TEST BANK for Criminology: Explaining Crime and Its Context 10th Edition by Brown, Esbensen & Geis.

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK

CHAPTER 1: Crime and Criminology 1. This refers to the techniques that criminologists use as they attempt to determine the “whys” of crime. a. theory b. empirical evidence *c. methods d. processes 2. This represents an effort to explain or make sense of the world, thus revolving around the “why” of crime, criminalization, and similar concerns. a. methodology b. scientific method c. positivism *d. theory 3. The two essential components of a science are its: *a. theoretical and methodological branches b. asking questions and forming solutions c. hypothesizing and theory testing d. criminology and criminal justice

4. Which of the following is not a criminological paradigm: a. rational choice b. positivism c. interactionism *d. all of the above are paradigms 5. The media tends to sensationalize crime perpetuating fear and misunderstanding and often ignores the in which the crime takes place. *a. context b. time of day c. location d. day of the week

6. The definition of crime that identifies crime as violations of conduct norms and general antisocial behavior is known as the definition of crime. a. legalistic b. modified legalistic *c. normative d. new/critical

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK 7. The definition of crime that states that crime is an intentional act in violation of the criminal law, committed without defense or excuse, and penalized by the state as a felony or misdemeanor is the definition of crime. *a. legalistic b. modified legalistic c. normative d. new/critical 8. When crime is defined as the violation of human rights, this is known as which definition of crime? a. legalistic b. modified legalistic c. normative *d. new/critical 9. The definition of crime that says that the essential characteristic of crime is that it is a behavior that is prohibited by the State as an injury to the State and against which the State may react by punishment is known as the definition of crime. a. legalistic *b. modified legalistic c. normative d. new/critical 10. Under which criminological paradigm does the deterrence doctrine fall? *a. rational choice b. positivism c. interactionism d. critical criminology 11. The model of criminal justice that says that criminal law reflects the interest of members of the society at large is the a. conflict model b. criminology model *c. consensus model d. none of the above 12. The model of criminal justice that presumes that the state serves the interests of the powerful and elite minority is known as the *a. conflict model b. criminology model c. consensus model d. none of the above 13. The study of the process of making laws, breaking laws, and reacting toward the breaking of laws is known as a. criminal justice *b. criminology

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK c. sociology d. the relativity of crime

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK 14. A general framework or orientation (“school of thought”), including some basic assumptions, on which theories are based is known as a a. theory b. definition c. method *d. paradigm 15. An approach to the study of phenomena that incorporates both theory and methodology is known as a. the relativity of crime *b. the scientific method c. an ideology d. none of the above 16. The observation that “some fundamentalist Christians and conservative politicians deploy the same rhetoric as terrorists, labeling those who facilitate abortions as murderers, Nazis” blend nicely with what set of theories? a. social control *b. learning c. subcultural d. environmental 17. In order to effectively inform public policy what needs to be established linking offenders to the crime? a. criminological theory *b. causality c. motive d. confluence of action and intent 18. The criminological paradigm that suggests that forces beyond the control of individuals determine criminal behavior is the positivistic paradigm. *a. True b. False 19. The theoretical orientation that suggests that people are rational beings and make choices about their actions by weighing the risks and the benefits of a crime is the rational choice paradigm. *a. True b. False 20. The modified legalist definition of crime was introduced by Paul Tappan. a. True *b. False 21. Edwin Sutherland presented the normative definition of crime. a. True *b. False

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK 22. An ideology is a way of thinking that is different from the norm of society and is always considered radical. *a. True b. False

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK

23. Paul Tappan developed the legalistic definition of crime. *a. True b. False 24. The two essential components of science are theory and methods. *a. True b. False 25. Most people agree on what behaviors are considered the most harmful to society. a. True *b. False 26. The interactionism paradigm deals with victimless crimes. *a. True b. False 27. The combining of two or more theoretical perspectives is critical to the interactionism paradigm. a. True *b. False 28. President Trump contends that the New York stop and frisk worked well and that it brought the crime rate way down. *a. True b. False 29. Cherry picking your news outlet from the internet can lead to biased or slanted views concerning crime and politics. *a. True b. False 30. John P. Wright and Matt DeLisi are among the top critical criminologist in the discipline today. a. True *b. False

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK

CHAPTER 2 The Relativity of Law and Crime 1. Failure to perform a required act such as filing an income tax return or providing proper care to a child in one’s custody is a crime of a. commission *b. omission c. passion d. neglect 2. The level of proof required by civil court is *a. a preponderance of the evidence b. beyond a reasonable doubt c. a reasonable suspicion d. probable cause 3. Case that struck down sodomy laws targeted at homosexuals only a. Coker v Georgia (1977) b. Bowers v Hardwick (1986) *c. Lawerence v Texas (2003) d. Roper v Simmons (2005) 4. Case holding that one cannot receive the death penalty for the crime of rape *a. Coker v Georgia (1977) b. Bowers v Hardwick (1986) c. Lawerence v Texas (2003) d. Roper v Simmons (2005) 5. Combines elements of criminal and civil law. It is based on the delegation of rule-making authority from a legislative body to a regulatory agency. a. juvenile law b. elder law *c. administrative law d. traffic law 6. The two elements of a crime are the a. mens rea and actus reus b. guilty mind and guilty act *c. both A & B d. none of the above 7. Violations of civil law are called a. infractions *b. torts c. tarts d. violations

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK 8. The goal of criminal justice that requires physically removing an individual’s ability to commit crime is a. deterrence b. rehabilitation c. retribution *d. incapacitation 9. If a violation of criminal law occurs the case against the defendant is brought by the . *a. state b. plaintiff c. victim d. petitioner 10. Rules and regulations made to control business, professional, and corporate activities are referred to as a. criminal law b. civil law *c. administrative law d. all of the above 11. Criminal acts that are considered the most serious and are punishable by execution or incarceration for one year or longer are a. misdemeanors *b. felonies c. violations d. all of the above 12. Offenses that are punishable by fines or less than one year of incarceration are a. felonies b. violations *b. misdemeanors c. none of the above 13. In which court is the concept of intent not required? a. criminal court b. juvenile court c. administrative court *d. civil court 14. Movement in and out of the continuum of socially desirable behavior is what criminologists refer to as the a. socialization effect b. paradigm shift *c. relativity of crime d. none of the above 15. The belief that one’s own cultural norms are superior to any other is known as

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK *a. ethnocentrism b. utilitarianism c. deontology d. none of the above

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK 16. The comedy spoof The Interview came under protest because of fictitious plot to assassinate: *a. Kim Jong Un b. The Prophet Mohammed c. Fidel Castro d. Prince Harry 17. The American system of justice is made of which of these entities: a. police b. courts c. corrections *d. all of the above 18. Civil law can be retroactive. *a. True b. False 19. Rehabilitation refers to using punishment to restore a moral balance after a crime has occurred. a. True *b. False 20. An offender can be found not guilty in criminal court and subsequently found guilty in civil court for the same offense. *a. True b. False 21. Civil court cases are brought by an individual petitioner against a defendant. *a. True b. False 22. Deterrence, incapacitation, and rehabilitation are the three goals of criminal justice. a. True *b. False 23. The consensus perspective maintains that criminal law develops and operates in the interest of society at large. *a. True b. False 24. From the consensus orientation, criminal law is seen as operating in the interest of a wealthy and powerful elite whose desires often conflict with those of members of less privileged groups. a. True *b. False 25. In the United States, Roe v. Wade (1973) is an example of relativity across space because some states allow abortion and some states do not. a. True

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK *b. False 26. Alcohol kills more people every year than all illegal drugs combined. *a. True

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK

27. The use of punitive sanctions to dissuade persons from committing criminal offenses in the future is referred to as deterrence. *a. True b. False 28. Charlie Hebdo was attacked because it was a derogatory movie about North Korean leader Kim Jong Un. a. True *b. False 29. As of 2016, 37 of 50 states have legalized marijuana in some form *a. True b. False 30. Robbery is the breaking and entering the dwelling house of another in the nighttime with the intent to commit a felony therein a. True *b. False

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK

CHAPTER 3 Crime Statistics and the Distribution of Crime 1. Crime rates are generally figured by taking the number of crimes in a given area, divided by the population of that area, and then multiplied by to standardize it. *a. 100,000 b. the total number of unreported crimes c. 50,000 d. the number of officially reported crimes 2. Sampling where every subject or case in a population has an equal chance of being selected for a study is an example of. a. non-probability sampling *b. probability sampling c. generalizability d. random cluster snowball sampling 3. Which of the following crimes in excluded from the NCVS. a. homicide b. kidnapping c. victimless crimes *d. all of these 4. Which of the following represents the degree to which a study produces stable results. a. validity b. probability *c. reliability d. liquidity 5. Research that involves collecting information over a number of years and analyzing trends is. a. macro b. micro c. cross-sectional *d. longitudinal 6. Which variable is also known as the treatment? *a. independent variable b. dependent variable c. Y variable d. none of the above 7. When a relationship exists between two variables it is referred to as a. causation *b. correlation c. cross-sectional d. longitudinal

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK

1

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK

8. Research that involves collecting information at one point in time is known as a. macro b. micro *c. cross-sectional d. longitudinal 9. At this level of explanation, data can be used to explain individual behavior. a. macro b. meso *c. micro d. none of the above 10. At the *a. macro b. meso c. micro d. none of the above

level of explanation, group-level information is identified.

11. One of the major sources of crime statistics is the a. ATF b. DEA c. CIA *d. UCR 12. The rule that states that the most serious crime should be reported in the Uniform Crime Reports if more than one crime has been committed is known as the a. multiple offense rule *b. hierarchical rule c. patriarchal rule d. matriarchal rule

13. The National Crime Victimization Survey is conducted jointly by the U.S. Department of Justice. *a. U.S. Census Bureau b. U.S. Department of Defense c. Federal Bureau of Investigation d. National Security Agency 14. Data for the Uniform Crime Reports are reported to the local law enforcement agencies. a. President *b. Federal Bureau of Investigation c. Central Intelligence Agency

and the

by state and

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK d. Homeland Security 2

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK

15. According to the UCR, robbery is considered a(n) a. evil b. non-Index *c. Index d. none of the above

crime.

16. Offending at some point during one’s life course is an example of a *a. criminal career b. career criminal c. habitual offender d. life course persistent offender 17. As they age, persons begin to engage in different types of behavior, this referred to as the a. carbonaro effect b. kopak effect *c. maturation effect d. aging out effect 18. They acknowledged that female gang members existed, but they concluded that they were affiliated with and subordinate to groups of male delinquents. a. Sampson and Groves b. Shaw and McKay c. Hirschi and Gottfredson *d. Cloward and Ohlin 19. Believed females acquire the confidence to deceive men through their sexual play-acting, faked sexual response, and menstruation. a. Sigmund Freud *b. Otto Pollock c. Randall Sheldon d. William Sheldon 20. Next to gender, is the personal characteristic that appears to be the best predictor of involvement in criminal activity *a. age b. socioeconomic status c. race d. level of education 21. According to the UCR, the majority of crime is said to be committed a. during the daytime b. between 2 PM−6 PM

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK *c. in the evening and nighttime hours d. none of the above 3

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK

22. When females commit violent crime they commonly choose which type of weapon? a. gun *b. knife c. baseball bat d. none of the above 23. When explaining female crime, the suggestion that daughters are more closely controlled by a patriarchal family is proposed by *a. the power-control model b. social bond theory c. the power-bond model d. differential association 24.. The policy that advocates incarcerating career criminals and other high-rate offenders in order to reduce societal costs is known as a. deterrence b. mandatory Incarceration *c. selective Incapacitation d. retribution 25. This term is used to describe the amount of time an individual has spent committing crime. a. career criminal *b. criminal career c. occupational criminal d. all of the above 26. A habitual offender is often referred to as a a. criminal career b. career victim *c. career criminal d. all of the above 27. According to the age-crime curve, criminal behaviors peaks around age a. 9−10 *b. 16−17 c. 34−35 d. 49−50 28. Which policy supports the notion of a career criminal? a. rehabilitation b. indeterminate sentencing *c. three-strikes laws d. none of the above 29. The murder rate is the highest in which region? *a. South

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK b. North c. East 4

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK d. West 30. The most murders, robberies, and burglaries are committed during which month of the year? a. July b. March *c. December d. October 31. The crime rate in the United States is decreasing. *a. True b. False 32. The majority of crime is committed during January and February. a. True *b. False 33. Women are most likely to commit violent crimes such as murder, armed robbery, and aggravated assault. a. True *b. False 34. The northeastern region of the United States has been shown to be the safest region. *a. True b. False 35. The violent crime rate in the United States is higher than any other industrialized nation. *a. True b. False 36. Race is the personal characteristic that is the best predictor of involvement in criminal activity. a. True *b. False 37. The crime rate dramatically decreased through the 1980s and early 1990s because of the War on Drugs. a. True *b. False 38. Cloward and Ohlin believed female gang members were subordinate to male counterparts. *a. True b. False 39. The criminal career lasts across the life course of a habitual offender a. True *b. False

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK 40.Selective incapacitation seeks to lock up the worst of the worst offenders. *a. True 5

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK b. False 41. The Uniform Crime Reports are released every month. a. True *b. False 42. Part II offenses on the UCR are the lesser and non-violent offenses. *a. True b. False 43. Aggravated assault is classified as a non-Index crime in the Uniform Crime Reports. a. True *b. False 44. The UCR can be used by law enforcement agencies for political manipulation. *a. True b. False 45. A major weakness of self-reported data that researchers are concerned with is memory decay. *a. True b. False 46. The Hierarchical rule states that only the most serious offense gets reported. *a. True b. False 47. A strength of NIBRS is that is fully implemented across the US and easy to maintain. a. True *b. False 48. How well a test measures what it is supposed to measure is referred to as validity. *a. True b. False 49. Theories of crime causation often are grounded in crime statistics. *a. True b. False 50. Macro-level studies seek to understand why individuals commit crime a. True *b. False

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK

6

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK

CHAPTER 4 Deterrence and Rational Choice Theories of Crime 1. School of thought where punishment was based solely on revenge with no attempt to control or prevent crime. *a. preclassical criminology b. classical criminology c. positivist criminology d. environmental criminology 2. The author of On Crimes and Punishments a. Cesare Lombroso *b. Cesare Beccaria c. Cesare Romero d. Cesare Millan 3. The idea that humans were pleasure seekers and sough to increase pleasure and reduce pain is referred to as: a. utilitarianism b. deontology c. nirvana *d. hedonism 4. Developed the concept of Utilitarianism a. Cesare Beccaria b. Robert Peel c. Marcus Felson *d. Jeremy Bentham 5. The death penalty is an example of a. general deterrence b. brutalization *c. specific deterrence d. base rate fallacy 6. The “tiger prevention fallacy” is an analogy used to describe which criminological theory? a. social ecology b. routine activities c. rational choice *d. deterrence 7. These types of crimes do not necessarily need formal punitive sanctions in place to deter most individuals from committing them. *a. mala in se b. mala prohibita c. prohibita in se d. none of the above

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK

8. If a department store installed dome surveillance cameras in an attempt to try and detect criminal activity, this would be an example of . *a. target hardening b. general deterrence c. marginal deterrence d. crime displacement 9. According to the text, who developed the RAT crime triangle? a. Felson and Moffit *b. Cohen and Felson c. Bentham and Kant d. Beccaria and Lombroso 10. Requiring a convicted DUI offender to perform community service on a state highway while wearing an orange vest identifying them as a “Drunk Driver” would be an example of which type of deterrence? a. general deterrence b. specific deterrence *c. both A & B d. neither 11. The Classical school of criminology includes which theory/theories? a. rational choice b. positivism c. routine activities *d. both A & C 12. Deterrence theory assumes that all people a. are rational b. are hedonistic c. act on free will *d. all of the above 13. Which function of punishment will make the strongest impression on potential offenders under the deterrence doctrine? a. severity *b. certainty c. celerity d. swiftness 14. Which principle was at the heart of Jeremy Bentham’s punishment philosophy? a. deontology b. peacemaking *c. utilitarianism d. none of the above

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK 15. Routine activities theory was proposed by *a. Cohen & Felson b. Cloward & Ohlin c. Sykes & Matza

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK d. Gottfredson & Hirschi 16. Informal sanctions can include all of the following except: a. shame b. embarrassment c. guilt *d. all are examples of informal sanctions 17. Utilizing increased resources to deter crime in hot spots is referred to as *a. focused b. general c. specific d. no nonsense

deterrence

18. Cesare Lombroso is famous for providing the framework and tenets of the deterrence doctrine. a. True *b. False 19. Shame and embarrassment are forms of informal sanctions. *a. True b. False 20. General deterrence seeks to discourage the sanctioned individual from engaging in future misconduct. a. True *b. False 21. Specific deterrence involves punitive sanctions (real or perceived) designed to influence the behavior of individuals other than those punished. a. True *b. False 22. Cesare Lombroso is famous for writing On Crimes and Punishments. a. True *b. False 23. Deterrence is a theory of victimization. a. True *b. False 24. Routine activities theory requires a capable guardian to be present in order for crime to occur. a. True *b. False 25. Cohen and Felson are famous for routine activities theory. *a. True

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK b. False 26. A hulk was a dilapidated ship used to house prisoners. *a. True

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK b. False

27. Snapping your fingers to keep tigers away is an example of a base rate fallacy. a. True *b. False 28. Hot spots are small areas within cities where crime tends to flourish. *a. True b. False 29. NYC stop, question, and frisk showed no evidence of deterring crime. a. True *b. False

30. An example of focused deterrence would be utilizing increased resources in hots spots to reduce crime. *a. True b. False

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK

CHAPTER 5 Positivism and Bio-PsychoSocial Criminology 1. On the Origin of Species was the famous of work of *a. Charles Darwin b. Cesare Lombroso c. Cesare Beccaria D. Whilliam Sheldon 2. Knowledge discovered through observation and experience rooted in the collection of data is known as: a. determinism b. scientific method *c. empiricism d. participant observation 3. Factors beyond individual’s control where behavior is determined by something other than free will is referred to as: a. classical b. empiricism c. skepticism *d. determinism 4. Wrote the seminal work The Criminal Man *a. Cesare Lombroso b. Charles Darwin c. Cesare Beccaria d. Richard Dugdale 5. The type of genetics where specific gene variants are linked with antisocial behavior a. observational genetics b. eugenics *c. molecular genetics d. temporal genetics 6. Which criminologist is commonly associated with the creation of somatotypes? a. Thorsten Sellin b. Walter Miller *c. William Sheldon d. Elijah Anderson 7. Which criminologist worked with Cesare Lombroso studying female offenders? a. William Sheldon *b. William Ferrero c. Cesare Beccaria d. none of the above 8. Studying families and generations to identify criminal propensity is known as

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK a. constitutional psychology b. criminal anthropology *c. eugenics

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK

9. Who developed the concept of an atavistic criminal? a. Charles Darwin *b. Cesare Lombroso c. William Sheldon d. Charles Goring 10. Atavistic criminals were considered to be a. stupid criminals *b. born criminals c. both A & B d. none of the above 11. Who is most commonly known as the “Father of Positivistic Criminology”? a. Cesare Beccaria *b. Cesare Lombroso c. Ronald Akers d. Edwin Sutherland 12. The positivism paradigm focuses on . a. punishment; treatment *b. treatment; punishment c. pain; pleasure d. pleasure; pain

; the rational choice paradigm focuses on

13. Of the three types of somatotypes, which body form was found to be most common in delinquents? *a. mesomorph b. endomorph c. ectomorph d. all of the above 14. Who has been credited for providing the intellectual tone for the shift from the rational choice paradigm to the positivistic paradigm? a. Cesare Beccaria b. Cesare Lombroso c. William Ferrero *d. Charles Darwin 15. The view of criminals as a throwback to an earlier and more primitive evolutionary stage is known as a. anomie b. phrenology *c. atavism d. all of the above 16. Who is regarded as the father of modern statistics?

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK a. A.M. Guerry b. Cesare Beccaria *c. Adolphe Quetelet d. Adolph Rupp

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK 17. This organization recognized BioPsychoSocial criminology with its own division in 2017? a. Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences b. Environmental Criminology and Crime Analysis *c. American Society of Criminology d. American Society of Criminal Justice 18. All positivist theories share two common elements: empiricism and determinism. *a. True b. False 19. Biosocial criminology seeks to explain crime using only biological and psychological characteristics and risk factors. a. True *b. False 20. Adoption studies are used in molecular genetics research to study antisocial behavior. a. True *b. False 21. Testosterone has been found to be correlated with violent offending and aggression. *a. True b. False 22. Individuals who had characteristics of a mesomorphic body type showed higher levels of delinquency. *a. True b. False 23. The somatotypes were developed by William Sheldon. *a. True b. False 24. Dopamine, serotonin, and Monoamine Oxidase are molecular genetics found in the brain. a. True *b. False 25. The ectomorph is distinguished by their long skinny build. *a. True b. False 26. The effects of the environment on brain structure and functioning is called brain plasticity. *a. True b. False 27. The positivist school was concerned with punishing offender for wrong doing. a. True *b. False

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK

28. CRISPR allows for genetically altering DNA structure to avoid hereditary diseases *a. True b. False

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK 29. Quetlete and Guerry are credited with starting the Positivist school of criminal statistics. a. True *b. False

30. A.M. Guerry is known as the father of modern phrenology. a. True *b. False

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK

CHAPTER 6 Social Structure Theories of Crime 1. What theorists seminal work was the book “Suicide” *a. Durkheim b. Merton c. Agnew d. Cloward 2. Theorized that strain was socially generated a. Durkheim *b. Merton c. Agnew d. Cloward 3. Theorized that strain was result of human natural tendencies to have unlimited desires *a. Durkheim b. Merton c. Agnew d. Cloward 4. Credited with developing the concentric zone model a. Shaw and McKay b. Cloward and Ohlin *c. Park and Burgess d. Bursik and Grasmick 5. Credited with developing the group adaptations to anomie. a. Shaw and McKay *b. Cloward and Ohlin c. Park and Burgess d. Bursik and Grasmick 6. theories view crime as a result of stress, frustration, and failed aspirations or blocked opportunities. a. Control *b. Strain c. Learning d. Culture conflict 7. their goals. a. Atavism b. Social learning c. Culture conflict *d. Anomie

is a result of a disjunction between people’s aspirations and their ability to achieve

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK 8. Who is credited for the development of general strain theory? *a. Robert Agnew b. Robert Merton c. Emile Durkheim d. Walter Miller 9. Which theorist is responsible for originally developing the term anomie? *a. Emile Durkheim b. Robert Merton c. Robert Agnew d. Travis Hirschi 10. a. Social structure b. Strain *c. Social ecology d. none of the above

focuses on the person’s relation to the social environment.

11. Social structure theories of crime are a. micro b. meso *c. macro d. none of the above

-level theories.

12. According to the concentric zone model, in which zone(s) do the most crimes occur? a. Zone 1 b. Zone 3 c. Zone 8 *d. Zone 2 13. Which theorist developed the five modes of adaptation to strain? *a. Robert Merton b. Emile Durkheim c. Ronald Akers d. Elijah Anderson 14. Events or conditions that are disliked by the people who are experiencing or have experienced them are known as a. objective strain *b. subjective strain c. positive strain d. negative strain 15. Who attributed crime to the “American Dream”? a. Ronald Akers b. Walter Miller

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK *c. Messner & Rosenfeld d. Sykes & Matza

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK 16. This generation has redefined what the “American Dream” entails? a. baby boomers b. generation x *c. millennials d. generation y 17. The idea that television consumption universally cultivates the values associated with the: a. literacy gap b. culture bias *c. American Dream d. CSI effect 18. According to the text, criminal justice professionals should be particularly concerned with conformists and ritualists. a. True *b. False 19. Emile Durkheim developed a typology of suicide while researching strain and anomie. *a. True b. False 20. Crime is found to be least likely in neighborhoods that are disorganized. a. True *b. False 21. Strains associated with low social control are more likely to lead to crime. *a. True b. False 22. Domestic violence is an example of an objective strain. *a. True b. False 23. Through hard work, anyone can achieve success is part of the American Dream. *a. True b. False 24. Rebellion gangs are social dropouts and double losers often found in organized communities. a. True *b. False 25. Cloward and Ohlin developed the concentric zone model. a. True *b. False 26. Social disorganization theory was developed by Shaw and McKay and used to examine delinquency

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK in Chicago. *a. True b. False

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK 27. General Strain Theory was developed by Robert Merton. a. True *b. False 28. Millennials subscribe to the same “American Dream” as previous generation. a. True *b. False

29. IAT has demonstrated mixed support around the world and with different cultures. *a. True b. False

30. One of the great strengths of GST is its recognition that strain can take many forms. *a. True b. False

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK

CHAPTER 7 Social Process Theories of Crime 1. The social learning theory was developed by a. Robert Agnew *b. Ron Akers c. Robert Merton d. Ron Goldman 2. Which of the following is not one of Hirschi’s social bonds? *a. procurement b. attachment c. involvement d. commitment 3. Developed the concept of symbolic interactionism a. Sutherland b. Hirschi *c. Meade d. Anderson 4. Edwin Sutherland’s Differential Association Theory has a. 7 b. 8 c. 6 *d.9

principles.

5. The subculture of violence theory was developed by a. Shaw and McKay b. Cloward and Ohlin *c. Wolfgang and Ferracuti d. Miller and Anderson 6. Walter Miller is most well-known for his work on a. Deterrence theory b. Techniques of neutralization *c. Lower-class focal concerns d. Differential reinforcement 7. Social learning theory was developed and proposed by a. Cloward & Ohlin b. Gottfredson & Hirschi *c. Ronald Akers d. Emile Durkheim 8. The perspective views deviance as conformity of norms of a subculture that run counter to those of the dominant culture/group.

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK a. Social control b. Learning c. Rational choice

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK

9. The criminological theory that states that “a person is free to commit delinquent acts because his ties to the conventional order have somehow been broken” is known as *a. Social bond theory b. Social control theory c. General strain theory d. General theory of crime 10. Which theory is not intended to explain all violent behavior, but only assaults and homicides that occur spontaneously or in the heat of passion? a. General strain theory b. General theory of crime *c. Subculture of violence d. Techniques of neutralization 11. Differential association was a learning theory offered by which criminologist? a. Robert Merton b. Robert Agnew *c. Edwin Sutherland d. Thorsten Sellin 12. Elijah Anderson is known for which criminological theory? *a. Code of the Street b. Subculture of Violence c. Social Bond theory d. General Theory of Crime 13. Which criminologist(s) developed the techniques of neutralization? a. Ronald Akers b. Gottfredson & Hirschi *c. Sykes & Matza d. Cesare Beccaria 14. The subculture of violence theory discusses protecting concerned with protecting . a. respect; honor *b. honor; respect c. honor; pride d. pride; respect

; while the code of the streets is

15. Which theory attempts to explain crime and deviance, including analogous behaviors? a. General strain theory *b. General theory of crime c. Techniques of neutralization d. Social bond theory

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK 16. Which of the following is not one of focal concerns identified by Miller? a. fate b. excitement c. trouble

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK

17. Cracker culture and black rednecks can be found as part of what theory: a. code of the streets *b. southern subculture of violence c. social control d. counterculture of violence

18. Self-control is said to be set by age twelve. a. True *b. False

19. A general theory of crime is rooted in the notion of weakened social bonds. a. True *b. False 20. The subculture of violence theory suggests that members of a subculture are obliged to resort to violence to defend honor. *a. True b. False 21. Social control theories views crime as predictable behavior that society has failed to bridle. *a. True b. False 22. According to differential association, individuals learn criminal and noncriminal behavior through the same process. *a. True b. False 23. The code of streets is centered around the concept of respect. *a. True b. False 24. The social learning theory was developed by Robert Agnew. a. True *b. False 25. Techniques of neutralization in include appealing to the condemners. a. True *b. False 26. The southern subculture of violence can be based on both structural disadvantages and culture. *a. True b. False

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK

27. The root cause of deviance according to a General Theory of Crime is low self-worth . a. True

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK

28. The most influential focal concern identified by Miller was fear. a. True *b. False 29. According to Anderson, there exist both decent oriented and street oriented families. *a. True b. False 30. Gresham Sykes and David Matza’s social bond theory includes commitment, attachment, involvement, and belief. a. True *b. False

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK

CHAPTER 8 Social Reaction Theories of Crime 1. Elaborated on Cooley’s concept by focusing attention on the interaction between an emerging self and the perceptions of others’ reaction to that self. *a. George Mead b. Edwin Lemert c. Howard Becker d. Frank Tannenbaum 2. Which of the following is not one of Becker’s typologies a. falsely accused *b. secretly accused c. pure deviant d. conformist 3. A public perception of behaviors or groups that greatly exaggerates their harm to society. a. deviant act b. crime *c. moral panic d. master status 4. Critical criminology is based n the works of what famous economist. a. Steve Forbes b. Warren Buffet c. George Vold *d. Karl Marx 5. Developed the concept of crime and the legal order *a. Austin Turk b. Richard Quinney c. William Chambliss d. Howard Becker 6. When an individual accepts the official label as deviant or criminal and begins to shape his/her behavior according the label, what has occurred? a. primary deviation *b. secondary deviation c. legal relativism d. none of the above 7. Who developed the typology of deviant behavior? *a. Howard Becker b. George Vold c. Frank Tannenbaum d. none of the above

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8. Which theory argues that nothing should be done with or to children who violate the law? a. labeling theory *b. radical nonintervention c. retrospective interpretation d. primary deviation 9. Which theorists came up with Group Conflict Theory? a. Karl Marx *b. George Vold c. Austin Turk d. Richard Quinney 10. theorists maintain that official reactions to law violations label people as criminals and ensnare them in a deviant identity. *a. Labeling b. Learning c. Psychological d. Strain 11. Who was responsible for developing the “looking-glass self” concept? a. George Mead b. George Vold *c. Charles Cooley d. Frank Tannenbaum 12. occurs when behaviors prior to the deviant behavior are looked at as clues that the individual was deviant all along. a. Legal relativism *b. Retrospective interpretation c. Secondary deviation d. none of the above 13. Who coined the term dramatization of evil? a. Edwin Sutherland b. George Vold *c. Frank Tannenbaum d. Edwin Lemert 14. states that acts are neither inherently good nor evil; there are varying degrees of good and evil, and the social audience influences the label placed upon a specific behavior. *a. Legal relativism b. Primary deviation c. Master status d. none of the above

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK 15. Who developed the theory that included primary and secondary deviation? a. Frank Tannenbaum b. Charles Cooley *c. Edwin Lemert

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK d. Edwin Sutherland 16. Who developed the idea of radical nonintervention? a. Frank Tannenbaum b. Charles Cooley *c. Edwin Schur d. Edwin Sutherland 17. Who developed the Social Reality of Crime? a. Frank Tannenbaum *b. Richard Quinney c. Edwin Lemert d. Edwin Sutherland

18. Individuals who either serve as rule creators or rule enforcers based on the morality of an action are known as moral entrepreneurs. *a. True b. False 19. Labeling theory proponents argue that the individual is a constantly changing being who responds to others’ reactions. *a. True b. False 20. Secondary deviation refers to the occasional or situational behavior that may be excused or rationalized by the actor and/or the social audience. a. True *b. False 21. The concept that suggests that an individual’s understanding of self is primarily a reflection of our perceptions of how others react to us is known as retrospective interpretation. a. True *b. False 22. Modern thinking generally views knowledge as egalitarian. a. True *b. False 23. The idea of labeling typologies was developed by George Herbert Mead. a. True *b. False 24. One of the sequences leading to secondary deviation is formal community stigmatizations. *a. True b. False

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK

25. When a person or persons have certain assumed traits this called a master status. *a. True b. False

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK

26. Richard Quinney’s Social Reality of Crime is outlined in a set of 9 propositions. a. True *b. False 27. The “birds of a feather” concept means that like individuals will reside together. *a. True b. False 28. Chambliss and Seidman argued that law does not represent the public interest, but those in power. *a. True b. False 29. Radical feminism sees women as dominated by men as a result of the disproportionate location of economic power among the men. a. True *b. False 30. Postmodernist believe that equal consideration should be extended to anyone’s understanding of the world. *a. True b. False

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK

CHAPTER 9 New Directions: Integration and a Life-Course Perspective 1. The work that found that a chronic 6% of offenders accounted for nearly 50% of delinquent acts. *a. Delinquency in a Birth Cohort b. The Subculture of Violence c. The Glueks Study d. Moffit’s Typologies 2. Developed the “Duel Taxonomy” of life-course persistent and adolescence limited offenders a. Robert Sampson *b. Terrie Moffit c. Marvin Wolfgang d. John Laub 3. Contends that antisocial behavior produces negative consequences and in turn these negative consequences promote the stability of antisocial behavior a. absolute stability b. relative stability c. interactional continuity *d. cumulative continuity 4. Contends that individuals proactively select themselves into certain environments, consistently react to environments in a certain manner, or evoke certain reactions from their environment, and these interactions promote consistency in how one behaves. a. absolute stability b. relative stability *c. interactional continuity d. cumulative continuity 5. Defined as consistency in the rankings of individuals on an observable characteristic over time a. absolute stability *b. relative stability c. interactional continuity d. cumulative continuity 6. This theory recognizes that antisocial behavior often emerges early in life and continues to develop and persist throughout adulthood. a. convict criminology b. theoretical integration *c. developmental criminology d. criminal career criminology 7. A behavior over time. a. risk factor *b. trajectory

is defined as a set of developmental sequences that describe the unfolding of a

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK c. continuity d. relative stability

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK 8. This type of stability describes the stability of behavior within individuals. a. cumulative b. interactional c. relative *d. absolute 9. This type of offender engages in antisocial behavior beginning in adolescence and typically desists from crime in early adulthood. a. life-course persistent *b. adolescent-limited c. career criminals d. none of the above 10. This concept suggests that antisocial behavior produces negative consequences, and these consequences promote stability of antisocial behavior. a. relative continuity b. absolute continuity *c. cumulative continuity d. interactional continuity 11. The termination period. a. career criminal b. developmental *c. criminal career d. none of the above

debate suggests that offending includes an initiation, duration, and

12. The criminal career paradigm suggests that *a. selective incapacitation b. three-strikes laws c. indeterminate sentencing d. community corrections

will affect crime rates.

13. combines elements of traditional perspectives to provide a more comprehensive explanation of crime. a. Developmental criminology b. Life-course criminology *c. Theoretical integration d. Criminal career paradigm 14. The most common attempts at theoretical integration involve social control and theories. a. strain *b. social learning c. social control d. none of the above

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK 15. Combining theories in a sequential model is known as the *a. end-to-end model b. sequential model c. final model d. all of the above 16. Structural factors are often ignored as contributing to delinquency in: *a. age graded theory b. social bond theory c. Moffit’s Typology d. integrated theory 17. The length of time of criminal offending for the criminal career is referred to as: a. termination b. frequency c. initiation *d. duration

18. A criminal career suggests that an individual makes his or her living by engaging in crime. a. True *b. False 19. Adolescent-limited offenders typically engage in only a limited number of crimes during adolescence, and commit bigger crimes during adulthood. a. True *b. False 20. The population heterogeneity perspective contends that early antisocial behavior is related to later criminal behavior because of some underlying propensity for antisocial behavior. *a. True b. False 21. Terrie Moffitt is responsible for formulating the age-graded theory of informal social control. a. True *b. False 22. Life-course criminology argues that antisocial behavior results from the intersection of biological, psychological, sociological, and situational risk factors. *a. True b. False 23. Robert Sampson and John Laub are responsible for formulating the typologies of life-course persistent and adolescence limited offenders. a. True *b. False

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK

24. Social structure and social control theories are fundamentally opposed to each other. *a. True b. False

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK 25. Shaw & McKay’s social disorganization theory and Cloward & Ohlin’s subculture theory are examples of integrated theories. *a. True b. False 26. The career criminal debate claims there is single group called active offenders. a. True *b. False 27. A set of developmental sequences that describe the unfolding of a behavior over time are risk factors. a. True *b. False 28. Robert Sampson and John Laub were recently award the Stockholm award for outstanding research in criminology. *a. True b. False 29. Risk factors that promote antisocial and criminal behavior are exactly the same as factors that promote desistance from antisocial behavior. a. True *b. False 30. Life-course persistent offender’s behavior is a function of the developmental stage and social interactions. a. True *b. False

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK

CHAPTER 10 Violence 1. Death results from conditions under which a fatality would be a reasonable outcome *a. voluntary manslaughter b. first degree murder c. negligent manslaughter d. second degree murder 2. Death results from conditions less closely related to a lethal outcome a. second degree murder *b. involuntary manslaughter c. voluntary manslaughter d. ritual killing 3. A boxer whose punch kills his opponent has committed an a. murder b. involuntary manslaughter *c. excusable homicide d. felony murder 4. The likelihood that a person born in a particular year will become a murder victim over the course of that person’s life span, assuming that the murder rate remains stable is referred to as a. murder rate b. homicide rate c. lifetime homicide risk *d. lifetime murder risk 5. Incidents in which the victim was the first to show and use a deadly weapon or to strike the first blow in an altercation are referred to as a. self defense b. stand your ground *c. victim precipitated d. felony incidents 6. Family violence includes which types of violence? a. child abuse b. spousal abuse c. elder abuse *d. all of the above 7. An act of violence that is intended to create fear, for a political purpose, and injures innocent victims, as well as active targets is known as a. serial killing b. mass murder c. homicide *d. terrorism

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK 8. homicide involves a legal act, such as the infliction of the death penalty on a convicted felon or a killing in self-defense. a. Excusable *b. Justifiable c. Rational d. none of the above 9. The threat or attempt to do bodily harm to another is *a. assault b. battery c. aggravated assault d. none of the above 10. A hours or a few days. a. serial killer *b. spree killer c. mass murderer d. lunatic

is someone who kills three or more victims at different locations within a few

11. The unlawful killing of one human being by another constitutes *a. homicide b. murder c. manslaughter d. none of the above 12. Which of the following is not one of the categories of homicide? a. murder b. manslaughter *c. rationalized homicide d. excusable homicide 13. Murder in the first degree requires premeditation and a. harm *b. malice aforethought c. negligence d. none of the above 14. A death that occurs as a consequence of an accident perpetrated by a person performing a lawful act with ordinary caution is a. murder b. manslaughter c. justifiable homicide *d. excusable homicide 15. This law holds that if a death occurs during the commission of a felony the perpetrator of the felony is

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK chargeable with first-degree murder. *a. the felony murder doctrine b. three-strikes legislation c. both A and B

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK 16. Approximately how many guns are currently in circulation in the United States? *a. 270-300 million b. 250 million c. 100 million d. 50 million 17. The largest mass shooting American history was recently carried out by: a. Adam Lanza b. Nikolas Cruz *c. Stephen Paddock d. Omar Mateen

18. Serial killers are responsible for the majority of homicides each year. a. True *b. False 19. Mass murderers claim more victims than serial killers. a. True *b. False 20. The concept of victim precipitation suggests that the victim may be a major precipitating cause of his/her own demise. *a. True b. False 21. Alcohol is often a factor in sexual assaults among college women. *a. True b. False 22. Rape is considered a crime of violence. *a. True b. False 23. A substantial portion of homicide can be attributed to urban street codes. *a. True b. False 24. Spree killers commit repeat murders over a period of time. a. True *b. False 25. Social control is a term used to indicate a sense of trust, common values, and cohesion in neighborhoods. a. True *b. False

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK

26. Robbery is by far the most frequent violent crime. a. True *b. False

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK 27. Sibling abuse is said to be the most under researched and under recognized form of family violence. *a. True b. False 28. Al Capone and the Japanese Yakuza are examples of organized crime. *a. True b. False 29. The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment is considered violence against the elderly. a. True *b. False 30. The feminist theory of rape argues rape is the result of long and deep-rooted traditions in which males have dominated political, social, and economic life. *a. True b. False

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK

CHAPTER 11 Economic Crime 1. The relentless push toward material acquisitions is referred to as the *a. American Dream b. United States Dream c. Manifest Destiny Dream d. Freedom Dream 2. Merton noted that crime can be produced among those who are well off because of they seek the materialistic gains of those more well off than them in a process termed a. success syndrome *b. anomia of success c. pursuit of success d. pursuit syndrome 3. Larceny is often broken down into grand larceny and a. small larceny b. baby larceny *c. petit larceny d. acute larceny 4. Robbery is a crime of violence against a person, whereas burglary is a crime of stealth against a. people d. corporations c. banks *d. property 5. This is sometimes referred to as the “five-finger discount.” *a. shoplifting b. grand larceny c. white-collar crime d. pickpocketing 6. The major explanation used for burglary is usually a. differential association b. strain theory *c. rational choice d. social control theory 7. Theft from a retail store during the hours when the store is open for business is known as a. commercial burglary *b. shoplifting c. armed robbery d. all of the above 8. False advertising is a form of

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK *a. white-collar crime b. burglary c. larceny

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK

9. Who was recently involved in a major “Ponzi” scheme? a. Martha Stewart *b. Bernie Madoff c. Enron executives d. David Sokol 10. In American culture, “happiness” is typically defined by a. the amount of friends we have b. how attractive we are *c. the amount of wealth we have d. none of the above 11. is a form of theft in which goods and/or money are taken from a person through the use of violence and fear. *a. Robbery b. Burglary c. Theft d. Larceny 12. This type of theft is typically known as a crime against a dwelling, with the intent to commit a felony. a. robbery *b. burglary c. theft d. larceny 13. False advertising, collective embezzlement, and insurance fraud are common examples of what type of crime? a. theft b. robbery *c. white-collar crime d. blue-collar crime 14. is most likely to occur when the perceived threat is immediate, when it is experienced infrequently, and when the threat occurs in circumstances in which the individual feels socially isolated. *a. Psychosocial encapsulation b. Retroactive interpretation c. Primary deviation d. none of the above 15. Who first introduced the concept of white-collar crime? a. Cesare Lombroso b. Emile Durkheim c. Ronald Akers *d. Edwin Sutherland

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK 16. Cleveland Browns linebacker Mychal Kendrick was recently cited for committing this same crime as Martha Stewart: a. embezzling b. ponzi scheme c. money laundering *d. insider trading 17. Taking the property of another, without their consent and with the intent to deprive the person permanently of the use of the property. a. stealing b. burglary c. robbery *d. larceny

18. Telemarketing fraud requires the active participation of the victim. *a. True b. False 19. Veteran burglars will often use a booster box. a. True *b. False 20. In ancient German law, theft was commonly punished with death. *a. True b. False 21. The most common car models stolen in 2017 included the Toyota Prius. a. True *b. False 22. Larceny can be classified as grand larceny and petit larceny, depending on the value of the property stolen. *a. True b. False 23. Edwin Sutherland developed the concept of white-collar crime. *a. True b. False 24. Someone who pays an individual one-third of the retail value for shoplifted goods is referred to as a “gate.” a. True *b. False 25. Consuming food in supermarkets while strolling about the store is referred to as “grazing.”

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK *a. True b. False 26. When stolen goods are hidden beneath loose cloths and held between the thief’s thighs it is referred to

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK a. True *b. False

27. A list of possible customers in which to scam are referred to in the telemarketing fraud ring as “smoochers.” *a. True b. False 28. You house is robbed when it is broken into at night and item are stolen. a. True *b. False 29. Burglary is a crime against property, while robbery is crime against a person. *a. True b. False 30. The Blacklist contains names of employees caught stealing and currently has more than 1,000,000 names. *a. True b. False

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK

CHAPTER 12 Crimes without Victims and Victims without Crimes 1. How many states have provisions for physician assisted suicide *a. 3 b. 4 c. 5 d. 2 2. Which of the following states does not require motorcycle riders to wear helmets? a. Iowa b. Illinois c. New Hampshire *d. all of the above 3. Prostitution is illegal in all states except a. Iowa b. Texas *c. Nevada d. Alaska

.

4. Drug sentences often exceed those for which of the following crime a. manslaughter b. arson c. assault *d. all of these 5. Drug sentences cost tax payers more than $ a. 15,000 b. 25,000 *c. 20,000 d. 10,000

annually per inmate.

6. How many states allow licensed physicians to prescribe marijuana to patients that have a legitimate need to treat a medical condition? a. 2 b. 6 c. 11 *d. 15 7. Which drug is said by the United Nations to be the most widely abused drug on earth? a. marijuana b. cocaine *c. methamphetamine d. heroin 8. What country recently made it legal to engage in prostitution, but illegal to solicit a prostitute?

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK *a. Sweden b. Italy c. United States

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK

9. Who said, “morality is the best of all devices for leading mankind by the nose”? a. Ernest Hemingway b. Adolf Hitler c. Robert Bork *d. Friedrich Nietzsche 10. Which state was the first state to allow physician-assisted suicide? a. Washington *b. Oregon c. California d. Nevada 11. Matters that seem to involve self-evident social harms that never find their way into criminal laws are known as a. crimes without victims *b. victims without crimes c. victimless crimes d. none of the above 12. In which state is prostitution not illegal? a. North Carolina b. New York *c. Nevada d. North Dakota 13. What percentage of federal prison inmates are drug offenders? a. 25% *b. 70% c. 50% d. 10% 14. Which substance is said to cause more deaths than any other recognized lethal agent? *a. cigarettes b. alcohol c. cocaine d. heroin 15. Which theory is most often cited to explain the use of marijuana? a. social bond theory b. routine activity theory c. biosocial criminology *d. differential association 16. A major goal of male prostitutes is to form a liaison with an older man that will support them financially and are referred to as”

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK a. sugar knights b. sugar bears c. sugar babies *d. sugar daddies

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK

17. This 1914 act outlawed opiates: a. Stamp Act b. Harrison Act c. Hochstetler Act *d. Erickson Act

18. Victimless crimes involve consensual participation by the parties involved. *a. True b. False 19. Prostitution is illegal in every state in the United States. a. True *b. False 20. Powder cocaine and crack cocaine are exactly the same drug, just consumed using different methods (snorting vs. smoking). a. True *b. False 21. The effects of methamphetamine last significantly longer than those of cocaine. *a. True b. False 22. Social bond theory is typically used to explain marijuana use. a. True *b. False 23. One can legally ride a motorcycle without a helmet in Iowa. *a. True b. False 24. Social bond theory is typically used to explain marijuana use. a. True *b. False 25. Physician assisted suicide is legal in the state of Montana. *a. True b. False 26. A major goal of male prostitutes is finding a “sugar daddy” for financial support. *a. True b. False 27. Opiate abuse now kills as many people as gun in the United States.

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK *a. True b. False

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK 28. 50% of federal inmate are drug offenders. a. True *b. False 29. As of 2015, 23 states had legalized recreational use of marijuana. a. True *b. False 30. Differential association theory is often used to explain marijuana use. *a. True b. False

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK

CHAPTER 13 Youth Violence 1. The rate of youth violence has fallen to historical lows since. a. 1990 b. 2000 *c. 1993 d. 1980 2. A key source of data on youth violence that provides a wealth of information about correlates of youth violence and actual behavior. a. UCR b. NCVS c. NIBRS *d. self-report studies 3. According to the UCR data, offenders under the age of 18 accounted for approximately percent of all violent crime arrests in 2012. *a. 12 b. 22 c. 30 d. 5 4. In December 2012, a particularly disturbing shooting occurred at what elementary school that resulted in 20 students and 6 adults being killed. a. Columbine b. Aurora c. Virginia Tech *d. Sandy Hook 5. The most common forms of victimization in all schools are property offenses and *a. non-serious forms of assault b. theft c. aggravated assault d. motor vehicle theft

6. Physically harming a person or making fun of, excluding, and/or spreading rumors about a person repeatedly over time, where the victims do not have equal strength or power to the offender is referred to as: a. hazing b. rite of passage *c. bullying d. assault

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK

1

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK

7. The majority of studies find that than do . *a. boys; girls b. girls; boys c. whites; blacks d. poor kids; rich kids

experience higher rates of involvement in bullying incidents

8. Attempting to reduce problem behaviors by addressing organizational characteristics of a school is referred to as: a. Individual change strategies b. environmental criminology c. CPTED *d. Environmental change strategies 9. The use of instructional methods to increase student engagement in the learning process, including cooperative and experiential learning is referred to as: a. class setting *b. class management c. building school capacity d. setting norms 10. Schools that reorganized classes or grades to create smaller learning units or different mixes of students is an example of: *a. regrouping of schools b. building school capacity c. setting norms d. class setting 11. Programs or strategies that instruct students, strive to change behavior patterns, employ counselors to work with individual students, engage students as peer mentors, or introduce recreational after-school programs are referred to as: a. student change strategies b. environmental change strategies *c. individual change strategies d. none of the above 12. DARE is an example of: *a. individual change strategy b. failed resistance program c. regrouping of schools d. none of the above 13. This focus on youth gangs in the fifties and sixties led to the production of which classic criminological work a. Cohen (1955)

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK b. Miller (1958) c. Cloward and Ohlin (1960) 2

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK *d. all of the above 14. According to Thrasher and Klein (1971) any denotable adolescent group of youngsters who (a) are generally perceived as a distinct aggregation by others in their neighborhood, (b) recognize themselves as a denotable group (almost invariably with a group name), and (c) have been involved in a sufficient number of delinquent incidents to call forth a consistent negative response from neighborhood residents and/or law enforcement agencies is referred to as a: a. fraternity b. mob c. posse *d. gang 15. A recent trend has been to adopt a with gang joining. a. risk terrain *b. public health c. multilevel d. none of the above

model of examining risk and protective factors associated

16. Sending, posting, or sharing negative, harmful, false, or mean content about someone else using cell phones, tablets, or computers is called: a. techbullying *b. cyberbullying c. bullybooking d. meantwitter 17. This criminologist work with gangs laid the foundation for the creation of National Gang Center. a. Dennis Miller b. Larry Miller *c. Walter Miller d. Jody Miller

18. Since 1980, juvenile violent crime, measured by both arrests and victim reports, decreased until reaching a low in 1993-94 and then steadily grew through 2012 a. True *b. False 19. Among juvenile arrestees, males account for approximately 81 percent of violent crime arrests *a. True b. False 20. School shootings have received considerable media attention since the Columbine massacre in 1999. *a. True b. False

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK 21. Relatively speaking, few children are killed on school property in a given year. *a. True 3

Criminology Explaining Crime and Its Context 10TH Edition. TEST BANK b. False 22. School shootings such as those at Columbine and Sandy Hook have received considerable media attention resulting in schools becoming more violent places since the early 1990s. a. True *b. False 23. Making fun of an individual and excluding and/or making fun of them constitute bullying *a. True b. False 24. Racial/ethnic minorities experience higher rates of school victimizations. *a. True b. False 25. Research suggests that bullying is more likely to take place in upper grades and tends to be least experienced in lower grades. a. True *b. False 26. Consequences for the bullied individual include low self-esteem, depression and anxiety, and avoidance behavior *a. True b. False 27. In addition to the violence associated with youth, the 1990s also brought renewed interest to the topic of youth gangs *a. True b. False 28. Nikolas Cruz is responsible for the deadliest school shooting in American history at Stoneman Douglass High School in Parkland, Florida in 2018. a. True *b. False 29. With the advent of social media, bullying has been extended to include harmful messages and pictures shown on phones, tablets, and computers. *a. True b. False 30. Bullying does not necessarily have to include physical contact. *a. True b. False

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4