater management and treatment) garden bridge over the Clyde (utilize towers as observation points) hydroelectric power station below bridge, both banks utilize arches with workshops (sustainable education centre, creativity) garden and playground next to Mosque underground parking

- urban farming (vertical, hydroponics garden, allotments)

- homeless sheltering in arches (participate, contribute, maintain the CUL)

- culinary school and food education next to Citizens Theatre (after school)

- workshops and warehouses below arches (create and display)

- market place for fresh produce and local talent (sell what is grown or created)

- recycling centre and sustainability training center (materials can be used

tfor skills and crafts, biowaste for gardening)

G

or ba ls

La

ur ie

st on

C

ly de

St

.E

no

ch

M

er ch an t

C ity

- green park, gardens, communal urban farming

- ecosystem approach (stormwater management and treatment)

- leisure and physical activity (playground, sports, workout playground)

- public street art and streetscape

- landscaping improvements and seating

- adequate lighting

- underground parking

- - - - - - -

entrance to Laurieston church adaptive reuse (senses pavilion inside, accessible to all users) sound insulation extensive pathway of trees, gardening and water features stormwater collection, water purification facility street art, green walls and plantation to cover industrial sites inhabit landscaping (streetscape, playground)

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Learning Quarter

Central Merchant City

St. Enoch

Broomielaw

Clyde

Laurieston

Laurieston Residential City Union Line + Urban Voids Gorbals Residential

Gorbals

Figure 78: City Union Line masterplan Courtesy: Author

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4

3

2

7 8 9 12 14 15

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13 16

17 20 21

10 11

18 19 22

Figure 79: City Union LIne Strategy Courtesy: Author

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4.5 Design direction

Concept ideas

This section was compiled as a catalogue of ideas influenced by the research regarding the SDGs and urban happiness. To that effect, the specific key qualities of the examined case studies were highlighted in Figure 40 (page 53). These qualities were translated into architectural components, intentions or interventions to form a conceptual design formula for the City Union Line as shown in Figure 79 (page 73).

After reviewing various possibilities of reprogramming the urban voids, understanding how the CUL would function as a social artery is imperative. To do so, the vast agenda has to be broken down into three distinct scales:

MICRO scale / space by space

playful street furniture street greenery

natural play areas

temporary pop-ups and installations street art alternating pavement

adequate led and solar lighting noise insulation pervious paving junk playground community garden urban farming seating possibilities coffee bar

MESO scale / routes and accessibility accessible streets flexible use

access to public transportation cyclist routes pedestrian routes ecosystem approach underground parking recycling

marketplace for local produce and talent homeless sheltering free wi-fi

MACRO scale / common guidelines

identity and character stormwater collection

clean energy consumption physical activity

upcycle spatial waste

after-school educational activities

community participation in the maintenance of the UCL

events and cultural activities

workshops and skills employment opportunities

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Figure 80: Happiness oriented recommendations Courtesy: Author

Ecosystem park Playground Sports Open-air cinema Street art Flexible space for events

Plaza Elevated park Workshops Flexible space Derelict buildings

Ecosystem Garden bridge Ferry terminal Jetty Hydro-power plant

Workshops and warehouses Culinary school Urban farming Garden and playground Sustainability training center Marketplace Shelter for homeless

Community gardens Sports Park Allotments Streetscape

Recycling center Senses pavilion Gardens Street art

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Urban Design Toolkit Figure 81: Courtesy: Author

In compliance with the 17 SDGs, the Urban Design Toolkit is an abstract implementation of the principles prescribed by the Happy City Card based on a compilation of recommendations that address urban happiness.

Noise barriers

Outdoor BBQ area

Solar arches

After-school activities

Physical activity

Relaxation area

Urban farming

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Street art

Community gardening

Reused arches

Playground

Natural play area

Flexible use

Senses pavilion

Seating possibilities

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Seasonal use

4.6 Summary

The experimental case study of the City Union Line in Glasgow was an attempt to demonstrate a hypothetical use of the Happy City Card. The Urban Design Toolkit is a summarised practical implementation of Figure 40 (page 53) which remains faithful to its philosophy and principles regarding sustainable development. Its role is to translate design intentions into informed architectural spaces and highlight those qualities through design decision-making. The case study demonstrated how specific negative aspects of the built environment can adapt to serve a more impactful purpose. If cities were designed according to their citizens’ urban happiness and contentment, proposals like the City Union Line could thrive through the built fabric; they could markedly improve both the lives and functions of the local communities through social, economic and environmental sustainability.

Limitations

Unsurprisingly, the feasibility of transforming the City Union Line is heavily limited by funding and local initiative. In essence, the cost required to complete such a scheme would extortionate in reality and the whole transformation would most likely have to be delivered in separate phases. Additionally, regarding certain of the potential sites, private ownership renders the execution of such a concept considerably more challenging since it presupposes close and consistent cooperation among land owners, the city council and the local communities.

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79

80

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Figure 82: Site 14: Concept Visualisation Courtesy: Author

5

5. Conclusion

Overall summary

Arguably, urban environments need to adapt in order to serve the needs of their citizens. If our cities were to be designed around happiness, then their designers need to focus a lot more on their social implications rather than their economic agenda.

Admittedly, economic growth constitutes only a positive secondary aspect of built environments, rather than a key factor. What decisively formulates and ultimately ensures happy cities is a set of specific qualities. These established qualities ought to be jointly pursued and secured by collaborators coming from various scientific fields. Until urban environments manage to satisfy their whole population, there will always be room for improvement. This is the reason we ought to keep assessing, questioning and updating specific aspects of our cities until they become inclusive, responsive and prosperous towards everyone.

Future research

In the foreseeable future, designers, architects and urban planners will face even bigger challenges, as the need to address pressing issues regarding the viability of our cities and the sustainability of our planet constantly increases. As the natural resources of Earth’s reservoir begin to run dry, the importance of careful city-planning and its functions become extremely crucial for future generations.

This is why urban environments should provide room for innovative ideas and brave solutions to emerge through collaboration. Our cities need to overcome numerous obstacles in order to become sustainable on all levels. The implementation of locally driven agendas with clear design intentions and a strong commitment for positive impact can be a significant component to the world of tomorrow.

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