Lighting compilation by Nicolas Wong

LIGHTING ANALYSIS

1|Page

TABLE OF CONTENT ABSTRACT 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. OBJECTIVES & AIM 1.2. SITE STUDY 1.2.1. INTRODUCTION 1.2.2. SITE SELECTION REASONS 1.2.3. MEASURED DRAWINGS 2. PRECEDENT STUDY 2.1. CASE STUDY OF A FINISH RESEARCH UNIT 2.2. CONCLUSION OF THE CASE STUDY 3. LITERATURE REVIEW & METHODOLOGY 3.1. LITERATURE REVIEW 3.1.1. WHAT IS LIGHT? 3.1.2. LUMEN 3.1.3. ILLUMINANCE 3.1.4. BRIGHTNESS & LUMINANCE 3.1.5. DAYLIGHTING & ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING 3.1.6. SECTION ASPECT RATIO (SAR) 3.1.7. DAYLIGHT FACTOR 3.1.8. LUMEN METHOD 3.1.9. LIGHTING STANDARDS 3.2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.2.1. LIGHTING ANALYSIS 3.2.2. DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT 3.2.3. DATA COLLECTION METHOD 3.2.4. PROCEDURE 4. CASE STUDY 4.1. LIGHTING_PHYSIOLOGICAL ROOM 4.1.1. SITE STUDY & ZONING 4.1.2. TABULATION & INTERPRETATION OF DATA 4.1.3. LIGHTING FIXTURES & SPRECIFICATIONS 4.1.4. DAYLIGHT FACTOR ANALYSIS 4.1.5. ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING ANALYSIS 4.1.6. ANALYSIS & EVALUATION 4.2. LIGHTING_GYMNASIUM 4.2.1. SITE STUDY & ZONING 4.2.2. TABULATION & INTERPRETATION OF DATA 4.2.3. LIGHTING FIXTURES & SPECIFICATIONS 4.2.4. DAYLIGHT FACTOR ANALYSIS 4.2.5. ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING ANALYSIS 4.2.6. ANALYSIS & EVALUATION 5. REFERENCES ABSTRACT

2|Page

This report consists of the study of lighting performance of an environment that is conducted at SOSCO Rehabilitation Centre, Melacca. In order to carry out the performance evaluation, weâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve requested the proper floor plans from the facilities management that govern the site buildings, and also produced elevations and sections for the ease of data collection. Collection of lighting performance data is carried out at the functioning hour of the building to quantify and qualify the existing condition of the site. All the data and drawings collected were then further used to carry out an analysis to study the performance of the building. All analysis is supported by technical input such as formulas and equations to calculate luminance of the environment. A list of figures and tables are used as well. A list of references is provided at the end of the report for the ease of navigation.

1. INTRODUCTION Day lighting or natural lighting is the origin light source. Almost every building must design a space for that to receive natural light. For lighting design, the enclosed spaces, colors, solid volumes and the texture can only be appreciated fully when they are imaginatively lit. Light is always design at the place where people gather around. Especially at night, light is very crucial as it can lead people to places they wanted to go. In short, this project is design to expose and introduce us today lighting and lighting requirement in a suggested space. In a group of 7, we have chosen SOSCO Rehabilitation Centre, Melacca, as our site study. We have conducted several site visits to ensure the success of the project outcome. Measurement and calculations of the lighting readings and site measurement are done during the visits and after the visit respectively. Lastly, we concluded the analysis based on the results of our findings and observations.

1.1 Objectives & Aim 3|Page

1. To understand the characteristics of day-lighting and artificial lighting. 2. To understand the lighting requirement in a suggested place. 3. To determine the characteristics and function of day lighting and artificial lighting within the intended space. 4. To critically report and analyze the space and suggest methods to improvise the lighting qualities within the space for intended uses. 5. To understand the impact of building construction technology and building materials on lighting. 6. To determine the lighting requirements based on lighting inadequacy. 7. To determine the different types of lighting throughout the project. The primary objective of this project is to impart the understanding of the lighting and characteristic and requirement in a suggested space, thereby determine their functions and various factors affecting it. With the data collected and the relevant knowledge, an analysis is to perform to evaluate the suggested space with a critical mindset. Besides that, understanding the lighting layout and arrangement helps in determining the lighting requirements based on lighting inadequacy that is reflected in the data collection by using certain methods or calculations. Backed up with precedent studies, drawing comparison with the site study, our precedent studies will aid in achieving all the objectives above.

1.2 Site Study 4|Page

Case Study:

SOCSO Rehabilitation Center, Melacca.

Identification of space: Gymnasium rehabilitation space and physiotherapy room. Address:

Pusat Rehabilitasi Perkeso Lot PT 7263 [H.S (D) 18923] Bandar Hijau, Hang Tuah Jaya, Melaka, 75450, Malaysia.

1.2.1 Introduction

SOCSO Rehabilitation Centre is located at Bandar Hijau, Hang Tuah Jaya, Melacca. It is a rehabilitation centre that consists of an administration block and 5 extended wings. Namely, The Gymnasium, Vocational, Physiotherapy, Hydrotherapy and The Speech and Audio therapy. Under SOCSOâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s "Return to Work" program, disabled patients undergo physical and vocational rehabilitation in order to rejoin the workforce. The architect, Anuar Aziz Architect, called this process the "Journey to Healing," where the patients will heal physically and mentally, and lead a normal working life after the rehabilitation process.

5|Page

The allied health institute will provide the skilled personnel. This green certified complex was designed with ‘nature’ and ‘spirituality’ integral to the healing process. A universal access-for-all concept and Malaysian Standard for disabled access is applied throughout. The concept of the building is each building is given a different identity according to functions and ease of way finding. Calming and soft colors are utilized throughout the complex.

1.2.2 Site Selection Reasons

Based on observation, the building provides sufficient functional spaces to conduct out an analysis on lighting conditions. The gymnasium space and the physiological therapy space with specific function would help us develop an understanding on how to manage a lighting level to achieve comfort for users based on different programs and functions. In terms of lighting properties, the gymnasium space and the physiological therapy space can be categorized into semi enclosed space. Array of natural day lighting can be found are design in both spaces, the spaces also aids with a series of artificial lighting. As for the choices of materials, the spaces uses materials that is visually and psychologically comfortable for users in order to allow the patient to feel calmer in a sense. The choices of finishes found are in a calmer tone.

6|Page

1.2.3 Measured Drawings

7|Page

Figure 1: Floor Plan of Physiotherapy Room

8|Page

Figure 2: Floor plan of Gymnasium Room

9|Page

2. PRECEDENT STUDY 2.1 Case study of a finish research unit Place:

Finland (Helsinki)

Building type:

Office Building

Figure 3: Page 1 of 9 of the case study.

10 | P a g e

Figure 4: Page 2 of 9 of the case study.

11 | P a g e

Figure 5: Page 3 of 9 of the case study.

12 | P a g e

Figure 6: Page 4 of 9 of the case study.

13 | P a g e

Figure 7: Page 5 of 9 of the case study.

14 | P a g e

Figure 8: Page 6 of 9 of the case study.

15 | P a g e

Figure 9: Page 7 of 9 of the case study.

16 | P a g e

Figure 10: Page 8 of 9 of the case study.

17 | P a g e

Figure 11: Page 9 of 9 of the case study.

18 | P a g e

2.2 Conclusion of the case study: Based on the case study of the Finnish office, it can be seen that the site of the case study are quite similar to our site as it is an semi enclosed space that has a row of day lighting source on a side of the space. The research team had documented the positions of the lighting fixtures in that spaces as well as the types of fixtures used. The measurement they did included measuring the illuminance as well as comparing them to the power consumption of the space used thoroughly during the day and during the whole week. At the end of the study, the team had concluded their finding to see if the finding regarding the power consumptions of the building is the average power consumptions in Finlandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, this would be benchmarking so that would further understand the performance of the building. Reflecting on the study, we could enhance our own study and research by conducting an analysis and benchmark our findings to the standards of the requirement, this would let us understand how is our building performing in term of lighting.

19 | P a g e

3. LITERATURE REVIEW & RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Literature Review 3.1.1 What is Light? Light is electromagnetic radiation within a certain portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. The word usually refers to visible light, which is visible to the human eye and is responsible for the sense of sight. The main source of light on Earth is the Sun. The primary properties of visible light are intensity, propagation direction, frequency or wavelength spectrum, and polarization, while its speed in a vacuum, 299,792,458 meters per second, is one of the fundamental constants of nature. Lighting in Architecture “Architecture is the skillful, accurate and magnificent plays of volumes seen in light.” -Le Corbusier In architectural competitions, light has often been a mentioned term in the jury’s comments; even if it has not been a criterion of the program. Light is the most important factor in the appreciation and understanding of Architecture. The relationship between light and architecture is grounded in the principles of physics; it is about energy and matter but in this particular case it also implies an emotional effect on people. Generally in form of daylight, the generous use of both sunlight and skylight in the spaces is considered positive; adding tremendous value to the architectural object. The dynamic daylight and the controlled artificial lighting are able to affect not only distinct physical measurable conditions in a space, but also to instigate and provoke different visual experiences and moods.

3.1.2 Lumen Lumen The lumen (lm) is the SI derived unit of luminous flux, a measure of the total “amount” of visible light emitted by a source. Luminous flux differs from power (radiant flux) in that luminous flux measurements reflect the varying sensitivity of the human eye to different wavelengths of light, while radiant flux measurements indicate the total power of all electromagnetic waves emitted, independent of the eye’s ability to perceive it. Thus the amount of light emits in all direction is determined by its lumen value.

20 | P a g e

3.1.3 Illuminance The lux (lx) is the SI unit of illuminance and luminous emittance measuring luminous flux per unit area. It is equal to one lumen per square meter. In photometry, this is used as a measure of intensity as perceived by the human eye, of light that hits or passes through a surface

3.1.4 Brightness & Luminance Brightness and luminance are two closely related terms. The brightness of an object refers to the subjective perception of an individual; luminance of an object is usually subject to the objective measurements of a lux meter. (Lechner, 2009)

3.1.5 Daylighting & Artificial Lighting Daylighting is usually utilized as a design features in building to create a more aesthetically pleasing and interesting atmosphere for the users within, it usually provides a link upwards or sideward to the outdoor environment while distributing a dynamic share of natural light. (Ander, 2003) Although the result of daylighting is always visually rich, it is hard to ignore the fact that natural daylighting may bring in an excessive amount of heat in the process. Besides, it is almost impossible for architects to design without taking artificial lighting into consideration as a building is compulsory to be able to function day and night. It is more than adding skylights and large perforation to building envelope to succeed in daylighting design, it involves thoughtful integrations of design strategies in which heat gain, glare, variation of light availability and direct light penetration are taken into account. (Ander, 2003) It is essential in the art and science of daylighting to provide enough daylighting without its possible undesirable effects. Artificial lighting on the other hand is usually employed in specific spaces as it is best used to create a constant ambience when daylight is absent. It is essential for architects to consider the brightness of artificial lighting as it is a major factor which influences the quality of space illumination greatly.

21 | P a g e

3.1.6 Section Aspect Ratio (SAR) The section aspect ratio affects day lighting, passive heating and cooling factors around the light well area in our site. According to Ander, a high SAR effectively eliminates the amount of solar radiation that will reach the lower portions of the space. However in our case study, the height of the courtyard is not as tall as one in an atrium, therefore its lower SAR is ideal for day lighting and radiative cooling.

3.1.7 Daylight Factor The concept of Daylight Factor (DF) was developed in the United Kingdom in the early 20th century. Daylight Factor is a ratio that represents the amount of illumination available indoors relative to the illumination present outdoors at the same time under overcast skies.

Figure 12: Daylight factor and distribution. (Source: MS1525, 2007)

22 | P a g e

3.1.8 LUMEN METHOD Lumen Method is used to determine the number of lamps that should be installed for a given or particular room to achieve uniform light distribution. The number of lamps is determined by the following formula.

Figure 13: Typical

23 | P a g e

lumen maintenance and lamp survival data. (Source: SSL code for lighting, 2013)

Figure 14: Luminaire categories and a list of typical locations where the various environmental conditions may be found (Source: SSL code for lighting, 2013)

24 | P a g e

Figure 15: Typical changes in light output from a luminaire caused by dirt deposition, for a number of luminaire and environment categories. (Source: SSL code for lighting, 2013)

Figure 16: Typical changes in the illuminance from an installation that occur with time due to dirt deposition on the room surfaces. (Source: SSL code for lighting, 2013)

25 | P a g e

3.1.9 Lighting standards Lighting must proving a suitable visual environment within a particular space conforming to the Code of Practice on Energy Efficiency and Use of Energy. 26 | P a g e

Sufficient and suitable lighting should be provided to a restaurant in order to achieve the desired atmosphere and appearance.

Figure 17: Recommended average luminance levels. (Source: MS1525, 2007)

3.2 Research Methodology 3.2.1 Light Analysis 27 | P a g e

The day lighting and artificial lighting in a space can be analyzed and studied to create a space with good and comfortable lighting quality. With the data collected from the site with specific equipment, the data is tabulated and translated into analysis information. 3.2.2 Description of Equipment (a) Light Measuring Equipment (Digital Lux Meter)

Figure 18: Electronic device for light measuring An electronic device which measures luminous flux per unit area and illuminance level. The device picks up accurate reading as it is sensitive to illuminance. FEATURES Sensor with exclusive photo diode, multi-colour correction filters and spectrum meeting C.I.E. standard Sensor COS correction factor meets standard Separate light sensor allows user to take measurements of an optimum position Precise, easy read out and wide range High accuracy in measuring Built-in low battery indicator LSI-circuit provides high reliability and durability LCD display provides low power consumption Compact, light-weight and excellent operation LCD display can clearly read out even with high ambient light GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS Display

13mm (0.5â&#x20AC;?) LCD 28 | P a g e

Ranges

0-50,000 Lux w/ 3 ranges

Zero Adjustment

Internal adjustment

Over-input

Indication of “1”

Sampling Time

0.4 second

Sensor Structure

Exclusive photo diode and colour correction filter

Operating Temperature Operating Humidity

0 to 50c (32 to 122 F)

Power Supply

DC 9V battery. 006P MN1604 (PP3) or equivalent

Power Consumption

Approximately DC 2 mA

Dimension Weight

Main Instrument : 108 x 73 x 23 mm Sensor Probe : 82 x 55 x 7 mm 160g (0.36 LB) with batteries

Accessories

1 instruction manual and 1 carrying case

Less than 80% R.H.

ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS Range

Resolution

Accuracy

2,000 Lux

1 Lux

± (5% + 2d)

20,000 Lux

10 Lux

± (5% + 2d)

50,000 Lux

100 Lux

± (5% + 2d)

Note: Accuracy tested by a standard parallel light tungsten of 2856k temperature

(b) Smartphone [OnePlus One]

29 | P a g e

An additional recording device is used as a result comparison with the digital Lux meter. A median result is then obtained and will be averaged in the recordings table. (b) Measuring Tape

The tape is used to measure a constant height of the position of the sound meter, which is at 1m. The height is taken on one person as reference to obtain an accurate reading. (c) Camera [a7ii Sony]

The camera is used to record pictures on the source of sound in the cafe and its surrounding.

3.2.3 Data Collection Method 30 | P a g e

We placed the flux meter at the same height of 1m and 1.5m for each point in order to obtain an accurate reading. The readings were recorded on a plotted plan with 1.5m x 1.5m gridlines.

Figure 19: Position of Lux Meter at 1m & 1.5m 3.2.4 Procedure 1. Push the Power Switch to switch on the device. 2. Select the desired measuring range (10 LUX). 3. Record the Lux by holding the Sensor Probe at the desired height of measurement (1m and 1.5m). 4. Record the data displayed on the LCD of the device. 5. Repeat steps 3 & 4 until all data are completed.

Top: A smart phone is used to also record additional Lux results for comparison reasons. Left: Artificial lighting can be seen being used on the ceiling while natural lighting can be seen entering the space from the clerestory windows and the glass doors and windows.# 4. CASE STUDY 31 | P a g e

4.1 LIGHTING_PHYSIOLOGICAL ROOM 4.1.1 Site Study & Zoning

Figure 20: Grid Line & Colour Zoning of Physiological Room

Artificial Lighting & Day Lighting Site Study 32 | P a g e

Figure 21: Section A – A’ to show artificial lighting Above section illustrated the type of lighting applied in the physiological room. The selection of light fixtures was based on its method of light distribution to accommodate the functions of spaces. Recessed Ceiling Light give the direct lighting to the stuffs and patients activities level and provide clear view for the environment.

Figure 22: Section B – B’ to show daylight The above section indicates the sources of daylight to illuminate the interior spaces. Daylight intensity is higher in the zone (blue & green). This is due to the placement of glass windows at the facade. Daylight provides an alternative light source for interior space.

4.1.2 Tabulation & Interpretation of Data

33 | P a g e

Reading of light data were measured and recorded at the level of 1.0M and 1.5M respectively. The colors indicate zoning of the spaces as shown in the legend.

Table 23: Light Data of Operation Hour The light data collected above show the data during operation hour, 12pm to 2.40pm is the lunch hour. Staff of the Physiological Room will turns out to lunch and the room will be closed. The zoning is separated by patientâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s activities zone and stuff working zone.

4.1.3 Lighting Fixtures & Specifications Product Brand Lamp Luminous Flux (lm) Light Outputs (lm) Rated Colour Temperature Colour Rendering Index Beam Width Wattage Placement

Philips Lighting 322.4 2500 3000k 30 Recessed Louver

4.1.4 Daylight Factor Analysis 34 | P a g e

Daylight Factor Calculation Zone

Type

Daylight Level in Malaysia E ˳ (Lux)

Average Lux Reading based on collected data, Ex (Lux)

Daylight Factor, DF = (Ex / E˳) x 100%

1 Yellow

Patient Activities Area

32000

334.53

DF = (Ex / E˳) x 100% = (334.53 / 32000) x 100% = 1.05%

2 Red

Stuff Working Area

32000

338.5

DF = (Ex / E˳) x 100% = (338.5 / 32000) x 100% = 1.06%

3 Blue

Patient Activities Area

32000

804.22

DF = (Ex / E˳) x 100% = (804.22 / 32000) x 100% = 2.51%

4 Green

Patient Activities Area

32000

1002.13

DF = (Ex / E˳) x 100% = (1002.13 / 32000) x 100% = 3.13%

DAYLIGHT SIMULATION ANALYSIS 35 | P a g e

Figure 4.1.4a: Daylight Contour Diagram

Discussion From the calculation, illuminance of zone 3 & zone 4 are higher than zone 1 & zone 2. Zone 3 and zone 4 are near to windows which allow daylight to illuminate the spaces. Based on the MS 1525, Daylight Factor of Physiological Room is in average performance.

4.1.5 Artificial Lighting Analysis 36 | P a g e

Zone 1: Patient Activities Area

Figure 24: Lighting Fixtures in Zone 1

Fixture Properties Indicatio n

Image

Light Type

Unit(s )

Philips lighting Brightboost TLF T-8 Fluorescen t Tube

Light Distributio n

Light Distribution Description -Offer long life and energy savings in an environmentall y responsible light bulb. -Come in Natural light.

Material Properties 37 | P a g e

Component

Material

Colour

Surface Finish

Reflectanc e Value (%)

Surface Area (m2)

Wall

Plastered Brick Wall

Light blue

Matte

73.5

Floor

Terrazzo Flooring

Blue

Gloss

101.25

Sliding Door

Glass Panel Transluc ent

Transparen t

Window

Aluminium Frame

Matte

Glass Panel Transluc ent

Transparen t

Gypsum Ceiling

White

Matte

Robotic Gait

White

Gloss

Robotic

White

Gloss

White

Ceiling 45

Furniture

38 | P a g e

Gait Bed

Sink

White

Gloss

Chair

Black

Matte

Table & cupboard

Gray

Matte

Lumen Method Calculation 39 | P a g e

Dimensions of Space (L x W) (m) Total Floor Area (mÂ˛) Standard Illumination Required (lux) Type of Lighting Fixture Number of Lighting Fixture / N Lumen of Lighting Fixture / F (lm) Height of Luminaries (m) Height of Working Plan (m) Mounting Height / H (m) Reflection Factors

13.5 x 7.5 101.25 200 Philips Lighting 24 2500 3.1 0.8 2.3 Ceiling : 0.8 Wall : 0.8 Floor : 0.2

Room Index RI =

LxW H x ( L+W )

Utilisation Factor / Refer Chart Maintenance Factor Illuminance Level / E (lux) N x F x UF x MF E= A

= 13.5 x 7.5 / 2.3 x (13.5 + 7.5) = 2.10

0.46 0.8 E=

24 x 2500 x 0.46 x 0.8 101.25

E=218.07

Discussion According to MS 1525, standard illuminance for the physiological room is 200 lux. Illuminance level for our site from calculation is 218.07 lux which met the standard requirement.

40 | P a g e

Zone 2: Stuff Working Area

Figure 25: Lighting Fixtures in Zone 2

Fixture Properties Indicatio n

Image

Light Type

Unit(s )

Philips lighting Brightboost TLF T-8 Fluorescen t Tube

Light Distributio n

Light Distribution Description -Offer long life and energy savings in an environmentall y responsible light bulb. -Come in Natural light.

41 | P a g e

Material Properties Component

Material

Color

Surface Finish

Reflectance Value (%)

Surface Area (M2)

Wall

Plastered Brick Wall

Light blue

Matte

Floor

Terrazzo Flooring

Blue

Gloss

33.75

Ceiling

Gypsum Ceiling

White

Matte

33.75

Furniture

Chair

Orange Matte

Working desk

White

Matte

42 | P a g e

Door

Gray

Matte

Lumen Method Calculation Dimensions of Space (L x W) (m) Total Floor Area (m²) Standard Illumination Required (lux) Type of Lighting Fixture Number of Lighting Fixture / N Lumen of Lighting Fixture / F (lm) Height of Luminaries (m) Height of Working Plan (m) Mounting Height / H (m) Reflection Factors

4.5 x 7.5 33.75 300 - 400 Philips Lighting 8 322.4 3.1 0.8 2.3 Ceiling : 0.8 Wall : 0.8 Floor : 0.2

Room Index LxW RI = H x ( L+W )

Utilisation Factor / Refer Chart Maintenance Factor Illuminance Level / E (lux) N x F x UF x MF E= A

= 4.5 x 7.5 / 2.3 x (4.5 + 7.5) = 1.22

0.40 0.8 E=

8 x 2500 x 0.4 x 0.8 33.75

E=¿ 189.63

Discussion According to MS 1525, standard illuminance for the physiological room is 200 lux. Illuminance level for our site from calculation is 189.63 lux which met the standard requirement.

43 | P a g e

Zone 3: Patient Activities Area

Figure 26: Lighting Fixtures in Zone 3

Fixture Properties Indicatio n

Image

Light Type

Unit(s )

Philips lighting Brightboost TLF T-8 Fluorescen t Tube

Light Distributio n

Light Distribution Description -Offer long life and energy savings in an environmentall y responsible light bulb. -Come in Natural light.

44 | P a g e

Material Properties Component

Material

Color

Surface Finish

Reflectanc Surface e Value (%) Area (M2)

Wall

Plastered Brick Wall

Light blue

Matte

68.25

Floor

Terrazzo Flooring

Blue

Gloss

Sliding door

Glass Panel Transluc ent

Transparen t

Window

Aluminum Frame

Matte

Glass Panel Transluc ent

Transparen t

Gypsum Ceiling

Matte

Ceiling

White

45 | P a g e

Furniture

Chair

Orange

Matte

Table

Brown

Matte

Stool #1

Gray

Matte

Stool #2

Black

Matte

Bed

Blue

Matte

46 | P a g e

Rehab Walking Devices

Black

Matte

Rehab Stair Black Devices

Matte

47 | P a g e

Lumen Method Calculation Dimensions of Space (L x W) (m) Total Floor Area (mÂ˛) Standard Illumination Required (lux) Type of Lighting Fixture Number of Lighting Fixture / N Lumen of Lighting Fixture / F (lm) Height of Luminaries (m) Height of Working Plan (m) Mounting Height / H (m) Reflection Factors

13.5 x 6 81 300 - 400 Philips Lighting 18 322.4 3.1 0.8 2.3 Ceiling : 0.8 Wall : 0.8 Floor : 0.2

Room Index RI =

LxW H x ( L+W )

Utilisation Factor / Refer Chart Maintenance Factor Illuminance Level / E (lux) E=

N x F x UF x MF A

= 13.5 x 6 / 2.3 x (13.5 + 6) = 1.8

0.46 0.8 E=

18 x 2500 x 0.46 x 0.8 81

E=Âż 204.44

Discussion According to MS 1525, standard illuminance for the physiological room is 200 lux. Illuminance level for our site from calculation is 204.44 lux which met the standard requirement.

48 | P a g e

Zone 4: Patient Activities Area

Figure 27: Lighting Fixtures in Zone 4

Fixture Properties Indicatio n

Image

Light Type

Unit(s )

Philips lighting Brightboost TLF T-8 Fluorescen t Tube

Light Distributio n

Light Distribution Description -Offer long life and energy savings in an environmentall y responsible light bulb. -Come in Natural light.

49 | P a g e

Material Properties Component

Material

Color

Surface Finish

Reflecta nce Value (%)

Surface Area (M2)

Wall

Plastered Brick Wall

Light blue

Matte

36.75

Floor

Terrazzo Flooring

Blue

Gloss

Window

Aluminum Frame

White

Matte

Glass Panel Transluce nt

Transpare nt

Gypsum Ceiling

Matte

Ceiling

White

50 | P a g e

Furniture

Chair

Orange

Matte

Yoga Mat

Red

Matte

Computer Desk

Brown

Matte

51 | P a g e

6 x 4.5 27 300 - 400 Philips Lighting 6 322.4 3.1 0.8 2.3 Ceiling : 0.8 Wall : 0.8 Floor : 0.2

Room Index RI =

LxW H x ( L+W )

Utilisation Factor / Refer Chart Maintenance Factor Illuminance Level / E (lux) E=

N x F x UF x MF A

= 6 x 4.5 / 2.3 x (6 + 4.5) = 1.12

0.37 0.8 E=

6 x 2500 x 0.37 x 0.8 27

E=¿ 164.44

Discussion According to MS 1525, standard illuminance for the physiological room is 200 lux. Illuminance level for our site from calculation is 164.44 lux which do not met the standard requirement. Therefore, to meet the standard requirements, additional number of Philips Lighting is required to make up the insufficient illuminance. N=

ExA F x UF x MF

(200−164.44) x 27 2500 x 0.37 x 0.8

N=1.29( 2)

52 | P a g e

Hence, an additional two (2) number of Philips Lighting are required to meet the standard illuminance for Zone 4.

LIGHTING ANALYSIS DIAGRAM

The above lighting analysis showed how installation of various types of luminaires in each space affects the light levels obtained. The lux reading is quite average in zone 1 and zone 2 but zone 3 and zone 4 is higher because it is near to the windows and affected by day lighting.

53 | P a g e

4.1.6 Analysis & Evaluation Physiological Room provides comfortable patient activities spaces with thoughtful planning of spatial ambience quality. The luminaire is used to enhance the spaces experience, which gives sufficient lumen for patient and stuff activities and yet achieving the ambience. The quality of space will increase the comfortable of patient experience. Zoning Based on our observations and data collection in site visit, artificial lighting for the physiological room is design according to the function of the space. Zoning of spaces allows energy efficiency in terms of energy usage according to the placement of various luminaires. Various luminaires were distributed based on the functional requirement of the spaces. The analyze area will have the hospital standards luminaire to provide sufficient lumen to the space. Day Lighting According to the calculations of Daylight Factor, daylight penetrates into the interior during the morning and afternoon time is actually creating glazing, where the windows are used to inviting the glazing and allows day light to illuminate the patient activities space. However, only zone 3 and zone 4 patient activities area that are located near the windows are getting stronger day light luminance. Hence, based on data collection, the illuminance in zone 3 and zone 4 are higher than zone 1 and zone 2.

54 | P a g e

4.2 LIGHTING_GYMNASIUM 4.2.1 SITE STUDY AND ZONING

Figure 28: Grid Line & Color Zoning of Gymnasium

55 | P a g e

ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING & DAYLIGHTING SITE STUDY

Figure 29: Section A-A’ to show artificial lighting Section above show the type of lighting applied in the gymnasium room. The selection of light fixtures was based on it’s light distribution to function in the spaces. Recessed Ceiling Light give the direct lighting to the working level and provide clear view for the user.

Figure 30: Section B-B’ to show day lighting The section above indicates the sources of day lighting penetrate in the interior spaces. Daylight intensity is higher in the one site of the gymnasium. This is due to the placement of full height glass panel. Daylight provide an alternative light source for interior space

56 | P a g e

4.2.2 Tabulation & Interpretation of Data Reading of light data were measured and recorded at the level of 1.0M and 1.5M respectively. The colors indicate zoning of the spaces as shown in the legend.

60 917 800

68 834 752

54 883 758

57 1071 911

62 1074 1063

63 1079 970

66 1225 1000

65 1233 1097

66 1187 967

57 1193 1015

59 1162 977

65 1465 1050

67 1435 1013

68 1305 955

68 975 661

68 1225 1037

63 1140 1130

55 1243 951

69 1441 1067

72 1239 1065

70 1142 1040

71 1029 943

69 1073 1144

59 1199 1030

67 1208 1052

74 1280 933

77 1238 969

64 1122 1025

68 1126 1072

68 1162 1060

58 1064 1095

59 1110 1027

63 1228 1040

68 1188 1028

77 1065 966

67 1770 1330

64 1134 1110

68 1099 750

64 1012 1005

73 1095 1103

72 1166 1208

63 1106 1135

65 1282 1431

58 1015 1045 LEGENDS

67 775 730

74 676 818

68 1475 1550

64 1150 1666

65 1550 1900

Standing Sitting

ZONE 1 ZONE 2

ZONE 3 ZONE 4

Figure 31: Light Data of Operation Hour

57 | P a g e

The light data collected above show the data during operation hour, 12pm to 2.40pm is the lunch hour. Staff of the Rehab Gym Room will turns out to lunch and the room will be closed.

4.2.3 Lighting Fixtures & Specifications Product Brand Lamp Luminous Flux (lm) Light Outputs (lm) Rated Colour Temperature Colour Rendering Index Beam Width Wattage Placement

Philips Lighting 322.4 2500 3000k 30 Recessed Louver

58 | P a g e

4.2.4 Daylight Factor Analysis Daylight Factor Calculation Zone

Daylight Level in Malaysia E ˳ (Lux)

Average Lux Reading based on collected data, Ex (Lux)

Daylight Factor, DF = (Ex / E˳) x 100%

1 Blue

32000

952

DF = (Ex / E˳) x 100% = (952 / 32000) x 100% = 2.98%

2 Yellow

32000

1039

DF = (Ex / E˳) x 100% = (1039 / 32000) x 100% = 3.25%

3 Orange

32000

1254

DF = (Ex / E˳) x 100% = (1254 / 32000) x 100% = 3.92%

4 Green

32000

1103

DF = (Ex / E˳) x 100% = (1103 / 32000) x 100% = 3.45%

59 | P a g e

DAYLIGHT SIMULATION ANALYSIS

Figure 4.2.4a: Daylight Contour Diagram

4.2.5 Artificial Lighting Analysis Zone 1: Lifting Zone

Figure 32: Lighting Fixtures in Zone 1

Fixture Properties Indicatio n

Image

Light Type

Unit(s )

Light Distributio n

Light Distribution Description

61 | P a g e

Philips lighting Brightboost TLF T-8 Fluorescen t Tube

-Offer long life and energy savings in an environmentall y responsible light bulb. -Come in Natural light.

Material Properties Component

Material

Color

Surface Finish

Reflecta nce Value (%)

Surface Area (M2)

Wall

Plastered Brick Wall

White

Matte

Floor

Terrazzo Flooring

Blue

Gloss

Sliding door

Glass Panel

Transluc ent

Transpare nt

Window

Aluminum Frame

White

Matte

0.8

Glass Panel

Transluc ent

Transpare nt

Gypsum Ceiling

White

Matte

Ceiling

62 | P a g e

Furniture

Hexagon workout machine

Grey

Gloss

Chair

Orange

Matte

4.7 x 6.2 29.14 300 - 400 Philips Lighting 4 2500 5.0 0.8 4.2 Ceiling : 0.8 Wall : 0.8 Floor : 0.2

Room Index RI =

LxW H x ( L+W )

Utilisation Factor / Refer Chart Maintenance Factor Illuminance Level / E (lux) E=

N x F x UF x MF A

= 4.7x 6.2 / 4.2 x (4.7 + 6.2) = 0.64

0.28 0.8 E=

4 x 2500 x 0.28 x 0.8 29.14

E=76.87

Discussion

63 | P a g e

According to MS 1525, standard illuminance for the gymnasium room is 300 lux. Illuminance level for our site from calculation is 76.87 lux which doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t met the standard requirement.

Zone 2: Treadmill Zone

Figure 33: Lighting Fixtures in Zone 2

Fixture Properties Indicatio n

Image

Light Type

Unit(s )

Light Distributio n

Light Distribution Description

64 | P a g e

Philips lighting Brightboost TLF T-8 Fluorescen t Tube

-Offer long life and energy savings in an environmentall y responsible light bulb. -Come in Natural light.

Material Properties Component

Material

Color

Surface Finish

Reflecta nce Value (%)

Surface Area (M2)

Wall

Plastered Brick Wall

White

Matte

Floor

Terrazzo Flooring

Blue

Gloss

31.5

Window

Aluminum Frame

White

Matte

4.4

Glass Panel

Transluc ent

Transpare nt

Gypsum Ceiling

White

Matte

Ceiling

31.5

65 | P a g e

Furniture

Treadmills

Grey

Gloss

Chair

Orange

Matte

7.5 x 6.2 46.50 300 - 400 Philips Lighting 8 2500 5.0 0.8 4.2 Ceiling : 0.8 Wall : 0.8 Floor : 0.2

Room Index LxW RI = H x ( L+W )

Utilisation Factor / Refer Chart Maintenance Factor Illuminance Level / E (lux) N x F x UF x MF E= A

= 7.5x 6.2 / 4.2 x (7.5 + 6.2) = 0.80

0.34 0.8 E=

8 x 2500 x 0.34 x 0.8 46.50

66 | P a g e

E=116.99

Discussion According to MS 1525, standard illuminance for the gymnasium room is 300 lux. Illuminance level for our site from calculation is 116.99 lux which doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t met the standard requirement.

Zone 3: Rest Zone

Figure 34: Lighting Fixtures in Zone 3

Fixture Properties 67 | P a g e

Indicatio n

Image

Light Type

Unit(s )

Philips lighting Brightboost TLF T-8 Fluorescen t Tube

Light Distributio n

Light Distribution Description -Offer long life and energy savings in an environmentall y responsible light bulb. -Come in Natural light.

Material Properties Component

Material

Color

Surface Finish

Reflecta nce Value (%)

Surface Area (M2)

Wall

Plastered Brick Wall

White

Matte

Floor

Terrazzo Flooring

Blue

Gloss

Ceiling

Gypsum Ceiling

White

Matte

68 | P a g e

Furniture

Hexagon workout machine

Grey

Gloss

Low Roll machine

Grey

Gloss

Lumen Method Calculation Dimensions of Space (L x W) (m) Total Floor Area (mÂ²) Standard Illumination Required (lux) Type of Lighting Fixture Number of Lighting Fixture / N Lumen of Lighting Fixture / F (lm) Height of Luminaries (m) Height of Working Plan (m) Mounting Height / H (m) Reflection Factors

4.7 x 6.3 29.61 300 - 400 Philips Lighting 4 2500 5.0 0.8 4.2 Ceiling : 0.8 Wall : 0.8 Floor : 0.2

Room Index RI =

LxW H x ( L+W )

Utilisation Factor / Refer Chart

= 4.7 x 6.3 / 4.2 x (4.7 + 6.3) = 0.64

0.28 69 | P a g e

Maintenance Factor Illuminance Level / E (lux) E=

0.8 E=

N x F x UF x MF A

4 x 2500 x 0.28 x 0.8 29.61

E=75.65

Discussion According to MS 1525, standard illuminance for the gymnasium room is 300 lux. Illuminance level for our site from calculation is 75.65 lux which doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t met the standard requirement.

Zone 4: Cycle Zone

Figure 35: Lighting Fixtures in Zone 4 70 | P a g e

Fixture Properties Indicatio n

Image

Light Type

Unit(s )

Philips lighting Brightboost TLF T-8 Fluorescen t Tube

Light Distributio n

Light Distribution Description -Offer long life and energy savings in an environmentall y responsible light bulb. -Come in Natural light.

Material Properties Component

Material

Color

Surface Finish

Reflecta nce Value (%)

Surface Area (M2)

Wall

Plastered Brick Wall

White

Matte

84.5

Floor

Terrazzo Flooring

Blue

Gloss

31.5

71 | P a g e

Door

Aluminum Frame

Gray

Matte

Sliding door

Glass Panel

Transluc ent

Transpare nt

Window

Aluminum Frame

White

Matte

0.8

Glass Panel

Transluc ent

Transpare nt

Ceiling

Gypsum Ceiling

White

Matte

Furniture

Cycling Machines

Grey

Gloss

31.5

7.5 x 6.3 46.25 300 - 400 Philips Lighting 8 2500 5.0 0.8 4.2 Ceiling : 0.8 72 | P a g e

Wall Floor

: 0.8 : 0.2

Room Index LxW RI = H x ( L+W )

Utilisation Factor / Refer Chart Maintenance Factor Illuminance Level / E (lux) E=

N x F x UF x MF A

= 7.5x 6.3 / 4.2 x (7.5 + 6.3) = 0.82

0.34 0.8 E=

8 x 2500 x 0.34 x 0.8 46.25

E=117.62

Discussion According to MS 1525, standard illuminance for the gymnasium room is 300 lux. Illuminance level for our site from calculation is 117.62 lux which doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t met the standard requirement.

LIGHTING ANALYSIS DIAGRAM

73 | P a g e

The above lighting analysis showed how installation of various types of luminaires in each space affects the light levels obtained. The lux reading is affected by the day lighting as well. Thus it showed higher lux reading on overall space.

4.2.6 Analysis & Evaluation Zoning Based on our observations and data collection in site visit, artificial lighting for each space is design according to the function of the space. According to MS 1525, standard illuminance for filling area is 300 lux. Average lux reading based on collected data is 1039 lux and the lighting Illuminance for our site is lower than the standard. Both of this data can show that the energy usage for the light bulb of this building is lower but the final average lux result is much higher than the standard illuminance due to wide opening window and door. Both doesn't meet the standard requirement, one is over the standard illuminance and one is much lower compare to the standard.

74 | P a g e

Therefore, this building has high energy efficiency which can reduce the cost for the electricity and achieve good illuminance level during working time. Hence, electric appliances can reduce to save more electrical energy or reduction of opening can be consider to achieve more comfort area for the user. Day Lighting Daylight penetrates into the interior during the morning and afternoon time is actually creating glazing, where the openings are used to allow the glazing and day light to illuminate the activities space. According to the calculations of Daylight Factor, zone 3 and 4 are located nearer to the entrance and opening compare to zone 1 and 2 which located more inward. Hence, zone 3 and 4 receive more light then zone 1 and 2 which affect the illuminance in zone 3 and 4 are higher.

5. REFERENCES 1. Architectural Lighting. (n.d.). Retrieved from iGuzzini: http://www.iguzzini.com/Architectural_lighting

2. D. H., & E, R. C. (2011). Architectural Lighting: Designing With Light And Space. 3. 4. 5. 6.

New York: Princeton Architectural Press. Lighting Solutions . (2014). Retrieved from MCLA Architectural Lighting Design: http://www.mcla-inc.com/ Performance in Lighting . (2015). Retrieved from PIL: http://www.pil-usa.com/ Steffy, G. (2002). Architectural Lighting Design. New York: John Wiley & Sons Sundin, J. (2008). The Lighting. Retrieved from Architectural Lighting: http://www.archlighting.com/industry/reports/the-lightingspecificationprocess_o

75 | P a g e

7. T. P., & W. M. (2011). Daylighting: Architecture and Lighting Design. New York: Routledge. 8. Wymelenberg, K. V. (2014). The Benefits of Natural Light. Retrieved from Architectural Lighting: http://www.archlighting.com/technology/the-benefitsof-naturallight_o

76 | P a g e