Term 2 - interim portfolio by K Nicholas Holness

TO P O G R A P H I C A L

M I C R O C L I M AT E S

JUAN PABLO DELLA MAGGIORA / NICKY HOLNESS RC11: ANTHROPOGENIC MORPHOLOGIES TUTORS ANA ABRAM + AISLING Oâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;CARROLL MAR. 12th. 2018

“A bord er--the per i meter of a si ngle massi ve or stretched - out u se o f te r r ito r y- - fo r m s the ed ge of an area of ‘ord i nar y ’ ci t y. O f ten bord ers are thoug ht o f as p assive o b jec ts, or matter- of -f ac tly just as ed ges. However, a bord er exer ts an ac t ive in f lu e n ce.” Jane Jacobs, The D eat h and Life o f G rea t A m er i ca n C i ti es

https://nor t hma nt ra d e r. co m / 2 0 1 4 / 1 0 / 2 8 / g a r ba ge - rally /

I _ U R B A N - L A ND S C A P E REL ATI ON S

- A G L OBA L ISSU E WITH A R E G IO N AL C O M P O N E N T - A N D A L O CAL I M P A C T

I I _ I D E N T I F YING THE PROBL EM I I I _ D E SC R I B I N G T HE N ATUR AL SYSTEM I V _ A R E I N T E RPRE TATI ON O F MATER IA L S

- D E SIG N RE FE RE N C E S : P R E CE DE N T P R O J E C TS - D E S I G N AP ROX IMAT IO N S - S H AP E S T U D I E S - S YS T E M A N A LYS I S - S IT E S T U D I E S 01. REDHILL 02. SPRINGFIELD 03. BEDDFORD

- V I S UA L S AP E N DIX

I_URBAN-LANDSC APE R EL ATI ON S

A good envi ronment i s key to successf ul ur ban renewal. I t can mak e a su b st ant ial co nt r ibuti on to i mprovi ng soci al and economi c cond i ti ons. Whi le those res p o n sib le fo r u r b an re generati on wi ll always thi nk f i rst about how the ci t y wi ll best ser ve the c it ize nâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s n e e d s, t h e y must also star t to thi nk about how i t wi ll i mpac t on [and be i mpac te d by] t h e wid e r wo r ld. S i r J o h n Ha rm a n , C h a i rma n o f t h e Enviro nm e nt Ag e nc y (2003: 3)

2 persons per second move into cities every day, an estimated of 180,000 (one hundred and eighty thousand) per day. By 2030, the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s population is expected to be 8.6 billion people, with 3 billion of them living in cities of at least 1 million inhabitants. This projected urban expansion will result in 5% reduction of rural land in Europe. 60% of the world population would live in an urban area by 2030, from which the 15% would live in the projected 41 megacities (defined as the cities with more than 10 million inhabitants) and they are. Studies have shown that due to human activities, density and construction materials, cities are, on average, 5 to 10 degrees warmer than their surrounding landscapes. With this in mind, the projected increase of megacities means an increase in global heat flux. The zones where the megacities are projected to be will face, a bigger increase of heat (translated to an increase in temperature, greenhouse gases and global warming). *M a p ela borate d by Ni c k y H oln e ss for th e te a m

Moscow, Russia London, United Kingdom Paris, France

Beijing, China

Istambul, Turkey

Tianjin, China

New York, USA

Tokyo, Japan

Delhi, India Los Angeles, USA

Chongqing, China Cairo, Egypt Karachi, Pakistan

Dhaka, Bangladesh Calcutta, India

Mexico City, Mexico

Mumbai, India

Shanghai China Guangzhou, China

Osaka, Japan

Manila, Philippines Shenzhen, China

Madras, India

Bangalore, India Lagos, Nigeria

There are currently 31 megacities with over 10 million inhabitants 1. TOKYO, Japan 2. DELHI, India 3. SHANGHAI, China 4. MUMBAI, India 5. SAO PAULO, Brazil 6. BEIJING, China 7. MEXICO CITY, Mexico 8. OSAKA, Japan 9. CAIRO, Egypt *10. NEW YORK, USA 11. DHAKA, Bangladesh 12. KARACHI, Pakistan 13. BUENOS AIRES, Argentina 14. CALCUTTA, India 15. ISTAMBUL, Turkey 16. CHONGQING, China

17. LAGOS, Nigeria 18. MANILA, Philippines 19. GUANGZHOU, China 20. RIO DE JANEIRO, Brazil *21. LOS ANGELES, USA 22. MOSCOW, Russia 23. KINSHASA, D.R. Congo 24. TIANJIN, China 25. PARIS, France 26. SHENZHEN, China 27. JAKARTA, Indonesia 28. BANGALORE, India 29. LONDON, United Kingdon 30. MADRAS, India 31. LIMA, Peru

Kinshasa, D.R. Congo

Jakarta, Indonesia

Lima, Peru

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Sao Paulo, Brazil

Buenos Aires, Argentina

*Bas e imag e from online Ea r th Obs er vator y, NASA. Data ba s ed on “ Th e Wor ld Ci ti e s i n 2 0 1 6 ”. Un i te d Nati on s.

- A GLOBAL ISSUE WITH A REGIONAL COMPONENT

_ H E AT A N D W I N D R E L AT I O N WITH TOPOGR APHY U ND ER S TA ND I NG T H E I NF LU ENC E O F TO PO GR A PHY I N WI ND A ND HEAT

_ HEAT MAP AB N ORMA L HE AT IN T HE M E T R OP OLITA N G R EENB ELT

In UK , there are 5 prevalent winds from different points of the island. The most prevailing ones are the winds coming from south west. This tropical winds goes through the lowlands, territories in which temperature is higher than in highlands (coloured red in the map). Higher temperatures can decrease wind speed. That is why the south east and west part of UK is less windy than the rest of the country. As it is showed, all the main cities in UK are located in depression lands where temperatures makes the wind speed lower. Most of the population lives in the east coast protected from the wind, and the lower wind is located in London. Warmer land with less wind means also climates with less rain fall. This weather different from the rest of the island is the one we use for landscapes studies. *G raphic by Ju a n Pa blo D e lla M a g gi ora for th e te a m

N Artic Maritime Air Mass

MAIN TEMPERATURE ANNUAL AVERAGE AVERAGE VALUE (Â°C)

Hot air brings dry summers. Cold air brings snow in winter

> 11 10 to 11 9 to 10 8 to 9 7 to 8 6 to 7

NE Polar continental Air Mass Hot dry air brings snow in winter

MAIN WINDS ANNUAL AVERAGE AVERAGE VALUE (KTS) 2 to 7 KTS

MAIN CITIES LOCATED IN LOWER LANDS WITH LOWER WINDS.

N -ARTIC MARITIME AIR MASS NW - POLAR MARITIME AIR MASS WS -TROPICAL MARITIME AIR MASS NE - POLAR CONTINENTAL AIR MASS SE - TROPICAL CONTINENTAL AIR MASS URBAN AREAS

NW Polar Maritime Air Mass

URBAN AREAS WITH OVER 250.000 POPULATION

Wet cold air brings cold, showery weather

POPULATION

LEEDS ED

ASL: 63m Area: a:: 551,7 km2 Population: ulation: at at 781,7

MANCHESTER ANCHEST ASL: 24m

Areaa: 111,8 km2 Popu ulation: 2.500. 0.300

BIRMINGH IRMINGH HAM H A

ASL: 143m m Areaa: 267,7 km2 2 Popu ulation: 2.28 84.0 4.000

LONDON N ASL: 12m

Area: 1.577,3 km A m2 Po Population: 8.7 788.00 00

The prevailing windss in the UK come from the south-west.

The southern and eastern partss of the country are further away so get less rainfall. They are also warmer because there is less wind. BRISTOL

SE Tropical continental Air Mass

ASL: 11m Areaa: 110 km2 Popu ulation: n: 449.3 449.300

WS Tropical Maritime Air Mass Warm moist air brings cloud, rain and mild weather

Wet cold air brings hot weather in summer

50 50km

100km

200km

400km

Rural grassland

Industrial Waterfronts

Rural Waterfronts grassland

Urban residential Industrial

Inner City Downtown

Urban residential

Inner City Downtown

Urban Residential

Urban Residential Park

_ U RBA N HEAT I SL AN D EF F EC T T EMP ER AT U R E VA RI ATI O N ACCO R DI NG TO A R EA S

LATE AFTERNOON TEMPERATURE LATE AFTERNOON TEMPERATURE

22° 22°

Rural grassland

Waterfronts Rural grassland

Waterfronts Industrial

Urban residential Industrial

+AIR +T° NIGHT

AIR T° NIGHT

AIR T° DAY

AIRT° T°ISOTERMS DAY VARIATION

AIR T° NIGHT

Urban residential

HEAT REFLECTION T° ISOTERMS VARIATION EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

LATE AFTERNOON TEMPERATURE

HEAT T° REFLECTION ISOTERMS VARIATION EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

HEAT EMISSION HEAT REFLECTION EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

HEAT EMISSION HEAT ABSORBTION

0 - 0.001 0.001 - 1.3

Rural

AIR AIR T° T° DAY DAY

HEAT REFLECTION T° ISOTERMS VARIATION

HEAT HEATEMISSION REFLECTION

AIR TEMPERATURE NIGHT

Inner City Downtown

AIR T° ISOTERMS DAY VARIATION

T° ISOTERMS VARIATION AIR T° DAY

Inner City Downtown

AIR AIR T° T° NIGHT NIGHT

AIR T° DAY

Urban residential

+ +

1.3 - 7.6

Inner City Downtown

Inner City Downtow

AIR T° NIGHT

T° ISOTERMS VAR

Urban Residential

T° T° ISOTERMS ISOTERMS VARIATION VARIATION

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

HEAT ABSORBTION EMISSION

AIR T Urban Residential

Inner City Downtown

AIR T° DAY

HEAT HEATEMISSION REFLECTION

7.6 - 30

30 - 51

Urban residential Industrial

Industrial 35°

51 - 61

Rural grassland

34° 34°

35° 35° Waterfronts WIND SPEED Urban residentia

34°

Urban Urban residential residential

Urban residential

35°

33° 33° 09:00 09:00

32° 09:00 33°

34° Industrial Industrial 35°

34° Urban residential Industrial

35°

30° 32°

+ +

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

250 - 510

HEAT EMISSION HEAT ABSORBTION

TOTAL HE

HEAT ABSORBTION

250 - 5

TOTAL HEAT DENSITY

HEAT ABSORBTION

Urban Residential Park

HEAT HEAT REFLECTION REFLECTION 61 - 200

AIR TEMPERATURE NIGHT

34° Waterfronts Industrial

T° Equilibrium

Park

AIR TEMPERATURE NIGHT

Waterfronts Rural grassland

T° Equilibrium

32° 32°

T° Equilibrium

200 - 250

T° Equilibrium

Rural grassland

31° 35°

35°

31° 31°

TOTAL H

250 - 510

Rural

30°

Rural

200 - 250

61 - 200250 - 5

_ U R BA N HEAT IS L A ND The urban heat island effect is defined as an increase of up to 10F between the rural and urban areas. Depending on the wind, activities, built areas and materials, this heat dome can be bigger or smaller, as we can appreciate in the graphic. EAT ABSORBTION

AIR TEMPERATURE NIGHT

T° Equilibrium

29° 35° 31°

30° 30°

TOTAL HEAT DENSITY

Rural

T° Equilibrium

Rural Rural grassland grassland 09:00 33°

29° 29° WIND SPEED

AIR TEMPERATURE NIGHT

25°

Rural

28° 28°

25°

AIR TEMPERATURE DAY

34° 32° Waterfronts Waterfronts 33° 09:00 35°

32°

AIR TEMPERATURE NIGHT

27° 27°

26°

29° 35°

25°

32° Rural grassland 34° Waterfronts 33° 09:00 35°

Rural grassland 31° 09:00 33°

31° T° Equilibrium

26° 26°

25°

28°

35°

32° 30°

25° 25°

24°

26° 28°

31° 09:00 33°

T° Equilibrium T° Equilibrium

30°

RuralNIGHT AIRAIR TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE NIGHT T° Equilibrium

25°

Urban Residential

AIR TEMPERATURE DAY

Rural

25°

24° 24°

23°

27°

Airport insfrastructure

AIR TEMPERATURE NIGHT

Rural

31° 29° 35°

29°

25° 27°

28° 30°

30° 28° AIR TEMPERATURE NIGHT

AIR TEMPERATURE NIGHT

26° 24°

27° 29°

28° 26° 29° 27°

Rural

28°

Rural Rural

27° 25° AIR TEMPERATURE DAY

25° 23°

Park

25°

AIR TEMPERATURE DAY

25° 25°

26° 24°

WIND SPEED -

AIR TEMPERATURE DAY

25°

AIR TEMPERATURE DAY

Airport insfrastructure

AIR TEMPERATURE DAY

27°

WIND SPEED

Rural

AIRAIR TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE DAY DAY

26°

25° 23°

24° 22°

Urban Residential

25°

AIR TEMPERATURE DAY

24° 22°

23°

Rural

25°

LATETEMPERATURE AFTERNOON AIR TEMPERATURE DAY TEMPERATURE LATE AFTERNOON

24°

23°

25°

23°

LATETEMPERATURE AFTERNOON TEMPERATURE LATE AFTERNOON

22°

LATE AFTERNOON TEMPERATURE

23° 23°

22°

*G ra phic elaborated by J. P. D e lla M a g gi ora for th e te a m

_ A N T H RO PO G E N I C MIC R OC L IMATES I nte ra c t i o n o f h um a n a c t i vi t i e s i n t h e gre e n b e l t a n d t h e h e at isla nd s: pe r iphe r ic hot spots

+ + +

+ +

HEAT EMISSION

HEAT POINT SOURCES

ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE PUBLIC BUILDINGS HEAT DENSITY

The city of London, can be analyzed by materials classified by their absorption or reflection capacity. These conditions, including infrastructures and programs that generate and emit heat, allow us to classify the activities inside the hot pockets of the greenbelt. We catalog them by general categories depending on the principal behavior of the present materials and activities, and the overall dome created.

RECREATION & PUBLIC SPACE AGRICULTURE & FARMING WATER INFRASTRUCTURES

HEAT REFLECTION

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

COMERCIAL RESIDENTIAL TRANSPORTATION

HEAT ABSORBTION

The hot pockets inside the metropolitan greenbelt are the subject of our study. Taking them as abnormal heat generated in protected areas and a part of the urban system and growth of the city of London.

CITY OF LONDON BOUNDARIES

TOTAL HEAT DENSITY Graphic Scale: 1cm = 5 km

61 - 200

51 - 61

30 - 51

7.6 - 30

1.3 - 7.6

0.001 - 1.3

0 - 0.001

SHOPPING CENTRES OFFICE CLUSTERS

+ QUARRIES OPEN PITS

SCHOOLS PUBLIC BUILDINGS & INSTITUTIONS HOSPITALS STADIUMS

+ + + + + +

AIRPORTS

PARKING LOTS

ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE

PUBLIC

+ + +

HIGHWAYS & STREETS - RAILWAYS

INDUSTRIAL WAREHOUSE CLUSTERS

+ +

TRAIN STATIONS

PORTUARY INFRASTRUCTURE

LAND EXTRACTION / MINING

COMERCIAL

+ +

TRANSPORTATION

GRIDS POWERSTATIONS PUBLIC LIGHT HEAT / COOLING SYSTEMS DATACENTERS / CLOUD COMPUTING BIG SUBURBS

OPEN SPACES & NATURE PARKS AND GARDENS GOLF COURTS GRAVEYARDS / CEMENTERIES ZOO NATURE RESERVES

AGRICULTURE

200 - 250

250 - 510

ARABLE LANDS FOREST GRASSLANDS FARMS

WATER INFRASTRUCTURE WATER SUPPLY RESERVOIRS RIVERS AND CANALS POOLS PONDS AND LAGOONS FLOOD LANDS

TOTAL HEAT DENSITY Graphic Scale: 1cm = 5 km

250 - 510

200 - 250

61 - 200

51 - 61

30 - 51

7.6 - 30

1.3 - 7.6

0.001 - 1.3

0 - 0.001

*M a p ela borated in team by Ju an Pa blo D e lla M a g gi ora a n d Ni c k y H oln e ss

C- AND A LOC AL IMPAC T

_ HEAT D OME H O W TO B U I L D A TO P O G R A P HY F R O M A N I NV I SI BLE I NTER AC TI O N

VOLUME INFLUX INFLOW-OUTFLOW

REVERSE HEIGHT Zr

AVERAGE AIR T° URBAN AREA

AVERAGE AIR T° RURAL AREA

HEAT FLUX RURAL AREA

IND CONDITIONS

HEAT FLUX URBAN AREA

AVERAGE SURFACE T° RURAL AREA

HEAT FLUX RURAL AREA Hr

URBAN AREA

Tsr

HEAT FLUX EXPANDED WIND CONDITION

AVERAGE SURFACE T° RURAL AREA Tsr

URBAN DIAMETER D

AV E

RA GE

RF AC E

Ts T r °R

DOME DIAMETER Dd

HOT CUBE WIND CONDITION

ISOTERM 1

ISOTERM 3

HEAT FLUX EXPANDED WIND CONDITION

IA M

ISOTERM 2

AV E

RA GE

SU RF AC E

Ts T° r RU

HOT SPHERE WIND CONDITION

The urban heat dome has a very scientific measurement, which is related to the heat flux, area and diameter of the area or emitting entity. The domes generated by the hot pockets inside the greenbelts can give us an anthropogenic topography of microclimates that may shape our landscape. It is important to mention the fact that the dome can experience a deformation because of the wind that is how we are relating the two systems. *G ra phic by Ju a n Pa blo D ella M ag giora a nd Nick y Holnes s

CELLPHONE WITH INFRARED CAMERA

To understand heat and wind behaviour and their relation with material heat storage a physical experiment is created. The objective is to understand how heat moves beyond emitting objects through the air. Using an infrared camera, several compositions of hot and cold clay and concrete emitting pieces where registered as a library of conditions to understand heat phenomena. A wind source was also used. Finally we understood that heat can be controlled to move through the space using cold to transfer energy from one place to another. *Ex p er iment by Ju an Pa blo D ella M ag giora for the team

VOLUME INFLUX INFLOW-OUTFLOW

REVERSE HEIGHT Zr

AVERAGE AIR T° URBAN AREA

AVERAGE AIR T° RURAL AREA

HEAT FLUX RURAL AREA

HEAT AND WIND CONDITIONS

HEAT FLUX URBAN AREA

AVERAGE SURFACE T° RURAL AREA

HEAT FLUX RURAL AREA Hr

URBAN AREA

Tsr

HEAT FLUX EXPANDED WIND CONDITION

AVERAGE SURFACE T° RURAL AREA Tsr

URBAN DIAMETER D DOME DIAMETER Dd

AV E

RA GE

RF AC E

Ts T r °

WIND SOURCE

HOT CUBE NORMAL CONDITION

HOT CUBE WIND CONDITION

ISOTERM 1

HEAT EMITTING PIECES

DO M

BOARD

FA CE

Ts T° r R

HOT SPHERE WIND CONDITION

AV ER AG ES

HOT SPHERE NORMAL CONDITION

AL AR E

COOLANT PIECES

BA N DI AM ED ET IA ER M ET ER D

ISOTERM 2 ISOTERM 3

HEAT FLUX EXPANDED WIND CO

_ H E AT A N D W I N D LI B R ARY OF CON D I TI ON S T EMP ER AT U R E, P R OX I MI T Y A N D GEO ME TR I C A L CO NDI TI O NS PLAN

AXONOMETRIC

PHISICAL VIEW

THERMAL VIEW

*Exper iment by Ju an Pa blo D e lla M a g gi ora for th e te a m

After 30 minutes of heat, al de gaps in the cube´s grid get warm and rise temperature.

2cm

WIND DIRECTION

When apliying a wind source, hot air warm surface across wind direction and start to move between gaps. 2cm

2cm

WIND DIRECTION

2cm

In gaps oriented perpendicular to the wind, this effect occurs as well increasing while forward to the find source.

When wind and cold surfaces colide, an amount of heat air is attracted.

The cold surface creates a barrier to temperature, so warmer wind cannot pass through the grid. A large cold globe appear oriented by the wind.

CUBE GRID COLD

After 30 minutes of heat, al de gaps between the cubes gets warm and rise temperature creating heat globes around them that merges. WIND DIRECTION

When apliying a wind source, hot air from cubes and the gaps warms opposite surface across wind direction passing through gaps. The heat shape created y bigger in the middle by concentration of heat. LINE OF CUBES

After 30 minutes of heat, al de gaps in the cube´s offset grid get warm and rise temperature. The difference with the first grid is that in this configuration temperature remain higher in the inside for more time. WIND DIRECTION

When apliying a wind source, hot air warm surface across wind direction and start to move between gaps. In gaps oriented perpendicular to the wind, this effect occurs as well increasing while forward to the find source.

2cm

HEAT & WIND LIBRARY OF CONDITIONS TEMPERATURE, PROXIMITY AND GEOMETRICAL CONDITIONS

CUBE GRID HOT

2cm

PHASED CUBE GRID

PLAN

AXONOMETRIC

PHISICAL VIEW

THERMAL VIEW After 30 minutes of heat, al de gaps in the cubeÂ´s piramid grid get warm and rise temperature. As deeper inside and feeded with more volumes, the higer the temperature it is.

WIND DIRECTION

When apliying a wind source, the warmer zone seems to apear in the las row of elements.

HEAT & WIND LIBRARY OF CONDITIONS TEMPERATURE, PROXIMITY AND GEOMETRICAL CONDITIONS

PIRAMID CUBE GRID

No heat globes seems to appear in the perpendicular gaps. temperarure seems to draw an inside shape despite going out.

When mixing hot and cold elements of same condition, temperature seems to expand beyond surface limits.

WIND DIRECTION

Gaps of air between cold elements starts to conduct hot temperature to the outside, in a lower level than the hotter inside.

PIRAMID CUBE GRID COMBINING HOT-COLD

In this row, when exploring shape movements of the hot volumes, The hot globe fills the gap distances tested. WIND DIRECTION

Creating heat pockets at both sides of the bareer temperature is warmer when air can pass through.

LINE OF CUBES

When mixing hot and cold elements of same condition, temperature seems to expand beyond surface limits.

Gaps of air between cold elements starts to conduct hot temperature to the outside, in a lower level than the hotter inside.

GRID OF HOT AND COLD CUBES

_ H E AT A N D W I N D LI B R ARY OF CON D I TI ON S T EMP ER AT U R E, P R OX I MI T Y A N D GEO ME TR I C A L CO NDI TI O NS *Exper iment by Ju an Pa blo D e lla M a g gi ora for th e te a m

HEAT & WIND LIBRARY OF CONDITIONS ROUNDED GEOMETRIES TEMPERATURE, PROXIMITY AND GEOMETRICAL CONDITIONS

PLAN

AXONOMETRIC

PHISICAL VIEW

THERMAL VIEW After 30 minutes of heat, al de gaps in the cubeÂ´s grid get warm and rise temperature.

WIND DIRECTION

When apliying a wind source, hot air warm surface across wind direction and start to move between gaps.

ROUNDED GRID HOT

Rounded geometries produce a hot blow smoother than sharpen geometries.

When wind and cold surfaces colide, an amount of heat air is attracted.

The cold surface creates a barrier to temperature, so warmer wind barely pass through the rounded grid.

WIND DIRECTION

Heat fills the gaps between rounden shapes. ROUNDED GRID HOT

All de gaps between the cilinders gets warm and rise temperature creating heat globes around them that merges.

WIND DIRECTION

ROUNDED LINE HOT

When apliying a wind source, hot air from cilinders and the gaps warms opposite surface across wind direction passing through gaps. The heat shape created is bigger in the middle by concentration of heat.

_ R E VE A LI N G T H E I N TA N G I B LE T H R O U G H P HYS IC A L MOD EL S

REVELING THE INTANGIBLE THROUGH PHYSICAL MODELS CONSTRUCTING AN INVISIBLE TOPOGRAPHY HEAT WITHOUT WIND

CO NS T R U C T I N G A N I NV I SI BLE TO PO GR A PHY

HEAT WITHOUT WIND (NO MERGE)

1 T* ATRACTION: MERGE PHASE 2

ADD COOLING SURFACES (START T* ATRACTION)

2 T* ATRACTION: MERGE PHASE 3

T* ATRACTION: MERGE PHASE 1

3 T* ATRACTION: MERGE PHASE 4

HEAT ISLANDS STARTS TO MERGE WHEN TEMPERATURE CHANGE IN SORROUNDING SPACES FILLING GAPS ACCORDING TO WIND DIRECTION

4 MERGE PHASE COMPLETE 5 HEAT ISLANDS

REAL VIEW HOT CONCRETE BLOCKS REAL REAL VIEW VIEW HOT HOT CONCRETE CONCRETE BLOCKS BLOCKS

00 0

10 10 10

20 20 20 W HOT CONCRETE BLOCKS

10 10 10

28 28 28

35 35 35

50 50 50

60 60 60

49 49 49

Hr D

70 70 70

00 0

70 70 70

77 7

14 14 14

21 21 21

28 28 28

35 35 35

42 42 42

moving air.

80 80 80

49 49 49

60 0

70 0

Heat Flux expansion Hr

ENERGY ASAS FOR DESIGN: ENERGY ENERGY AS AASUBJECT ASUBJECT SUBJECT FOR FOR DESIGN: DESIGN: THERMODYNAMICS THERMODYNAMICS THERMODYNAMICS Gap of temperature diferential

80 80 80

Diameter D

50 0 42 42 42

Convection cold elements

40 40 40

70 70 70

21 21 21

40 40 40

40 0

70 70 70

60 60 60

30 30 30

30 0

60 60 60

14 14 14

30 30 30

20 0 50 50 50

77 7

20 20 20

40 40 40

50 50 50

R e ve a l i n g t h e i nvi s i b l e i s o t h e r m s a n d t h e i r i nte ra c tion a mong the mse lve s

10 0

40 40 40

00 0

20 VIEW 20 REAL HOT CONCRETE BLOCKS

30 30 30

00 0

30 30 30

00 0

20 20 20

_ PHYSI C AL EX P ER IMENT

REAL VIEW HOT CONCRETE BLOCKS AND COLD CILINDERS REAL REAL VIEW VIEW HOT HOT CONCRETE CONCRETE BLOCKS BLOCKS AND AND COLD COLD CILINDERS CILINDERS

00 0

THE AMOUNT OFOF TEMPERATURE EXACTLY THE THE AMOUNT AMOUNT OF TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE ISISIS EXACTLY EXACTLY THE SAME IN EVERY GRAPHIC. THE DIFFERTHE THE SAME SAME IN IN EVERY EVERY GRAPHIC. GRAPHIC. THE THE DIFFERDIFFERENCE ININCONDITIONS CONDITIONS BEHAVIOR BETWEEN ENCE ENCEIN CONDITIONSBEHAVIOR BEHAVIORBETWEEN BETWEEN THEM ISIS THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OFOF COLD THEM THEM THE PRESENCE PRESENCE OR OR ABSENCE ABSENCE OF COLD COLD HrIS THE Heat Flux expansion Hr PIECES. PIECES. PIECES. THIS CONDITION CAN CONTROL THE SYSTEM: THIS THIS CONDITION CONDITION CAN CAN CONTROL CONTROL THE THE SYSTEM: TÂ°SYSTEM: merge distance TEMPERATURE CAN BE FLOWED TO ANY TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURECAN CANBEBEFLOWED FLOWEDTOTOANY ANY PLACE USING HEAT OR COOLING SPOTS TOTO PLACE PLACE USING USING HEAT HEAT OR OR COOLING COOLING SPOTS SPOTS TO RELEASE OR TOTO BLOCK. RELEASE RELEASE OR OR TO BLOCK. BLOCK.

Heat Flux expansion Hrw with wind

SYSTEM DECONSTRUCTION SYSTEM SYSTEM DECONSTRUCTION DECONSTRUCTION

*Exper iment by Ju an Pa blo D e lla M a g gi ora for th e te a m

We are studying the heat and not the temperature, because the air temperature is just a measurement of the average internal kinetic energy of air molecules, but heat refers to the energy stored in an object. Through movement of the molecules we can increase the temperature.

INFRARED VIEW OFOF HOT CONCRETE BLOCKS INFRARED INFRARED VIEW VIEW OF HOT HOT CONCRETE CONCRETE BLOCKS BLOCKS

INFRARED VIEW OFOF TESTING SYSTEMS INFRARED INFRARED VIEW VIEW OF TESTING TESTING SYSTEMS SYSTEMS

The first approach to understand the behavior of this interesting phenomena was a physical experiment, to reveal what our eyes are not able to see, the changes in isotherms or temperature gradient in the area surrounding an object, beyond their physical geometry.

Urban areas are themselves extremely complex spatial mosaics Pickett et al., 2001

_ UR BA N H EAT I SL AN D S i te stu d ie s a nd infra stru c tu re s

+ + +

+ As we are analyzing a vast area, which is the whole Metropolitan Greenbelt, we took two sample sites to make our approximations. We selected the two + sites based on the presence of water bodies that may work as cooling systems well as the presence of hot pocket, generated by different programs, materials and at different scales in both cases.

+ +

HEAT EMISSION

HEAT POINT SOURCES

ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE PUBLIC BUILDINGS HEAT DENSITY

Our objective is to create or mitigate heat and/or wind in the hot pockets inside the greenbelt, in order to produce diverse microclimates and enhance activities within the zone. A new landscape generated from the urban heat island that can connect or separate activities and produce new relationships and synergies between apparently diverse programs and ecologies.

RECREATION & PUBLIC SPACE AGRICULTURE & FARMING WATER INFRASTRUCTURES

HEAT REFLECTION

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

COMERCIAL RESIDENTIAL TRANSPORTATION

HEAT ABSORBTION

+ + to increase in population, our heat flux also increases. As our cities continue In this way, there is an opportunity for long-term design thinking, as the phenomenon will continue, and increase, through the years. There are several opinions and facts that may be discussed as good or bad, but is hard to classify these effects with only one tag because there are opportunities of design in each of them, as we can mention the increase of rainfall downwind, the reduction in the range of freezing temperatures, drier landscape and much more.

CITY OF LONDON BOUNDARIES

TOTAL HEAT DENSITY Graphic Scale: 1cm = 5 km

61 - 200

51 - 61

30 - 51

7.6 - 30

1.3 - 7.6

0.001 - 1.3

0 - 0.001

SHOPPING CENTRES OFFICE CLUSTERS

+ QUARRIES OPEN PITS

SCHOOLS PUBLIC BUILDINGS & INSTITUTIONS HOSPITALS STADIUMS

+ + + + + +

AIRPORTS

PARKING LOTS

ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE

PUBLIC

+ + +

HIGHWAYS & STREETS - RAILWAYS

INDUSTRIAL WAREHOUSE CLUSTERS

+ +

TRAIN STATIONS

PORTUARY INFRASTRUCTURE

LAND EXTRACTION / MINING

COMERCIAL

+ +

TRANSPORTATION

GRIDS POWERSTATIONS PUBLIC LIGHT HEAT / COOLING SYSTEMS DATACENTERS / CLOUD COMPUTING BIG SUBURBS

OPEN SPACES & NATURE PARKS AND GARDENS GOLF COURTS GRAVEYARDS / CEMENTERIES ZOO NATURE RESERVES

AGRICULTURE

200 - 250

250 - 510

ARABLE LANDS FOREST GRASSLANDS FARMS

WATER INFRASTRUCTURE WATER SUPPLY RESERVOIRS RIVERS AND CANALS POOLS PONDS AND LAGOONS FLOOD LANDS

INTERACTION OF HUMAN ACTIVITY IN THE GREENBELT AN HEAT ISLANDS EFFECT HOT SPOTS INVISIBLE TOPOGRAPHY

+ + +

+ +

HEAT EMISSION

HEAT POINT SOURCES

ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE PUBLIC BUILDINGS HEAT DENSITY RECREATION & PUBLIC SPACE AGRICULTURE & FARMING WATER INFRASTRUCTURES

HEAT REFLECTION

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

COMERCIAL RESIDENTIAL TRANSPORTATION

HEAT ABSORBTION

CITY OF LONDON BOUNDARIES

TOTAL HEAT DENSITY Graphic Scale: 1cm = 5 km

250 - 510

200 - 250

61 - 200

51 - 61

30 - 51

7.6 - 30

1.3 - 7.6

0.001 - 1.3

0 - 0.001

*M a p ela borated in team by Ju an Pa blo D e lla M a g gi ora a n d Ni c k y H oln e ss

TRANSPORTATION

COMERCIAL

LAND EXTRACTION / MINING

PUBLIC

ENERGY

OPEN SPACES & NATURE

AGRICULTURE

WATER

We k n ow th e re a re h e ati n g a n d cooli ng i nfrastr uc tu re s th at wo r k to g e th e r , re pre s e nti ng an opportu n i t y to re s h a pe and re d e s i gn the land sc ape by

TR ANSFERING ENERGY FR OM ONE PLACE TO OTHER

_ K I N G G E O R G E V WATER RESERVOI R Le a Va l l e y R o a d, Ching ford, Lond on E4 7PX

_ U R BA N HEAT IS L AND S i te s t ud i e s

As we mentioned before, we took two sample sites to experiment. The first one is the King George V water reservoir, located north-west to the city. This place is particularly interesting because water is a cooling material, but we find this big heat generating area just beside. And also, it a popular place for birdwatchers because of the migrations during summer. We made some interactions to analyze which is the behavior of the different domes when we increase or decrease heat and cold. *Exper ime nt by Ni c k y H oln e ss for th e te a m

_ HE AT MA P *I mage f rom N at i onal H e at M a p

_ K I N G G E O R G E V WATER RESERVOI R Le a Va l l e y R o a d, Ching ford, Lond on E4 7PX

AC T UA L CO ND I T I O N

_ H OT A N D COLD INTE R AC TIONS DOM E S B E HAV IOUR DE P E N DIN G O N P R OX I MI T Y

We are looking for the isotherms and their behavior with the wind. We explore different patterns with cement and clay, several positions and temperatures. The first approach was done with simple geometries and arrangements to understand the behavior on the isotherms, then we add complexity by building a bigger model. This exploration gave us a result we can translate to urban scale and the heat domes. They merge between each other, but what actually gives the shape are the cold objects, guiding heat in certain direction. The systems fight to find the balance of temperature by losing it always from the hot to the cold one (2nd law of thermodynamics). *Exper ime nt by Ni c k y H oln e ss for th e te a m

INC R EASI NG COOLI NG I NFR A S T RUC T URE S / B ODIE S

I NC R EA S I NG H EAT P R O DU CI NG I NF R A STR U C TU R ES

_ K I N G G E O R G E V WATER RESERVOI R Le a Va l l e y R o a d, Ching ford, Lond on E4 7PX

AC T UA L CO ND I T I O N

_ H OT A N D COLD INTE R AC TIONS DOM E S B E HAV IOUR DE P E N DIN G O N P R OX I MI T Y

We know there are heating and cooling infrastructures that work together, representing an opportunity to reshape and redesign the landscape by transferring energy from one place to other. If greenbelts are supposed to control the urban sprawl, can we shape the urban sprawl through energies? Making them set non visible boundaries. Limits without having limits, shaping through invisible lines but with the senses. *Exper ime nt by Ni c k y H oln e ss for th e te a m

INC R EASI NG COOLI NG I NFR A S T RUC T URE S / B ODIE S

I NC R EA S I NG H EAT P R O DU CI NG I NF R A STR U C TU R ES

_ H EATHR OW AI RPORT Ne l s o n R o a d, H ou nslow, M id d le sex. T W6 2GW

_ URBAN H EAT IS L AND S i te s t ud i e s

The second sample site is the Heathrow airport, known as the second busiest airport in the world. It is located 23 km to the west from central London. It also has water bodies very near, but in a different composition. Contrary to what is happening in the King George V reservoir, the water bodies do not have a heat point before the wind, so they mitigate in a better way the heat produced in the airport, deforming the dome.

*Exper ime nt by Ni c k y H oln e ss for th e te a m

_ H E AT MA P * I m a ge f rom N ati o n a l H e at M a p

_ H EATHR OW AI RPORT Ne l s o n R o a d, H ou nslow, M id d le sex. T W6 2GW

AC T UA L CO ND I T I O N

_ H OT A N D COLD INTE R AC TIONS DOM E S B E HAV IOUR DE P E N DIN G O N P R OX I MI T Y

The domes can merge, as we saw in our physical experiment, but never completely losing their shape. They share and interact energy, this applies to the cold and the hot ones. With the explorations of increasing or decreasing heat, we can build a topography from the isotherms the dome is giving, allowing us to reshape and manage the heat flux, which would also affect wind patterns in the zone. The increase of heat may increase the temperature creating different wind patterns (it can also be created through the increase of radiation to create low or high pressure areas, wind always go from high to low pressure). *Exper ime nt by Ni c k y H oln e ss for th e te a m

INC R EASI NG COOLI NG I NFR A S T RUC T URE S / B ODIE S

I NC R EA S I NG H EAT P R O DU CI NG I NF R A STR U C TU R ES

_ H EATHR OW AI RPORT Ne l s o n R o a d, H ou nslow, M id d le sex. T W6 2GW

AC T UA L CO ND I T I O N

_ H OT A N D COLD INTE R AC TIONS DOM E S B E HAV IOUR DE P E N DIN G O N P R OX I MI T Y

The experiment aimed to explore la interactions between energy. We interpreted the cooling bodies as isotherms in downward direction, below the ground level. While the hot bodies or infrastructures as isotherms above ground. These two opposite interpretations allowed us to build a topography from the isotherms coming from the activities existing in ground. The aproximations respond to variations in land use as well as densifying the heat in some point to exagerate the results, having a benefit to harvest all the energy that has been increased. Red means the hot activities while blue represents the cooling bodies/activities. *Exper ime nt by Ni c k y H oln e ss for th e te a m

INC R E ASING COOLI NG I NFR ASTRUC T URE S / B ODIE S

I NC R EA S I NG H EAT P R O DU CI NG I NF R A STR U C TU R ES

I f th e gre e n be l ts a re s u po s s e d to co ntro l the ur ban sprawl, can we s h a pe th e u r ba n s praw l th ro u g h energi es? M ak i ng th e m s e t n o n v i s i bl e bo u n d a r i e s. L i mi ts w i th out hav i ng li mi ts,

SHAPING THR OUGH INVISIBLE LINES, BUT WITH THE SENSES

_ K I N G G E O R G E V WATER RESERVOI R Le a Va l l e y R o a d, Ching ford, Lond on E4 7PX

K I NG G E OR G E V WAT E R RE S E R V OIR

O V ER L AY WI T H H EAT MA P

S YNER G I ES G ENER ATED BY I NTEA R C TI O N O F ENER GI ES

The energy transfer is never done from black to white, it always behave as a gradient, as Phillipe Rahm explains. Processes that are not defined by a line but by a range. Our second exploration allow us to see these interactions and gradients the domes face during the thermodynamic events. The lines never remain the same as this is a dynamic phenomenon that may never repeat the same pattern. As the cities and modern life is an intense life, as the French philosopher Tristan Garcia explains, we reshape this landscape with a variation of intensities, through the material gradient property. The phenomenon that is not treated as good or bad but as an opportunity to design through the gradient. *Exper i m e nt by Nick y H o l n e s s fo r th e te a m

_ K I N G G E O R G E V WATER RESERVOI R Le a Va l l e y R o a d, Ching ford, Lond on E4 7PX

_ IS OTH E R MS R EL ATIONS E N E R G Y FLOW FR OM H OT TO CO L D

The second law of thermodynamics states that heat does not flow spontaneously from a colder region to a hotter region, or, equivalentl, systems tend toward an equilibrium state in which entropy is at a maximum. This means that energy is always moving and changing, from hot areas to colder ones, this movement reprersent to us an ever changing system which respond to our reinterpretation of borders. *Exper ime nt by Ni c k y H oln e ss for th e te a m

II_IDENTIFYING THE P ROBL EM

4 billion tons

of waste will be generated yearly in the world by 2100

1.3 billion tons of waste are generated yearly in the world. This amount is projected to reach 4 billion by 2100, according to Ede Ijjasz-Vasquez, senior director for the World Bank’s Social, Urban, Rural and Resilience Global Practice. The world’s garbage is predicted to grow exponentially in the coming decades as people become richer and increasingly move to urban areas, as we explained before. By 2025, according to a World Bank study, the waste produced by cities around the globe will be enough to fill a line of rubbish trucks 3,100 miles long every day. “There is no end in sight to this trend,” the United Nations Environment Program agency says. “Public waste systems in cities cannot keep pace with urban expansion; rapid industrialization is happening in countries that have not yet developed the appropriate systems to deal with hazardous and special wastes.” The UK exports almost two-thirds of its total waste to China, with UK businesses shipping more than 2.7 million tons of plastic waste there and to Hong Kong since 2012, behavior that may be affected because of the new legislation in China. China will stop imports of recyclable waste from January 2018, including mixed paper, plastic bottles and 24 types of solid waste, saying much of the waste it imports from the UK and other countries is too hazardous to recycle and is causing them an increasing problem. “Instead of confronting our growing problem with throwaway plastic at home, we have been shipping it off to places like China where it’s easier for us to ignore,” said Elena Polisano, oceans campaigner for Greenpeace UK.

UK EXPORTS ALMOST TWO-THIRDS OF ITS TOTAL WASTE TO CHINA, WITH UK BUSINESSES SHIPPING +2.7 MILLION TONS OF PLASTIC WASTE SINCE 2012 UK with an imminent Brexit, is facing a more complex position on this topic. EU has a targeted to restrict all the countries to only landfill 35% of their biodegradable municipal waste of the 1995 baseline by 2020. This target may be affected because of the uncertainty of the costs UK may face to export waste for energy use to other EU countries. London generates an enormous amount of waste every year. In 2016, local authorities collected 3.7 million tons of waste – enough to fill more than 1,500 Olympic-size swimming pools 1. Despite attempts to reduce waste through reuse and repair, the total amount of waste generated in London has only slightly reduced over the last decade. More is being incinerated than ever before, and recycling rates have now dropped back down to 2010 levels. A rising population means more waste and an increasing challenge to waste infrastructure in London. In 30 years, London’s population is estimated to grow to between 10-13million. 2 If Londoners continue to produce the same amount of waste per person it would require local authorities to collect nearly an extra one million tons of waste, equal to an extra 500,000 refuse trucks of rubbish on London’s roads each year 3. Experts have warned that this growth will be unsustainable and put an increasing strain on waste infrastructure, land and resource. 1. Department of Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (2017), Local authority collected waste: annual results table. Available online at https://www. gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/592899/LA_regional_spreadsheet_march_2016re v.xls 2. Mayor of London (2014), London Infrastructure Plan 2050 A Consultation, Available online at https://www.london.gov.uk/file/19038/download?token=1Zj5uQZf 3. Waste growth projection to 2050 extrapolated from DEFRA 2016 LA Waste Management data and GLA 2016-based population projections – long term trend. Model simplifies and assumes that population growth only factor in future waste requirements

_ ENER GY FOOTPRI N T A vi s ua l s t ate m e nt a b o ut t he e ne rg e tic impa c t of wa ste

200 times

energy cost of producing tap water is the footprint of the plastic bottle with water

The energy footprint of a plastic bottle with water, including the amount of energy it takes to make the plastic bottles, shipping them as well as the waste deposal; is considered an unnecesary use of energy with an average ratio of 3,6 kWh, 2000 times the energy cost of producing tap water.

The energy footprint of a bottle of water, including the amount of energy it takes to make the plastic bottles, fill them and shipping and waste deposal is considered an unnecesary use of energy, with an average ratio of 3,6 kWh, 2000 times the energy cost of producing tap water.

Garbage problem menacing greenbe Garbage problem m

eltÂ´s farminggreenbeltâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s identity, generating hotspots and degradating usefull lands. menacing farmingnew identity, genrating new hotspots and degradating usefull lands.

In London will will produce mountains of garbage as big as tree times airport area, changing landscape that will sorrounding In 25 25years, years, London produce mountains of garbage as big asHeathrow tree times Heathrow airportthe area, changing theaffect landscape that urban and landscape systems. will affect surrounding urban and landscape systems. *G ra phics by Ju an Pa blo D ella M ag giora for the team

IN 25 YEARS, LONDON WILL PRODUCE MOUNTAINS OF WASTE AS BIG AS 3X HEATHROW AIRPORT AREA,.

_ SH A PI N G LO N D O N’S G RE EN BELT WITH WASTE C U R R ENT WA STE I S A SPATI A L PR O BLEM

6 ha

YEAR 25

245m

68,76 ha

ONE PERSON

IN 25 YEARS...WASTE WILL BE

VOLUME WASTE

100.236.890,7 m3 1.719,2 hectares

8.787.892

829,2 m

ONE UK HOUSEHOLD 2,3 PEOPLE

0,38 x 0,38 m

122,4 x 122,4 m

755,7 x 755,7 m

YEAR

4,9 x 4,9 m

7,4 x 7,4 m

47,9 x 47,9 m

829,2 x 829,2 m

37,1 x 37,1 m

244,9 x 244,9 m

1,035 kg/day 0,0012 m3 0,065 M2

2,38 kg/day 0,002 m3 0,15 M2

0,377 kg/year 0,45 m3 24 M2

0,868 ton/year 1,049 m3 55,2 M2

21,72 ton 26,23 m3 1.380 m2

68,76 hectares 0,000015 % GREENBELT

1719,2 ha

1.482.794,2

40” CONTAINERS

X12

8.787.892

0,25 x 0,25 m

9,44 ton 11,4 m3 600 m2

HEATHROW AIRPORT AREA

LONDON

43.478 HOMES

DAY

25 YEAR 24,4 x 24,4 m

100.000 PEOPLE

103,5 ton/day 125 m3/day 1,5 hectares

29.657 ton/day 10.984,86 m3/day 1.44 hectare/day

10.824.805 ton/year 4.009.475,62 m3/year 68,76 hectares/year

37.777,5 ton/year 45.625 m3/year 0,23 hectares

4.146 x 4.146 m

944.437,5 ton 1.140.625 m3 6 hectares

270.620.125 ton 100.236.890,7 m3 1.719,2 hectares

4.146 m

100.000

YEAR 1

1,5 ha

829,2 m

245m

CURRENT WASTE IS A GREENBELT SPACIAL PROBLEM

YEAR 1

SHAPING LONDON’S GREENBELT WITH WASTE PRODUCTION

YEAR 25

LANDFILL

1.719,2 hectares 0,5 % GREENBELT

1 YEAR

25 YEARS

516.000 hectares GREENBELT

HYDE PARK AREA 10.787.892 4.146 m

*G raphics by Ju an Pa blo D ella M ag giora for the te a m

_ 2 5 YEA R S PROJEC TI ON S WA S T E MO U NTA I NS O F 3X HEATHR O W A I R PO R T ZO NE

WASTE PROYECTION 25 YEARS

WASTE MOUNTAIN 3 TIMES HEATHROW AIRPORT

1.719,2 hectares

100.236.890,7 m3 *G raphics by Ju an Pa blo D e lla M a g gi ora for th e te a m

IN 25 YEARS...WASTE WILL BE 100.236.890,7 m3 1.719,2 hectares

HEATHROW AIRPORT AREA

IN 25YEARS,WASTEWILL BE 100,236,890.7 M3 WHICH REPRESENTS 1, 719.2 HECTARES. 3X HEATHROW AIRPORT

CREATE A LANDFORM TO PRODUCE A MICROCLIMATE THAT INCREASES HEAT IN THE GREENBELT MODIFYING NATURAL SYSTEMS AND BROWINFIELD, RESTORING LAND, CREATING ENERGY AND PROVIDING FUTURE FARMING FOR LONDON.

Greenbelt sign an

changing integrated

by uses that degrade the future for waste, changing

landscape, there is a need to dethe way city deals with waste.

Garbage is a problem with which the city is dealing, because of the quantity of waste produced despite the recycling policies, problem we cannot hide. If we consider the amount of waste generated per year, in 25 years city of London will produce mountains of garbage of about 3 meters. From this view of reality in city, we need to design a resilient view of garbage for reality by how the city deals with waste. Cities can benefit changing the concept of waste. It is possible to change an unwanted material into a construction one, to build something which scale is beyond architectural possibilities, changing even natural systems like climates. This adaption and reanalysis of waste as a construction material By changing the way waste is deposed and reanalyzing it as a construction material will help support the future city expansion. Using waste as a processed material it is possible to create a landform to produce a microclimate that increases heat in the greenbelt modifying natural systems and brownfield, restoring land, creating energy and providing future farming for London. *G ra phics by Ju an Pa blo D e lla M a g gi ora for th e te a m

DESIGN A MORE INTEGRATED FUTURE FOR WASTE. CHANGE THE WAY THE CITY DEALS WITH WASTE CONDICIONED URBAN EXPANSION

LONDON HOUSING PROBLEM

BROWNFIELD DEGRADATION

LANDSCAPE SYSTEM VARIATIONS SOLAR EXPOSURE & WIND

GREENBELT IDENTITY

SITES WITH CONECTIVITY ALREADY MADE

BROWNFIELD BUILT INFRASTRUCTRE

GREENBELT IS CHANGING BY USES THAT DEGRADATES THE LANDSCAPE

HEAT ISLAND EFFECT, ALLOWING HEAT ANOMALIES IN LANDSCAPE

UHI

SITE STRATEGY AGRICULTURE IDENTITY IN A NEW FORM HOW TO DEPLOY WASTE IN A MORE PRODUCTIVE WAY FUTURE FARMING AGRICULTURE RETURN TO SITES INTO BROWNFIELDS

UK ENERGY CRISIS

CROPS THAT GROW PARTICULARLY WELL IN POOR SOIL CAN INCREASE EFFICIENCY OF OVERLOOKED SITES

CHANGING TOPOGRAPHIES

HYBRID LANDSCAPE

BIOMASS PRODUCTION

SITES DEGRADES THAT CANNOT SUPPORT FOOD

AGRICULTURE NO LONGER APPROPIATE. SITES CANNOT SUPPORT FOOD

LANDFILL

AGRICULTURE SOIL REMEDIATION

CREATE A LANDFORM TO PRODUCE A MICROCLIMATE THAT INCREASES HEAT IN THE GREENBELT MODIFYING NATURAL SYSTEMS AND BROWINFIELD, RESTORING LAND, CREATING ENERGY AND PROVIDING FUTURE FARMING FOR LONDON.

DESIGN A MORE INTEGRATED FUTURE FOR WASTE BY CHANGING HOW THE CITY DEALS WITH IT.

Fa r mi n g i s th e gre e n be l t i d e nti t y that have to be pre s e r ve d. N owa d ays, u r ba n s praw l i s pu s hi ng to ex pand over s u r ro u n d i n g a gr i c u l tu ra l l a n d s i n greenbelt, menac i ng th i s l a n d s c a pe to be re d u ce d a n d re pl aced by housi ng de ma n d s. Th e f u tu re o f f a r mi n g i n U K , w i th thi s land pressure, w i l l n e e d to be i n c re a s e d s o me h ow i f greenbelt i s rei nterpre te d. Th at i s h ow, d e s i gn i n g Lo n d o nÂ´ s own far mi ng sys te m, a n e w pro d u c ti ve f a r m s pa ce c a n be c reated as a hi ll s ys te m i n w h i c h pa r t o f th e gre e n be l t c an fi nally evolve.

AGRICULTUR AL IDENTIT Y OF THE GREENBELT

III_DESC RIBING THE NATU R A L SYSTEM

_ NATUR A L SYSTEM Wind a nd la nd for ms

It is possible to force the rise of moist air over hills and condense it into clouds just by modifying heights in the existing landscape. Consequently, this fascinating effect on the weather can result in an increase of rainfall. As an output effect, the air loses its moisture after flowing over the altered topography, and increases temperature as it descends again into low lands. This natural condition presents a unique opportunity to manage future farming around London, where conditions of prevalent winds can be used. Rising land over flat existing land surface increment also the productive area. Anabatic winds can blow up heat from a slope that is heated by sunshine. This means that creating a surface that can storage heat will increase the possibilities of warming land and flowing upslope the mountain for produce rain to the other side. This action has a tremendous impact locating properly hotspots. It is possible to produce artificial insolation of the slope for increase wind condition: a landform that changes climatic conditions of landscape. *G ra phic by Ju a n Pa blo D e lla M a g gi ora for th e te a m

Predominant winds

0.0 m

Moist air forced to rise over hill, cools and dry 40.0 m

Wind air is drier and warm on descent, increasing temperature

Predominant winds

0.0 m

KATABIC WIND

40.0 m

Predominant winds ANABATIC WIND 0.0 m

FROEHN WINDS Air lose its moisture after flowing over hills, and increases temperarure as it descends. ANATABIC WINDS Warm wind wich blows up a steep slope or mountain side driven by heating of the slope trough insolation.

- DESIGN REFERENCES

_ PRECED EN T P R OJEC TS

PRECEDENT PROJECTS

HEAT AND WIND AGRICULTURE LANDSCAPES

Vineries in Lanzarote. Canarias, Spain In Canarias, Spain, in a lanscape made of volcanic ashes and extreme wind, locals have arranges to constructs winewards. Taking advantage of the volcanic soil nutrients the wineyards where planted in 5x5 metres hollows sorroundes by stoned walls.

H EAT A ND WI ND AGR I CU LTU R E LA NDSC A PES

Murs ĂĄ pesches. Montreuil, France In Montreuil, a windy region in France, a whole town manages to transform their backyards into orchyards. With a climate extremely good for agriculture the built walls of 3 metres height to protect from wind and plant there peaches.

Waru-Waru terraces. Peru This ancient technique for using water properly in terraces includes planting in the wind protected slopes of mountains. Each terrace has a temperature diference of 1Â°C. Incas also used to flood this terraces from bottom to up to rise temperature above slopes in times of cold weather.

PRECEDENT PROJECTS

_ PRECED EN T P R OJEC TS

MAN MADE LANDSCAPES

Hillforts, Dorset. UK Hillfort sites can be used as precedent project geometries to create a way for control temperature gradiance or paths of diferent temperatures. By blocking or releasing water through the ramparts the heat from inside certain core can be released outside. By the amount of water the transference of heat from inside to outside can be regulated and proved in a physical experiment.

MA N MA DE LA NDSC A PES

Ascaya development, Las Vegas. United States. Ascaya, a tranquil refuge from Las Vegas' energetic pace, sits on a half-acre site with sweeping views of the city and the surrounding mountain ranges. It was developed using mining deposals terraced in mountain slopes.

Suka Kollus, Bolivia This ancient technique was developed by Incas to avoid cool temperatures in croplands. A hole horizon of removed land was created to grow crops. using blocks or “tepes” they protected the arable land from water erosion. Water in the canals absorbs the sun´s heat by day and radiates it back by night, helping protect crops against frost. The more fields cultivated this way, the bigger the effect on the microenviroment.

_ PHYSI C AL MO D EL H EAT A ND TO PO GR A PHY R ELATI O N

HEAT AND TOPOGRAPHY RELATION

T° CONDITION: PHASE 1

T° CONDITION: PHASE 2

T° CONDITION: PHASE 3

T° CONDITION: PHASE 4

T° CONDITION: PHASE 5

T° CONDITION: PHASE 1

T° CONDITION: PHASE 2

T° CONDITION: PHASE 3

T° CONDITION: PHASE 4

T° CONDITION: PHASE 5

The experiment consisted in simulating a slope with different levels using a concrete cast. The objective was to udestand how the heat can be moved in space. Using heated iron bars tested at different levels at the slope it was setted a certain static temperature in one particular layer (condition phase N°1). WIND SOURCE

HEAT SOURCE

TRIPOD

30’ EXPOSURE

INFRARED CAMERA

IRON BARS

Using an opposite T° source, cold water, the concrete model was then slowly fooded in the lower levels (pase 2). It was observed that the higher levels started to rise temperature gradually after several minutes (phase 3 and 4). After 20 minutes it was observed that there was a gap with raw difference of temperature between water (lower levels) and the levels above the heated object (phase 5). So it was tested that when flooding certain gap temperature will rise getting out of it. *G raphics by Ju an Pa blo D ella M ag giora for th e te a m

_ PHYSI C AL MO D EL S O L A R EX P O S U R E - WI ND CO NTR O L - SU R FACE A NA LYSI S

PHISICAL MODEL

SOLAR EXPOSURE - WIND CONTROL - SURFACE ANALISIS

70°

40°

SUN SUNEXPOSURE EXPOSURE

FLAT FLATSURFACE SURFACE

M3 M3LAND LAND

FLAT SURFACE

70°

M3 LAND

70°

FLAT SURFACE

M3 LAND

FLAT SURFACE

SUN EXPOSURE

M3 LAND

WIND PROTECTION

M3 LAND

70°

45°

11 M3 LAND

WIND PROTECTION

SUN EXPOSURE

WIND PROTECTION

SUN EXPOSURE

FLAT SURFACE

70°

FLAT SURFACE

70°

SUN EXPOSURE

FLAT SURFACE

WIND PROTECTION

70°

45°

70°

SUN EXPOSURE

WIND PROTECTION

70°

M3 LAND

40°

SUN EXPOSURE

WIND PROTECTION

FLAT SURFACE

WIND PROTECTION

40°

SUN EXPOSURE

FLAT SURFACE

M3 LAND

70°

40°

45°

SUN EXPOSURE

WIND PROTECTION

70°

45°

SUN EXPOSURE

WIND WINDPROTECTION PROTECTION

FLAT SURFACE

70°

40°

SUN EXPOSURE

FLAT SURFACE

M3 LAND

WIND PROTECTION

PHISICAL MODEL

SOLAR EXPOSURE - WIND CONTROL - SURFACE ANALISIS

12 11 9 10

3 5

2 4

1 Library of conditions solar exposure - wind control - amount of land - slope angle

*Exper iment by Ju an Pa blo D e lla M a g gi ora for th e te a m

NATURAL SYSTEM

WIND STUDIES

1 Simulation with “A” height and 1/8A length

1/8 A

Distance

10x

15x

20x

25x

30x

90-100%

80-90%

70-80%

60-70%

50-60%

110%

Wind break object

Wind direction

60%

90-100%

2 Simulation with “A” height and 1/2 A length

4 1/2 A

1/2 A

80% 70%

% of windspeed

Max. protection range

*Over this length there is no more wind shadow grow. EQUILIBRIUM POINT A

3 Simulation with “A” length and “A” thick

Effect of windbreak on reduction of wind speed VELOCITY (m/s) 25.00 22.00 18.00 ANALYSIS: 2D WIND SPEED: 10.00 m/s

Wind shadow is smaller that the exercise above

4 Simulation with “A” height and “3A” length

12.00 0

_ N ATUR AL SYSTEM Wind studies

Height have omre influence in shadow form of an object than length.

6 Simulation with “A” height and 2A length

12 A

7 Simulation with “A” height and 3A length

There are mathematical thedepending wind will height There are mathematical models of howmodels the windof willhow behave onbehave the heightdepending and length ofon the the element. We andthat length we must state those notanalysis the only thatpoint result must state thoseof arethe notelement, the only elements that resultthat relevant to are a wind but elements are our starting to define the dimensions of the urban form. relevant to a wind analysis but are our starting point to define the dimensions of ours. As the phisical show, the wind shadow zone varies depending the dimension of the on object a point when As themodel experiments show, the wind shadow zoneon varies depending theuntil dimension of it reaches an “equilibrium” and it remains the same. We use this tools to define and predict in a rough way the impact of the object until a point when it reaches an “equilibrium” and it remains the same. We use the system we are designing.

this tools to define and predict in a rough way the impact of the system we are designing.

5 Simulation with “A” height and 4A length

3 A

*Exper iment by Nick y Holness for the team

_ S YS TEM COMPOSI TI ON Pro gra ms a ssociate d to the syste m

The system is informed by programs that define the shape, orientation, height, and other parameter taken in consideration to design the landform. These programs aim to lead a reinterpretation of the greenbelt, its perception and actual identity. The landform will be built from waste and is planned to have a biomass power station circumscribed on it to generate more heat as well as processing the crops generated by the other activity, which is agriculture.

BIOMASS POWER STATION, AGRICULTURE & LANDFILLS

V_THR OUGH A REIN TERP RE TATION O F MATER I A L S

ANDFILL TYPES

_ L AN D FI L L T YP ES

EPLOYING WASTE IN A MORE PRODUCTIVE WAY

D EP LOYI NG WA S T E I N A MO R E PR O DU C TI V E WAY

CHANGE THE WAY WE THING ABOUT LANDFILLS: FROM STATIC END-STATIONS OF OBSOLETE MATERIALS TO DYNAMIC RESOURCE RESERVOIRS OPPORTUNITY FOR RESOURCE RECOVERY ALUMINIUM INDUSTRIAL WASTE

20%

ZINC RESIDUES

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION 0% RUNOFF 90% SHALLOW INFILTRATION 2% DEEP INFILTRATION 2% ABSORTION REFLECTION

COOPER

METALS

STEEL GLASS PLASTIC RECYCLABLE MATERIALS

CHANGE THE WAY WE THNIK ABOUT LANDFILLS. FROMS STATIC END-STATIONS OF OBSOLETE MATERIALS TO DYNAMIC RESOURCE RESERVOIRS OPPORTUNITY FOR RESOURCE RECOVERY

PLASTIC

METALS AGREGATES

MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

13%

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION 30%

REFUSE-DERIVED FUEL (RDF)

MINERAL RESIDUE FRACTION (LOW CARBON CEMENT)

RUNOFF 55% SHALLOW INFILTRATION 10% DEEP INFILTRATION 5% ABSORTION REFLECTION

HIGH-ADDED VALUE PRODUCTS

CONCRETE

(PLASMA GASIFICATION TECH) HYDROGEN

WASTE TREATMENT

GAS BIOLOGICAL SANITARY WASTE

WOOD

CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION WASTE

CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION MATERIALS

60%

ASPHALT

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION 30% RUNOFF 55%

PLASTERBOARD INSULATION MORTAR, CEMENT

SHALLOW INFILTRATION 10% DEEP INFILTRATION 5% ABSORTION REFLECTION

ASPHALT

ROCKS EVAPOTRANSPIRATION 30%

CLAY CLEANFILLS

SOIL CONCRETE

RUNOFF 55% SHALLOW INFILTRATION 10% DEEP INFILTRATION 5% ABSORTION 50% REFLECTION 50%

STONE

BRICKS HARVEST WASTE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION 40%

MANURE AGRICULTURE WASTE

FARM WASTE

SLAUGHTER HOUSES FERTILIZER RUN-OFF PESTICIDES

Landfill can be clasificated in five categories, according to the UK sanitary policies. Four of them are described here in the graphics (the fifth is for storage nuclear waste, which have special places to be storaged without soil remediation).

RUNOFF 10% SHALLOW INFILTRATION 25% DEEP INFILTRATION 25% ABSORTION 50% REFLECTION

EARTH

Landfills are classified according the material they can storage: Construction and industrial waste are that produce more garbage and have some toxic components that cannot be buried (60% of all the waste produced yearly. Other deposals are spetialiced for household waste (municipal solid waste) and agricultural waste, which produce methane gas and can be used to remediate soils. All the landfill types are located beyond the limits of the city, around greenbelt in east, south and west, in territories where the poorest soils are located. Poor soils means not only in terms of agricultural production but also in drainage capabilities. Landfill infrastructures looks for sites with no drainage for not contaminating drain water. By this characteristics and the waste heat capacity of the materials buried or storage, landfills are an important component of heat arising anomalies in the landscape. *G ra phics by Ju an Pa blo D e lla M a g gi ora for th e te a m

ESTIMATED TOTAL ANNUAL WASTE ARISINGS BY SECTOR _ L AN D FI L L T YP ES ES T I MAT ED A NNUAL WA STE A R I SI NG BY SEC TO R

CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION WASTE

MORTAR, CEMENT

40%

MINERALS, MINING & QUARRING

BRICK CLAY

INSULATION

20%

ROCKS

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION 30%

RUNOFF 55%

SHALLOW INFILTRATION 10%

DEEP INFILTRATION 5%

CHEMICALS RUN-OFF

ABSORTION REFLECTION

PLASTERBOARD

ABSORTION 50% REFLECTION 50%

STONE

ASPHALT

20%

40%

ASPHALT

PROCECED WASTES

AGRICULTURE

LANDFILLS

WOOD

HARVEST WASTE MANURE

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION 40% RUNOFF 10%

SHALLOW INFILTRATION 25% DEEP INFILTRATION 25% ABSORTION 50% REFLECTION

EARTH SLAUGHTER HOUSES ALUMINUM

FERTILIZER RUN-OFF PESTICIDES

20% INDUSTRIAL WASTE

13%

ZINC

BIOLOGICAL SANITARY

20%

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION 0% RUNOFF 90% SHALLOW INFILTRATION 2% DEEP INFILTRATION 2% ABSORTION REFLECTION

METALS

MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

13% EVAPOTRANSPIRATION 30%

COOPER STEEL

REFUSE DERIVED FUEL RECYCLABLE MATERIALS

RUNOFF 55% SHALLOW INFILTRATION 10% DEEP INFILTRATION 5% ABSORTION REFLECTION

PLASTIC

60% OF THE ACTUAL WASTE TO LANDFILLS IS FROM CONSTRUCTION AND MINING

LONDON SOILSCAPE AND LANDFILLS LOC

_ L AN D FI L L S LO ND O N S O I L S C A PE A ND LA NDF I LLS LO C ATI O N SOIL INFORMATION

Fertility: Very low

Naturally wet very acid sandy and loamy soils. Mixed dry and wet lowland heath communities Where cropped, vulnerable to leaching of nitrate and pesticides to groundwater; cropped land is generally flat; vulnerable to wind erosion during dry weather SOIL INFORMATION

Fertility: Low

Freely draining slightly acid loamy soils. Groundwater contamination with nitrate; siltation and nutrient enrichment of streams from soil erosion on certain of these soils. Suitable for range of spring and autumn sown crops; under grass the soils have a long grazing season. Free drainage reduces the risk of soil damage from grazing animals or farm machinery. Shortage of soil moisture most likely limiting factor on yields, particularly where stony or shallow.

Fertility: High

Freely draining slightly acid but base-rich soils Suitable for spring and autumn sown crops and grassland. Shortage of soil moisture most likely limiting factor to yields especially where stony or shallow. Groundwater contamination with nitrate; siltation and nutrient enrichment of streams from soil erosion on certain of these soils.

CLOSED LANFILLS

ACTIVE LANFILLS

MAIN ROAD CONECTIONS

Fertility: Very low

ndy and loamy soils. Mixed h communities

ble to leaching of nitrate ndwater; cropped land is to wind erosion during dry

Fertility: Low

id loamy soils.

tion with nitrate; siltation nt of streams from soil se soils. Suitable for range wn crops; under grass the ng season. Free drainage mage from grazing animals tage of soil moisture most yields, particularly where

Fertility: High

id but base-rich soils

autumn sown crops and soil moisture most likely especially where stony or ontamination with nitrate; richment of streams from these soils.

D LANFILLS

LANFILLS

OAD CONECTIONS

*Graphic by Juan Pablo D ella M aggiora for the team

_ URBAN S YS TEM URBAN SYSTEM

L A ND F I L L P L A N F O R A 100,000 PO PU LATI O N

LANDFILL PLAN 100.000 POPULATION Landfill access Land for cell covering Land faces for waste fill

PREDOMINANT WINDS

Wind stopper trees Landfill machinery garage

Dustcarts

Stormwater drain

Dump trucks Leachate collection pipes

Road connection over dam

Rampart to pit access

Material Handlers

Land for cell covering

400 m

Soil compactors

Landfill compactors Stormwater drain

LANDFILL LAYOUT

150 m

URBAN SYSTEM

Stormwater drain

LANDFILL PLAN 100.000 POPULATION

PREDOMINANT WINDS

Land for cell covering

Pit deposal 1 100 m

Deposal bridge 15 m

Pit deposal 2 100 m

Wheel loader Landfill access Land for cell covering Land faces for waste fill Wind stopper trees

PREDOMINANTLandfill WINDS machinery garage

Deposal bridge 15 m

Pit deposal 3 100 m

Deposal bridge 15 m Stormwater drain

Leachate collection pipes connection over dam Changing the process of landfill construction can change the form of a man-madeRoad landscape. This hotspots in greenbelts can start changing perception of them to become a constructed ecology needed for people. Using landfill matepit accessincreasing agriculture. rials, it is possible to create a landform (topography) to produce a microclimate that Rampart risestoheat

*Graphics by Juan Pablo D ella M aggiora for the team Land for cell covering 400 m

_ URBAN S YS TEM LA NDF I LL T YPES

URBAN SYSTEM

LANDFILL TYPES Operating face 2

1 3 2

AREA METHOD

3 PHASES LANDFILL Trench Compacted waste

ABOVE GROUND LANDFILL

4 1

5 2

3 2 1

5 PHASES LANDFILL

TRENCH METHOD

BELOW GROUND LANDFILL

3 PHASES LANDFILL

2 1 3 2 1

3 2

SLOPE AND VALLEY LANDFILL

4 2

3 2

ABOVE - BELOW GROUND LANDFILL

3 PHASES LANDFILL 3 1

4 2

4 PHASES LANDFILL

_ URBAN S YS TEM SO I L R EMEDI ATI O N

URBAN SYSTEM

SOIL REMEDIATION POPULATION SERVED: 100.000 Habitants WASTE PRODUCED: 1.035 kg person/day WASTE COMPACTED DENSITY: 800 kg/m3 DAILY WASTE DEPOSAL: 103,5 ton/day DAILY AREA DEPOSAL: 125,0 m3/day YEAR VOLUME NEEDED : 45.625 m3/year YEAR AREA NEEDED : 0.912 hectarea/year

ONE PERSON VOLUME WASTE

PERSON / DAY

1,035 KG / DAY

377,7 KG / YEAR

25 YEARS

2.587.500 tons LANDFILL

25 YEARS

VOLUME CAPACITY

1.140.625 m3 100.000 POPULATION 25 YEARS

125 m3 / DAY

45.625 m3 / YEAR 37.777,5 T / YEAR

25 YEARS

6 hectares

WE NEED AT LEAST 6 LANDFILLS PER YEAR

LONDON

VOLUME WASTE

GREATER LONDON

POPULATION 8.787.892

WASTE 10.824.805 TONNES *G raphics by Ju an Pa blo D ella M ag giora for the team

_ URBAN S YS TEM WA STE DEPO SA L U NI TS

URBAN SYSTEM

WASTE DEPOSAL UNITS 125 m3/day 5m

Compacted daily waste cell 5m x 5m x 5m

BASIC DAILY CELL UNIT DEPOSAL

POPULATION SERVED: 100.000 Habitants WASTE PRODUCED: 1.035 person/day WASTE COMPACTED DENSITY: 800 kg/m3 DAILY WASTE DEPOSAL: 103,5 ton/day DAILY AREA DEPOSAL: 125,0 m3/day YEAR VOLUME NEEDED : 45.625 m3/year YEAR AREA NEEDED : 0.912 hectarea/year

Capping

Compacted 45° earth dam

Compacted daily cover 6”

Compacted daily waste cell

Compacted earth dam

Phase

EMBANKMENT SECTION SYSTEMIC CONSTRUCTION OF PHASES

NATURAL SYSTEM

_ N ATUR AL S YS TEM

HEAT GAIN (HG) EFFECT FOR DIFFERENT MATERIALS

H EAT G A I N ( H G ) EF F EC T F O R DI F F ER ENT MATER I A LS

THE DIFFERENT MATERIALS HEAT CAPACITIES ARE ALSO WORKING IN THE LANDFILL SITES, WHERE THEY ARE ALL EXPOSED TO SUNLIGHT . MOS T PART OF THEM ARE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS WITH HIGHT STORAGE CAPACITY, CONTRIBUTING TO CREATE HOTSPOTS IN LANDFILL INFRASTRUCTURES.

MATERIAL TEMPERATURES DURING DAY

There are urban infrastructures with tremendous potential to change topography conditions: landfills and dumpsites. These anthropogenic sites, are designed to be filled and left when finished. Knowing its constructions process it is possible to change its growing pattern, as well as optimizing its design in order to guide heat and wind microclimates for future farming.

HG-4 Material with extreme heat gain (10-12°C) and peak temperature occurring mid-morning.

Peak temperatures

*Graph i c by J ua n Pa bl o D e l l a M a g gi o ra fo r th e te am

16°C

15°C

14°C

13°C

12°C

HG-4

11°C

10°C

9°C

HG-3 Material with high heat gain (7-9°C) and peak temperature occurring in the afternoon.

9°C

HG-3

8°C

7°C

6°C

HG-2

5°C

4°C

3°C

HG-1

2°C

Morning

Afternoon

HG-2 Material with medium heat gain (4-6°C) and peak temperature occurring mid morning.

Evening

Time of day

HG-1 Material with low heat gain (2-3°C) and peak temperature occurring in the afternoon.

MATERIAL HEAT STORAGE COMPONENTS

_ MAT E RI A L H E AT STOR AGE CO MP ONENTS

PARANENTERS OF HEAT OF URBAN SURFACES

MATERIAL COMPONENT

PA R AME T ER S O F HEAT I N U R BA N SU R FACES

TÂ° TRANSFERING CONDITION

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION 30% RUNOFF 55% SHALLOW INFILTRATION 10% DEEP INFILTRATION 5% ABSORTION REFLECTION

ASPHALT

INFRASTRUCTURE TYPE

TIPOLOGY

+ HEAT EMISSION

+ +

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION 0% RUNOFF 90% SHALLOW INFILTRATION 2% DEEP INFILTRATION 2% ABSORTION

AIRPORTS INDUSTRIAL WAREHOUSE CLUSTERS

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION 30% RUNOFF 55% SHALLOW INFILTRATION 10% DEEP INFILTRATION 5% ABSORTION REFLECTION

+ +

COMERCIAL

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION 30% RUNOFF 55% SHALLOW INFILTRATION 10% DEEP INFILTRATION 5% ABSORTION 50% REFLECTION 50%

REFLECTION

+ + +

CONCRETE PUBLIC

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

+ + + + + +

STONE ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION 50% RUNOFF 10% SHALLOW INFILTRATION 25% DEEP INFILTRATION 25% ABSORTION 40% REFLECTION 50%

TIMBER EVAPOTRANSPIRATION 40% RUNOFF 10%

+ +

LAND EXTRACTION / MINING

HIGHWAYS & STREETS - RAILWAYS

TRANSPORTATION

TRAIN STATIONS

METALS

REFLECTION

PORTUARY INFRASTRUCTURE

PARKING LOTS SHOPPING CENTRES OFFICE CLUSTERS SCHOOLS PUBLIC BUILDINGS & INSTITUTIONS HOSPITALS STADIUMS GRIDS POWERSTATIONS PUBLIC LIGHT HEAT / COOLING SYSTEMS DATACENTERS / CLOUD COMPUTING BIG SUBURBS

QUARRIES OPEN PITS

ABSORBTION

SHALLOW INFILTRATION 25% DEEP INFILTRATION 25% ABSORTION 50%

EARTH

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION 40% RUNOFF 10% SHALLOW INFILTRATION 25% DEEP INFILTRATION 25% ABSORTION 50% REFLECTION

GRASSLANDS

REFLECTION

OPEN SPACES & NATURE

PARKS AND GARDENS GOLF COURTS GRAVEYARDS / CEMENTERIES ZOO NATURE RESERVES

WATER SUPPLY RESERVOIRS RIVERS AND CANALS

WATER INFRASTRUCTURE

POOLS PONDS AND LAGOONS FLOOD LANDS

AGRICULTURE +

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION RUNOFF SHALLOW INFILTRATION DEEP INFILTRATION ABSORTION REFLECTION

WATER

ARABLE LANDS FOREST GRASSLANDS FARMS

_ URBAN S YS TEM L A ND F I L L PR O F I LE SO I L R EMEDI ATI O N

Waste deposals have toxic components that does not affect non-comestible crops. In this way, it would be extremely useful if this hybrid system can make grow bio fuel vegetation. Along several years of waste deposal many specific sites can be created for an efficient agriculture that supports the current UK energy crisis. Landfill sites can be used to harvest biofuel crops to generate renewable energy from former rubbish dumps. *Graphics by Juan Pablo D ella M aggiora for the team

_ URBAN S YS TEM BI O F U ELS ENER GY C A PACI T Y

*G ra phics by Ju an Pa blo D e lla M a g gi ora for th e te a m

- DESIGN APROXIMATIONS

SYSTEM SECTION

SECUENCE OF PHASING AND MATERIAL APPLICATION _ SYSTEM S EC TIO N S EC U ENC E O F P H A S I NG A ND MATER I A L A PPLI C ATI O N MOUNTAIN STAGE 1 TOXIC WASTE THAT CANNOT BE BURIED

USED TO FILL STRUCTURAL CELLS

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION 0% RUNOFF 90% SHALLOW INFILTRATION 2% DEEP INFILTRATION 2% ABSORTION

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION 30%

DEEP INFILTRATION 5%

ABSORTION

ABSORTION 50%

REFLECTION

METALS

REFLECTION 50%

ASPHALT

STONE

CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION WASTE 5m

PHASE 1: 345 DAYS

RUNOFF 55% SHALLOW INFILTRATION 10%

DEEP INFILTRATION 5%

REFLECTION

INDUSTRIAL WASTE

RUNOFF 55% SHALLOW INFILTRATION 10%

MINERALS, MINING & QUARRING

STAGE 1: 2 YEARS

STRUCTURAL CELL

CAPPING PHASE 4 PHASE 3

PHASE 2

INDUSTRIAL WASTE 5m

PHASE 2: 234 DAYS

PHASE 1

CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION WASTE

MOUNTAIN TYPE 1

MINERALS, MINING & QUARRING

STRUCTURAL CELL

MOUNTAIN TYPE 1

150 m

C1 5m

AGRICULTURE MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE 5m

150 m

PHASE 3: 108 DAYS

150 m

WASTE CELL

Phase 1

Phase 2

Phase 3-4

INDUSTRIAL WASTE

CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION WASTE MINERALS, MINING & QUARRING

STRUCTURAL CELL PHASE 4: 63 DAYS

Year 1

Year 1,5

Year 2

WASTE THAT CAN BE BURIED OR STACKED

USED TO FILL REGULAR CELLS EVAPOTRANSPIRATION 30%

RUNOFF 10%

RUNOFF 55%

SHALLOW INFILTRATION 25%

SHALLOW INFILTRATION 10%

DEEP INFILTRATION 25% ABSORTION 50% REFLECTION

EARTH

DEEP INFILTRATION 5% ABSORTION REFLECTION

PLASTIC

INDUSTRIAL WASTE CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION WASTE

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION 40%

MINERALS, MINING & QUARRING

STAGE 2: 1,7 YEARS

PHASE 1: 216 DAYS STRUCTURAL CELL

CAPPING PHASE 4 PHASE 3

PHASE 1

INDUSTRIAL WASTE CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION WASTE

B 5m

PHASE 2

MINERALS, MINING & QUARRING

STRUCTURAL CELL PHASE 2: 176 DAYS

AGRICULTURE

MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

WASTE CELL PHASE 3: 169 DAYS

Capping

MINERALS, MINING & QUARRING

CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION WASTE

INDUSTRIAL WASTE

STRUCTURAL CELL Year 2

Year 2

Year 3,7

PHASE 4: 91 DAYS

*Graphics by Nick y Holness for the team

_ SYSTEM S EC TIO N

WASTE CELL

S EC U ENC E O F P H A S I NG A ND MATER I A L A PPLI C ATI O N

STRCUTURAL

50 m

30 m

50 m

A’

31 m 3,875 m3 56 m 8,680 m3 86 m

15,910 m3 is a response to manmade problems: urban heat islands and waste. Nature components enhance This project m as “superior specie”, had created different materials in laboratories that has caused and nourish the soil,111 we 23,865 m3 our footprint to take hundred or even thousands of years to be decomposed. UHI and waste are manmade problems that must be taken advantage and reanalyzed from a human perspective in order to serve citizens.

*Graphics by Nick y Holness for the team

3.5 m

B’

31 m

17.5 m

22.5 m

150 m

18 m

29 m

WASTE CELL 5m

21 m

STRCUTURAL

50 m

30 m

50 m

A’

31 m 3,875 m3 56 m 8,680 m3 86 m 15,910 m3

21 m

111 m 23,865 m3

3.5 m

B’

31 m

17.5 m

22.5 m

18 m

29 m

150 m

LANDFORM UNIT TOTAL = 52,330m3

_ PH OTOMON TAGES PHA SI NG I N TI ME

*G ra phics by Ju an Pa blo D e lla M a g gi ora for th e te a m

_ PH OTOMON TAGES R EA R V I E W

*G ra phics by Ju an Pa blo D e lla M a g gi ora for th e te a m

View from the west side, facinf prevalent winds. This face es built using construction materials to storage heat and move winds up.

View from the gap inside the system. The right side contains power a biowuel power plant station. The gap works as the main wind protected path for working on landfill machinery and agriculture way into de mountain. The view show the working zone without capping face.

- SHAPE STUDIES

_ S H A PE A N A LYS IS St ud yi n g t h e m o s t s t a b l e s h a p e fo r the syste m

After a research about landfills, their characteristics and sizes, we arrived to the conclusion that the average size was 150 x 400 m. The shape exploration started as a simple rectangle with the basic dimensions to find the behaviour of wind, that is one of our major design tool. By flexing the rectangle into a more boomerang alike shape we discovered it produced a bigger shadow of wind, which represent more agricultural area for the system, as well as much more stability by the reduction of vortex in sharp cornes (scenario faced with the rectangle). *Exper iment by Nick y Holnes s for th e te a m

_ SH APE A NA LYS IS St ud yi n g t h e m o st sta ble sha pe for the syste m

Fl ow s tu d y to un derst an d t h e ef f ic ienc y o f e ac h s ha pe ab o ut t h e area o f s hadow

The iteractions were made to explore the behaviour of the shapes in group, trying to give a sense of composition among themselves

Th e re i s a n i n f l ue n ce o f not only the sha pe of the flow b ut t h e s p e e d o f w i n d i t ha s. in the gra phic, the d a r ke st g ay re p re s e nt s t h e a re a s in comple te sha d ow of wind

The microclimates we are generating by the distribution of these landforms, will be used for agriculture lands. We aim to generate this new paradoxical concept of the greenbelt that feeds the city with the energy generated from the waste. The borders will be invisible and dictated by these new microclimates, limits without lines. In other words, sensorial limits would be the reinterpretation of the greenbelt into a girdle. As we mentioned before, there are several elements that influence in the aerodynamic of a shape, reason why we started creating a smother face to wind and a more rough one to the shadow of it. This duality of faces is also related in the visual effect of the lanform, as it has a more smooth and natural for the hillside that is covered with materials with heating properties. The opposite side, with a more rough and man mande shape has a natural use with the rapeseeds for biofuel. *Simu l ati on by Ni c k y H oln e ss for th e te a m

_ BUFFER A NA LYS IS St ud yi n g e l e m e nt s t h at m ay give sta bilit y to the syste m

Landfill program require buffers to mitigate wind in order to protect the waste that is being deposited. By this principle, we tested buffers shapes with a smoth shape to avoid vortex in the corners.

Ad d i n g t h e b uf fe r s h a d a n i n f l ue n ce i n t h e s ys te m t h at wa s not only shown in pla n, b ut a l s o i n s e c t i o n . D e p e n d i n g o n t h e l ayo ut a s we l l a s he ight of the m, the syste m c a n b e co m e p re t t y un s t a b l e a n d i n e f f i c i e nt.

Landfills require vegetation while they are been filled in order to avoid waste to blow away, as well as giving privacy. By understanding this, we explore the buffers for the system as elements that will protect the landfill activity but also help in the stability and reduction of vortex in the system. Buffers are related to the landfill activity, reason why they do not have a static position but they must be reshaped as the construction on the landform goes. *Simu l ati on by Ni c k y H oln e ss for th e te a m

- SYSTEM ANALYSIS

345º

_ SUN A NA LYS IS

15º

S un b e h avi o ur a n d h ow d o e s i t h ave a n impa c t in the strate g y

330º

30º 10º 12:00 md

315º

6:0

1st Jul

m 0p 6:0

1st Jun 300º

45º

20º 30º

60º 1st Aug

40º 1st May

50º 60º

285º

75º 1st Sep

70º 80º

1st Apr

150m

1,350m

1,390m

90º

270º

1st Oct

1st Mar 255º

105º 1st Nov 1st Feb 240º

120º 1st Dec

1st Jan

135º

225º

210º

150º 195º

180º

165º

_ L AND FO RM ANALYSIS The func tioning of the four elements that compose the system

SUN SHADOW

WIND SHADOW

VARIES THROUGH THE YEAR, BUT WE CAN HAVE AN AVERAGE LENGTH OF 450M, GIVING US AN AREA OF 310,500 M2

VARIES THROUGH THE YEAR, BUT THE PREDOMINANT WIND COMES F ROM SOUTH WEST AT MAX. 3.6 M/S

LANDFILL UNIT

13 units with a total capacity of aprox. 680,290 m3 per landform

BUFFERS

690 M

wind directioners to assist the landfill waste deposal, as well as avoiding wind tunnels between the gaps generated during construction

PHASES

the landform will be constructed by placing two units model A and then filling the unit model B, in step to have enough stability and structure

150 M

450 M

525 M

SYSTEM SECTION

THERMODINAMIC CHANGE OF THE SITE CONSTRUCTION METHOD

TOXIC WASTE THAT CANNOT BE BURIED INDUSTRIAL WASTE

CONSTRUCTION METHOD

CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION WASTE

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION 0% RUNOFF 90% SHALLOW INFILTRATION 2% DEEP INFILTRATION 2% ABSORTION

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION 30% RUNOFF 55% SHALLOW INFILTRATION 10% DEEP INFILTRATION 5% ABSORTION

REFLECTION

METALS

ASPHALT

AREA METHOD

TRENCH METHOD

BIOFUEL POWERSTATION

60.0 m ANATABIC WINDS PREDOMINANT WIND

11°C

97.500 m2 Crops

40.0 m 20.0 m 45°

30 m Buffer existing trees

170 m Grasslands

15 m Trees

15 m Highway

15 m Trees

14°

50 m Buffer Mountain

150 m Landfill site

BIOMASS PRODUCTION

HYBRID LANDSCAPE

LANDFILL

AGRICULTURE SOIL REMEDIATION

THERMODINAMIC CHANGE OF THE SITE EXISTING HOUSES

5 YEARS

23°C

10 YEARS

20°C

25 YEARS

18°C Winter Crops

The metropolitan greenbelt is in great debate, as the housing crisis increases in London. There are several studies that discuss either there is enough or not brownfield to cover the “deficit” in housing. The truth is that this type of concerns and debates, makes us rethink this belt as a girdle (how it was originally conceived) that allows a more permeable development for the always growing city. We propose to decompose the metropolitan greenbelt in several landforms, that may transform and frame the city as well as evolve in time. As the same city have been able to change and adapt through time to different events, we propose to blur the lines in a process of rebirth. The landforms will start with one appearance, but they will change during time until they become part of an active landscape and a real community serving belt.

ENGLISH OAK Quercus Robur

TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE

ENGLISH OAK Quercus Robur

STORMWATER DRAIN

CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL RAPESEED Brassica Napus DEPOSAL

RAPESEED Brassica Napus

Miscan

Miscant

*G raph i c by J ua n Pa b l o D e l l a M a g gi o ra fo r th e team

Land Healing species

_ SYSTEM S EC TIO N

WASTE THAT CAN BE BURIED OR STACKED MINERALS, MINING & QUARRING EVAPOTRANSPIRATION 30% RUNOFF 55% SHALLOW INFILTRATION 10% DEEP INFILTRATION 5% ABSORTION 50% REFLECTION 50%

STONE

AGRICULTURE

Th e r m o d yna mic cha ng e in the syste m

MUNICIPAL SOLID

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION 40%

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION 30%

RUNOFF 10%

RUNOFF 55%

SHALLOW INFILTRATION 25% DEEP INFILTRATION 25%

SHALLOW INFILTRATION 10% DEEP INFILTRATION 5%

ABSORTION 50% REFLECTION

ABSORTION REFLECTION

EARTH

PLASTIC

KATABIC WINDS

945.000 m2

20°C

18°C

3°C

15 m Trees

Agriculture Site 1050 m

Highway 30 m

Agriculture Pond

Agriculture Site

600 m. 1050 m. 2250 m.

Winter Crops

Summer Crops (row)

945.000 m2

nthus grass

thus sisnensis

STORMWATER DRAIN

BIO FUEL VEGETATION

ENGLISH OAK Quercus Robur

Beets

Beta Vulgaris

Energy species

STORMWATER DRAIN

ENGLISH OAK Quercus Robur

TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE

- SITE STUDIES

0 1 . REDHI LL

_ RED H I L L , S UR R E Y Co r m o n g e r s L a n e, Nut fie ld, R e d hill, Su r re y, R H1 4ER

REDHILL

SOUTH EAST

Reigate and Banstead, Surrey

_ HOT PO CKE TS AB N ORMA L HE AT IN T HE M E T R OP OLITA N G R EENB ELT

The first site is located in South East, Surrey county, Reigate and Banstead district; which belongs to the south part of the Metropolitan Greenbelt. As the map shows, there are several hot spots refering to abnormal heat production in the edge of the legally defined greenbelt zone. At the same time, we can also appreciate the location of the spot is before the choosen site, meaning the wind will affect the dome of heat to the site. *M a p ela borated in team by Ju an Pa blo D e lla M a g gi ora a n d Ni c k y H oln e ss

_ S OI LSC APE AND L ANDF ILLS LOC ATION T YPES OF SOIL QUA LIT Y , AC T IV E A N D F ORM E R LAN DFILLS

R edhill Landfill Site, WASTE LANDFILLING; >10 T/D WITH CAPACITY >25,000T EXCLUDING INERT WASTE The choosen site has an active and former landfill within its borders, as well as low fertility soil. This facts mean for us that we can take advantage of this unwanted conditions to grow vegetation for biofuels, as they can be harvested in poor quality soils.

*G ra phic by Ju a n Pa blo D ella M ag gi ora for th e te a m

_ RED H I L L , S UR R E Y Co r m o n g e r s L a n e, Nut fie ld, R e d hill, Su r re y, R H1 4ER

_ TO P O G R A P HY

_ G RE E N B E LT

_ URBAN CON D I TI ON

R elation with the ac tivities

The planned borders

I nfrastruc tures before the site

The site itself does not have a ver y scattered topography, meaning the landfor m will have a bigger impac t. As the map shows, the site is located in a simulated valley, having in consideration that each of the contour lines represent a 5 meter height. All of the previously mentioned fac ts, will shape the way wind and heat is conduc ted to the sytem. The 5m contour lines are presented in brown orange, water bodies in blue, roads in light gray.

As we have previ ously analysed in the hot spots map, the greenbelt has abnor mal heat ac tivities. When we star t analyzing in more detail which is the or igin of this phenomena, we can see that there are pockets of devel opment that allow industr ial uses which are the biggest heat producers. O ur site is situated r ight by the edge of the M etropolitan Greenbelt de fined border (which is represented in a dashed red colored line). The dar k green areas represent the greenspace, while the light green rep resents the area within the greenbelt definition.

R esidential clusters and industr ial par k compose the major it y of the infra struc tures located beside the elec ted site. I t is ver y impor tant to notice that these heat producing infrastruc tures are located to the lef t of the site, meaning the wind will move the dome they generate (as we stated in previous exper iments). The greenspace is defined in green, the blue shows the water bodies, the densified gray indicates the areas that are not within the greenbelt border, while the light pink indicates the occupied land.

YEAR DEC

REDHILL

4,675,720 m2

VELOCITY (kts) TEMPERATURE (ยบC)

PROBABILITY %

DIRECTION

JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

17 km/h 11ยบC

_ T E RR A I N Wi n d s t ud i e s Wind is o ne o f o u r pr im e des ign to o l s, as we are wo r k i n g w i t h m i c ro c l i m ate s a n d w i n d s h a d ow. Th e gra p h i c s h ows t h e w i n d ro s e f ro m M ercer s Par k / N u tf iel d, w hic h is the c l o se s t w i n d t ra c k i n g s t at i o n , to ex p l a i n t h e p re d o m i n a nt w i n d s, a s we l l a s t h e o t h e r data to info r m m ean direc tio n, pro babil it y, ve l o c i t y a n d te m p e rat ure o f t h e w i n d. I t re l e va nt to un d e r s t a n d t h e va r i at i o n s f ro m s ite to s ite w hic h w il l inf l u ence and info r m th e d e s i gn d e c i s i o n s, n o t o n l y i n s h a p e b ut a l s o i n s i ze a n d o r i e nt at i o n . *G ra phics by Nick y Holnes s for the tea m

_ RED H I L L , S UR R E Y Co r m o n g e r s L a n e, Nut fie ld, R e d hill, Su r re y, R H1 4ER

_ HEAT MAP AB N ORMA L HE AT IN T HE M E T R OP OLITA N G R EENB ELT

The site is located in one of the hot pockes that are generating an irregular heat activity in the limits or borders of the Metropolitan Greenbelt. If we zoom in the site in order to analyze the activities and patterns of infrastructures producing heat, , on the left side of the site we can find residences (in the lowest part) and an industrial park alike zone (in the upper part) that are generating the abnormal heat. *G ra ph i c by Ni c k y H oln e ss for th e te a m

_ A S YM E T R I C P LA N

_ A S YM E T RI C HEIGHTS

Height 20m; Length 700 m; Width 540m

Height 30 - 70m; Length 730 m; Width 562m

Understanding the wind flow through the shape by the previous studies, we tested what the shape that has given us a more stable wind shadow to see the interac tion when it has a built evironment. As we can see in the grap hic, is not giving the most efficient wind shadow for the agr icultural area.

We made an exploration having different heights in the t wo edges and the middle of the landfor m, understanding we can include the biomass power stations program inside the landfor m to generate more heat. The difference i heights respond to the different chimneys the power stations neeed.

_ S YM E TR I C HEIGHTS

_ BUFFERS

Height 70m; Length 730 m; Width 562m

Height 50 - 70m; Length 730 m; Width 562m

B y adding the agbots (robots used in agr iculture) program to the projec t, we were able to increase the slope of the landfor m as there are no man operated machines needed for the hillside rapeseed agr iculture to take place. As we can see, it makes the system more robust.

As mentioned before, the landfill ac tivit y needs bar r iers to control the wind to avoid the waste to be spread. B y this premise and also by the need to give more stabilit y to the system, we made explorations to understand how this changing vegetation buffer may affec t the wind shadow in the system.

_ RED H I L L , S UR R E Y Co r m o n g e r s L a n e, Nut fie ld, R e d hill, Su r re y, R H1 4ER

INDIRECT WIND SHADOW AREA 3,418,670 m2 DIRECT WIND SHADOW AREA 1,257,050 m2 SUN SHADOW AREA 869,054 m2

2,227 m

RAPESEED AREA 57478.1 m2 69 tonnes 2,951 mW/h

ITERATIVE VEGETATION BUFFERS variable m2

2,921 m

_ SITE A N A LYS IS F OR A STR ATEGY WI ND, HEAT, IN FR AS T RUC T URE A N D CON N E C T IV IT Y

As a strategy, the system must be tested and analyzed within each specific site conditions as the available space for agriculture may vary. By creating a project as a strategy for the Metropolitan greenbelt evolution dealing with the abnormal activities that are taking place, the space available for the project will guide the total height of the landform. Each site may have different characteristics to address. *Simu lation by Nick y Holnes s for th e te a m

- VISUALS APENDIX

_ VI S UAL S P HOTOMOTAGES Visu a ls d e sign e volu tion

*G raphic by Ju a n Pa blo D ella M ag giora for the team

VIEW FROM THE EAST CROP AGRICULTURE SYSTEM

_ VI S UAL S P HOTOMOTAGES Visu a ls d e sign e volu tion

VIEW FROM THE WEST CONSTRUCTION METHOD OF A LANDFILL CHANGING IN TIME

*Graphics by Juan Pablo D ella M aggiora for the team

JUAN PABLO DELLA MAGGIORA / NICKY HOLNESS RC11: ANTHROPOGENIC MORPHOLOGIES TUTORS ANA ABRAM + AISLING Oâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;CARROLL MAR. 12th. 2018

TOPOGRAPHICAL MICROCLIMATES