Patrik Schumacher Studio Nicolas Tornero | Mariana Custodio Dos Santos | Juan Carlos Naranjo
ARCHITECTURAL ASSOCIATION London UK 2015-2016 DRL Architecture and Urbanism (MArch) PROGRAMME DIRECTOR Theodore Spyropoulos PATRIK SCHUMACHER STUDIO COURSE MASTERS Patrik Schumacher Pierandrea Angius STUDENTS Nicolas Tornero (Chile) Mariana Custodio Dos Santos (Portugal) Juan Carlos Naranjo (Colombia)
00 INDEX 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1. RE-LNKING NETWORKS 1.2. BRIEF
2 THESIS Stands 7 2.1. on RESEARCH 2.1.1. PHENOMENOLOGY 2.1.2. KINETIC FORCE-FIELDS dynamics of interaction 2.1.3. STRUCTURE 2.1.4. BEHAVIORAL FIELD cllustering
3. PROJECT Proposal 23 3.1. URBAN NETWORK_Horizontal Interface 3.1.1. SITE DATA 3.1.2. GROUND strategies
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3.2. TOWER NETWORK_Vertical Interface 3.2.1. UNIT 3.2.2. CLUSTER
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01 INTRODUCTION 1.1. RE-linking NETWORKS 1.2 BRIEF
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INTRODUCTION
NETWORKS
1.1. RE-linking NETWORKS
image 1. abstract representation of the urban networks; connections and attractor points; convergence and dispersion; the organic living creature
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INTRODUCTION
SHOREDITCH, LONDON
1.2. BRIEF SHOREDITCH, LONDON The East of London is gradually becoming the most active and dynamic are in the city center. As dynamism bring variety, mixed uses, mixed activities and mixed cultures brought a younger active group of people to Shoreditch. The urban rhythm pulsates differently during the fulll week. With Liverpool nearby, a typical Londoner scenery is set during the work week. A feeling of velocity is reinforced by road and pedonal circulation, Shoreditch High Street connects and distributes an intense network of people heading and leaving the train and the underground journey. It is specially in the weekends and in the night life that Shoreditch defines its own character: Shoreditch High Street, a street of clubs, bars and the hottest restaurants, strongly connects the city center with this vibrante area practically everytime from 8pm; the Bricklane Market and the Flower Market set a restless energy on sundays; on saturdays Shoreditch rests on hangovers and late brunches, a familiar ambient of walks and retail shopping brings Shoreditch to a dynamic, yet serene, energy. `The site lays between a commercial, dynamically intensed Shoreditch and a residencial, market area, respectively, west and east. Inbetween north and south, Shoreditch ends abruptly in the Railway and its thick wall. The site has a particular responsability to act as an urban connector, either in north/south and west/east, and an agent of life and visual dynamism. A system and subsystem is then proposed to be simultaneouly open and closed to the Shoredicth urban network, in conformity with this city or in conformity to itself. image 2. The site Shoreditch plan (graphic London
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scale),
02 THESIS stands ON RESEARCH
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THESIS STANDS
PHENOMENOLOGY
2.1. ON RESEARCH 2.1.1. Phenomenology Intensions and concept explanation (bullet points): To intensify visual, or more broadly, sensory, experience architeture phenomenologicaly expressed - visual optics: cinematics (movement) - optical illusions / to anwser kinematics / repetition and destortion Kinetics as a physical illusion of virtual volumes movement and repose: the movement of the elements of a work relative to its static base or frame or environment, the movement of the spectator “Kinetics as a physical illusion of virtual volumes” Kinetics: speed and time and the experience between work and spectator introduction of the 4dimension – linear experience of time – the objects might age but they are endlessly renewable – speed vs stability space vs time Pattern and Pulsation “fluid space and fluctuating densities” about the continuum in kinetics from Gerhard Von Graevenitz 1960, poet and writer on kinetic art and concrete poetry
image 3. Shukhov
detaill on
Tower
scaffolding; repetition; optical illusion of lightness and heaviness, aparent volumetric density
image 4.
“(...)out of volumes, motion, spaces carved out within the surrounding space, the universe. Out of different masses, light, heavy, middlingvariations of colour, out of directional line – vectors representing motion, velocity, acceleration, energy (...)” Alexander Calder
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THESIS STANDS
Georges Vantongerloo pursuit of invisible and intangible energies “how can a delineated object suggest the limitless; can a aesthetic object sensitise us to nature without defining it” “nature cannot be defined, to define it would be to set limits to it”
imge 5, 6 and 7. patterns on optical illusion: optical illution of a third dimension; induction of movement; repetition and the illusion of deph
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The natural phenomena / aurora Borealis / the spectacle cannot be confused with the phenomenon “when we believe we see something as existing, this thing, before being transformed into another state, corresponds to the speed of our senses. That is to say, its position at a given moment is maintain long enough to allow our senses to perceive it” “more or less developed sensibility… an imagination… and the ability to observe an deduce. Thus, he can see the invisible or, if you like, take a sounding on the incommensurable”
ON RESEARCH
PHENOMENOLOGY
“fluid space and fluctuating densities” about the continuum in kinetics from Gerhard Von Graevenitz 1960, poet and writer on kinetic art and concrete poetry “system and sensibility in the pursuit of a continuum” Gego’s perception of a new reality – it is a model addressed to the aesthetic sense
scaffolding; repetition; optical illusion of lightness and heaviness, aparent volumetric density
imge 8, 9 and 10.
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THESIS STANDS
ON RESEARCH
KINETIC FORCE-FIELDS
“The notion of the field is provided by physics and implies a revised vision of the classical relationship positioned between cause and effect as a rigid, one-dimensional system: now a complex interplay of motive forces is envisaged, a configuration of possible events, a complete dynamism of structure”
Umberto Eco the ‘open work’-studies on constructivism and kinetics, 1960
2.1.2. Relational Fields dynamics of interaction Intensions and concept explanation (bullet points): Relational Fields: sub layers with patterns of connection and patterns of occupation occupying fabric in terms of its density, programmatic type and morphology. Flows and disruptions Alexander Calder: the interaction of an object with its surroundings. Introduced and intricate dynamic of dispersed and reciprocal forces that took notion of sculptural mass beyond the uni-directional force of gravity, and he opened it up to outside influences, air currents and the spectator push “System of forces acting in space and time” “Vectors representing motion, velocity, acceleration, energy” “Mechanical engineering and kinetics” “Cosmos/Abstration/Kinetis”: Michaux “space
image 11. abstract representation of flow and gradient intensities. Speed and kinetics: the multi-directional dynamic image 12. Zaha Hadid Architects, Kartal-Pendik Masterplan, 2006 urban force-field; dynmic hierchies; energy generates energy: thermodynamic principles
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THESIS STANDS
that is teeming, space of gestation, of tansformation, of multiplication, whose swarming, even if only an illusion, would give a better idea than our ordinary vision of what the cosmos is like” Quasi laws of nature of a new artificial universe - power of parametric design for the organization and articulation of social complexity – both as static and as dynamic condition. As a Swarm collective behaiour trough local rule-based interactions how multi-agent systems could be deployed to create path systems that would augment existing infra structural network Territory path network For minimal deslocations, and optimizing solutions between points, minimal path
image 13. Etienne-Jules Marey, Locomotiont 1874 motion and energy - caption of movement
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Path network trought direct path Distinguish between direct path, minimal path and minimising detour networks net-works self-calculate and optimised soluction dynamic solutio iOccupying and connecting two fundamental processes involved in urbanization – Frei Otto
ON RESEARCH
KINETIC FORCE-FIELDS
Frei Otto, Occupation with simultaneous distancing and attracting forces, Institute for Lightweight Structures (ILEK), Stuttgart, Germany, 1992 Analogue models for the material computation of structural building forms (form-finding) are the hallmark of Frei Otto’s research institute. The same methodology has been applied to his urban simulation work. The model shown integrates both distancing and attractive occupations by using polystyrene chips that cluster around the floating magnetic needles that maintain distance among themselves.
image 14. Etienne-Jules Marey, Locomotiont 1874 motion and energy - caption of movement image 15. Marek Kolodziejczyk, Wool-thread model to compute optimised detour path networks, Institute for Lightweight Structures (ILEK), Stuttgart, 1991 Experiments on monimal paths and optimised introduction of an equilibrium between minimal paths and detours for the sake of interest in variety
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ON RESEARCH
STRUCTURE
2.1.3. Structure network, system and sub systems branching stacking - forces flow optimization - negotiation btween minimal material and design shells and exoskeletons: no mas system dissociate the core from the structure to use it as a void - use vertical circulation as structure coordinate with the circulation inside the building / radical dissociate the sub system - free the circulation - subsystems envelope - free the facade
“system and sensibility in the pursuit of a continuum (...) keeping the systematic rationale of their structures while at the same time articulating them with growing flexibility and fluidity (...)� systems of joint sand links| aerial webs and nets| lines of force Gego, Gertrud Goldschimit
image 16 and 17. Shukhov Tower Wire Structures. Repetition; branching, optimised.
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THESIS STANDS
Skelekton Concept
Minimal Material Structures 01 Follow the direction of the force flow 02 Avoid Fill Elements 03 Spread out, expand
01 Follow the direction of the force flow along a branch system structure that minimize the amount of material needed
02 Replace the fill elements with several small components in order to make the structure lighter and reduce material.
03 The direction of the force flow expand the structure not only in 2D directions also in 3D. Opening the structure into the space.
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ON RESEARCH
STRUCTURE
Skelekton
Lightweight stressed skin structures Shukhov Tower branching / stacking / optimization
Shukhov Tower Wire Structures. Repetition; branching, optimised.
imge 18, 19 and 20.
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ON RESEARCH
CLUSTERING
2.1.4. Behavioral Fields Clustering a field of causal relationships and co-depent relations similiatude - looking similar but holding different identities, symbiotic associations / as seemingless no order - organic correlation in articulation/ in interaction / stigmergy (simultaneous but indirect coordination) / generative processes reflect behavior events forces correlated variation seeking variety / complex generating complexity on nature
image 21. Abstract field of Variety and seemingless relations image 22. Zaha Hadiid Architects, CMA CGM Headquarters, Marseille, France, 2005
“The key here is the build-up of correlations and associations, irrespective of the underlyning causality. Each new species of plant and animal proliferates according to its own rules of adaptation and survival.� Patrik Schumacher Parametricism 2.0, pp 119 vol 89, AD magazine, 2016
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03 PROJECT proposal 3.1. URBAN NETWORK Horizontal Interface 3.2. TOWER NETWORK Vertical Interface
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PROJECT PROPOSAL
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ON RESEARCH
CLUSTERING, COORDINATIVE NETWORK SYSTEM HORIZONTAL INTERFACE as a ground network & VERTICAL INTERFACE as a tower network It became clear in this project proposal that and urban connector would have to start from the urban ground, understood as a network of dynamic connections and a network of lost links seeking for continuity and fluidity. It also became clear that a new architectual interface would have to necessary have its own identity while simultaneously relating itself with the ground conditions. For this matter, for this project two networks will work on parallel from top to bottom and bottom to top, meeting each other in the middle. Analogously represented by Frei Ottos’ Wool experiments, the final Network System while coordinate an horizontal interface, that grows from the urban ground and is generated according force-field condiitons, and a vertical interface, developted in a cluster of towers, volumetrically optimised under gravty forces
image 23. Frei Experiments, 1990
Otto
Wool
these experiments were meant to create strategies for calculating twodimensonal city infrastructure as well as a tree-dimensional cancellous bone structures. The wool threads comprise the minimal path systems acting as agents of freedom and flexibilty. It is a top-down form finding study. Made with wax concrete or resine, the wool threads are manually pushed, sticking and merging, bifurcating, they create voids and tensional wool lthreads, interpreted as optimised paths. Frei Ottos’ experiment generate codepedent nets. Gravity acts as the force for the vertical threads; the chemical reaction between the wool and the solution of soap and water act as the agent for the horizontal pattern; both are optimised solutions for connection between points under stress, called either optimised paths or bone structures.
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URBAN NETWORK
GROUND CONTITIONS
3.1. URBAN NETWORK
Horizontal Interface
3.1.1. colecting site data (taking into account urban force fields) 3.1.1.1.dynamic circulation - dynamic points (pedonal) 3.1.1.2points of attraction - Shoreditch station 3.1.2 determining horizontal strategies 3.1.2. urban paths: minimal/optimised paths and detours 3.1.2.2. flow intensities - hierarchy 3.1.2.3. circulation network: Ground level and the Podium Level urban network and tower network connector 3.1.2.4 mass and void: gradiant densities
image 24. ground Kinetic Nets In this phase of the porject proposal an urban Net is searched to increase ground connectivity. As the Net intensity increases and decreases, new points of urban attraction emerge, urban mass is counteracted with urban voids and the site permeability begins to be implied
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PROJECT PROPOSAL
SHOREDITCH, LONDON The East of London is gradually becoming the most active and dynamic are in the city center. As dynamism bring variety, mixed uses, mixed activities and mixed cultures brought a younger active group of people to Shoreditch. The urban rhythm pulsates differently during the fulll week. With Liverpool nearby, a typical Londoner scenery is set during the work week. A feeling of velocity is reinforced by road and pedonal circulation, Shoreditch High Street connects and distributes an intense network of people heading and leaving the train and the underground journey. It is specially in the weekends and in the night life that Shoreditch defines its own character: Shoreditch High Street, a street of clubs, bars and the hottest restaurants, strongly connects the city center with this vibrante area practically everytime from 8pm; the Bricklane Market and the Flower Market set a restless energy on sundays; on saturdays Shoreditch rests on hangovers and late brunches, a familiar ambient of walks and retail shopping brings Shoreditch to a dynamic, yet serene, energy.
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GROUND CONTITIONS
URBAN NETWORK
GREAT EASTERN ST high pedonal flux high road traffic
COMMERCIAL ST high pedonal flux high road traffic
BETHNAL RD pedonal flux road traffic
public street floors restaurants&clubs
public ground floors
residential area
restaurants & residense
coffee shops
SHOREDITCH HIGH ST high pedonal flux high road traffic public ground floors restaurants, coffee shops & stores
BRICK LN high pedonal flux
public ground floors market & stores
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PROJECT PROPOSAL
GROUND CONTITIONS
SITE DATA dynamic circulation flows high dynamic pedonal points points of attraction
Dynamic fluxes generate energy points of pedonal affluencies to the places nearbye. The red Dots hierarquize the level of human dynamic intensity in the perispherical area of the site. The green dots represent a proposal of urban connections to improve permeability in site. The area of intervention is enlarged.
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HORIZONTAL INTERFACE
URBAN NETWORK URBAN PATHS minimal/optimised paths and detours
Minimal Paths Dynamic pressures outside the site generate dynamic connections inside. All possible connections are drawn and understood as minimal paths to reach every possible urban point in the site’s perispherical area
Optimised Paths and Detours the Dynamic nHair adds a collision force parameter to the the minimal paths vectors, reducing the net density to a clear fluid path network From possible connections to possible pedonal paths, there is a limbo between minimal and optimized, where the detour and the urban space, understood as a living organism, is generated.
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PROJECT PROPOSAL
URBAN PATHS minimal/optimised paths and detours intensity hierchies
The new web is smoothed, two levels of the intensity hierarchize the circulation net: the main circulation and the seconday one; the first one is unglued from the ground and elevated to a podium level reach a connection between the future tower cluster and the main urban points on the urban ground; the secondary web walks the urban site at the ground level, connecting points in a sinious walking rhythm; both will punctually meet each other in height.
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HORIZONTAL INTERFACE
URBAN NETWORK URBAN PATHS minimal/optimised paths and detours circulation network
PODIUM LEVEL tower network connector
GROUND LEVEL urban ground network
CIRCULATION NETWORk
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PROJECT PROPOSAL
URBAN PATHS circulation network Ground Level and Podium Level
An XY grid frame the ground level net and the upper level in a 2d plane. In both levels of circulation, points of intersection indicate points of spatial attraction; meeting points make clear the areas of stronger dynamic incidence. A parameter of attraction is added to each point, a net of connections is generated; The points of intersection are interpreted as generators of mass and urban voids; two options are explored, I1 and I2, between both the number of attraction points vary; the exploration starts with the y force of atraction, connecting the north and the soulth of the urban site; the x axis force combine the east/ west connection with north and south
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HORIZONTAL INTERFACE
URBAN NETWORK URBAN NET Ground Level Net attractor points
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PROJECT PROPOSAL
URBAN NET Ground Level Net attractor points
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HORIZONTAL INTERFACE
URBAN NETWORK URBAN NET Podium Level Net attractor points
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PROJECT PROPOSAL
URBAN NET Podium Level Net attractor points
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HORIZONTAL INTERFACE
URBAN NETWORK URBAN NET Ground and Podium Level Net attractor points
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PROJECT PROPOSAL
URBAN NET Podium and Ground Level Net mass and void: gradiant densities
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HORIZONTAL INTERFACE
URBAN NETWORK URBAN NET Podium and Ground Level Net mass and void: gradiant densities
A strong horizontal Net will set the ground for a new network of connections between Shoreditch urban ground and the new cluster that will arise. The new Ground Level, understood as a direct ground urban connector, proposes new boundaries for urban permeabiliy, opens and enclosures urban spaces for public and private new boundaries. The Podium Level, proposed as the horizontal connector of the future tower cluster, is the intermidiate element of connectivity in the whole project proposal; between the existing urban dynamics and the new dynamic that will rise within the Vertcal Interface, permeability is set in height. The overlapped horizontal Nets sets the rules for a proposed horizontal interface, such as massing and void, points of attraction and gradient density. Urban dynamics from the existing ground condition are gathered in the site, generating energy, there is a continuum in density and circulation between both.
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PROJECT PROPOSAL
URBAN NET Podium and Ground Level Net mass and void: gradiant densities
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HORIZONTAL GRADIENT
URBAN NETWORK URBAN NET Podium and Ground Level Net mass and void: gradiant densities
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VERTICAL NETWORK
3.2. TOWER NETWORK
imge 1. this is size 8
3.2.1. unit 3.2.1.2. topological optimization (taking gravity into account) load distributions - minimal volumes 3.2.1.3. topological composition: symmetry and stacking operations 3.2.1.4. wiring operation: stressed points and vertical networks 3.2.1.5. structure and sub structures 3.2.1.6. freedom of extension
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Vertical Interface
Put it on the Bin said Nico Put it on the Bin said Nico Put it on the Bin said Nico
3.2.1 cluster 3.2.2.1. 3dimensional grid 3.2.2.2. Load and Support distribution 3.2.2.3. Cluster Topological optimization 3.2.2.4. Mesh Cluster Optimized --> Mesh Cluster Remodeled 3.2.2.5. Wiring Cluster: vertical networks systems and subsystems zone differentiation
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PROJECT PROPOSAL
Catalogue
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UNIT
TOPOLOGICAL OPTIMISATION
Catalogue
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PROJECT PROPOSAL
Catalogue
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UNIT
TOPOLOGICAL OPTIMISATION
Catalogue
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PROJECT PROPOSAL
Catalogue
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UNIT
TOPOLOGICAL COMPOSITION
Stacking
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PROJECT PROPOSAL
Catalogue
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UNIT
TOPOLOGICAL COMPOSITION
Stacking
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PROJECT PROPOSAL
Vertical Network
WireSystem
Loads
Supports
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UNIT TOPOLIGICAL OPTIMISATION
WIRING COMPOSITION
Vertical Network
Iteration 01
Iteration 02
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PROJECT PROPOSAL
Vertical Network
WireSystem
Unit Optimazed
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Unit Optimazed Symmetry
UNIT TOPOLOGICAL OPTIMISATION
WIRING COMPOSITION
Vertical Network
Stacking Condition 01
Stacking Condition
Wire Network
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PROJECT PROPOSAL
Vertical Network
Loads
Supports
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UNIT TOPOLOGICAL OPTIMISATION
WIRING COMPOSITION
Vertical Network
WireSystem
WireSystem
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Symmetry
PROJECT PROPOSAL
Vertical Network
Front View
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Side View
UNIT TOPOLOGICAL OPTIMISATION
WIRING COMPOSITION
Vertical Network
Loads
WireSystem
Loads
Supports
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PROJECT PROPOSAL
Vertical Network
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UNIT WIRING COMPOSITION
STRUCTURE AND SUBSTRUCTURE
Vertical Network
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PROJECT PROPOSAL
Wiring Composiiton
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UNIT TOPOLOGICAL OPTIMISATION
VERTICAL NETWORK
Wiring Composition
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PROJECT PROPOSAL
Freedom of extension symmetrical and non-symmetrical tower configuration
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UNIT WIRING COMPOSITION
VERTICAL NETWORK
Freedom of Extension symmetrical and non-symmetrical tower configuration
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PROJECT PROPOSAL
Main and Secondary Structures symmetrical and non-symmetrical tower configuration
Symmetrical 68
Non-symmetrical
UNIT WIRING COMPOSITION Main and Secondary Structures symmetrical and non-symmetrical tower configuration
VERTICAL NETWORK
Top View
Middle View
Bottom View
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PROJECT PROPOSAL
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CLUSTER VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL Interface coordination
COORDINATE SYSTEM
HORIZONTAL INTERFACE
Building
Building+Top Void
Void Ground Level
Building+Ground Building+UnderGround
Expasion Skycrapper
Co
nn
ec
tio
ns
Unground Level
VERTICAL INTERFACE
B
A Top
Building
Center Body Building
Void Ground Level
Access Bottom
Unground Level
Taller Zone
Ground Level
WEST
raper Condition
VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL INTERFACE COORDINATE SYSTEM
EAST
To maximize control over each force iteration, a coordinate system was implemented. The division of the lot was done in both axis and allowed each component to be run sevBuilding+Top eral times and the variations Void+Conneccreated optimal results. The tions podium dealt with ground conBottom ditions while the podium could be regarded as an UnderGround elevated Level public space. The superior
section strictly dealt with towers of different levels.
Horizontal Skyscraper Condition
C Top
Podium+connector Void+Circulations UrbanGround Level
Mix Condition
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Access Bottom Ground Level
PROJECT PROPOSAL
Horizontal Skyscrape
C Top
Podium+connector Void+Circulations UrbanGround Level
Mix Condition
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CLUSTER
COORDINATE SYSTEM
3D Unit Grid
Towers
Void
Podium
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PROJECT PROPOSAL
Load and Support Coordination Following design decisions, supports and loads were added inside the coordinate system. Using Millipede, an initial robust mesh was produced that began illustrating the overall form the tower cluster would form. The circulations paths between supports and loads were defined by the Kangaroo output produced by the mesh.
Load and Supports Addition
Initial Mesh
Load and Support Connection
Final Circulation Paths
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CLUSTER TOPOLOGICAL OPTIMIZATION Load and Support Coordination Tower Variations Depending on Load Distribution from the Initial Mesh
Load and Supports Addition
Initial Mesh
Load and Support Connection
Final Circulation Paths
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PROJECT PROPOSAL
Load and Support Coordination
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Back View
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CLUSTER Optimized Mesh minimal volume
TOPOLOGICAL OPTIMIZATION
TOWER CLUSTER + I NITIAL MESH
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PROJECT PROPOSAL
Load and Support minimal volume Composiiton
Right View
Vertical Circulation
Tower Cluster
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CLUSTER Combined Circulation Paths
TOPOLOGICAL OPTIMIZATION
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PROJECT PROPOSAL
Load and Support minimal volume Composiiton
Tower Cluster + Circulation Paths
The connection between the towers is defined by the Kangaroo mesh which creates vertical paths that reach the top of each tower. The loads of each variation produces diverse geometries that are later cleaned and edited.
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CLUSTER Combined Circulation Paths
TOPOLOGICAL OPTIMIZATION
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PROJECT PROPOSAL
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CLUSTER
VERTICAL NETWORKS
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