Wastescapes

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the Master of Landscape Architecture, Landscape Architecture Program, University of British Columbia Nicole Schneider April 30, 2012 Instructor: Douglas Paterson Mentor: Cynthia Girling

WasteScapes a symbiosis

Landscape Architecture Program School of Architecture and Landscape Architecture University of British Columbia Each student should make up a copy of this release form to match the formatting of his/her document. The release form must be placed immediately after the Title Page.

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In presenting this report in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Landscape Architecture, University of British Columbia (UBC), I agree that UBC may make it freely available for reference and study. I give permission for copying of this report for educational purposes in accordance with copyright laws.

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September 4, 2012

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Abstract

The District of Squamish has goals to reduce its waste stream 70% by 2020; however, its strategies involving an education program and compost pickup lack rigor. This project adopts a systems approach to waste management by re-envisioning organic waste as a resource to be integrated back into the surrounding environment. The project involves the design of a waste system for a site located north of downtown Squamish. The concept is to create a Waste Demonstration Landscape within the site. The landscape is a visual tool that communicates the environmental and social benefits of recycling organic waste.

This waste system is comprised of a series of compost hubs that are dispersed throughout the neighbourhood, where residents compost their own organic waste. The hubs are linked through a circulation network in which four major nodes knit the community together and connect to the wider context. One node, the Nursery and Compost Education Centre, plays a key role in maintaining this system, while providing an economic benefit in selling compost and supporting local restoration projects. As residents move through the urban and natural landscape via this network, the benefits of recycling compost are visually evident. This system encourages local residents to be stewards of the land by associating composting with community gardening and landscape restoration.

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Table of Contents

Part 1 Graduate Project Proposal

Project Definition

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Waste in Squamish

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Design Methodology

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Literature Review Perceptions of Waste Sustainable Design Theories

Culture Landscape Feedback Loop

The Act of Composting

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Precedents Growing Power

Fresh Kills Park

Former British Petroleum Park Ortus Artis

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Plan of Work

Part 2 Design Solution Program

Site Context

Site Implications

Concept and Master Plan

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28

32

36

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Compost Method

Compost Hub

Grand Allotment Gardens Garden Organization Compost Distribution Adjustments

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42 44 45

Produce Swap Plaza Decomposing Wall Detail

Nursery and Compost Education Centre

References

46 48 50 52

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List of Figures

Part 1 Graduate Project Proposal 7 23

Figure of the Design Methodology Graph of the Plan of Work

Part 2 Design Solution 27 Image of Landscape as a Visual Tool 28-31 Site Context Diagrams

Site Context of Zoning, Green Space, Dikes, Drainage, Trails 32-35 Site Diagrams

Implications for Eaglewind Park, Drainage, Old Dump Site,

Vegetation, Housing Types, Commercial Centre, Development, Trails 36 Master Plan 36-37 Concept Diagrams 38 Diagram of the Composting Process 38 Graph of the Double Drum System 39 Compost Drum and Material Composition 39 Compost Produced from One Drum 39 Chart of Landscape Types and Compost Requirements 40 Compost Hub Plan 40 Compost Hub Section 41 Compost Hub Storage Containers 41 Compost Hub Perspective 42 Perspective of a Compost Hub, Gardens, and Lawn Bowling 42 Plan of the Grand Allotment Gardens 42-43 Section of the Grand Allotment Gardens 44 Diagram of Compost Application 44 Compost Application of the Grand Allotment Gardens 45 Diagram 1 – Garden Areas and Neighbourhood 45 Diagram 2 - Garden Areas and Neighbourhood 46 Perspective of the Plaza and Market Stand 47 Plan of the Produce Swap Plaza 46-47 Section of the Produce Swap Plaza 48 Section Detail of the Wall Structure 50 Perspective of the Indoor/Outdoor Classrooms 51 Plan of the Nursery and Compost Education Centre 50-51 Section of the Nursery and Compost Education Centre

PART 1 Graduate Project Proposal

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Project Definition PROBLEM In today’s society, cleanliness is clearly connected with aesthetics. Trash and compost piles are considered a source of shame, while waste and dirt are synonymous with unsanitary and dangerous conditions (Engler 2004). Therefore, it is only natural that people wish to have their garbage disappear to maintain a clean and healthy living space. This desire has led to the practice of putting garbage in a disposal bin where it disappears by the following day; however, this method of disposal doesn’t hold people accountable for their own waste. The removal of waste becomes a municipal problem. Huge quantities of waste are channeled to city margins where pollution inevitably harms the surrounding ecosystems (France 2007).

The collection and disposal of waste in a single location creates large volumes that negatively impact the environment, are quite costly to contain, and require highly technological systems. It is difficult to keep these waste systems odorless and invisible, which the public requires. As population, mass production and consumption, affluence, and suburban expansion continually grow, there will be increasing volumes of waste (Engler 2004).

PERCEPTION In fact, waste is a part of life and a necessary part of nature. Most living organisms consume the substance and energy they need and discard the rest, which in turn, gives life to other organisms. Humans are intricately linked with these living processes that continuously recycle energy and nutrients. Our own material wealth depends on the physical well being of nature’s health. By integrating human waste into natural material exchanges, energy flows, and land use, we can regenerate the natural environment and contribute to its overall health (Engler 2004).

PROPOSAL The District of Squamish strives to reduce its waste stream and divert waste that enters the landfill to become a more sustainable community. The district started this process by auditing their waste, setting goals, and starting a composting program (Squamish Lillooet Regional District 2007). This design proposal will engage in the district’s waste goals by helping to integrate Squamish’s material exchange into the local

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natural environment. This design is meant to benefit with the park will enhance public participation and both the residents of Squamish and the local waste awareness. environment; and therefore, will create a symbiotic relationship that is sustainable and long-lived (Van Der Ryn 2006).

GOALS This design will link the local community and the environment through active engagement with landscape to help promote social responsibility.

Active engagement requires locally established and decentralized waste management systems. Smaller scale facilities are easier to manage and cost less (Engler 2004). The design of a local system will allow the community to be more aware of the waste they produce and its positive or negative affects on the local environment. Sustainability depends on the everyday actions of ordinary people; therefore, localized recycling within the landscape works with people’s localized lifestyles (Van Der Ryn 1996).

The proposal is summarized in the following design inquiry: How can landscape be designed to integrate Squamish’s organic waste into the environmental nutrient cycles while improving the conditions for both humans and the natural environment?

SCOPE The underlying aim of this design proposal is to create a new perception of waste and its incorporation into the local landscape. A waste system park will help people understand their connection to the environment through the demonstration of mutually beneficial systems. The park is adapted to its location and the final vision is for numerous small-scale waste systems to be adapted to local areas throughout the City of Squamish.

This project will specifically address locally produced organic waste that can be diverted from complex infrastructure as well as the integration of waste systems into new development. The final design proposal will manifest as a public park maintained jointly by the District of Squamish and the local residents. This park will be integrated with existing and new development and will manage and recirculate organic waste back into the landscape while enhancing the ecology of the area. Educative composting programs designed

The Design Will‌ Benefit Humans: 1. Be financially viable for small communities.

2. Encourage a new perception of waste.

3. Facilitate convenient waste disposal and maintenance.

4. Create a topophilic and enjoyable waste landscape.

Benefit the Environment: 1. Link waste treatment systems with natural recycling systems.

2. Create a diverse habitat for wildlife.

3. Generate land stewardship with local communities who generate waste.

Waste in Squamish

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WASTE DISPOSAL Currently, most waste within the Squamish-Lillooet Regional District is disposed into the Squamish Landfill located north of downtown Squamish. The waste that finds its final resting place in the landfill is originally collected from local towns including Furry Creek, Britannia Beach, Squamish, Pine Crest, Black Tusk, Whistler, Pemberton, D’Arcy, Devine, and Anderson Lake. Waste from Goldbridge, Area A, and Lillooet is disposed of in the Lillooet Landfill (Squamish Lillooet Regional District 2007).

Source: Squamish Lillooet Regional District Solid Waste Management Plan Update

Source: Squamish Lillooet Regional District Solid Waste Management Plan Update

WASTE REDUCTION The District of Squamish supports organic waste recycling in order to reduce the amount of organic waste entering the solid waste system. The SquamishLillooet Regional District established a goal to reduce its waste stream by 50% between 1990 and 2016. As of 2005 they achieved their goal and were able to reduce the amount of waste they produced by 54%.

Even though their goal was met, the district continues to pursue a reduction in waste and the district board passed a motion to “investigate opportunities to adopt the concept of Zero Waste within the SLRD.” The SLRD’s new goal is to reduce solid waste by 67% compared to the 1990 baseline (Squamish Lillooet Regional District 2007).

ZERO WASTE PROGRAM To pursue its Zero Waste Goal, the SLRD started a Zero Waste Education Program. This program tours regional elementary and high schools to help educate them about where their waste is deposited.

The program encourages students to conduct waste audits and become a part of the zero waste reduction challenge. Thirteen elementary classes participated in a regional garbage free lunch challenge where students explored ways to reduce, re-use, recycle, and re-think their lunchtime waste. A 5/6 grade class was able to reduce their lunch waste by 86% by composting and using reusable containers. (Squamish Lillooet Regional District 2012)

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WASTE COMPOSITION As of 2006, the Squamish-Lillooet Regional District is estimated to produce approximately .59 tonnes of waste per capita. Of this amount, about 40% is comprised of compostable material, which dominates the waste stream. All of this material can be diverted from Squamish’s landfill through public participation and composting. If the district would like to reduce its waste, new waste management practices need to be integrated into the district (Squamish Lillooet Regional District 2012).

COMPOST PILOT PROJECT A pilot project was started in August 2012 to collect organic waste biweekly. This waste is brought to the Whistler Composting Facility, located 60 km way where 50-tonnes of organic waste are composted per day. The facility processes biosolids, food, and wood waste to be used as soil for landscapers and gardeners. A survey was taken to get the public’s opinion on the project. The survey found that 79% of people thought the service was worthwhile and 95% of people supported the program. Residents were in favor of the program because it was easily accessible, convenient, and diverted waste from the landfill.

Since the project was successful as well as affordable for the city, it has continued through November (Squamish Lillooet Regional District 2007).

SUMMARY The information provided by the city is helpful in informing the design and developing a program that will fit the city’s goals. The statistics also confirm that a considerable amount of waste can be diverted from the landfill and the pursuit of this project is well justified. Although a composting program is already in place, this project will be designed as a more cost efficient alternative and more beneficial to the community with an educational component.

Source: Squamish Lillooet Regional District Solid Waste Management Plan Update

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Design Methodology The design process for this project will involve the synthesis of four components: site analysis, program, background research, and the proposal. All of these parts will inform the design development process and interact in a feedback loop that involves testing and modifying a design. Each of these parts has influenced one another in the process of collecting information; therefore, relate to one another. (See Diagram on the Following Page) The collection of information and knowledge is never complete and will consistently occur throughout the project. In the process of synthesizing this information, numerous design methods will be used to develop a design.

Diagrams, sketches, computer renderings, modeling, precedents, site visits, and photomontages are all useful in design development.

The design process will also involve a question and answer process to test the effectiveness of the design.

The design will be consistently evaluated in relation to the project’s goals: 1. How is the design financially viable for small communities?

2. How does the design encourage a new perception of waste?

3. How does the design facilitate convenient waste disposal and maintenance?

4. How does the design create a Topophilic and enjoyable waste landscape?

5. How does the design link waste treatment systems with natural recycling systems?

6. How does the design create a diverse habitat for wildlife?

7. How does the design generate land stewardship with local communities who generate waste?

Other imperative questions will develop as the design process proceeds. These questions will be helpful in evaluating the final design and modifying it as necessary.

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Literature Review

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PERCEPTIONS OF WASTE

be more conscious of its waste. This park will be a continuous affirmation that our garbage does exist and does impact the environment. Fresh Kills will be HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Historically, waste was not a problem within society. a space for common park use, otherwise known as Past agrarian societies produced little waste, which a commons. Commons are known to be a resource, was generally benign. Waste was normalized within set-aside for the community, and meant for the greater the everyday environment. All leftover matter was good. The Fresh Kills commons fulfills a greater good privately managed, and most things were reused, by uniting citizens and helping them reflect on the items that are discarded, which are representations of because of scarcity and frugality (Engler 2004). our culture and values (France 2007).

The past 200 years have produced a changed ideology of waste. The City Beautiful Movement in the 1890s was a big influence in this shift in ideals.

This movement promoted the idea that clean is beautiful, and pollution should be removed to achieve a clean and sanitary city aesthetic. This ideal has persisted into today’s society where waste has become associated with negative connotations.

Waste is considered dirty, valueless, and is a social stigma. Organic waste in particular is known to be smelly, decaying, and associated with death. Waste sites are generally considered dangerous, located far from the public, and often inaccessible. If designers are to change the perception of waste it must be integrated back into the public environment, easily accessible, productive, and integrated into everyday life (Engler 2004).

AWARENESS Artists have been the forerunners in changing these conceptions of waste. Many projects, such as Mierle Laderman Ukeles’s Flow City, have been designed to change the perceptions and aesthetics of waste by creating a more open relationship with it. Flow City boldly exposes the ongoing operations of the New York waste transfer station. The Art piece redefines the waste facility as a stage and the operations as the performance (Engler 2004). Exposing the public to these waste operations continuously reminds society of our discarded materials.

WASTE is FOOD Humans are using earth’s resources without designing their release back into the ongoing flow of recirculation (Van Der Ryn 1996). This lack of design in recirculating waste is the major flaw in our society. Most products today are made from valuable materials that require a lot of effort to extract and make. Biodegradable materials have value in returning nutrients to the soil.

If waste, composed of various materials, are piled in a landfill and not separated or recycled, their value is wasted. Some statistics show that about 90 percent of extracted materials, used to make durable goods, are wasted almost instantly. This is a linear one directional model: Cradle-to-grave (McDonough and Braungart 2002).

William McDonough is the forerunner in recirculating waste. His philosophy, Cradle-to-cradle, regards the end of one product will benefit the creation of another: in other words, waste equals food. This idea eliminates the concept of waste altogether. Waste is no longer waste, but a resource. This idea is based upon the natural cycles of the earth. The earth’s major nutrients: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, are recycled continuously. McDonough and Braungart describe these nutrients as part of the biological material flow. Organic waste, part of this biological material flow, is perceived as a nutrient source for the development of other plants and living organisms. This material flow should be kept separate from technical material flows, which are part of the industrial processes (McDonough and Braungart 2002).

Our waste is not just thrown “away” to distant places, but is actually fairly close. Contrary to popular belief, our waste is not decomposing. Fresh Kills landfill is a prime example of a place where things are thrown A project designed by Lewis (Buster) Simpson “away,” but is actually fairly close to the origin of wasted materials: New York City. The landfill is being called Composting Commode (1991) embodies the transformed into a park, which will help the public philosophy: waste equals food. Simpson designed

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portable composting toilets to be used as public facilities in downtown Seattle. The toilets are to be placed over an empty tree pit, and after the pit is filled with human waste, a tree is planted in it and the toilet is moved to a new pit. Trees planted in these pits will have nutrient rich soil, which will be reflected in their growth (Engler 2004). This project is an educative and celebrative strategy of waste and demonstrates its recirculation into the natural environment.

familiar forms. In other words, design “orderly frames for messy ecosystems.” This idea entails preserving the ecological function within a recognizable framing form (Nasseur 1995).

Generally, people care about improving ecology, but if it is at the expense of an orderly appearance, it will not be a priority. People wish to keep an orderly appearance, because the order of the landscape is a direct representation of the people who care for FORM it. Landscapes act as communication systems, and A considerable dilemma is the appearance of waste. people who wish to seek information about other Aesthetics within the material world are generally people will simply look at their landscape. In all based upon a series of perceptible forms and patterns. settled landscaped, the most desirable landscapes Waste has a formless appearance, which gives an look as if they have a specific human intention. The impression of chaos compared with more orderly landscape must hold specific cues read by other surroundings. This formlessness conflicts with man’s humans that illustrate a care for the landscape and desire to have order (Engler 2004). good stewardship (Nassauer 1995).

Waste is also a type of entropy that deteriorates and breaks apart with no way putting it back to its previous state. Entropy entails elements that are in a constant state of change. Humans have a desire to control nature and keep it in a static state, which is impossible (Shapiro 1988). Thayer describes entropy as the “universal physical tendency of things to move from a highly energetic and ordered state to states of low energy and high disorder” (1994 p. 239). Thayer contends that sustainable landscapes with human influence should reduce entropy by maintaining the structure and function of landscapes as an ordered, efficient regenerative system. These landscapes may not have the appearance of the natural entropic condition, but imitate the mutually beneficial, efficient structure, and biological function of the natural system (1994).

The decomposition of waste has a disordered and unkempt appearance, which is a good example of how ecological function and appearance do not always correlate in a way that’s conducive to man’s ideals.

Nasseur discusses how people “see terrain through preferred and accustomed spectacles” (p.161).

Man’s particular landscape conventions are difficult to change and one method for gradually changing conventions is to translate ecological patterns into the cultural language. A proposed solution is to design unfamiliar or undesirable forms inside attractive and

After a review of the previous topics, the following PRINCIPLES have been developed for the design of a waste park that are a translation or a response to the discussion: BACKGROUND 1. Normalize waste in the everyday environment.

2. Make waste recycling systems easily accessible, fit into daily activities, and function efficiently and productively.

AWARENESS 1. Change the perception of waste through community involvement and interpretative design.

2. The waste system park will be a commons that unites the community and promotes reflection on waste.

WASTE IS FOOD 1. Model the Cradle-to-Cradle method and recirculate organic waste into food for other organisms.

2. Demonstrate the Cradle-to-Cradle method to the community through design.

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FORM 1. Design the waste system to be efficient and regenerative and supportive of a continuous changing state.

2. Design waste systems to be fully functional within a recognizable and attractive framing form.

3. Intentionally use the park’s visual appearance to communicate the park’s objective to other people.

4. Set up cues in the waste park that delineate human intention and stewardship.

SUSTAINABLE DESIGN THEORIES ECOLOGICAL DESIGN In becoming a sustainable society, people must first recognize the truth: that human’s material wealth and physical well-being depend on nature’s own health; therefore, it becomes imperative to minimize the destructive impacts on the environment and integrate with the living processes. This idea is known as Ecological Design, and involves the development of alternatives to the current destructive practices (Van Der Ryn 1996).

An ecological design aims to improve ecological health, increase biodiversity, adjust to the qualities and processes of a particular place, and respond to the dynamics of change through time. Ecosystems and populations are in a constant state of flux due to outside influences of adjoining ecosystems as well as internal influences. Ecosystems continually adjust to these changes and disturbances. Design must consider these flows of energy, nutrients and organisms while aiming to mimic natural cyclical patterns that support regeneration. Valuable environmental processes within these ecosystems need to be preserved in order to be self-renewing and resilient (Rottle and Yocom 2001).

Biodiversity is an important aspect of resilience, because it increases the ecosystem’s ability to respond and adapt to change while conserving its core function and character. A biodiversity of species provides a redundancy in a system, so it can withstand various pressures. To sustain biodiversity, a matrix is used to comprehend the conditions that support biodiversity as well as look for opportunities for enhancement.

The matrix is a useful tool in analyzing dominant habitat types and connectivity in a landscape. Varying elements within a matrix that facilitate different types of species connectivity are classified as corridors, edges, boundaries, and patches (Rottle and Yocom 2001).

The best design is based on locally self reliant and self-organized communities, which have a smaller scale and reduced complexity and lessens the risk of failure. The best solutions are created and grow from place. There must be an in-depth understanding of

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a particular place, which requires local knowledge about the area. Sustainability is set within the local culture and depends on the everyday activities of normal people. Design must be integrated into these activities and support them to suit the particularities of place and the people (Van Der Ryn 1996).

gardening or plowing a field. Physical interaction with the land brings an emotional attachment, regional identity, and civic pride. Historically, man relied on nature for foraging and hunting as well as its cues in order to survive. Today, there is a loss of response to landscape cues, and most interactions have become associated with hunting, fishing, gardening, and DEEP ECOLOGY organized sport. When physically interacting with Deep ecology, conceived by philosopher Arne Naess, the earth, people are more aware of its essential is described as “ecology with a conscious” (p. 184), characteristics. This awareness is where topophilia where other living things have intrinsic value for grows and flourishes (Thayer 1994). their own sake, not because of their practical use for humans. There is no longer an individual sense VISUAL ECOLOGY of self in isolation, but self as indistinguishable and A landscape is not a static, isolated, view of nature, connected with the natural world. All life forms have a but a process of ongoing relationships within a larger richness that contribute to an ecosystem and humans physical region. It is difficult to see these relationships, must come to realize “self-as-part-of-nature.” This and a design that can successfully demonstrate these idea is in conflict with the western semantic word of processes will reacquaint humans with the larger “nature” which excludes humans and their domain community of life. Thayer describes a visual ecology (Thayer 1994). in which we can emphasize our unrecognized connections to nature. By making complex natural TOPOPHILIA – THE BOND BETWEEN MAN AND processes more visible and understandable, we can NATURE reveal our connections to them (1994). Visual ecology Topophilia was coined by Yi-Fu Tuan and describes also informs us of the ecological consequences of the range of positive human emotions relating to our activities. For example, a storm drainage system affection for the land, earth, and nature. Topophilia is hidden from view and channels stormwater away manifests when a person is keenly aware of their bond without our understanding its implications on the with the land. Thayer recounted his own emotions environment. A drainage system that visibly drains when encountering this experience and he described water into rain gardens allows people to see the it as the moment when he was “feeling nurtured by functioning ecology, and in turn, provides an enjoyable the land and loved the earth most in return” (P. 6). and aesthetic quality to the built environment (Van People respond most to natural landscapes; however, Der Ryn 1996). in the built environment nature is also highly desired.

Lots of money is invested into placing plants within Humans should be able to see the inner workings the everyday landscapes, which are associated with of our own landscapes so that we may be able nature. Nature appears to be an indispensible human to make the required modifications and changes need (Thayer 1994). in environmental conditions to become more sustainable. This transparency provides a feedback The aesthetic surface response to nature is an system so people are able to assess the ecological important factor in the everyday landscape and conditions, determine the current situation, and make contributes to human well-being. Our bond with decisions as to what is possible and necessary to nature and the earth is clearly dependent on these create a better world. Making ecologies more visible surface relationships. will be an important role of landscape architects and designers. It involves revealing the natural world’s Opportunities must be made available for people to complexity and interpreting it in a way for human experience nature; however, society must look beyond understanding (Thayer 1994). these surface aesthetics. To create a deeper bond with the land requires more human interaction, such as

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After a review of the previous topics, the following PRINCIPLES have been developed for the design of a waste park that are a translation or response to the discussion:

CULTURE LANDSCAPE FEEDBACK LOOP INTERACTIONS Joan Nassauer describes a continuous relationship between Landscape and culture in which they continually interact with one another in a feedback loop. In this feedback loop, culture configures landscape, and landscape is instilled in culture.

Humans modify, manage, and make decisions about the environment based upon emotions toward it, knowledge about it, and its visual appearance. Since landscapes are structured based on these perceptions, the landscape itself becomes an artifact of culture and affects how culture changes. Landscapes embody our political system, social conventions, aesthetic preferences, and the economic market (1995).

ECOLOGICAL DESIGN 1. Mimic the natural cyclical waste patterns found in the environment while considering the larger system’s flows of energy, nutrients and organisms.

2. Design a waste system that adapts to change while conserving the core function and character.

3. Research how waste can possibly enhance biodiversity.

4. Enhance biodiversity in the waste park with the use of the matrix tool, connectivity and various habitat types.

5. Create a small-scaled waste park based upon the local culture and context.

6. Design the waste system to integrate with people’s PRINCIPLES everyday waste disposal and recreational activities.

This concept has constructive design implications to help develop landscapes that are suitable for DEEP ECOLOGY 1. Help people feel more connected to the natural communities. Nassauer describes four principles, systems through organic waste recycling in the natural which will be helpful in the design process. environment.

1. Human landscape perception, cognition, and values affect the landscape and are affected by the TOPOPHILIA 1. Help people create a deeper bond with the land landscape. through interaction with the soils and physical labor.

Humans have an inherent preference for a particular type of landscape. Humans desire and construct VISUAL ECOLOGY 1. Design waste processes that have a connection landscapes that are complex and mysterious, yet understandable in both order and wayfinding. with the larger physical region.

2. Make complex waste processes and waste People are participants in the landscape in terms of movement and exploration. Landscapes provide decomposition visible and understandable. information, learning, and experience. When a person’s experience in the environment changes their thinking, they in turn change their environment.

The landscape itself provides opportunity for action, control, and manipulation. The patch and corridor matrix are some appealing typologies that assist in the modification of landscapes to be more preferential.

The matrix serves in creating a landscape structure that correlates to the human aesthetic (Nassauer 1995).

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2. Cultural conventions powerfully influence landscape pattern in both inhabited and apparently natural landscapes.

require the development of normative cultural principles for the design of ecological landscapes (Nassauer 1995).

This idea relates to vernacular landscapes.

Landscapes that serve a particular function are usually designed to look a certain way as a result of unexamined conventions and customs. There is a certain expectation in terms of form and management (Nassauer 1995). For example, a park is imagined to look a certain way, and usually contains grassy lawns, a playground, and playing fields. The appearance of this landscape is not usually questioned and it might be difficult to change a particular perception.

RELEVANCY FOR A WASTE SYSTEM PARK The four principles are important in considering the waste park’s culture and landscape dynamic. The principles will help develop a waste park that is suitable for the particular community of Squamish and their perceptions of the landscape. Organic waste in the landscape has its own common perception, and these principles will be useful in altering that perception in order to design a new cultural waste norm. This new norm will only be realized through a new landscape design, the public’s response and perception to this design, followed by their reaction and use of this landscape, and the landscape’s gradual modification to tailor to their needs.

3. Cultural concepts of nature are different from scientific concepts of ecological function.

This principle describes how society might have a certain idea of what a rich ecosystem looks like, but it does not coincide with the actual appearance of an ecological healthy landscape. The cultural perceptions of naturalness may not indicate a rich habitat that animal species require. Since people have no perception of an ecological poor landscape, it is not usually an immediate concern (Nassauer 1995).

4. The appearance of landscapes communicates cultural values.

Landscapes are constructed based on concrete public statements and cultural values; therefore, in order to change landscape structure, designers must know how to alter human values and conventions.

Traditional conventions include wealth, neatness and safety. These conventions are often contradictory to “messy” landscapes that provide ecological habitat.

Culture must transition into constructing different landscape patterns that support ecological health.

The concern in designing landscapes with these four principles in mind is “how to create new landscape forms that accommodate ecological function in a way that is consistent with public values and cultural expectations” (p. 236). Solving this design problem will require a combination of cultural knowledge, scientific knowledge and design innovation. It will

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THE ACT OF COMPOSTING

Compost time-releases nutrients to optimize plant growth. After material is first composted, 50% of nutrients are released the first year and this percentage RATIONALE “Composting is perhaps the simplest example we gradually decreases with each following year. have of man working in harmony with nature to keep Major elements that plants needs such as nitrogen, his habitat in order and assure his own survival. The phosphorous, potash, sulfur, iron, and calcium are principle involved is really nothing more than the first found in compost. Also, compost contains diseaselaw of good housekeeping, or good earthkeeping- fighting antibodies. These antibodies help manage when you’re finished with something, put it back plants which are susceptible to root rot (Minnich et al. 1979). where it belongs” (p. 16).

-Steve Smyser editor of Organic Gardening

STRATEGIES Composting is not a new idea and has been practiced There are two types of composting: aerobic and extensively for the past two thousand years. Only anaerobic. Aerobic composting takes place with the recently in the 19th century has it decreased due to presence of oxygen. This type of composting is the the substitution of chemical fertilizers. Composting most optimal, because it produces no odor, is a fairly already exists all around us within nature. Fallen rapid process, and composts at a higher temperature. leaves on the forest floor are gradually composted Anaerobic composting takes place without oxygen, over time and release nutrients for the benefit of the produces an odor, is slower, and composts at a lower trees. Returning to this method will put people back temperature (BioCycle Journal of Waste Recycling, in touch with the natural processes, restore nutrients 1989). to soils, and minimize the use of precious resources used to make expensive fertilizers (Minnich et al., The key components in managing a compost pile are oxygen, nutrient concentration, temperature, 1979). moisture, microbes, and PH level.

BENEFITS There are numerous benefits in using compost. Not only does compost help soil retain moisture, nutrients, air, and structure that support the growth of plants, compost is also beneficial in the following ways: Controls Erosion Recycles Man’s Biological Wastes Provides and Releases Plant Nutrients Protects Against Drought Controls the PH of the Soil Supports Essential Bacteria Feeds Helpful Earthworms Stops Nutrient Loss and Leaching Acts as a Buffer Against Toxins in the Soil Controls Weeds Stretches the Growing Season Conserves Nonrenewable Energy Resources

The optimal conditions for composting include the following: -The porosity of the compost pile should exceed 30%.

-The materials within the pile should have a Carbon/ Nitrogen ratio between 15 and 30 but between 20 and 25 is ideal.

-Temperature should reach between 130-150 degrees Fahrenheit to control insects, odors, and pathogens, but normal operating temperature should be about 95 degrees.

-The moisture content should be between 40-60%.

-Most compost has a PH level between 6.5 and 7.5.

-Good results are obtained with a particle size range from 1/8” to 2” mean diameter.

Other considerations for making compost should be based upon the environmental conditions and types of materials used for composting, and management.

Compost has the ability to correct poor soils that are too sandy or clayey, by building the soil structure. With The following list contains a few major concerns: better soil structure that has pore space and higher If rain exceeds 60mm/week or 30mm/day, composting should take place under a roof. Windrow composting humus content, more moisture can be retained.

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generally requires a one-acre site to compost 6,000 cubic yards of material. Static pile compost requires one acre per 12,000 cubic yards. Grass composting requires a ratios of 1:1 or 2:1 leaves to grass. The more a compost pile is turned to increase aeration, the faster the decomposition process will be. The rate of decomposition depends on the size of the pile and the particular process used (BioCycle Journal of Waste Recycling, 1989).

Good compost has been produced if it contains the following characteristics: -Has a crumbly structure.

-Has a black brown color: pure black smelly compost denotes unfavorable fermentation.

-The odor should be earth-like, musty smell indicates molds and hot fermentation and nitrogen loss.

-A neutral or slightly acid reaction is best: PH is between 6-7.4.

-The moisture content should be similar to a wrung out sponge.

The best soil is created with 25-50% organic matter, topsoil, and lime (Minnich et al., 1979).

the land requirements for the scale of the program.

Third, a list of equipment and management program must be developed to put the plan into action. This program must consider monitoring, odor control, leachate control, the use of the end product, and a contingency plan. Fourth, an education program for the public will help maintain long-term interest and participation. Lastly, a monitoring system must be set up to record the volumes, temperature of the piles, odors, and costs showing economic benefits (BioCycle Journal of Waste Recycling, 1989).

COST Municipalities that compost have the opportunity of saving money through composting, because they avoid the costs of landfilling yard waste and can sell the finished product. The cost of composting operations generally decreases with size. The total cost of composting can be calculated by adding the cost of yard waste collection, transportation costs and yard waste processing followed by the subtraction of compost revenue and other avoided costs.

Costs not accounted for include the money saved through waste separation by households instead of COMMERCIAL DRUM METHOD the municipality, and the avoided cost of landfilling These containers are designed to make turning materials and incineration. Calculations can be used compost a fairly easy process. This is best suited for to do a cost benefit analysis for composting programs urban areas and small gardens with limited space. (BioCycle Journal of Waste Recycling, 1989).

Once the drum is full, two weeks are required to finish the compost before adding fresh materials. RELEVANCY FOR A WASTE SYSTEM PARK Kitchen waste can be stored using sawdust to reduce Multiple methods of composting will be investigated odors. The key to this method is to ensure adequate for their adaption in the waste park. Methods will moisture and appropriate material ratios be analyzed for use based upon effectiveness, ability to handle the waste volumes, cost efficiency, MANAGEMENT AND CONSIDERATIONS specific user needs, rate of decomposition, level Numerous considerations must be taken into account of maintenance, aesthetic qualities, technological when developing a composting program. The first requirements, odors, and pest management. Methods step is to determine the volume of materials that will and strategies are highly dependent on the program be composted and the types. The amount of organic of the park. The park program will dictate the specific waste produced throughout the year varies with process and corresponding requirements.  the seasons. The fall produces the largest amount of material, while the spring produces the second largest. Composting programs must also consider the types of materials to create a good balance of carbon and nitrogen within the compost pile. The second step is to determine how collection will occur, what will be the composting techniques used, and what is

16

Precedents The precedents for this project were chosen because of the variety of ideals in dealing with waste. Each precedent associates waste with a unique purpose, and all are equally valuable. This section will discuss each precedent and outline the over arching idea that will be carried forward in the design process. Also, each precedent is evaluated using the proposal’s goals as a filter. The goals are translated into the following questions and will sieve out useful information from each precedent: 1. How is the design financially viable for small communities?

2. How does the design encourage a new perception of waste?

3. How does the design facilitate convenient waste disposal and maintenance?

4. How does the design create a Topophilic and enjoyable waste landscape?

5. How does the design link waste treatment systems with natural recycling systems?

6. How does the design create a diverse habitat for wildlife?

7. How does the design generate land stewardship with local communities who generate waste?

17

18

PRECEDENT 1: Growing Power Location: Milwaukee, Wisconsin Association: Waste as a Resource

PROJECT OVERVIEW: This urban farm is founded on a strong, locally operated composting program. Compost is made from local waste such as food waste, farm waste, brewery waste, old newspapers, and used coffee grinds. This waste is collected through cooperative relationships with surrounding businesses. After the waste is collected, it is combined off site in an open-air pit using a large-scale method of windrow composting.

To increase the compost’s fertility, a vermicomposting system is employed within the farm’s grounds. The castings produced from the red wriggler worms are an excellent fertilizer due to their active microbial life. The fertilizer is used as a soil amendment for the farm’s numerous growing beds and fields. Compost tea is made as a liquid fertilizer to also enrich the growing beds, and the amended soils are able to maintain fertility with little input for up to 5 years.

The farm also has numerous education programs, tours, and workshops to help kids, new farmers, and interested residents learn about the benefits of this highly developed composting system as well as other beneficial farming techniques.

being indispensable due to its future fertility. The farm receives free waste from local businesses that would normally have to pay to dispose of it, which diverts it from the landfill. This program is viable financially, because the farm is receiving this free resource; however there is some expense to process it.

The collection process is simple. Plastic reusable bins full of organic waste are picked up from local businesses, emptied, washed and returned. Waste is not collected from local residents, because it is economically inefficient due to the small amount that residents produce. The large amount of waste the farm receives requires heavy machinery, more maintenance, careful monitoring, and is more costly.

The larger-scaled system also requires lots of space for compost storage and processing, and the facility is located far from residential communities to limit their exposure to machinery noise and occasional smells.

These large amounts of compost are sold to businesses and the public. This project is a useful model for adapting their techniques. Since larger waste systems require more work and processing as well as a wellcoordinated waste collection, this model will have to be scaled down for this proposal.

The program provides an enjoyable waste landscape due to the component of vermicomposting and the entertaining interactions with worms. Worms engage USEFUL APPLICATION: The over arching concept to take away from this both adults and kids with the soils and also enrich the project is that waste is a necessary resource that allows nutrient content in the compost. Vermicomposting the farm to thrive, because it is a beneficial fertilizer. facilitates the educational programs created for kids Without waste, the farm would not be able to grow and the larger community. An active engagement the food it needs to survive economically and provide with the community promotes waste recycling, local for the local community. Waste has a perception of food production, as well as a stewardship with the land that it comes from.

Source: Growing Power Website and Photostream at flickr.com

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PRECEDENT 2: Fresh Kills Park by James Corner responsibility and needs to be managed so it does not Field Operations Location: New York City, New York Association: Waste is our Responsibility

PROJECT OVERVIEW: The project was formally the world’s largest landfill and is now being turned into a productive cultural destination integrated with ecological restoration.

This design illustrates the restored balance between landscape and society and represents a renewed public concern for how humans impact the environment.

2,200 acres of the landfill are designed as ecological systems, provide a variety of natural habitats, and support human activities and circulation. The theme, “lifescape,” is composed of three layers: program, habitat, and circulation. Programs include sports fields, nature trails, public art, cycling, education, and community events. Habitats contained within the park are salt marshes, native prairies, swamp forest, maritime oak, pine/oak barrens, and birch thickets. Circulation within the park is comprised of bikeways, park drives, running trails and boating. The underlying landfill requires maintenance over the next few decades to control landfill gases and leachate, which have a harmful impact on the environment.

Gases are prevented from entering the atmosphere through a recovery system and leachate is filtered and cleaned before entering the surrounding hydrology.

Environmental and Public health and safety are the major concerns and continuous monitoring is a number-one priority.

impact the environment in a harmful way. This park engages people with the impacts of their waste and promotes a continuous dialogue about the problems our waste creates. This dialogue is reinforced through numerous art interpretations and park infrastructure that engages with the landscape. One artist, Mierle Alderman Ukeles, strengthened this discourse through her work. She collected people’s ideas together and re-presented them to expose the numerous issues that they were concerned about. The park embodies that idea that we are recognizing our mistakes and reclaiming lost space to create a diverse habitat for both people and wildlife. Our waste stream should penetrate our stream of consciousness and this park becomes a way to reflect on the current culture and ideals: “Fresh Kills has been amplified as a symbolic vessel encapsulating who we are, what comprised our past, how we live in the present, and what may constitute the future.”

-Press Release from Snug Harbor Cultural Center

The design promotes land stewardship with local communities, and the landfill is now being used as a source of energy. Methane gas that is produced from the waste is recovered and burned for domestic energy use. The revitalization of wasted landscapes, restoration of ecology, capture of energy, and the creation of park spaces for public welfare, are strong indicators of where our culture is headed and what will be devised in the future. It is critical that the design proposal should encapsulate this idea and push our USEFUL APPLICATION: This project reinforces the idea that waste is our culture further into accepting different perceptions of waste.

Source: NYC.gov

20

PRECEDENT 3: Former British Petroleum Park by and uses its advantageous qualities to clean up the

repercussions of land exploitation. In using natural McGregor+Partners Location: Former British Petroleum Park in Sydney, recycling systems, the solutions are enduring and don’t have adverse impacts. Using these systems is Australia also suitable for creating an additional benefit: habitat Association: Waste as Restorative for species.

PROJECT OVERVIEW: The project’s design uses on-site processes to clean This project is also strong in keeping the originally up a contaminated industrial site. The soil on heritage of the project, and is grounded in its context. site was ameliorated using organic compost and In preserving the industrial vocabulary, the project Effective Microorganisms (EM). Soil was turned every reminds visitors of the history and human’s long 3 months, tested to determine its condition, and lasting effects on the environment. afterward used as a planting medium. The soils were used to restore the natural ecology to the site, which is composed of natural coastal sandstone woodlands.

The old industrial stormwater infrastructure was repurposed to create natural landscape conditions such as frog habitat ponds and intercept any remaining contamination from entering the Sydney Harbor. The project retains the heritage of the site and transforms it into an interactive, educational, public asset.

USEFUL APPLICATION: The project encompasses the idea that waste is useful in restoring polluted and degraded sites, and will be carried forward into the design proposal. The original site was composed of native woodland with sandstone bedrock that was removed and blasted in order to accommodate huge tanks to store oil. To restore the site’s ecology and adapt the site for human recreation, the best and most economical solution was to treat the soils on site. This solution of on-site bioremediation prevented landfilling soils and the expense of transferring huge amounts of material.

This project links with the natural recycling systems

Source: www.mcgregorcoxall.com

21

PRECEDENT 4: Ortus Artis by Paratelier Location: Salemo, Italy Association: Waste as an Aesthetic

gardens cannot exist without the thick strata of soil and microorganisms that support the life above.

Associated with soil is a sense of warmth that informs visitors that the soil is alive and working.

PROJECT OVERVIEW: The design concept rethinks the notion of a garden, in which it is not always instinctively green. The garden is reinterpreted as an earthly environment made up of compost and the stratification of natural materials.

The garden is meant to be a place of meditation.

The design has a quality that makes visitors feel as if they were entering the earth and going deep into the ground, which is synonymous to searching deep within oneself. The mounded compost earth has a perceptive volume that defines space in the garden. The garden design is not only experienced visually, but also has a tactile quality and earthy odor.

Seating within the garden allows visitors to become immersed in the experience. Within the center of the garden, apples are offered as food. The waste left over from the apple can then be tossed into the compost piles; therefore, visitors have a chance to interact within the garden themselves and identify with the decomposition process and passing of time.

USEFUL APPLICATION: The major concept to take away that fits the design proposal is the distinct perception of waste. The precedent reinforces the idea that organic waste is intimately connected to the earth. The waste disposed into this pile strengthens the feeling that people are part of a greater whole, the earth. Enriching this feeling encourages a topophilic quality. Normally, an awareness of the earth is not prevalent in gardens, but this project exposes the earth and exhibits that

Source: Landzine.com

22

Plan of Work

23

PART 2 Design Solution

Program

26

The concept of the design is to make a Waste Demonstration Landscape where the landscape is a visual tool that communicates the environmental and social benefits of recycling organic waste.

The program involves a decentralized waste management system of organic waste. A decentralized system will lessen the cost of waste recycling and residents who produce waste will take on more responsibility through a composting program. The compost is then distributed into the surrounding landscape. The site is organized in a way for the composting process to be highly visual, and the surrounding community will be able to learn from the waste recycling activities.

Organic waste in this project is defined as: Biodegradable waste that originated from plant sources and can be broken down by other living organisms. Waste of this type includes: kitchen waste, garden waste, yard waste, and certain paper wastes.

The strategies of the project are: 1. ALL ORGANIC WASTE IS KEPT ON SITE

and recycled into the landscape 2. THE LANDSCAPE IS PROCESS DRIVEN

where compost develops the gardens and

improves the landscape over time 3. ENCOURAGE STEWARDSHIP OF THE LAND

by local people who recycle organic waste

into the surrounding environment This design will help create a community awareness of how organic waste can be recycled into the surrounding environment. Residents who recycle their own waste will develop a symbiotic relationship with the landscape where both humans and the environment benefit from one another through good waste management.

27

Landscape as a Visual Tool

Site Context

28

SQUAMISH HISTORY Throughout history, Squamish has had numerous environmental and cultural influences. These influences have drastically changed the landscape over time and are significant factors when analyzing the site’s current conditions. The logging industry that first developed around the Burrard Inlet assisted in the white settlement of Squamish. The construction of the transCanada railway was a major factor in connecting the town to the larger region. The natural force of the river has also had huge effects on the town. The natural fluctuations in the river channel and various water flows throughout the year have forced the people of Squamish to adapt a dike system to control flooding that occurs within the city. There has been a constant power struggle between the forces of man and nature as man modifies the hydrological system through logging and diking activities and the river’s response to these pressures. The site that was chosen for this project is affected by each of these influences (Squamish Historical Society 2012).

corridor), and a sea dike. A local authority standard dike is located farther west and runs directly along the Squamish River. (Thurber Engineering Ltd. 2008) The site is fairly wet and does not drain very rapidly, due to the flat topography and high water table.

Numerous water channels exist within the area to help drain the site. A water channel along the dike directs water south via the Cattermole Slough where it eventually flows into the Howe Sound. In other areas that do not drain well, water collects and sits along the dikes.

Water levels and peak flows of the Squamish River are directly related to yearly temperature and precipitation throughout the region. The water level generally increases from May to September due to snow melt in the mountains, but there are significant flooding periods during October, November, December, and January due to large rainfall events.

Squamish has a history of flooding. Significant floods occurred in 1984, 1991 and 2003. Floods have been HYDROLOGY documented throughout Squamish’s history, and high Much of the district of Squamish lies within a flood intensity flows appear to be more dramatic in recent hazard area, which is the Squamish River floodplain. times. Flooding is a direct result of the receding ice The site is part of this demarcation; therefore, fields in the headwater region due to global warming the hydrology of the watershed is a significant and climate change. To counteract this danger, there consideration of this project. Within the site there are now recommended flood construction levels for is a local authority non-standard dike (the railway new buildings (Squamish Historical Society 2012).

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Site Selection

Dikes

Drainage

Training Dike

Dike

Rail Corridor

Entry into Cattermole Slough

Town Dike

Cattermole Slough

N

Training Dike Rail Corridor Sea Dike

Downtown Squamish

N

N

N

Howe Sound

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HABITAT AND WILDLIFE The Squamish River Estuary is the significant natural feature within the area. There have been numerous human impacts on this feature that have degraded its quality. The Estuary has been diked, drained, and filled in for agricultural, industrial, residential, and commercial development. As of 2000, 50% of the original habitat remains in good condition and useable for salmon. The city has put in a lot of effort into the restoration of the estuary habitat since 1979, which has included the construction of new and complex channels, excavating groundwater channels, fertilizing the stream, and other techniques.

The estuary restoration is important for the Squamish, because it provides numerous ecosystem services, which include flood control, and water purification (British Columbia Ministry of Environment 2007).

industrial development, the reconnection of side channels, the natural colonization of plants, and the increase in nutrient levels.

The estuary provides wintering, migration, feeding and breeding habitat for waterfowl, shorebirds, raptors, passerines and other species. The estuary is also a feeding, spawning and rearing ground for a variety of fish such as eulachon, steelhead, and salmon.

Mammals that use this habitat include blacktail deer, black bear, cougar, coyote, moles, voles and rabbits (British Columbia Ministry of Environment 2007).

CIRCULATION The site is currently linked to a series of local trails, including the estuary edge trail, which cuts through the conservation area. Trails are planned with respect to sensitive areas by minimizing disturbances and providing access to special features and views.

This trail network not only enables the site to be connected to the estuary, but also other areas of downtown Squamish and the Mamquam blind channel. Sidewalks and street networks link the site to the main downtown corridor, Cleveland Ave, and the 99 hwy. Current barriers around the site include Bailey St. and a railway. These busy thoroughfares limit site access from the school and single-family residential housing and are fairly frequented by trains and cars. The railway corridor located west of the site is used by the industrial area south of downtown, and acts as a dike (District of Squamish, 2008).

Management of the area is conducted by numerous members of the community and is prescribed by the Skwelwil’em Squamish Estuary Wildlife Management Area Management Plan. The management plan prescribes management techniques that include the growth of native vegetation, invasive species removal, the restoration of plant communities, monitoring, and compiling an inventory of animals and plants (British Columbia Ministry of Environment 2007).

LAND USE The site is located just North of downtown Squamish.

The surrounding context of the site is very diverse, which was one of the reasons for its selection. The The Estuary is comprised of a variety of habitats, site is within proximity of single and multi-family which include marshland, sand and mudflats, flood housing, an elementary school, a high school, two channels, and intertidal drainage channels. Terrestrial railways, shopping district, a senior center, parks, a environments close by are composed of shrub trail network, and an estuary. With this diversity of meadows and forests within the coastal western land uses, the project has the opportunity to become hemlock biogeoclimatic zone (British Columbia integrated with multiple environments and user types.

Ministry of Environment 2007).

Logging has been the major cause in the decrease of habitat quality. Loss of riparian vegetation has increased peak flows, increased sediment transport, and caused widening of mainstem channels particularly in unstable floodplains. There has also been significant pollution from industrial activities. Part of the area was formally a garbage dump and some parts contain mercury contamination from industrial use.

Restoration of habitat includes the re-establishment of old growth forests, the removal of dredge soil from

31

Conservation Areas

Zoning

Trail Network

Eaglewind Park

Multi-Family

Dike Trail

Estuary

Commercial

Swan Trail

Crown Land

Single Family

Squamish Estuary Wildlife Management Crown Land Eaglewind Park

N

Estuary Entrance Single Family Multi-Family Institutional Commercial

N

Estuary Trails Dike Trail

N

Site Implications

32

Eaglewind Park The site is currently partially developed. It was under construction, but is now on hold due to the current economic decline. The park just adjacent to the site was designed in conjunction with the new development and consists of a small trail with park features interspersed along it. There is a dog park, tennis courts, community gardens, lawn bowling and a playground. The existing programming will be kept in the new design.

Drainage All of the site’s drainage is either directed along the dike or along Pemberton Ave and converges and empties into the Cattermole Slough. Parts of the site require better drainage to enjoy some of the park spaces.

P

ve nA

to ber

Pem P

Cattermole Slough

N

N

´

Tennis Court

Field & Playground

´

33

Old Dump Site The site contains an old dump that is higher in elevation than most of the site. There is evidence of people squatting in this area. An old foundation originating from historic rail activities is also situated on the crown land.

Vegetation The dump site and construction has had a significant impact on the vegetation. Newly disturbed areas are quickly populated by alder trees, and invasive species.

Much of the site consists of alder trees with a low amount of biodiversity. Compacted soils on the dump site have also restricted new vegetation growth and consist of an open field with grasses and scattered cottonwoods.

Old Foundation Alder

Old Dump

Cottonwoods Scotch Broom Western Red Cedar

N

N

´

´

Alder Colonies

Alder Colonies

Western Red Cedar Foam Flower

34

Housing Types The site contains a large senior population. A senior centre as well as an affordable family housing development are located on site. The rest of the site is comprised of 2 storey attached housing or 6 storey apartment buildings. Housing and apartments are built to flood height levels, and parking is located on the ground level with living on the 2nd storey.

Senior Centre

Commercial Centre A commercial centre is centrally situated within the site and located around a roundabout. The commercial area contains a fitness Centre, a wellness centre, and physio.

MultiFamily

Affordable Family

N

N

´

´

Multi-Family

Senior Living

Curves

Affordable Family

Wellness Centre, Physio & Massage

35

Development The current development called Eaglewind is on hold.

Three phases are almost complete and mostly sold.

The completed projects are called Talon, Rockcliff, and Streams. I’ve made a few modifications to the site’s future development. I’ve modified the layout to place density adjacent to the commercial zone and create better pedestrian connections into the surrounding context.

Trails The site has many informal trails created by locals.

The trails follow the dikes and the sides of roadways such as Bailey St. The Cattermole Creek Trail and the North Dike Trail are part of the estuary trails, but are difficult to access.

Discovery Trail Bailey

St.

Informal Trails

Cattermole Creek Trail

Old North Dike Trail

N

´

´

Rail Crossing From Discovery Trail

Bailey Street

Old North Dike Trail Entry

Concept and Master Plan

36

KEY NODES 1. Nursery and Compost Education Centre 2. Produce Swap Plaza 3. Grand Allotment Gardens 4. Estuary Trail Head

ov er

s

nm

en

tR

d

v p

1

Buckley

Ave

q g

r

Eaglewind Blvd

o

5 Ave

Bailey St

n h m

t d

2

3

i

u f

ve nA

rto

be

Pem

e

l

4

j

Winnipeg St

a k

c

25 50

100 m

N

Master Plan 65

75

210

85 175

60 53 65

175

104

232 88

140

Compost Neighbourhoods

Population Density

Compost Hubs & Adjacent Gardens

2 Ave

b

3Ave

OTHER FEATURES a. Squamish Estuary Wildlife Management Area b. Cattermole Creek Trail c. Old North Dike Trail d. Old Dump Trail e. Dike Trail f. Rail Corridor g. Mixed Deciduous Forest h. Cottonwood Oldfield Mosaic i. Edible Woodland Garden j. Mature Western Red Cedar Forest k. Stormwater Retention Wetland l. Activity field m. Pocket Wetland n. Tennis Courts o. Picnic Park p. Tree Nursery q. Compost Pick-Up r. Pocket Park s. Squamish Elementary School t. Shopping Centre 0 u. Orchard v. Rail Corridor

G

37

The Waste Demonstration Landscape is organized in the following way: The community is split into compost neighbourhoods where residents compost with their neighbours.

Composting is done communally at specific hubs, due to the high density and lack of individual space for residents. Composting hubs are organized with adjacent gardens to distribute the compost and provide nutrients to the surrounding landscape. Hubs are placed close to the residents for easy access.

A circulation network connects these hubs so the composting process is both physically and visually accessible. The design enhances the central plaza while also creating minor nodes around the edges that connect the site to the larger community and landscape. The central node is the Produce Swap Plaza. Other nodes include the Nursery and Compost Education Centre, the Grand Allotment Gardens, and the Estuary Trail Head.

The density of the site is more centrally located where there is less landscape space for incorporating the compost, therefore compost is redistributed as needed. Surplus compost is managed and distributed by the nursery along the two corridors.

Circulation & Nodes

MAINTENANCE 1. Residents compost their own waste at compost hubs.

2. Compost is distributed to gardens by residents and landscape workers.

3. Nursery staff oversee the compost hubs.

4. Surplus compost is incorporated into the nursery for growing plants, applied in the restoration of the old dump site, or sold to the community.

5. The Nursery works in conjunction with local restoration organizations to supply plants.

-WMA Stewardship Working Group

-Squamish Nation THE MASTER PLAN: Enhances the existing park programs Re-mediates the dump site Enhances biodiversity Mitigates flooding Creates site connections to the trail network and downtown Maintains three different landscapes

1. smaller community gardens

2. the park landscape

3. the conservation area

Surplus Compost Distribution

Compost Method

38

The method chosen for residential composting is the commercial drum. This method is very contained; therefore, bear proof. It is filled and emptied at a single interval, and turned often (every other day).

This process produces an aerobic decomposition that is very rapid and does not smell. Depending on external temperatures and variabilities, residents may obtain finished compost in two weeks. Commercial drum sizes are 55 gallons or 110 gallons.

a week, residents brings their nitrogen rich organic waste and mix the appropriate amount of materials to achieve the best result. Compost is turned until finished and then applied to gardens and landscape.

In order to accommodate this two week period, a Double Drum System was devised. Within this system, each drum is filled and emptied every other week. Each compost hub within the site contains this system. Each hub contains drums that are sized to Composting within the neighbourhood involves a the specific population that lives in the area and the four step process. First, carbon rich materials such as amount of organic waste they produce. leaves are shredded and stored for use. Second, once Diagram of the Composting Process

Double Drum System

Waste (Green + Brown)

Wk 1

Wk 2

Wk 3

Wk 4

Wk 5

Wk 6

Wk 7

FILL

FILL

FILL

FILL

FILL

FILL

FILL

EMPTY

EMPTY

EMPTY

EMPTY

EMPTY

Finished Compost

Graph of the Double Drum System

Turn Drum Every Other Day

stem

39

Compost Drum and Material Composition 55 Gallons

= =

55

Gallons

40% Air Space 40% Green 40% Space 20% Air Brown 40% Green

=

21.5

Gallons of Compost

=

21.5

Gallons of Compost

Compost Produced from One Drum

The composition is 40% green material, 20% brown materials and 40% air space. The air space allows the compost to be aerated when turned. As the material decomposes, the amount of material shrinks. Each 55 gallon barrel can produce 21.5 gallons of compost.

The amount of compost produced by a single compost drum is then applied to different landscape types. A single drum can cover a 4’ by 4’ landscape area, make an 1/8 of a raised bed, is applied to about 4 bushes, and spread around 30% of the space under a tree.

A table shows the amount of 55 gallon drums needed in application of different landscape types.

These types include an orchard, tree nursery, berry patch, landscaping, a flower garden, and vegetable garden. Each landscape type has different application requirements and methods.

20% Brown

Chart of Landscape Types and Compost Requirements Orchard

Nursery

Berry Patch

Landscaping

Landscape Types

4’ x 8’

38’ x 43’

15’ x 29’

13’ x 23’

10’ x 16’

Flower Garden

Vegetable Garden

4’ x 8’

4’ x 8’

Square Feet

Compost Application 12’ diameter at 3 inch thickness

20% compost per 5 gal pail 2’ diameter at 3 inch thickness

2’ diameter at 3 inch thickness

2” layer spread

2” layer spread

8” layer in raised bed

Total Volume 8 Compost Drums

8 Compost Drums

8 Compost Drums

10 Compost Drums

2 Compost Drums

7 Compost Drums

Compost Hub

40

Compost Hub

38

The compost hub is comprised of a timber frame with a stone base. The structure has a sheet metal roof for protection from the rain. The aesthetic is reflective of the industrial history of Squamish. Community gardens are arranged in relation to these structures.

In a typical scenario, a resident would come combine their waste (mostly green material) with the correct ratio of brown material. Drums and storage containers are stored close together for easy access, and a tool shed and seating is located adjacent for garden maintenance and resting.

Compost Drums

Brown Storage

Garden

Tools Bench

Compost Hub Plan

Garden

Drums Compost Drums

Tool Storage Storage Tool

Compost Hub Section

41

Compost Hub Storage

Green Material

Brown Material

Compost Drum

Garden Tools & Shredder

Compost Hub Perspective

Grand Allotment Gardens

42

The main idea for this design was connecting the community to the larger landscape through a strong visual axis. I’m keeping the existing lawn bowling area and adding to the community gardens that were already present. A wetland creates habitat and is associated with the site drainage. Clearings created along the Dike Trail create interest and enhance the visual effect of this entrance.

Composting hubs act as gateways to the garden and their structure emphasizes their presence and importance in the garden development.

Dike Trail

Wetland

Section of the Grand Allotment Gardens

Perspective of a Compost Hub, Gardens and Lawn Bowling

Mixed Forest

43

Compost Hub

Dike Trail

Orchard Berry Patch

Wetland Old Dump Trail

Lawn Bowling

Viewing Pier

Flower Garden

Landscaping

Eagle Trail Allotment Gardens

N

0

5

10m

Plan of the Grand Allotment Gardens

Apple

Lawn Bowling

Allotment Gardens & Compost Hub

Multi-Family

Garden Organization

44

Compost is applied by removing drums from their stands and rolling them where needed. This is to make the application easier and more enjoyable for residents. This process requires less vertical lifting. The layout of the gardens are dictated by this application method. This organization occurs within most of the gardens on site.

Diagram of Compost Application

Compost Application of the Grand Allotment Gardens

Compost Distribution Adjustments

45

Yearly Amounts of Compost Produced Vs. Required Within the site, not all compost hubs produce the amount of compost that the landscape requires; therefore, a redistribution of compost between gardens and is accommodated by the nursery.

8 Drums of Compost

x

1 Drum of Compost

x

14

1 Drum of Compost

x

280

Diagram 1 of Garden Areas and Neighbourhood

16

422 Compost Drums

3 Drums of Compost Produced per week 166 Drums of Compost Per year 100 % of Compost Incorporated Into the Surrounding Landscape

Approx. 53 People in the Neighborhood

This compost neighbourhood is comprised of 7 townhouses with an estimated 53 people who live there. The landscape requires 442 drums of compost while the neighbourhood only produces 166 drums.

The nursery would bring in compost to adjust for this shortfall.

8 Drums of Compost

x

16

1 Drum of Compost

x

14

1 Drum of Compost

x

280 422 Compost Drums

Landscape requires 422 drums

53 people produce 166 drums

3 Drums of Compost Produced per week

Shortfall of Compost for the Landscape

166 Drums of Compost Per year

100 % of Compost Incorporated Into the Surrounding Landscape

8 Drums of Compost

x

16

1 Drum of Compost

x

45

1 Drum of Compost

x

86

Approx. 53 People in the Neighborhood

Diagram 2 of Garden Areas and Neighbourhood

259 Compost Drums

13 Drums of Compost Produced per week 676 Drums of Compost Per year 38 % of Compost Incorporated Into the Surrounding Landscape

Approx. 210 People in the Neighborhood

This compost neighbourhood is located within the centre of the site where there is a minimal amount of space for gardens, but a high density. The landscape does not have the capacity to hold 676 drums of compost so it is removed from the site by the nursery and distributed where needed.

8 Drums of Compost

x

16

1 Drum of Compost

x

45

1 Drum of Compost

x

86 259 Compost Drums

landscape requires 259 drums

210 people produce 676 drums

Surplus of Compost for the Landscape

13 Drums of Compost Produced per week 676 Drums of Compost Per year

38 % of Compost Incorporated Into the Surrounding Landscape

Produce Swap Plaza

46

The overall concept of the Produce Swap Plaza was to create a space for the community to come together. Residents who have extra produce can come together as a larger community to sell and trade what they’ve grown. A large deck area is used as a gathering space for seating.

A stand provides a space for an impromptu market. The stand can also be used as a stage for events or a stage for work-out classes held by the local fitness centre.

Perspective of the Plaza and Market Stand

Fifth Avenue

Section of the Produce Swap Plaza

Apartment Complex

Entry Walkway

47

Housing on Floors 2-6

Townhouse Apt. Entry

Physio & Massage

Wellness Studio

Plaza

Stage & Market Stand

Senior Centre Composting

Parking Fitness Centre

N

0

5

Eaglewind Blvd

10m

Plan of the Produce Swap Plaza

Plaza

Market Stand/Stage

Eaglewind Blvd

Townhouse

48

Decomposing Wall Detail This is a detail section of the plaza and walls. This precedent illustrates how the decay of the plant materials and their color is used as an aesthetic for a wall. As the materials decomposes it changes color and then eventually becomes integrated back into the soils. These wall emphasize this process and residence will have an appreciation for this decomposition process.

Section Detail of the Wall Structure

49

Installation

1 year after

Precedent Photos from University of Washington’s Department of Architecture Design/Build in Seattle, Washington Taken by Kevin Lang

Nursery and Compost Education Centre

50

The Nursery and Composting Education Centre was designed so the inter-workings of the facility are visually accessible to the neighbourhood and students who visit. The facility is easily accessible and lies at the end of Eaglewind Blvd. The facility is also connected to two schools via the Nursery Trail. The facility helps to give kids a more handson experience. The building’s arbor structure reaches out and connects to the Nursery Trail while also providing a space for an indoor/outdoor classroom.

The greenhouse links with the classroom to allow kids to have a direct experience with the cultivation of plants. A tool shed, storage facility and compost sheds are arranged to allow for the efficient movement of machinery and materials around the nursery grounds, while a habitat corridor visually buffers

Residence

the railway. A utility road for is located behind the facility and provides an access route that links the compost pick-up to the tree fields, and beyond to the forest restoration site for easy access and maintenance of this entire system.

Bailey Road

Section of the Nursery and Compost Education Centre

Perspective of the Indoor/Outdoor Classrooms

Bioswale

Trail Arcade

Indoor/Outdoor Classroom

51

Railway

Nursery Utility Road

Compost Shelter

Habitat Corridor

Greenhouse Storage Indoor Outdoor Classroom Tool Shed Nursery Trail

Walkway to Public Plaza

N

0

5

10m

Plan of the Nursery and Compost Education Centre

Greenhouse

Utility Road

Habitat Corridor

Railway

52

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