SHAPING
SOUTH YARRA
PREPARE NOW. PREPARED LATER.
report by nicolette ciccarelli 911349
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS PLAN30005: Urban Precinct Studio, Semester Two 2020 Subject Coordinator: Sun Sheng Han Studio Tutor: Targol Khorram
Shaping South Yarra Preliminary Group Members: ERINA SHII 988188 MICHELLE TIMOTIUS 995083 NATASHA WEST 864670
A special thank you to my group members for their dedication and hard work throughout the semester.
Acknowledgement of Country: I acknowledge that the land of the precinct lies on the traditional land of the Boonwurrung and Wurundjeri people of the Kulin nation and I offer my respects to the elders past and present. I also acknowledge and respect South Yarra’s cultural heritage.
I would also like to thank my subject tutor Targol Khorram for her guidance, clarity and support in the creation of this document.
TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Report Overview Report Structure Metropolitan Context Local Context Precinct History
4 5 6 7 8 9
SITE ANALYSIS
10
Community Profile
11
Transport
13
General Road Safety
14
Cycling Safety
15
Land Use
16
Housing
17
Heritage
18
Natural Environment
19
Commercial Roads
20
Residential Streets & Laneways 21 Community Engagement
22
Population Forecasts
23
COVID-19 Impacts
24
ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES
25
Transport & Connectivity Housing & Land Use Public Spaces Employment & Activity SWOT Analysis
26 28 30 32 33
VISION OBJECTIVES FRAMEWORK
34 35 36
Transport & Connectivity Placemaking: Case Study, Xiamen Placemaking: Elevated Cycleway
37 39 41
Housing & Land Use Public Spaces Employment & Activity
47 52 57
IMPLEMENTATION SUMMARY REFERENCES
62 65 66
INTRODUCTION
REPORT OVERVIEW Defining a Structure Plan
Report Purpose
Shaping South Yarra is a structure plan. The definition of a structure
The Shaping South Yarra plan serves as a planning tool for the
plan as provided by Quality Planning (2017) is as follows:
precinct. It includes an analysis followed by recommended actions
“A structure plan is a framework to guide the development or
and proposals for the site with the aim to provide guidance
redevelopment of an area by defining the future development and
into making future improvements and developments across the
land use patterns, areas of open space, the layout and nature of
transport, land use, public spaces and employment factions.
infrastructure, and other key features and constraints that influence
This structure plan’s purpose is to ensure South Yarra becomes a
how the effects of development are to be managed.”
resilient, active city in the near future and beyond.
Supporting Policy Documents The below policy documents have been used to
Documents to the
guide the process and decisions in this structure
right are site-specific
plan, providing valuable information and guidelines
council documents
that should be considered throughout Melbourne.
which are used and referred to numerous times throughout this structure plan, providing
Open Spaces Strategy (2013)
City of Stonnington Budget (2020)
Housing Strategy (2019)
future directions for the precinct and guiding proposed actions. Plan Melbourne 20172050 (2017)
Urban Design Guidelines (2017)
Bike Lane Design Guidelines (2019)
Chapel Revision Plan (2012)
Chapel Street Masterplan (2013)
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5
REPORT STRUCTURE Below outlines the structure that this report will follow after the initial introduction to the site, its location and its history.
SITE ANALYSIS
ISSUES AND
VISION AND
FRAMEWORK
IMPLEMENTATION
OPPORTUNITIES
OBJECTIVES
This preliminary phase
Identifying key existing
Creating a vision or end
A set of actions and
A schedule indicating how
provides a technical
problems within the site,
goal for the site, with
proposal plans that
each action will occur,
assessment of existing
followed by identifying
appropriate objectives
can help achieve the
noting action category,
factors within the site
potential aspects of the
that can help achieve the
objectives for the site,
relevant stakeholders,
such as demographics,
site that can be improved
vision. These are guided
categorised under sub-
importance of the project
environment and
on.
by research conducted in
topics. Each action is
and its projected time
the two previous sections.
referred to in-text by its
frame for completion.
transport.
own button: A1.1 .
6
INTRODUCTION
METROPOLITAN CONTEXT South Yarra is located around 3.5km southeast of Melbourne’s Central Business District (CBD). While South Yarra is located both within the Cities of Melbourne and Stonnington local government areas, the precinct which will be the focus of this analysis includes solely the section of South Yarra East, located within the City of Stonnington. It provides many key transport connections for the surrounding areas and Greater Melbourne, including the Capital City Trail for cyclists and pedestrians. Population of 25,051 (Profile.id, 2020a)
South Yarra Station is the 7th Busiest Station in Melbourne (Lund, 2019)
5th most dangerous suburb for cycling in Melbourne
(Booker, 2020)
Map 1.01: Metropolitan context map for the precinct.
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LOCAL CONTEXT South Yarra (East) is bordered by major roads in Punt, Commercial/Malvern and Williams Roads, while the Yarra River acts as the Northern border. The precinct has a rich history, with several iconic heritage sites such as Como House and the Jam Factory. The key commercial district in the precinct is on Toorak Road and Chapel Street, with a large selection of upmarket retail as well as cafes, restaurants, bars and clubs. However, there have been many recent changes to these streets and their activity as a result of COVID-19. It is also important to note that residents of the precinct have access to Fawkner Park and The Royal Botanic Gardens in close vicinity to the precinct as well as Alfred Hospital for health care. Map 1.02: Precinct Context & Key Landmarks (Group 4 Site Analysis, 2020).
Image 1.01: The Yarra River, acting as the Northern border of the precinct area.
8
INTRODUCTION
Image 1.02: Como House, a tourist attraction and important heritage site (National Trust Victoria, n.d.)
Image 1.03: The inside of the Jam Factory, quiet likely as a result of COVID-19.
Image 1.04: Fawkner Park, located outside of the precinct to the west (Google, 2020a).
Image 1.05: The Alfred Hospital, located outside of the precinct to the south-west (Ascui, 2020).
PRECINCT HISTORY Image 1.09: Regent Theatre on Toorak Road, South Yarra, circa 1965.
Image 1.07: Jam Factory circa 1880.
South Yarra was covered
Increasing populations
South Yarra is now a
in diverse vegetation,
meant many postwar
centre for fashion, dining,
with thick wattle forests
flats and commission
and shopping, with
and swamps. It was
housing were built in
medium to high-density
a favourite spot for
response to the slums
buildings of apartments
the Aboriginal clan
and overcrowding within
and shopping complexes
Yalukit-Willam (Clark &
Melbourne (Victorian
(City of Stonnington,
Kostanski, 2006).
Places, 2015).
2015).
1830 - 1860s
Image 1.06: An Aboriginal Campsite.
1860 - 1900s
1900 - 1960s
1960 - 2000s
South Yarra is now a
South Yarra continues to
thriving suburb, with
undergo urbanisation,
a growing commercial
with the construction of
and activity centre along
higher density buildings
with many churches
and social housing.
and frequent trams and
New stores also began
trains connecting it to
to open up along
the city (National Trust
Chapel Street (City of
of Victoria, n.d.).
Image 1.08: South Yarra in 1952.
Stonnington, 2017b).
2000s - Present
Image 1.10: The Jam Factory in 2020.
(Image 1.06: Clark & Kostanski, 2006), (Image 1.07: City of Stonnington, 2003), (Image 1.08: Payens, 1952), (Image 1.09: AdelaideREGENT, 2012).
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SITE ANALYSIS
10
CHAPTER TITLE
COMMUNITY PROFILE Age and Gender Distribution
English Spoken at Home Precinct: 71.9%
52.5%
47.5%
Greater Melbourne: 62% (ABS, 2016a; ABS, 2016b)
Born Overseas Precinct: 40.2% Greater Melbourne: 33.8% (ABS, 2016a; ABS, 2016b)
Overseas Population: Location of Birth
Figure 2.01: Age and gender distribution within the precinct (data: profile.id, 2020a).
Median Age Precinct: 31.9 Greater Melbourne: 36 (ABS, 2016a; ABS, 2016b)
Require Assistance with Core Activities Precinct: 2.3% Greater Melbourne: 4.9% (ABS, 2016c)
Figure 2.02: Distribution of the overseas population in the precinct (data: ABS, 2016b) (Group 4 Site Analysis, 2020).
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Currently Undertaking University Study
Methods of Travel to Work
Precinct: 11.9% Greater Melbourne: 6.4% (ABS, 2016a; ABS, 2016b)
Obtained Bachelor Degree or Higher Precinct: 49.2% Greater Melbourne: 27.5% (ABS, 2016a; ABS, 2016b)
Average Household Size Precinct: 1.8 Greater Melbourne: 2.61 (ABS, 2016a; ABS, 2016b)
Median Weekly Household Income Precinct: $1,385 Greater Melbourne: $1,542 (ABS, 2016a; ABS, 2016b)
Figure 2.03: Methods of travel to work in the precinct and comparison areas (data: ABS, 2016a; ABS, 2016b) (Group 4 Site Analysis, 2020).
Precinct Travel to Work Method Change Since 2011
Train: +5.9%
Car: -2.0%
Walking: +0.2%
Bike: -0.6%
(Profile.id, 2020a)
South Yarra is a young working-age diverse community that is well-educated. A low average household size means many locals are living alone, earning a fair level of weekly household income. While the community is seeing increases in using more sustainable methods of transport, travelling to work by car is still the most favoured option.
12
SITE ANALYSIS
TRANSPORT The South Yarra precinct has a well connected transportation system with many alternative options for transportation. 37.1% of residents travel by public transportation to work as trains, trams, and bus routes are available allowing easy travel within and outside of the precinct (ABS, 2016b). However, roads surrounding and dividing the precinct area are zones of heavy usage for many Victorians, with both Punt and Toorak Roads recently being announced amongst the most congested roads in Melbourne, coming in at numbers three and
Road Distribution
five respectively (Saunokonoko and Blancato, 2020). Roads such as Chapel Street share space with trams and cycling lanes alongside its already popular activity centres, causing additional problems.
Metro Tunnel
Figure 2.04: Distribution of road types (data: OSM, 2020) .
Map 2.01: Transport connections in the precinct (data: PTV, 2020) (Group 4 Site Analysis, 2020).
South Yarra is a major link in the Metro Tunnel project and as a result, the area that was formerly the South Yarra Siding Reserve is currently a construction site as in Image 2.01. The site will provide an entrance for the tunnel for the rail to pass through the precinct, with no current plans for the rail to connect with the existing South Yarra Station. While the construction has been disruptive to some residents, it has also presented opportunities for local businesses, with many workers on site shopping locally (Metro Tunnel, 2020).
Image 2.01: Current works ongoing at the Sliding Reserve near to prepare for the Metro Tunnel Train Project (Metro Tunnel, 2020).
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GENERAL ROAD SAFETY Heavy activity, traffic and car usage combined with the precinct’s variety of transport options inevitably makes it a location filled with crashes and road accidents. Map 2.02 on the left represents this road usage alongside accident hotspots within the precinct. The modes of transport typically involved and the general severity of the incidents within the hotspot zone are also included. A total of 429 incidents were recorded between mid-2014 and early-2019 within the precinct; around 75% of these incidents only caused minor injury (VicRoads, 2020). As seen below in Figure 2.05, these numbers are relatively similar to Melbourne’s over the same time period.
Road Incident Severity (2014-2019) Precinct
Map 2.02: Road and traffic incidents within the precinct (data: Google, 2020b; VicRoads, 2020) (Group 4 Site Analysis, 2020).
14
SITE ANALYSIS
Melbourne
Figure 2.05: The distribution of road incident severity in South Yarra and Melbourne (data: VicRoads, 2020).
CYCLING SAFETY The precinct does not provide many dedicated cycling lanes, with the Main Yarra Trail running alongside Alexandra Ave (see Image 2.09) being one of the few safe dedicated cycling paths. This has lead to many issues with safety for cyclists. Melbourne’s bike lane design guidelines recommend physically separated kerbside cycling lanes (see Image 2.02) on roads with speeds greater than 25km per hour, which is not in effect in the precinct - rather, the least desirable ‘simple bike lane’ design (see Image 2.03) is present along roads, subsequently resulting in road incidents (City of Melbourne, 2019). A staggering 70 incidents along Chapel Street within five years involved at least one cyclist, with
Image 2.02: A separated kerbside cycling lane in Melbourne (City of Melbourne, 2019).
the overall percentage far higher than the average for Victoria (see Figure 2.06). Many cyclists have expressed their concerns with Chapel Street, stating that factors such as car turning lanes, potholes and poorly parked cars make the road extremely unsafe to cycle along (CrowdSpot, 2016). Improving bicycle movement was also identified by the local community as important (City of Stonnington, 2015).
Percentage of Road Incidents Involving at least one Cyclist
Image 2.03: A simple cycling lane on Chapel Street, with no protection from traffic (Google, 2020a).
%
Figure 2.06: A graph showing incidents involving cyclists between 2014-2019 (data: VicRoads, 2020) (Group 4 Site Analysis, 2020).
Identified as the 5th most dangerous suburb for cycling in Melbourne (Booker, 2020)
Image 2.04: Punt Rd & Toorak Rd intersection, one of the most dangerous intersections for cyclists.
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LAND USE As seen in Map 2.03, the precinct has a good mix of land uses with residential use being the majority. Commercial land use is concentrated along Chapel Street and Toorak Road, with higher density mixed use buildings such as hotels and department stores located along the north end of Chapel Street. Major green spaces within the precinct include Como Park, located in the north-east. Smaller parks are also found around the residential areas, located away from main roads and public transportation routes. Beyond the precinct, larger parks are also in close distance, with the Royal Botanical Gardens and Fawkner Park to the west of the precinct, perhaps providing enough to justify the lack of green space within the precinct itself. Transportation is well-integrated with land uses in the precinct, as residents have access to a variety of public transportation choices. Tram lines are
Map 2.03: Land use and transportation within the precinct (data: Vic DELWP, 2020b) (Group 4 Site Analysis, 2020).
located along the busy commercial roads while two train stations are also available within the precinct, connecting to the local businesses and night life scene. With high access to public transportation, car ownership is lower than Greater Melbourne by 18.6% (ABS, 2016a; ABS, 2016b).
16
SITE ANALYSIS
HOUSING
South Yarra and Greater Melbourne Housing Type Distributions
South Yarra has a high percentage of
Other 0.1%
high-density housing and a much lower
Flat/Apartment 11.7%
percentage of low-density housing, contrasting to Greater Melbourne (see Figures 2.07 and 2.08). Dwellings with two
Semi-detached/Terrace/Town house14.3%
Separate house 7.1% Semi-detached/Terrace/ Townhouse 14.4%
SOUTH YARRA
GREATER MELBOURNE
Flat/apartment 78.4%
bedrooms are the most common in the
Other 0.5% Separate house 73.5%
precinct, with 42% of households containing dwellings offer lower rent, attracting a high
Figure 2.07: Types of housing in South Yarra (data: ABS, 2016b) (Group 4 Site Analysis, 2020).
number of young people such as University
South Yarra and Greater Melbourne Median Rent $800
students, young professionals, and couples. Rent is relatively expensive in South Yarra compared to Greater
$600
2.09). The high housing rent may be due to the precinct’s optimal location as it is in close distance with the CBD and is well-connected. To accommodate population growth, housing is projected to grow by 352 dwellings per year on average (profile.id, 2020b). The increasing demand for housing may impact affordability as rent continues to rise; though new developments of diverse housing may allow more people to move into the suburb.
Median Rent
Melbourne, with the median house rent at $750 and unit rent at $460, compared to Melbourne with a median rent of $430 (as seen in Figure
Figure 2.08: Types of housing in Melbourne (data: ABS, 2016a) (Group 4 Site Analysis, 2020).
Unit House
only one person (ABS, 2016b). These small
$400
$200
$0
2006 South Yarra
2011 Victoria
2016
2020
Year
Figure 2.09: Median rent in South Yarra in comparison to Greater Melbourne (data: ABS (2006b, 2011b, 2016b), Vic DHHS, 2020) (Group 4 Site Analysis, 2020).
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HERITAGE South Yarra is rich in heritage with buildings and Victorian terraces dating back to the 1850s. Protecting these heritage sites is important in maintaining the unique character the suburb has.
Image 2.05: Melbourne High School.
Image 2.06: Jam Factory interior.
Map 2.04: Map of heritage overlay and heritage sites in the precinct (data: Vic DELWP, 2020a) (Group 4 Site Analysis, 2020).
18
SITE ANALYSIS
Image 2.07: South Yarra Station.
NATURAL ENVIRONMENT The Yarra River The Yarra River is arguably Victoria’s most iconic waterway and is (Dunstan, 2019)
crucial to Melbourne’s identity (Parks Victoria, 2020). Its 242km
Over a four year period 1.29 million cigarette butts were collected from the river
(Dunstan, 2019)
Nearly 180 tonnes of rubbish were collected over four years from the river
stretch, seen along the northern end of the precinct, has changed a lot in recent history, as have the methods of interaction with it by the residents of the area (Parks Victoria, 2020). Concerns have been raised about the health of the Yarra River since the 1880s as a result of illegal waste dumping - today, the water is so toxic it is illegal to swim in the river in the inner city (Parks Victoria, 2020). Despite this, it still provides exquisite natural beauty and rich
Image 2.08: The Yarra River from the Main Yarra Trail, located alongside Alexandra Avenue.
biodiversity, adding significant value to the precinct area.
Bird Fauna in South Yarra Common Blackbird Image 2.10: The Common Blackbird is prevalent in the area (Animalia, 2020).
Trees in South Yarra 520 different tree species in the City of Stonnington Most common tree species include: Native, Exotic, Deciduous and Evergreen
Tree Conditions 41% Full-grown trees
Flora in South Yarra
18% Young trees Rytidosperma Fulvum (Wallaby grass) Image 2.09: Diverse vegetation along the Main Yarra Trail.
Image 2.11: Wallaby grass, common in the precinct (Royal Botanic Gardens, 2020).
94% of trees are maintaining good health Image 2.12: Trees along Alexandra Ave.
(City of Stonnington, 2017a)
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COMMERCIAL ROADS Commercial streets and roads within and surrounding the precinct are full of high activity, with features such as the Chapel Street Precinct and its nightlife or the Prahran Market providing shopping hotspots. They also commonly have multiple transport options, which can make the roads unsafe, particularly for cyclists. Figure 2.10 below provides an analysis on three major roads in the area. This was conducted by virtually walking these streets using Google’s ‘Street View’ function while taking note of each quality, and analysing user safety data reported via CrowdSpot. Location
Activity
Traffic
Safety
Description
Usage and popularity
Car usage, time stationary
Lighting, dangerous activity
Cleanliness
Street Frontage
Rubbish, graffiti
property outlooks street
Road Road conditions
Footpaths
Amenities
Balance
Opportunity
Path conditions
Bins, benches, water, toilets
Usage of all transport modes
Room for growth, improvements
Chapel Street Toorak Road Malvern/Commercial Road
Data of Sources: Crowdspot (2016a), Google (2020), Google (data: Street View 2020a; (2020)Crowdspot, Google Traffic Figure 2.10: An analysis various qualities amongst the precinct’s majorMaps commercial streets/roads Google, 2016). (2020).
While these streets have high popularity and good store frontage shopping for pedestrians, there are insufficient amenities to service the population. The entire precinct only has 11 public toilets, hardly enough to service the high activity of the area, particularly at night (Australian Government, 2020). Other issues include poor cleanliness and road/footpath conditions (see Images 2.13 and 2.14).
Figure 2.11: A section of Chapel St x Commercial/Malvern Rd, a busy intersection with high activity (Group 4 Site Analysis, 2020).
20
SITE ANALYSIS
Image 2.13: Poor footpath and road conditions along the northern end of Chapel Street, impacting the cycling lane (Google, 2020a).
Image 2.14: Graffiti and empty beer bottles along Commercial Road Officeworks (Google, 2020a).
RESIDENTIAL STREETS & LANEWAYS South Yarra has a high amount of residential area. Generally speaking, the most common features amongst residential streets is their poor lighting and affordability, while overall positives include natural environment, connectivity and population diversity. The quality of footpaths and roads are neglected in some instances (Image 2.18). An exquisite quality seen in several residential streets within the precinct is full tree-coverage running throughout the majority of the street, providing users with great natural scenery (Image 2.15). Though, this raises questions of safety, blocking out lighting and street surveillance. 1
Image 2.15: Davis Avenue, with lush green coverage (Google, 2020a).
2
Image 2.16: Wilson Street, lined with trees and parked cars (Google, 2020a).
3
Image 2.17: Avoca Street, with a steep change in topography (Google, 2020a).
4
Image 2.18: A bumpy gravel footpath along Como Avenue (Google, 2020a).
Figure 2.12: Residential street locations.
There are many laneways throughout the precinct. The majority of these are nameless, dead-end, bumpy paths providing little walkability, serving solely as an entrance to residential garages. Generally, lanes are relatively well-lit compared to the precinct’s other streets, with Inglis Way and Northampton Place also providing a good natural environment (see Images 2.19 and 2.21). However, their walkability is still poor, heavily prioritising vehicles and providing limited attractiveness for its current and potential users; though this is not their primary use. 1
Image 2.19: Inglis Way, a nice, welcoming laneway in the precinct (Google, 2020a).
2
3
4
Image 2.20: Snowball Lane, an unattractive Image 2.21: Northampton Place, a rath- Image 2.22: A nameless bluestone and Figure 2.13: Laneway locations. service lane for cars (Google, 2020a). er nice shared space (Google, 2020a). asphalt lane off Alexandra St (Google, 2020a).
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COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT The precinct has a variety of facilities in place to engage its community. Several European churches are present in the southern end of the precinct despite a religious decline of over 10% between 2011-2016, while educational facilities are located in the north-east (ABS, 2016b). Prahran Market, Melbourne’s highest ranked food market, acts as a local hub for fresh food and has continually served the precinct throughout COVID-19 (Prahran Market, 2020). The library located on Toorak Road has recently been refurbished, offering a clean and quiet environment to its users (Inspirock, 2020). However, given the percentage of university students and young adult population living alone, there could be more public spaces such as libraries to provide a space for them to connect and feel like a part of the local community. Additionally, the public transport network provides good accessibility to these churches, markets and educational facilities in the precinct. They also provide access along Malvern Road to the South Yarra Public Housing tenants. Map 2.05: Community facilities and their public transport accessibility within the precinct (data: Google, 2020a) (Group 4 Site Analysis, 2020).
During Stage 4 lockdown, local online communities have become increasingly important. In South Yarra this has taken the form of Stonnington Library Webinars, the Good Karma Network, and several online sermons run by churches in the area.
22
SITE ANALYSIS
Image 2.23: A free bike maintenance webinar, one of many events (Eventbrite, 2020).
POPULATION FORECASTS South Yarra Population Forecasts In 2016, the world population was recorded as 7.426 billion (Population Reference Bureau, 2016). By 2036, this is estimated to rise 18.6% to 8.952 billion (United Nations, 2019). It is clear that population growth is expected almost everywhere in the world - the precinct is no exception. South Yarra is predicted to grow by 10,722 people between 2016 and 2036 at a rate of 1.95% per year, the highest rate within the City of Stonnington (see Figure 2.14). This may be a result of the precinct’s close proximity to the CBD (the closest within Stonnington), along with the high rental stock provided in the area (Forecast.id, 2020a). Figure 2.14: The precinct’s population forecasts (data: Forecast.id, 2020b) (Group 4 Site Analysis, 2020).
Stonnington and Melbourne Population Forecasts As seen on the right in Figure 2.15, Stonnington’s population growth is fairly slow and steady, while Melbourne grows rapidly at a net increase of almost 4% each year. Stonnington’s slow growth is likely due to the expectation that housing affordability issues will continue to result in potential residents opting to live in surrounding areas, including the CBD (Forecast.id, 2020a). Figure 2.15: Forecasted populations for Stonnington and Melbourne (data: Forecast.id, 2020b) (Group 4 Site Analysis, 2020).
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COVID-19 IMPACTS “This virus is wicked. It doesn’t discriminate. It does not stop. And young or old – its impacts are brutal and potentially life-long.” – Premier of Victoria Daniel Andrews on COVID-19
Job Changes in City of Stonnington: June Quarter, 2020 (Compared with 18/19 quarterly average)
COVID-19, or coronavirus, has turned the lifestyle of Victorians around since early March. The Victorian economy has felt the virus’ force, with the June 2020 quarter recording a GRP loss of 12.8%, with Stonnington sitting at an even higher decrease of 15.5% (Economy.id, 2020). Coronavirus case numbers and the consequent lengthy restrictions have led to many job losses within the local government area (refer to Figure 2.16). During the peak of the outbreak between July and September, Chapel Street businesses struggled, with many forced to permanently close as a result (Booker & Eddie, 2020). The Chapel Street Precinct Association reached out to locals for support with a simple two word slogan: ‘Support Local’ (Chapel
Figure 2.16: Job losses between employed residents and local jobs within the City of Stonnington (data: Economy.id, 2020).
24
SITE ANALYSIS
Street Precinct Association, 2020b).
ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES
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TRANSPORT & CONNECTIVITY Issues 1.0 Issue 1.1: Safety problems for cyclists The precinct’s lack of dedicated, safe cycling routes must be addressed, with many accidents occurring in the precinct (see Map 2.02). Additionally, disconnected paths make it difficult to cycle through, forcing cyclists to mix with cars, making the precinct a fearful location to bike in (Booker, 2020).
Issue 1.2: Precinct is built for private vehicle use Servicing two of Melbourne’s five busiest roads, the precinct is heavily built for cars (Saunokonoko & Blancato, 2020). Given future threats of population growth and climate change, an increased number of cars is not sustainable in the precinct.
Issue 1.3: Inconvenient bus stops The 246 bus along Punt Road and the 605 bus along Alexandra Avenue have poor amenities for its users, with little to no shelter or on-road signage, often with nowhere to appropriately cross to the other side of the road. This causes safety and comfort concerns, heightened given route 246 is one of the busiest in Melbourne (Cotter, 2019).
Map 3.01: Transport and connectivity issues map (data: Google, 2020b; VicRoads, 2020).
Other Transport & Connectivity Issues: - Lack of pedestrian connectivity to green spaces - Traffic during peak hours - Narrow footpaths limiting foot traffic Image 3.01: The bike lane along Chapel Street intersecting the parking lane unsafely.
26
ISSUES & OPPORTUNITIES
Image 3.02: Toorak Road, one of Melbourne’s busiest roads for private vehicles.
Image 3.03: A bus stop for the route 605 along Alexandra Avenue.
TRANSPORT & CONNECTIVITY Opportunities 1.0 Opportunity 1.1: Discourage private vehicle use With the improvement of South Yarra Station confirmed, there is an opportunity to make more upgrades elsewhere to promote alternative modes of transport in the precinct (Jacks, 2018). Building on its already well-connected public transport (PT) system, the overall PT experience such as waiting for the bus or getting to the train station can be explored.
Opportunity 1.2: Improve overall cycling experience Working from Opportunity 1.1, connecting cycling to public transport can again encourage healthier modes of transport. Providing cyclists with a safe, fast and connected journey throughout the precinct can also help the economy, especially with potential COVID-19 distancing restrictions (Bicycle Network, 2020).
Opportunity 1.3: Revitalise bus services Buses connect the precinct in areas where other forms of PT do not reach. The 605 bus especially is often a forgotten route, though there is great potential to increase its status and usage through various improvements, creating an enjoyable experience for users (Wong, 2019).
Map 3.02: Transport and connectivity opportunities map (data: VicRoads, 2020).
Other Transport & Connectivity Opportunities: - Connecting pedestrians to green spaces - Dedicated walking trails
Image 3.04: Cars lining Rockley Road.
Image 3.05: Cyclists riding through the Main Yarra Trail.
Image 3.06: The 605 bus stopped along Alexandra Avenue.
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HOUSING & LAND USE Issues 2.0 Issue 2.1: Insufficient residential growth zones and little vacant land for new developments As seen in Map 3.03, Residential Growth Zones are limited within the precinct. Vacant land, while populous in the commercial zones, is rare in residential areas (Schlesinger, 2020). Given forecasted population growth (see Figure 2.14), the precinct may face a lack of housing for future residents.
Issue 2.2: Poor transitional zones between commercial and residential areas In the precinct, the divide between shopping and housing is blatant and abrupt, perhaps losing the sense of a precinct that is well-connected without barriers. The land is also underutilised, appearing dull for users (see Image 3.08).
Issue 2.3: High number of households experiencing rental stress Within the precinct, 18.1% of households are experiencing rental stress, while 21.1% are paying around a third of their total household income on rent (ABS, 2016b). Rental stress has negative impacts beyond financial strain, with psychological problems also a common result (Robinson & Adams, 2008).
Map 3.03: Housing and land use issues map (data: Atlas.id, 2020; Vic DELWP, 2020b).
Other Housing & Land Use Issues: - Car parks taking up valuable space - Housing in the precinct is unaffordable
28
ISSUES & OPPORTUNITIES
Image 3.07: A house on Powell Street, off Toorak Road.
Image 3.08: An awkward transitional space on Ralston Street near Toorak Road.
Image 3.09: The car park on Elizabeth Street outside the Prahran Market.
HOUSING & LAND USE Opportunities 2.0 Opportunity 2.1: Increase housing availability Transitional zones have the potential to be redeveloped to provide more mixed land uses with the aim of providing more spaces for future residents. Similarly, residential growth zones can be reassessed to allow for further growth of residents.
Opportunity 2.2: Maximise underutilised spaces Spaces such as car parks and quiet streets can be re-purposed to provide more opportunities for the local community to gather. It is important to consider, however, that the community has identified the importance of maintaining car parking within the precinct (City of Stonnington, 2015).
Opportunity 2.3: Combat climate change through housing Recognising the current and future impacts of climate change, housing and construction of new resilient buildings that can withstand its effects should occur now (Reynolds, 2017). This has also been identified by locals, who have stated interest in future housing including ‘more environmentally sustainable design features’ (City of Stonnington, 2019). Map 3.04: Housing and land use opportunities map (data: Vic DELWP, 2020b).
Other Housing & Land Use Opportunities: - Improve livability in public housing - Make housing in the precinct more affordable for all - Provide more diverse housing Image 3.10: The Ralston Street transitional space from an alternate view.
Image 3.11: A small car park on Powell Street, taking up valuable space.
Image 3.12: A mediumdensity complex on the corner of Toorak and Cromwell Rds.
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PUBLIC SPACES Issues 3.0 Issue 3.1: Lack of green spaces in low and medium density residential areas A major issue within the precinct is the severe lack of green spaces, especially in residential areas (see Map 3.05). The local council have identified this, admitting the municipal is lacking adequate green space given its number of residents (City of Stonnington, 2013a).
Issue 3.2: Inadequate amount of facilities and amenities in both public areas and green spaces A great city must include a range of well-serviced, frequent amenities (Garvin, 2016). Within the precinct, many streets and green spaces lack simple features such as drinking fountains and bins, creating an underwhelming environment (see Image 3.14).
Issue 3.3: Deficiencies of trees and healthy native vegetation There are a high number of older trees compared to young trees in the precinct’s green spaces (City of Stonnington, 2017a). As the trees get old, their health will decline, resulting in their eventual loss. Similarly, areas are lacking in native vegetation and plantation, which provides character to public spaces (see Image 3.15).
Map 3.05: Public spaces and natural environment issues map (data: City of Stonnington, 2017a; Google, 2020a).
Other Public Spaces Issues: - Unattractive existing green spaces - Certain spaces not user-friendly
30
ISSUES & OPPORTUNITIES
Image 3.13: Rockley Gardens, an adequately-sized green area within the precinct.
Image 3.14: An empty patch for trees on the corner of Osborne St and Toorak Rd.
Image 3.15: Removal of old trees signage at Caroline Gardens, placed by council.
PUBLIC SPACES Opportunities 3.0 Opportunity 3.1: Improve existing green spaces Particular underutilised green areas can be improved to provide users with an enjoyable experience; becoming a destination for locals as opposed to simply an open, grassy area (see Image 3.16).
Opportunity 3.2: Create new green spaces Residents have identified that parks and gardens are their most valued type of infrastructure, and accessing more of this now and in the future is of great importance (City of Stonnington, 2019).
Opportunity 3.3: Activate parks with better facilities Servicing public spaces adequately is essential in improving their activity. Simple implementations such as drinking fountains provide health and environmental benefits in a convenient manner, while simultaneously encouraging people to drink water (Vic Health, 2016).
Other Public Spaces Opportunities: - Provide more trees in public commercial zones - Design public spaces aimed at young adult age group
Map 3.06: Public spaces and natural environment opportunities map.
Image 3.16: Surrey Park, a rather empty green space in the precinct.
Image 3.17: Elizabeth St near the car park, perhaps a location for a new open space.
Image 3.18: The uninviting toilets found at Darling Gardens.
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EMPLOYMENT & ACTIVITY Issues & Opportunities 4.0 Issue 4.1: Safety problems Generally more a problem for women and particularly in the evening, poor lighting plays a factor in compromised safety (see Image 3.19). Additionally, the active nightlife scene can often lead to alcohol-fuelled violence, as the local community has identified as concerning (City of Stonnington, 2015).
Issue 4.2: Businesses struggling COVID-19 has hit the activity centre hard, with some businesses claiming in early September 2020 that they have not made any revenue since the first lockdown in March 2020 (Chapel Street Precinct, 2020).
Opportunity 4.1: Improve night environment The usually busy nightlife could be further enhanced and made more prominent if all users (though especially women) felt safe at all times.
Opportunity 4.2: Support local With COVID-19 restrictions likely to impact the site’s shopping precinct for many months to come, innovative COVID-safe ideas are essential to generate revenue once again.
Map 3.07: Business and employment issues and opportunities map (data: City of Stonnington, 2015).
Other Employment & Activity Issues and Opportunities: - Inactive and unattractive commercial edges - Improve public amenities
32
ISSUES & OPPORTUNITIES
Image 3.19: Contrasting light off Chapel Street (Chapel Street Precinct Association, 2020a)
Image 3.20: One of many vacant commercial lots within the precinct.
Image 3.21: One of many ‘support local’ signs throughout the precinct.
SWOT ANALYSIS A SWOT analysis provides valuable insight into any existing strengths and weaknesses within the precinct as well as any external threats and opportunities that will have an impact on the precinct going into the future.
S W O T
TRANSPORT & CONNECTIVITY
HOUSING & LAND USE
PUBLIC SPACES
EMPLOYMENT & ACTIVITY
- High level of access to public transport
- Housing is close to public transportation
- Good maintenance of vegetation and
- Good selection of local businesses
and connectivity overall in precinct
and the commercial hub
amenities in green spaces
with good support from council and other associations
- High quality walking and cycling paths
- There are several public housing
- An abundance of biodiversity in
along Alexandra Ave
services available in the precinct
the Yarra River and the walking trails
- Active nightlife scene
providing a positive environment
STRENGTHS
- Issues with safety on Punt Road and
- Housing is becoming too unaffordable
Malvern Road with bus and tram stops
- Limited amount of green spaces,
- Safety issues, particularly surrounding
insufficient for precinct’s population
women at night time
- There is low housing diversity as most - Issues with cycling safety and
dwellings are small in size, limiting the
- Some green spaces in South Yarra
- Poor distribution of public amenities
connectivity throughout the precinct
types of households and thus residents
have a shortage of native vegetations
within the precinct
WEAKNESSES
OPPORTUNITIES
THREATS
- Metro Tunnel development workers will
- Population growth can bring new
- Council’s proactive maintenance
- Council’s agreement to redevelop the
provide for local businesses
diversity and business to the area
program allows a high quality of
Jam Factory will likely increase revenue
- Approved upgrades to South Yarra
- Rapid development and investment in
station provide more access and
the private sector
monitoring of trees and native vegetation
potential for higher capacity
- COVID-19 will require businesses to - Council’s Urban Forest Strategy allows
think more creatively and practice safety
for a green, sustainable future precinct
measures, improving quality for clients
- Population growth will make it harder
- Increasing living expenses in the
- Increase population growth will require
- Rising rates for already struggling local
to provide efficient transport for all
general area
better accessibility to green spaces
business owners
- There is limited land zoned for new
- Demand for lush greenery to mitigate
- COVID-19 strongly harming nightlife,
developments
heating up of the city in the face of
with clubs and pubs forced to close
climate change is increasing
indefinitely for long periods of time
residents - COVID-19 creates challenges with space & accessibility for safe transport
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VISION South Yarra is dynamic and resilient. It is well-prepared for future challenges, putting the needs of its local communities first. A variety of shopping options and rich nightlife within the activity centre create a thriving diverse economy, offering something for everyone. Strong, sustainable infrastructure, the safely integrated public transport network and elevated cycleway connect the well-involved community, minimising the need for a private vehicle. The precinct’s ability to be bold allows it to adapt smoothly to forthcoming threats. 34
OBJECTIVES 1. Promote healthier and more sustainable modes of transport
2. Ensure the precinct’s housing and land uses are prepared adequately and sustainably for its forecasted population growth 3. Provide more greenery and improve the quality of current spaces for all residents while helping to address climate change 4. Revive the precinct’s activity centre and retail landmarks, creating a resilient economy within South Yarra 35
FRAMEWORK
36
CHAPTER TITLE
1. TRANSPORT & CONNECTIVITY
CORRESPONDING ACTIONS
Major Placemaking Idea
Action 1.1: Introduce an elevated cycleway above the railway lines Action 1.2: Provide more bicycle parking Action 1.3: Implement permanent electronic buses Action 1.4: Provide shelter and on-road markings at bus stops
STRATEGIC DIRECTION
Grand Objective 1: Promote healthier and more sustainable modes of transport.
Action 1.5: Add pedestrian crossings along Alexandra Avenue Action 1.6: Reduce street parking along Chapel Street Action 1.7: Create a master plan for Toorak Road Action 1.8: Introduce kerbside, separated bicycle lanes along Toorak Road SOUTH YARRA 37 SHAPING
Upon site analysis, the precinct addresses its transport rather well. Public transport systems are connected and well-used throughout, while the Main Yarra Trail provides east-west cycling and pedestrian options. However, private vehicle usage still dominates the area, with busy roads built for vehicles carving routes in and around South Yarra. Looking into the future, continuing in this manner is not favourable nor sustainable, hence healthier and cleaner modes of transport must be promoted. Addressing cycling issues are of utmost importance. A proposal is put forward to implement a dedicated elevated cycling path in an attempt to alleviate critical cycling safety issues while simultaneously encouraging bicycle use. Similarly, improving the underutilised bus network and applying changes along Toorak Road may also provide some relief for the environment, again driving locals away from using their private vehicle and opting for more sustainable modes of transport.
EXISTING
Map 4.1.1: The existing transport network in the precinct (data: Google, 2020).
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FRAMEWORK: TRANSPORT & CONNECTIVITY
PROPOSED
Map 4.1.2: The proposed transport network for the precinct.
Case Study: Xiamen Elevated Skyway, China XIAMEN CITY OVERVIEW
3,736,560 Population
Location: South-East China
(Population Stat, 2020)
CYCLEWAY STATISTICS World’s longest elevated bike path
Max. capacity of 2,000 users at once (Wessel, 2019)
XIAMEN BICYCLE SKYWAY DIMENSIONS
4.8 metres
7.6
WIDTH
TOTAL kilometres LENGTH
5
metres
ABOVE GROUND
1.4
SAFETY metres RAILING (Wessel, 2019)
Image 4.1.1: Xiamen’s unique and exquisite Bicycle Skyway carving through the city (Urban Next, 2017).
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In 2017, Danish architects Dissing + Weitling completed their unique ‘Bicycle Skyway’ in Xiamen, China (Dissing + Weitling, 2017). The elevated cycling path boasts 7.6km of road exclusively for bicycles, making it the world’s longest of its kind (Dissing + Weitling, 2017). The project amazingly took only six months to design and build (Megson, 2017). The Skyway, 4.8m wide allowing multiple riders to cycle alongside one another, has 11 entry and exit points leading to key activity locations, while also providing users with bicycle storage and bike maintenance services (Gibson, 2017). The Government and the Xiamen Municipal Planning and Design Administration approved the project with hopes that the Skyway would promote greener and more sustainable use of transportation while simultaneously decreasing traffic congestion (Gibson, 2017). While its initial novelty has worn off with locals, the project still generally services 4,000 riders per day (one-sixth of its 24,000 daily capacity), with most of these being tourists (Wessel, 2019). According to the managing director of Dissing + Weitling, the challenge now for
Image 4.1.2: The skyway packed with cyclists (Gibson, 2017).
Xiamen is to encourage more locals and workers to use the Skyway, which he believes is ‘just a matter of time’ (Wessel, 2019). Xiamen’s Skyway went on to win a Danish Design Award in 2019 for the category ‘Liveable City’, with the jury describing the project as ‘bringing new life to an otherwise dead part of the city’ while also solving ‘a very complex challenge’, referring to climate change and reduced emissions (State of Green, 2019). The innovative cycleway continues to inspire many new proposals around the world, with similar ideas being put forward in cities such as Bangkok (Wancharoen, 2019). Image 4.1.3 A design concept of the skyway (Dissing + Weitling, 2017).
40
FRAMEWORK: TRANSPORT & CONNECTIVITY
Creating an Elevated Cycleway through the Precinct MAJOR PLACEMAKING IDEA
A1.1
A1.2
Taking from the successes of Xiamen’s Skyway, a similar design can be placed in South Yarra. As seen in Map 4.1.3 to the right, the ‘South Yarra Elevated Cycleway’ will run above the train lines, as they allow for a rather uninterrupted space for the track to pass through. Spanning 1.4km in the north-south section, the path will allow cyclists a safe and fast route from Alexandra Avenue to Commercial Road, with a stopover point at South Yarra Station along the way. The portion of track heading in the south-easterly direction and vice versa from South Yarra Station is 1.2km long, providing users entry and exit points near Chapel Street and at Hawksburn Station. The total length of all elevated track is approximately 2.6 kilometres; note that this is the only significant change from Xiamen’s outstanding design alongside a higher clearance for train wires at 6 metres above ground. As also seen in Map 4.1.3, each entry/exit point will be
Map 4.1.3: The proposed South Yarra Elevated Cycleway route with appropriate on-ground connections.
appropriately serviced by non-elevated paths to ensure connectivity to and from the elevated cycleway is effective and convenient for cyclists throughout the precinct and beyond. The cycleway also aims to connect other proposed placemaking projects which are discussed throughout this section.
SOUTH YARRA ELEVATED CYCLEWAY DIMENSIONS
4.8
2.6
6
1.4
metres
kilometres
metres
metres
WIDTH
TOTAL LENGTH
ABOVE GROUND
SAFETY RAILING
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41
A major purpose of this design is to avoid bicycle incident hotspots that generally involve vehicles, often at major intersections (see Map 2.02 on page 14). A recent study found in Australia that vehicle drivers were at fault in 79% of all incidents involving a vehicle and a bicycle (Chambers, 2018). By separating cyclists from vehicles, safety is greatly improved, along with efficiency and speed of travel by not having to stop at traffic lights throughout the precinct. Council has also expressed interest in providing an alternate north-south cycling route through the Chapel Street activity centre zone, which an elevated cyclyeway can provide for (City of Stonnington, 2015).
Jam Factory Chapel Street
Additionally, the path will allow users to experience great views as they cycle alongside some of the precincts iconic landmarks and active spaces, learning about the space and getting involved and absorbed in the activity below.
Image 4.1.4: A side on view of the proposed cycleway near the Metro Tunnel Site.
42
FRAMEWORK: TRANSPORT & CONNECTIVITY
Image 4.1.5: A design concept of the cycleway from above, near Chapel Street.
The City of Stonnington (2015) identified the necessity for improved cycling connections to key nodes along Chapel Street. Entry and exit points allow for this, potentially designed as an easy-access ramp where the space is available. An alternative to this is large elevators, used by Xiamen in their aforementioned Skyway (Wessel, 2019). Dedicated bicycle storage facilities are also desired by council, which this design hopes to successfully cater for (City of Stonnington, 2013). The desirable width of a bike lane in Melbourne is 2.2 metres or greater, to allow room for cyclists overtaking one another (City of Melbourne, 2019). Hence, there is no need to adjust Xiamen’s design of 4.8 metres (2.4 metres in each direction). In accordance with the council’s Chapel Street Master Plan (2013b) document which puts great emphasis on clear navigation for users, appropriate signage will be erected in various locations along the pathway and at all entry/exit stops (see Image 4.1.6 below).
EXISTING
PROPOSED
Image 4.1.6: A before and after render of the cycleway entry/exit point at Alexandra Avenue, with appropriate signage for safe an easy travel.
Given Xiamen’s track was erected in 6 months, South Yarra should be aiming to achieve a similar time frame (Megson, 2017). In the future, the South Yarra Elevated Cycleway could span beyond the precinct, beginning in the CBD and branching into Stonnington and beyond, following the train lines in both directions. The precinct’s portion of elevated track can serve as a trial for this potential future development. However, these extensions are beyond the scope of this document.
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Improving Bus Services within the Precinct
A1.3 A1.4 A1.5
Throughout Melbourne, buses offer a high-quality transport service, and their use is expected to grow further in the future (Vic DELWP, 2017a). The best bus services are those that are well-connected in an integrated public transport network (Vic DELWP, 2017a). This is the case in the precinct, whereby buses reach destinations out of reach of other PT options (see Map 2.01 on page 13). The challenge now is making the overall experience more positive to increase users, while also protecting the environment. The 246 bus route is currently undertaking an electric bus trial - the first in Victoria (Yarra City Council, 2020). These buses, offering users a smoother and quieter bus journey, provide zero emissions and can last 300km before needing a recharge, helping address climate change (Yarra City Council, 2020). Implementing these buses permanently and also along route 605 is an ideal step towards a resilient South Yarra. Similarly, bus networks that have had recent improvements have seen increased patronage (Vic DELWP, 2017a). Hence, designing safer, accessible and more comfortable bus stops may sway the local community away from private vehicle use. Providing a safe connection to the precinct’s open spaces and walking trails is also important - currently, this is not available at several stops along the eastern end of Alexandra Avenue whereby pedestrians cannot safely cross the road and access the Main Yarra Trail as there are very few opportunities to do so. Given high speed limits of 60km per hour, a pedestrian crossing with lights is a safe option to provide this accessibility, as pedestrian priority (zebra) crossings may result in cars not stopping as required.
44
Image 4.1.7: Possible implementation of pedestrian crossings along Alexandra Avenue.
FRAMEWORK: TRANSPORT & CONNECTIVITY
EXISTING
PROPOSED
Image 4.1.8: A before and after of the design concept of all bus stops within the precinct, providing appropriate road markings and shelter.
Addressing Narrow Footpaths along Chapel Street
A1.6
With COVID-19 restrictions limiting activity along the usually busy Chapel Street, perhaps the time to make changes to improve foot traffic is now (Chapel Street Precinct Association, 2020b). Distancing laws of 1.5m per person may be in effect for the foreseeable future, thus more room may be needed than in the past to allow efficient pedestrian traffic flow while ensuring all residents such as those in a wheelchair can easily access the activity centre’s shops with ample space to navigate through the busy streets. This can be done by removing parking spaces, additionally eliminating the chance of parked cars or drivers opening their door and potentially causing serious issues for cyclists which was previously identified as a major issue in the site analysis (see page 15). Also facilitating for growing population, this option fits the goals of achieving a resilient South Yarra. The amended footpath will serve other purposes which are discussed further on pages 50 and 60.
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Reinventing Toorak Road A1.7
A1.8
As previously stated on page 13, Toorak Road is one of the busiest roads in Melbourne. It also comprises a large section of the activity centre within the precinct (see Map 4.4.1). While the road is discussed briefly in council documents such as the Chapel Revision Plan (2015), its role is much greater and could hence benefit from a master plan. Master plans, through extensive research, community engagement and specialist consultations, provide a set of objectives and strategies that outline how a
Ele
space can develop in the future (ACT Government,
va
n.d.). This is ideal for Toorak Road as its role
ur dC
te
changes and adapts into the future. Within this plan, a safe, separated cycling lane
b
can be incorporated along the entire stretch of road in the precinct area (see Image 4.1.9). This type of cycling lane has been identified as the first preference along streets with speeds greater than 25km/hr, as it physically separates cyclists from vehicle traffic and parked cars (City of Melbourne,
Image 4.1.9: Before and after shot of a kerbside, physically separated cycling lane along Toorak Road.
2019).
46
EXISTING
FRAMEWORK: TRANSPORT & CONNECTIVITY
PROPOSED
2. HOUSING & LAND USE
CORRESPONDING ACTIONS
Action 2.1: Rezone fringe, low-density commercial zones into mixed commercialhousing zones Action 2.2: Increase residential growth zones Action 2.3: Introduce new development policies that enforce more sustainable and green housing Action 2.4: Move Elizabeth Street Car Park underground
STRATEGIC DIRECTION
Grand Objective 2: Ensure the precinct’s housing and land uses are prepared adequately and sustainably for its forecasted population growth.
Action 2.5: Implement shared zones on certain streets Action 2.6: Widen footpaths along portion of Chapel Street Action 2.7: Place creative art industry and community services in vacant commercial lots SHAPING SOUTH YARRA
47
The precinct is a highly sought after area for young adults, commonly living alone (see page 17). This puts great pressure on the housing sector, with little vacant space to provide homes for new residents, while also reducing the diversity of housing available. Limited vacant land also equates to few areas for future open spaces or public areas allowing for community activity. Small residential growth zones can be increased to address forthcoming population increases, while implementing policies for new greener developments can ensure the precinct keeps emissions at a low level. Rezoning land, reinventing streets and reducing vacancy rates in creative ways can help achieve the precinct goal of becoming a welcoming and resilient city that revolves around its tightly-knit community. While a lot of these zoning changes require further research, it is clear work must begin as soon as possible to avoid the projected population influx moving elsewhere or having nowhere to reside.
EXISTING
Map 4.2.1: Current land uses within the precinct (data: Vic DELWP, 2020b) (Group 4 Site Analysis, 2020).
48
FRAMEWORK: HOUSING & LAND USE
PROPOSED
Map 4.2.2: Proposed land uses in the precinct, with main changes around mixed use and growth zones.
Resilient Housing within the Precinct
A2.1
A2.2
A2.3
Based on the forecasted population growth for the precinct (see page 23), the current number of dwellings and the low average household size of 1.8 (see page 12) is insufficient for the future. The council have identified the necessity for more homes in a higher-density manner, including ‘shop-top’ housing and residential spaces that are part of a mixed-use zone (City of Stonnington, 2015). This could be ideal along sections of Chapel Street and Toorak Road, whereby single and double-storey buildings occupy highly-valued land (see Image 4.2.1 below). This design also hopes to retain the unique building character of the precinct; avoiding the temptation for more ‘skyscraper’ residential sites. Similarly, increasing Residential Growth Zones within South Yarra could help combat the housing shortage. Residential Growth Zones are spaces identified for increased residential development, often in locations that are well-serviced and close to activity centres (Vic DELWP, 2014). These areas are available in the precinct, and identified by the council as seen in Map 4.2.1. However, expanding upon them can provide more spaces to live for future residents, though admittedly often at the expense of less diverse and smaller housing (Duke, 2014). It is hopeful that other areas outside of these zones can attempt to offer more diverse housing types for bigger household sizes such as families.
EXISTING
PROPOSED
Image 4.2.1: A design concept of ‘shop-top’ housing in low-density commercial zones in the precinct, in an effort to allocate room for the predicted growing population.
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49
To compliment these developments and as addressed in Opportunity 2.3: Combat climate change through housing (page 29), the time for building sustainable houses is now. Local governments must enforce policies and guidelines for stricter sustainable development of new buildings, as the task is too great solely for a central government to tackle alone (UK Government, 2018). This has successfully been implemented in several localities in the UK, whereby they have outlined that new residential building developments must adhere to specific target reductions of CO2 in line with the Nation’s global emissions rate (UK Government, 2018). A similar process can be adopted in South Yarra, with specific strict guidelines future developers in the area are required to follow to ensure a fruitful future for the precinct’s environment.
“Building new homes isn’t just about bricks and mortar, I want to ensure everyone – including developers – do their bit to protect the environment and give the next generation beautiful, environmentally friendly homes that local communities can support. That’s why I am requiring carbon emissions are cut by up to 80% from 2025 for all new homes and have published a National Design Guide, setting out simply what we expect from new development.” Robert Jenrick, Secretary for State Housing, Communities and Local Government, UK, 2019
Creating More Space for Activity
A2.4
A2.5
A2.6
The precinct is busy, with little spare space to give. However, resilient and sustainable cities thrive on communities using transport other than cars, hence reducing car parking may be a viable option (Goodyear, 2014). An ideal location for this is along Chapel Street (discussed previously on page 45). Additionally, large parking lots themselves generate emissions, more so if they are above ground (Litman, 2010). The council’s Open Space Strategy (2013a) has identified moving parking lots underground as a feasible solution within the precinct. Similarly, the City of Stonnington has recently undertaken this process successfully to the south of the precinct with Prahran Square, explored further on page 56 (Russell-Clarke, 2020). The Elizabeth Street parking lot should undergo a similar process, with similar conditions to its Prahran-based neighbour. These alterations can then allow for sections of the surrounding streets to become shared spaces serving all kinds of purposes, inviting further activity within the precinct (this is elaborated further on pages 56 and 60).
50
FRAMEWORK: HOUSING & LAND USE
EXISTING
PROPOSED
Image 4.2.2: The design concept of having widened footpaths along the busy shopping precinct of Chapel Street (base image: Google, 2020).
Reducing Commercial Vacancy Efficiently
A2.7
As a result of unrealistic landlords and COVID-19, Chapel Street’s commercial vacancy recently hit an all-time high of over 20% in June 2020 (Schlesinger, 2020). A non-profit organisation in the UK has found a solution to this, offering artists and those within the creative industry in need of a cheap studio place to temporarily rent-out vacant shops at a lower price (Russon, 2019). This notion is ideal for the precinct’s activity centre, with council already outlining an objective in their Chapel Street Revision Structure Plan (2015) to “provide greater opportunity for business and employment space ... particularly work environments for the ‘creative’ sector of the economy” (pg. 14).
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3. PUBLIC SPACES
CORRESPONDING ACTIONS
Action 3.1: Target potential land for future development of green space Action 3.2: Provide more trees in commercial areas Action 3.3: Increase amenities along commercial strips and in green spaces Action 3.4: Redesign Rockley Gardens to be more userfriendly
STRATEGIC DIRECTION
Grand Objective 3: Provide more greenery and improve the quality of current spaces for all residents while helping to address climate change.
52
CHAPTER TITLE
Action 3.5: Implement community garden at Surrey Park Action 3.6: Add two new green spaces on Elizabeth Street and Toorak Road
It is evident that the precinct lacks open public spaces within its boundaries. This has likely become more visible recently as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent restrictions on travel and movement. It is vital that the council identifies areas for future land acquisition, and targets underutilised green spaces that offer little character to the precinct to be improved on. Redesigning of parks and removal of car parks can create more welcoming areas for communities to safely gather and enjoy time outside in healthy environments, while simple improvements of surroundings in commercial locations are vital for productivity (discussed further in this section).
Future Acquisition of Land
A3.1
The council has identified two residential estates within the precinct for future land acquisition (see Map 4.3.2 below). With these properties, the council intends to create pocket parks (City of Stonnington, 2020). Pocket parks, which are small parks often in residential areas, make neighbourhoods happier and healthier (Benfield, n.d.). However, the proposed areas by the council already have similar spaces nearby. Residential estates in the south-western region of the precinct have limited access to open green spaces, thus land in these locations (preferably corner lots for easier access) should be targeted in the future, should they become available (see Map 4.3.1). Map 4.3.1: Current and proposed changes relating to public spaces in South Yarra.
Map 4.3.2: Council future acquisition properties.
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Improving Public Commercial Spaces A3.2
A3.3
While South Yarra’s residential streets are well-vegetated (see page 21), some sections of commercial roads offer a rather cold and gloomy environment, with little greenery and amenities. Despite
EXISTING
obvious benefits of greenery adding character and improving the health of the community, they also provide many environmental and economic benefits such as cleaning the air and improving work productivity (City of Stonnington, 2017a). Meanwhile, pairing greenery with amenities such as benches, bins, toilets and drinking fountains creates a sense of place, increases safety and can spark more engagement amongst the community (Bynon & Rishbeth, 2015). These inclusions are necessary to improve South Yarra’s commercial public realm and
PROPOSED
are simple additions to put into place.
Image 4.3.1: A simple rework along Malvern Road to provide better amenities and overall atmosphere for users (base image: Google, 2020a).
54
FRAMEWORK: PUBLIC SPACES
Reworking Preexisting Green Spaces
A3.4
A3.5
With new public open spaces difficult to come by in the precinct, a good starting point may be to reinvent the somewhat underwhelming existing parks. Rockley Gardens, for example, is rather empty and divided in two by road, while Surrey Park’s prime location and surrounding seating provides open green space, though with limited character (see images 3.13 and 3.16 on pages 30 and 31 respectively). A great, enjoyable park must be safe for all users, and should include installations of public art and cultural events (McCarthy, 2015). This is especially evident from travel distance restrictions during times of the COVID-19 pandemic, whereby several respondents to a Gehl survey (2020) admitted they under-appreciated local parks and their importance to good health. As such, Rockley Gardens needs to be re-imagined, with a shared-zone and bridge to cross over safely between its two sections. Additionally, art installations perhaps with cultural significance should be incorporated to give the area some character, despite knowledge that the council has previously knocked back a similar proposition (Di Nuzzo, 2016). Meanwhile, Surrey Gardens can be reinstated as a community garden. On top of serving as a way to connect with nature and produce local and healthy food, these gardens can successfully provide community resilience following disasters (Shimpo et. al, 2019).
EXISTING
PROPOSED
Image 4.3.2: Existing and proposed images of Surrey Park and the prospect of turning it into a community garden not only for produce but for locals to connect in the wake of COVID-19 (overlay image: GM, 2012).
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New Green Spaces in Parking Lots
A3.6
In line with land use changes discussed on page 50, Elizabeth Street Car Park (see below for location) can be turned into an open space with parking moved underground, connecting local shops and engaging the community, as the council produced with Prahran Square (see Image 4.3.3). The square provides locals with a range of activities from sitting to playing, improves passive surveillance (and hence safety), and demonstrates the success of an innovative, user-friendly open space in the midst of a commercialised area (Russell-Clarke, 2020). Similarly, a further new green space can be developed on a small parking lot on Toorak Road and Williams Street (see Map 4.3.1).
Image 4.3.3: Prahran (Cato) Square, a new development just outside the precinct (Kane, 2019).
Map 4.3.3: Elizabeth Street Car Park location.
Image 4.3.4: Elizabeth Street Car Park currently.
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FRAMEWORK: PUBLIC SPACES
Image 4.3.5: Elizabeth Street Car Park relocated underground and reworked into a functional public green space and neighbouring shared zone.
4. EMPLOYMENT & ACTIVITY
CORRESPONDING ACTIONS
Action 4.1: Increase lighting along dark side streets Action 4.2: Add Uber Rank in heart of nightlife zone Action 4.3: Implement night market and activities at Prahran Market Action 4.4: Activate Simmons and Elizabeth Streets with pop-up activities
STRATEGIC DIRECTION
Grand Objective 4: Revive the precinct’s activity centre and retail landmarks, creating a resilient economy within South Yarra.
Action 4.5: Incorporate safe outdoor dining along Chapel Street Action 4.6: Introduce riverside dining Action 4.7: Introduce community currency
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Now more than ever, local businesses require the support of their community to survive. While this is currently not possible due to COVID-19 restrictions in some sectors such as nightclubs, it is important to start preparing now for a sustainable activity centre that can thrive both in the present and in the future. Increasing overall activity by improving safety, implementing night events and COVID-safe outdoor eateries alongside a community currency can assist in reaching the goal of a resilient economy that simultaneously engages the South Yarra community.
Addressing Safety Issues A4.1
A4.2
Safety concerns as discussed on page 32 are a real concern for users of the precinct, especially along Chapel Street’s busy nightlife scene. Women in particular report feeling unsafe in the precinct, with poor lighting and inappropriate behaviour from men among several reasons provided for these feelings (Crowdspot, 2016). To address this, lighting can be improved particularly along dimly-lit side streets (see Image 3.19 on page 32) or those leading to public transport stops. Lighting can reduce crime through increased surveillance and informal social control (Welsh & Farrington, 2008). The out-ofdate taxi rank can be replaced with a designated stopping point for Uber vehicles, which are used more predominantly than the taxi service in Australia (Masige, 2019). This can help ensure all patrons Map 4.4.1: Employment and activity proposals to help revive the precinct’s economy.
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FRAMEWORK: EMPLOYMENT & ACTIVITY
travel to and from their destination safely at night.
Increasing Activity Within the Precinct A4.3
A4.4
Activity is generally quite high within the precinct and especially throughout Prahran Market during the day, however the iconic fresh food stop for locals closes before the evening (Prahran Market, 2020). This is contrasting to its counterparts in the South Melbourne and Queen Victorian Markets, which both boast high numbers of visitors (both local and from afar) at their night market events running through summer and winter (South Melbourne Market, 2020; Queen Victoria Market, 2019). With free entry and local entertainment, these night markets offer something for everyone (South Melbourne Market, 2020). Elizabeth Street runs behind Prahran Market, and can provide additional outdoor
Image 4.4.1: Workers trading at Queen Victoria Market’s highly successful Winter Night Market (Barry, 2019).
space for seating, activities or performances for all ages, along with the new open space created from moving the parking lot underground (see page 56). Though, this event may not experience its full potential until the restrictions and limitations of COVID-19 ease as the indoor trading space is currently not viable for large crowds. Similarly, temporary pop-up parks run by the council along portions of commercial road have proven successful in Melbourne, with Point Cook’s variant attracting many locals with all kinds of activities for children, movies and cultural experiences (Jen, 2020). Simmons Street is an ideal location for this, as there are many alternative ways for vehicles to travel around it should it be closed to cars. While activities for children and families are generally what pop-up parks provide, the precinct can look at targeting young adults as they are the prominent age group in South Yarra (see Figure 2.01 on page 11) and the portion of road selected is outside pub Temperance Hotel. This prospect is visualised over the page.
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Revamp Outdoor Dining A4.5
A4.6
COVID-19 laws restricting indoor dining have forced Melbourne restaurants to explore outdoor alternatives to keep their businesses open. This includes Government grants and schemes to help achieve the goal of a pre-COVID19 hospitality economy (Tucci, 2020). Expanding footpaths could provide
EXISTING
the opportunity to keep local businesses alive with outdoor seated tables, avoiding congestion of those walking through while appropriating to distancing laws. This also provides the opportunity to explore riverside dining, already popular along the Yarra River further upstream in Melbourne’s CBD (Kempson, 2014). Having access to such an incredible, well-known and culturally significant asset in the Yarra River must be capitalised upon in the precinct, with council acknowledging that riverside open-space is
PROPOSED Image 4.4.2: A before and after shot of Simmons Street envisioned as a shared space (base image: Google, 2020a).
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FRAMEWORK: EMPLOYMENT & ACTIVITY
currently underutilised (City of Stonnington, 2013a; Parks Victoria, 2020). It is important however to acknowledge council’s efforts
to maintain and respect the traditional Aboriginal history and greenery already existent in this location, thus any projects for placemaking or activity in this space along the river must consider an appropriate design that blends in with its surroundings without taking away from it.
EXISTING
PROPOSED
Image 4.4.3: Riverside dining potential along the Yarra River, in a currently underwhelming and empty location bursting with potential (restaurant overlay images: BK Asia, 2017; Taylor, 2017).
Introducing a Community Currency
A4.7
Implementing a community currency within the precinct can help support the Chapel Street Precinct Association’s (2020b) aim of supporting local businesses. Community currencies, which largely came to fruition during the early 2000’s economic recession, offer an alternative local currency that can be used to purchase local goods, obtained often via completing some form of community service (Collom, 2011). In the precinct’s case and in the wake of COVID-19, many residents and businesses are struggling for income, while there are community jobs that can be completed. These jobs could include cleaning streets, dispersing sanitary products such as sanitizer, gloves or masks, helping the elderly with inaccessible care, or even participating in proposed projects such as the community garden discussed on page 55.
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IMPLEMENTATION
Type: Policy Actions that need to be developed, structured and verified by relevant authorities
Research Directions that require further knowledge and understanding for development
Design & Build Projects that need physical construction and establishment
Advocacy Actions in which responsible authorities must The planning of Shaping South Yarra’s framework plan can be structured using an implementation schedule to assist with time management of all actions. This is done by giving each action a specific type, providing the responsible
continuously support
Time Frame:
stakeholders for the project, defining the priority and/or importance of the
Short-Term
project, and finally giving each action an appropriate time frame for completion.
1-5 years
This schedule should be re-assessed and refined every 4-5 years to ensure any
Medium-Term
new factors influencing these actions are acknowledged.
5-10 years
Long-Term 10+ years
Ongoing Actions that will continue across time frames
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CHAPTER TITLE
1 TRANSPORT & CONNECTIVITY
Action
Description
Type
A1.1
Introduce an elevated cycleway above the railway lines
Design & Build
• City of Stonnington • State Government
A1.2
Provide more bicycle parking
Design & Build
• City of Stonnington
A1.3
Implement permanent electronic buses
Advocacy
• State Government • Yarra City Council • City of Stonnington • VicRoads
A1.4
Provide shelter and on-road markings at bus Design & Build stops
• VicRoads
Priority Time Frame Medium
Medium-Term
High
Short-Term
• Transdev • PTV
Low
Short-Term
• Transdev • PTV
Low
Short-Term
A1.5
Add pedestrian crossings along Alexandra Avenue
Design & Build
• City of Stonnington • VicRoads
Medium
Short-Term
A1.6
Reduce street parking along Chapel Street
Design & Build
• City of Stonnington • VicRoads
Medium
Short-Term
A1.7
Create a master plan for Toorak Road
Policy
High
Medium-Term
Medium
Short-Term
A1.8
2 HOUSING & LAND USE
Responsibility
• City of Stonnington • Surrounding Councils
Introduce kerbside, separated bicycle lanes Design & Build along Toorak Road
• City of Stonnington • VicRoads
Action
Description
Type
Responsibility
Priority Time Frame
A2.1
Rezone fringe, low-density commercial zones into mixed commercial-housing zones
Policy
• City of Stonnington • State Government
Medium
Long-Term
A2.2
Increase residential growth zones
Policy
• City of Stonnington • State Government
Low
Long-Term
A2.3
Introduce new development policies that enforce more sustainable and green housing
Policy
• City of Stonnington
High
Short-Term
A2.4
Move Elizabeth Street Car Park underground
Design & Build
• City of Stonnington • State Government
Medium
Long-Term
A2.5
Implement shared zones on certain streets
Policy
• City of Stonnington • VicRoads
Medium
Short-Term
A2.6
Widen footpaths along portion of Chapel Street
Design & Build
• City of Stonnington • VicRoads
High
Short-Term
A2.7
Place creative art industry and community services in vacant commercial lots
Advocacy
• City of Stonnington
Low
Ongoing
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3 PUBLIC SPACES
Action
Description
Type
A3.1
Target potential land for future development of green space
Research
• City of Stonnington
High
Ongoing
A3.2
Provide more trees in commercial areas
Design & Build
• City of Stonnington • State Government
Low
Short-Term
A3.3
Increase amenities along commercial strips and in green spaces
Design & Build
• City of Stonnington
High
Short-Term
A3.4
Redesign Rockley Gardens to be more user-friendly
Design & Build
• City of Stonnington
Low
Short-Term
A3.5
Implement community garden at Surrey Park
Design & Build
• City of Stonnington • Local Community
Medium
Short-Term
Add two new green spaces on Elizabeth Design & Build Street and Toorak Road
• City of Stonnington • VicRoads
High
Long-Term
A3.6
4 EMPLOYMENT & ACTIVITY
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Responsibility
Priority Time Frame
Action A4.1
Description
Type
Responsibility
Increase lighting along dark side streets
Advocacy
• City of Stonnington
High
Short-Term
A4.2
Add Uber Rank in heart of nightlife zone
Design & Build
• City of Stonnington • Uber
Low
Short-Term
A4.3
Implement night market and activities at Prahran Market
Research
• City of Stonnington
Medium
Ongoing
A4.4
Activate Simmons and Elizabeth Streets with pop-up activities
Advocacy
• City of Stonnington
Medium
Ongoing
A4.5
Incorporate safe outdoor dining along Chapel Street
Policy
• City of Stonnington • State Government
High
Short-Term
A4.6
Introduce riverside dining
Design & Build
• City of Stonnington • Local Businesses
Low
Medium-Term
A4.7
Introduce community currency
Advocacy
• City of Stonnington • Locals
Medium
Short-Term
IMPLEMENTATION
Priority Time Frame
SUMMARY South Yarra is a highly sought after inner-city suburb south-east of the CBD. It has many strengths and is an exquisite area to live in, travel through and discover. Though, forecasted population growth threatens the precinct, along with looming consequences of climate change. The Shaping South Yarra structure plan aims to build upon the suburbs existing assets, ensuring the area can be enjoyed by all long into the future.
“The urban landscape, among its many roles, is also something to be seen, to be remembered, and to delight in.� - Kevin Lynch, The Image of a City
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