Motor Learning and Control forPractitioners, 5e Cheryl Coker TEST BANK Chapter 1 1
When assessing performance and making instructional decisions, which of the following must be considered? (A)
The learner
(B)
The task
(C)
The environment in which the task is performed
(D) All of the above
Answer: (D) All of the above 2
According to Gentile, the environmental factors that specifies the movement characteristics necessary for successful performance of a skill are known as which of the following? (A)
Action requirements
(B)
Object manipulation
(C)
Regulatory conditions
(D) Inter-trial response variability
Answer: (C) Regulatory conditions 3
Which of the following skills has low inter-trial variability? (A)
Golf putt
(B)
Volleyball spike
(C)
Shot put
(D) Bunting
Answer: (C) Shot put 4
According to Gentile's multidimensional classification system, the simplest skill would be one whose (A)
Environmental context is stationary, involves no inter-trial variability or body transport and does not require object manipulation
(B)
Environmental context is in motion, involves high inter-trial variability and requires both body transport and object manipulation
(C)
Environmental context is in motion, involves high inter-trial variability, requires body transport but does not require object manipulation
(D) Environmental context is stationary, involves high inter-trial variability,
requires body transport but does not require object manipulation Answer: (A) Environmental context is stationary, involves no inter-trial variability or body transport and does not require object manipulation 5
Understanding skill complexity enables the practitioner to do what? (A) Systematically evaluate a learner's movement capabilities and limitations (B)
Design learning experiences that are challenging yet realistic
(C)
Create logical skill progressions
(D) All of the above
Answer: (D) All of the above 6
Which of the following is classified as a perceptual motor ability? (A)
Gross body equilibrium
(B)
Response orientation
(C)
Dynamic strength
(D) Extent flexibility
Answer: (B) Response orientation 7
What is the ability to make continuous speed and direction adjustments with precision when tracking known as? (A)
Speed of limb movement
(B)
Aiming
(C)
Rate control
(D) Control precision
Answer: (C) Rate control 8
The ability to make repeated, rapid flexing movements is known as which of the following? (A)
Dynamic flexibility
(B)
Multi-limb coordination
(C)
Control precision
(D) Extent flexibility
Answer: (A) Dynamic flexibility
9
Which of the following abilities would NOT be needed to climb Mt. Everest? (A)
Stamina
(B)
Gross body coordination
(C)
Wrist finger speed
(D) Dynamic strength
Answer: (C) Wrist finger speed 10 According to Gentile's multidimensional classification system, which of the
following would NOT be categorized as requiring body transport? (A)
Rollerblading
(B)
Paddleboarding
Figure skating (D) All of the above would require body transport (C)
Answer: (B) Paddleboarding 11 Which of the following is NOT true of learning?
Answer: 12 What should practice for open skills emphasize? (A)
Technique
(B)
Context variability
(C)
Consistency
(D) None of the above
Answer: (B) Context variability 13 Mountain biking, which requires the performer to continually adapt his or
her responses to conform to the trail, would be considered what kind of skill? (A)
An open skill
(B)
A closed skill
(C)
An adaptive skill
(D) A responsive skill
Answer: (A) An open skill 14 Which of the following would be considered a closed skill? (A)
Driving a car
(B)
Juggling
(C)
Putting a golf ball
(D) Returning a tennis serve
Answer: (C) Putting a golf ball 15 Which of the following is NOT true of learning? (A)
It results in a relatively permanent change in behavior
(B)
It is directly observable
(C)
It is the result of practice and or experience
(D) All of the above are true
Answer: (B) It is directly observable 16 Which of the following is true of performance? (A)
It is defined as the act of executing a skill
(B)
It is observable
(C)
It is used to infer learning
(D) All of the above are true
Answer: (D) All of the above are true 17 Which of the following is NOT true of motor skills? (A)
Body and/or limb movements are required
(B)
They must be learned
(C)
They are goal oriented
(D) They can be performed involuntarily
Answer: (D) They can be performed involuntarily 18 Which of the following would NOT be considered a motor skill? (A)
Football punt
(B)
Knee-jerk reflex
(C)
Sewing on a button
(D) Taping someone's ankle
Answer: (B) Knee-jerk reflex 19 Taxonomies are used to (A)
Indicate one's level of proficiency
(B)
Determine the amount of time that will be required to learn a motor skill
(C)
Classify motor skills in terms of common elements
(D) Determine the level of fatigue associated with a motor skill
Answer: (C) Classify motor skills in terms of common elements 20 Skills can be classified according to which of the following? (A)
The predictability of the environment in which the skill is performed
(B)
The nature of their organization
(C)
The degree of precision of their movements and corresponding size of the musculature used to perform
(D) All of the above
Answer: (D) All of the above 21 Which of the following is an example of a fine motor skill?
(A)
Typing on a laptop keyboard
(B)
Swimming the freestyle stroke
(C)
Walking with crutches
(D) Cross-country skiing
Answer: (A) Typing on a laptop keyboard 22 A fine motor skill is one that what? (A)
Places less emphasis on precision of movement
(B)
Generally involves multi-limb movements
(C)
Requires the use of large muscles
(D) Tends to be manipulative in nature
Answer: (D) Tends to be manipulative in nature 23 Which of the following is true of a discrete skill? (A)
It has beginning and ending points that are either arbitrary or determined by some environmental factor rather than by the task itself.
(B)
It tends to be repetitive in nature.
(C)
It has beginning and end points that are clearly defined.
(D) A and B only
Answer: (C) It has beginning and end points that are clearly defined. 24 Which of the following is an example of a serial skill? (A)
Rollerblading
(B)
A floor routine in gymnastics
(C)
Throwing a frisbee
(D) Serving a volleyball
Answer: (B) A floor routine in gymnastics 25 What is an open skill? Give 2
examples...Answer: 1
Which of the following is the process by which meaning is attached to input? (A)
Stimuli
(B)
Information processing
(C)
Perception
(D) Affordances
Answer: (C) Perception 2
The deliberate presentation of false precues in order to prompt an incorrect response is called (A)
Disguise
(B)
Dissimulate
(C)
Deception
(D) Decompose
Answer: (C) Deception 3
Which of the following would NOT necessarily influence movement time (MT)? (A)
Reduction in the uncertainty of a situation
(B)
Increase in the speed at which the movement is executed
(C)
Reduction in the length of the movement
(D) Using little or no back swing
Answer: (A) Reduction in the uncertainty of a situation 4
What must happen in order for a fake to be successful? (A)
The faker should move his or her head
(B)
The fake must be realistic
(C)
One should focus on the center of gravity
(D) The faker should look directly at his or her opponent
Answer: (B) The fake must be realistic 5
The extent to which a stimulus and its required response are naturally related is known as: (A)
Foreperiod
(B)
Psychological refractory period
(C)
Stimulus-response compatibility
(D) Inverted U hypothesis
Answer: (C) Stimulus-response compatibility 6
Which of the following explains faking? (A)
Hick’s Law
(B)
Psychological refractory period
Temporal anticipation (D) Affordances (C)
Answer: (B) Psychological refractory period 7
Clues in the environment that if detected can assist a learner in anticipating are known as: (A)
Irrelevant stimuli
(B)
Regulatory conditions
(C)
Precues
(D) Action requirements
Answer: (C) Precues 8
Which of the following is NOT true of response time? (A)
It is determined from the moment that a stimulus is presented to when a response is completed
(B)
It is influenced by the number of response choices in a situation
(C)
It is the combination of reaction time and movement time
(D) It should not exceed four seconds
Answer: (D) It should not exceed four seconds 9
The prediction of when an event will occur is called which of the following? (A)
Temporal anticipation
(B)
Event anticipation
(C)
Psychological refractory period
(D) Response orientation
Answer: (A) Temporal anticipation 10 Which of the following is the prediction of what event will happen? (A)
Foreperiod
(B)
Response orientation
(C)
Temporal anticipation
(D) Event anticipation
Answer: (D) Event anticipation 11 According to Hicks Law, a racquetball player has an advantage if he or she
does which of the following? (A)
Has a larger repertoire of serves
(B)
Reduces the uncertainty of his or her opponent
(C)
Makes his or her serve predictable
(D) Increase the fore period preceding the serve
Answer: (A) Has a larger repertoire of serves 12
states that choice RT is logarithmically related to the number of stimulus choice alternatives. (A) Fitts Law (B)
Hicks Law
(C)
Stimulus response compatibility
(D) Psychological refractory period
Answer: (B) Hicks Law 13 The reaction time resulting from a situation involving options as to how to
respond is called . (A)
Hicks Law
(B)
Event anticipation
(C)
Event reaction time
(D) Choice reaction time
Answer: (D) Choice reaction time 14 Which of the following is true of reaction time? (A)
It is a constant
(B)
It is dependent on the processing demands imposed by a given situation
(C)
It is determined from the moment that a stimulus is presented to when a response is completed
(D) It is indicative of the time to execute a movement
Answer: (B) It is dependent on the processing demands imposed by a given situation 15 The interval of time between the moment that a stimulus is presented to when a
response is initiated is known as what? (A)
Reaction time
(B)
Movement time
(C)
Response time
(D) Response orientation
Answer: (A) Reaction time 16 The view that the relationship between perception and action is circular rather
than relying on stored memory representation is known as what? (A)
Direct perception
(B)
Indirect perception
(C)
Information processing
(D) Affordances
Answer: (A) Direct perception 17 What are the action possibilities of the environment and task in relation to the
perceiver’s own capabilities called? (A)
Stimuli
Information processing (C) Perception (B)
(D) Affordances
Answer: (D) Affordances 18 Reactive agility (A)
is associated with closed skills
(B)
is associated with open skills
(C)
involves decision making
(D) B and C are true
Answer: (D) B and C are true
1
The deliberate presentation of false precues in order to prompt an incorrect response is called (A)
Disguise
(B)
Dissimulate
(C)
Deception
(D) Decompose
Answer: (C) Deception 2
Both generalized and sport specific visual training programs are equally effective for developing on-field decision making improvements (A) TRUE (B) FALSE
Answer: (B) FALSE 3
During gait training a therapist tells a patient not to think about falling. This is (A)
A good idea because the learner will avoid the action leading to performance improvement
(B)
a bad idea because falling is a natural part of the learning process
(C)
A bad idea as this strategy often leads to ironic effects
(D) B and C only
Answer: (C) A bad idea as this strategy often leads to ironic effects 4
The golf putt is an example of a (A)
Fixed
(B)
Abstract
(C)
Moving
targeting task.
(D) Erratic
Answer: (B) Abstract 5
Which of the following is true of visual search? (A)
It is the focusing of one’s visual attention on a specific object.
(B)
It is the manner by which a performer directs his or her visual attention while trying to locate critical regulatory cues.
(C)
It is the change in the environment that evokes a response.
(D) It is the inability to focus one’s visual attention on a specific object.
Answer: (B) It is the manner by which a performer directs his or her visual attention while trying to locate critical regulatory cues. 6
The final fixation located on a specific target or object before the initiation of movement is which of the following? (A)
Time to contact
Absolute gaze (C) Visual finality (B)
(D) The quiet eye
Answer: (D) The quiet eye 7
The rate at which a retinal image enlarges is directly related to the speed of an object’s approach and indicative of: (A)
Time to contact
(B)
Fixation
(C)
Eye dominance
(D) Optic imagery
Answer: (A) Time to contact 8
Instructions that induce an internal attentional focus (A)
Direct the learner to focus on the effects of their movements
(B)
Direct the learner to focus on their own body movements
(C)
Direct the learner to focus on performance outcome
(D) Have been shown to be superior to instructions that induce an external attentional
focus Answer: (B) Direct the learner to focus on their own body movements 9
The narrowing of attentional focus when arousal levels are higher than optimal is known as: (A)
Inverted U principle
(B)
Hick’s Law
(C)
Perceptual narrowing
(D) Narrow internal focus
Answer: (C) Perceptual narrowing 10 Which of the following influence the optimal level of arousal? (A)
Task characteristics
(B)
Learner characteristics
(C)
Selective attention
(D) A & B only
Answer: (D) A & B only 11 What captures the relationship between arousal and performance? (A)
The inverted U hypothesis
(B)
The cue utilization hypothesis
(C)
Hick’s Law
(D) Perceptual narrowing
Answer: (A) The inverted U hypothesis 12 An emotion resulting from an individual’s perception of a situation as
threatening is known as: (A)
Arousal
(B)
Anxiety
(C)
Anticipation
(D) Amplitude
Answer: (B) Anxiety 13 Which of the following is the attentional focus used when strategic analysis is
required? (A)
Broad-external
(B)
Broad-internal
(C)
Narrow-external
(D) Narrow-internal
Answer: (B) Broad-internal 14 Which of the following is the attentional style used to mentally rehearse
an impedingaction?
(A)
Broad-external
(B)
Broad-internal
(C)
Narrow-external
(D) Narrow-internal
Answer: (D) Narrow-internal 15 Which of the following is the attentional style used by a bicycle courier
maneuveringthrough New York City traffic? (A)
Broad-external
(B)
Broad-internal
(C)
Narrow-external
(D) Narrow-internal
Answer: (A) Broad-external 16 Reactive agility (A)
is associated with closed skills
(B)
is associated with open skills
(C)
involves decision making
(D) B and C are true
Answer: (D) B and C are true 17 When designing training activities to enhance perceptual-cognitive skills (A)
there should be a high level of similarity between training and real-life performance
learners attention should be directed to information-rich areas where critical cues occur (C) the constraints that are presented for the performer to act upon must replicate those that occur in the performance environment (B)
(D) All of the above
Answer: (D) All of the above
1
The degrees of freedom problem is based on which of the following? (A)
A limb’s range of motion
(B)
The number of elements or components of the system that have to be controlled
(C)
The lack of time available to receive feedback
(D) The influence of the external environment on movement
Answer: (B) The number of elements or components of the system that have to be controlled 2
The wind is an example of what type of constraint? (A)
Organismic constraint
(B)
Environmental constraint
(C)
Task constraint
(D) Internal constraint
Answer: (B) Environmental constraint 3
According to the Dynamic System Theory, compressing available degrees of freedom into a single functional unit that is designed to carry out a specific task is called (A)
An attractor
(B)
A phase shift
(C)
A rate limiter
(D) Self-organization
Answer: (D) Self-organization 4
What are preferred states of stability known as? (A)
Constraints
(B)
Phase shifts
(C)
Perceptual-motor workspace
(D) Attractors
Answer: (D) Attractors 5
According to the Dynamic System Theory, deep attractor basins are characteristic of what type of behavior?
(A)
Erratic behavior
(B)
Stable behavior
(C)
Instable behavior
(D) All behavior
Answer: (B) Stable behavior attractor states are characteristic of instable systems.
6 (A)
Shallow
Deep (C) Superficial (B)
(D) Consistent
Answer: (A) Shallow 7
A functional movement pattern is one that is (A)
A movement pattern that is unstable
(B)
(C)
.
A movement pattern that will accomplish a specific task goal
A movement pattern that must be corrected
(D) A movement pattern that all learners should be able to perform in the exact same
manner Answer: (B) A movement pattern that will accomplish a specific task goal 8
Since being bedridden from pneumonia, Martha has lost some of her flexibility. As a result, she is no longer able to achieve certain yoga poses. The loss of flexibility in this situation is an example of which of the following? (A)
A constraint
(B)
A control parameter
(C)
A rate limiter
(D) a and c
Answer: (D) a and c 9
Practitioners can create action possibilities that allow for the emergence of desired behaviors by doing which of the following? (A)
Altering playing area dimensions
(B)
Moving a learner’s limb into the desired position
(C)
Having a patient imitate the practitioner’s actions
(D) All of the above
Answer: (A) Altering playing area dimensions 10 If a pitcher throws a change up and the hitter swings in anticipation of a
fastball, the hitter has made an error in which of the following? (A)
Generalized motor program selection
(B)
Parameter selection
(C)
Invariant feature selection
(D) Schema selection
Answer: (B) Parameter selection 11 What is the difference between open and closed loop systems? (A)
Open loop has an executive level and closed loop does not
(B)
Closed loop has an executive level and open loop does not Open loop runs as planned while closed loop can be modified
(C)
Closed loop runs as planned while open loop can be modified Answer: (C) Open loop runs as planned while closed loop can be modified
(D)
12 Which of the following is NOT a source of information used to develop one’s
schema? (A)
Response outcome
(B)
Individual differences
(C)
Response specifications
(D) Sensory consequences
Answer: (B) Individual differences 13 The manipulation of variables within a movement pattern to meet the
demands of a given situation is known as (A)
Coordination
(B)
Control
(C)
Dynamic interaction
(D) Specificity
Answer: (B) Control 14 The process of constraining available degrees of freedom to organize a
movement pattern that will effectively achieve the goal of the task is called (A)
Coordination
(B)
Control
(C)
Dynamic interaction
(D) Specificity
Answer: (A) Coordination 15 Which of the following is NOT considered an invariant feature? (A)
Sequence of actions or components
(B)
Specification of muscles and or limbs
(C)
Relative timing
(D) Relative force
Answer: (B) Specification of muscles and or limbs 16 Which of the following is NOT considered a parameter? (A)
Muscle selection
(B)
Overall duration
(C)
Overall force
(D) Relative timing
Answer: (D) Relative timing 17 What is the name of the features of the generalized motor program that are
flexible and define how to execute the program?
(A)
Rate limiters
(B)
Constraints
(C)
Invariant features
(D) Parameters
Answer: (D) Parameters 18 The relatively fixed underlying characteristics that define a generalized motor
program are called (A)
Invariant features
(B)
Parameters
(C)
Schema
(D) Sensory consequences
Answer: (A) Invariant features 19 Which of the following specifies the parameter values assigned to the
generalized motor program? (A)
Invariant features
(B)
Schema
(C)
Control parameters
(D) Stable attractors
Answer: (B) Schema 20 A change in relative timing indicates a change in which of the following? (A)
Schema
(B)
Parameters
(C)
Generalized motor program
(D) Learner’s ability
Answer: (C) Generalized motor program 21 Constraints can be both limiting and enabling. (A) TRUE (B) FALSE
Answer: (A) TRUE
1
Which of the following sends a signal to the CNS indicating how much and how fast a muscle’s length is changing? (A)
Golgi tendon organs
(B)
Muscle spindles
(C)
Joint kinesthetic receptors
(D) The vestibular apparatus
Answer: (B) Muscle spindles 2
Parkinson’s disease is a result of under stimulation of the (A)
Primary motor area
(B)
Primary somatosensory area
(C)
Cerebellum
.
(D) Basal ganglia
Answer: (D) Basal ganglia 3
Which of the following is the area of the brain that plays a key role in the detection and correction of errors? (A)
Diencephalon
(B)
General Interpretive area
(C)
Basal ganglia
(D) Cerebellum
Answer: (D) Cerebellum 4
Which of the following is NOT true of the storage function of working memory? (A)
Information can only be stored in it for 20-30 seconds unless it is given further attention
(B)
Active processing is necessary to transfer information from the short-term memory to the long-term memory
(C)
Information is transmitted to the short-term memory after being selectively attended to in the sensory register
(D) It has a limitless capacity
Answer: (D) It has a limitless capacity 5
memory contains information about personal experiences and events associated with a specific time and context.
(A)
Semantic
(B)
Procedural
(C)
Episodic
(D) Declarative (E)
B and C only
Answer: (C) Episodic 6
Factual knowledge, such as your school colors, is retained in your (A) Semantic (B)
Procedural
(C)
Episodic
memory.
(D) Declarative
Answer: (A) Semantic 7
Which of the following enables performers to make, execute, and evaluate strategic and movement decisions? (A)
Short-term memory
(B)
Long-term memory
(C)
Both A and B
(D) Neither A nor B
Answer: (C) Both A and B 8
Temporary storage and manipulation of spatial and visual information is the responsibility of which of the following? (A)
Phonological loop
(B)
Central executive
(C)
Visuospatial sketchpad
(D) Sensory memory
Answer: (C) Visuospatial sketchpad 9
Prehension involves (A)
transporting the hand to a target location
(B)
grasping an object
(C)
manipulating an object
(D) All of the above (E)
B and C only
Answer: (D) All of the above 10 The
plays a key role in regulating the intensity (scaling) of movement parameters. (A)
Primary motor area
(B)
Primary somatosensory area
(C)
Cerebellum
(D) Basal ganglia
Answer: (D) Basal ganglia 11 Which is the area of the brain that organizes learned coordinated movements
that involve complex sequencing of muscles? Secondary somatosensory area (B) Prefrontal cortex. (A)
(C)
Premotor cortex
(D) Association area
Answer: (C) Premotor cortex are located in the inner ear and respond to changes in posture and
12
balance. (A)
Golgi tendon organs
(B)
Muscle spindles
(C)
Joint kinesthetic receptors
(D) The vestibular apparatus
Answer: (D) The vestibular apparatus 13 Which of the following proprioceptors are found at the junction of the
tendon and the muscle? (A)
Golgi tendon organs
(B)
Muscle spindles
(C)
Joint kinesthetic receptors
(D) The vestibular apparatus
Answer: (A) Golgi tendon organs 14 Information is taken from the receptors to the CNS by which of the following? (A)
Afferent nerves
(B)
Efferent nerves
(C)
Descending pathways
(D) The pyramidal pathway
Answer: (A) Afferent nerves 15 Which of the following is NOT true of reflexes? (A)
They are involuntary
(B)
The simplest pathway by which they occur is a reflex arc
(C)
They must be integrated in the brain
(D) They allow individuals to react to a stimulus very quickly
Answer: (C) They must be integrated in the brain 16 An interneuron is a nerve cell that does which of the following? (A)
Transmits sensory information
(B)
Transmits motor information
(C)
Transmits visual information
(D) Lies between a sensory and motor neuron in a reflex arc
Answer: (D) Lies between a sensory and motor neuron in a reflex arc 17 Which reflex would occur if an individual were to touch a hot stove? (A)
A monosynaptic reflex
(B)
The parachute reflex
(C)
The crossed extensor reflex
(D) The withdrawal reflex
Answer: (D) The withdrawal reflex 18 Which area of the brain is responsible for higher brain functions? (A)
Brainstem
(B)
Diencephalon
(C)
Cerebral cortex
(D) Cerebellum
Answer: (C) Cerebral cortex 19 If a stroke patient lost his or her ability to consciously feel and localize touch
and pressure on the skin, which area of the brain is likely affected? (A)
Primary somatosensory area
(B)
Primary motor cortex
(C)
Cerebellum
(D) Basal ganglia
Answer: (A) Primary somatosensory area 20 After the brain develops during a critical period in early childhood, it
remains relatively unchangeable with fixed neuronal circuits in adulthood (A) TRUE (B) FALSE
Answer: (B) FALSE 1
Johnny has been playing soccer for 3 years. This year he is being introduced to a new skill, heading a soccer ball. With respect to heading the soccer ball, Johnny is in what stage of learning? (A)
Cognitive
(B)
Associative
(C)
Autonomous
(D) Johnny is between stages
Answer: (A) Cognitive 2
Which of the following is NOT true of beginners? (A)
They are mechanically inefficient
(B)
They are inconsistent
(C)
Their movements are performed with little or no conscious control
(D) They expend a large amount of energy
Answer: (C) Their movements are performed with little or no conscious control 3
Although a learner can perform a skill consistently, it does not necessarily
mean that the skill is being performed accurately. True or false? (A) TRUE (B) FALSE (C) Depends on the skill
Answer: (A) TRUE 4
Consciously attending to specific aspects of a well-learned movement can be detrimental to performance. True or false? (A) TRUE (B) FALSE
Answer: (A) TRUE 5
Which of the following is NOT true of performance curves? (A)
The general direction of the curve is indicative of improvement
(B)
By examining successive trials, consistency can be inferred
(C)
The most common curve is the negatively accelerating curve
(D) They are useful for establishing that a relatively permanent change has taken
place Answer: (D) They are useful for establishing that a relatively permanent change has taken place 6
A period of time during the learning process in which no overt changes in performance occur is called which of the following? (A)
Learning cessation
(B)
Termination
Performance plateau (D) Freezing the degrees of freedom (C)
Answer: (C) Performance plateau 7
Which of the following is administered directly following the practice period? (A)
Pretest
(B)
Post test
(C)
Retention test
(D) Transfer test
Answer: (B) Post test 8
A patient is pre and post tested on his execution of a sit to stand transfer. Following the post-test, the patient is then tested on his ability to perform the sit to stand transfer from a novel chair height. What is this latter test called? (A)
Retest
(B)
Retention test
(C)
Novel test
(D) Transfer test
Answer: (D) Transfer test 9
Which of the following would best measure learning? (A)
A pretest
(B)
A post test
(C)
A retention test
(D) A plateau
Answer: (C) A retention test List five performance characteristics that can help you infer that learning has occurred. Answer:
10
Feedback: Increase in coordination and controlMore fluid muscle activityMore efficient energy expenditureIncreased consistencyattentional focus, knowledge and memory, error detection and correction, and self-confidence. 11
In the early stages of skill acquisition, a learner typically does which of the following asregards the degrees of freedom? (A)
Freezes the degrees of freedom
(B)
Releases the degree of freedom
(C)
Develops the degrees of freedom
(D) Increases the degrees of freedom
Answer: (A) Freezes the degrees of freedom 12
Variations in both regulatory and non-regulatory conditions should be systematically introduced for
(A)
Closed skills
(B)
Closed skills with inter-trial variability
(C)
Open skills
(D) B and C only
Answer: (D) B and C only 13
For closed skill with inter-trial variability, which of the following should be practiced? (A)
Fixed regulatory conditions and varying non-regulatory conditions
(B)
Varying regulatory conditions and fixed non-regulatory conditions
(C)
Fixed regulatory conditions and fixed non-regulatory conditions
(D) Varying regulatory conditions and varying non-regulatory conditions
Answer: (D) Varying regulatory conditions and varying non-regulatory conditions 14
A learner who is capable of detecting some errors but still struggling to determine how to fix them is in what stage of learning? (A)
Cognitive
(B)
Associative
(C)
Autonomous
(D) Expert
Answer: (B) Associative 15
For a learner in the autonomous stage of learning, what is the role of the practitioner? (A)
Minimal
(B)
Still involves practice design and error detection and correction
(C)
Facilitate learner’s understanding of the basic requirements of the skill
(D) Develop the learner’s error detection and correction capabilities
Answer: (B) Still involves practice design and error detection and correction 16
If a learner’s movements lack synchronization and appear choppy and deliberate that learner is most likely in which stage of learning? (A)
Cognitive
(B)
Associative
(C)
Autonomous
(D) Affective
Answer: (A) Cognitive 17
In the autonomous stage, attentional focus is: (A)
Reallocated to strategic decision-making
(B)
Solely directed to skill execution
Split between skill execution and strategic decision-making (D) Overtaxed to the point of exceeding the learner’s attentional capacity (C)
Answer: (A) Reallocated to strategic decision-making 18
Which of the following is a role that the practitioner NO LONGER plays when a learner is in the associative stage of learning? (A)
Provide feedback
(B)
Provide initial instructions
(C)
Develop a learner’s error detection and correction capabilities
(D) Design effective practice experiences
Answer: (B) Provide initial instructions 19
Once a learner reaches the autonomous stage of learning, a key responsibility of the practitioner is to do which of the following? (A)
Develop a learner’s error detection and correction capabilities
(B)
Motivate
(C)
Demonstrate
(D) The practitioner is no longer needed once a learner reaches this stage.
Answer: (B) Motivate 20
In the fixation/diversification stage of Gentile’s Stages of Learning model, which instructional strategy is recommended for closed skills with inter-trial variability? (A)
Fixation.
(B)
Diversification.
(C)
Getting the idea of the movement.
(D) Distinctionism.
Answer: (B) Diversification. 21
For a closed skill with no inter-trial variability, which of the following conditions should be practiced? (A)
Fixed regulatory conditions and varying non-regulatory conditions
(B)
Varying regulatory conditions and fixed non-regulatory conditions
(C)
Fixed regulatory conditions and fixed non-regulatory conditions
(D) Varying regulatory conditions and varying non-regulatory conditions
Answer: (A) Fixed regulatory conditions and varying non-regulatory conditions 22
For an open skill, which of the following conditions should be practiced? (A)
Fixed regulatory conditions and varying non-regulatory conditions
(B)
Varying regulatory conditions and fixed non-regulatory conditions
(C)
Fixed regulatory conditions and fixed non-regulatory conditions
(D) Varying regulatory conditions and varying non-regulatory conditions
Answer: (D) Varying regulatory conditions and varying non-regulatory conditions 23
How does Gentile’s model of learning differ from that of Fitts and Posner’s?
Answer: Feedback: Fitts and Posner’s 3-stage model suggests that learners pass through three distinct stages defined by the behaviors that they display.In the cognitive stage, the beginner is developing the basic movements of the skill. In the associative stage, the athlete is refining movement patterns, and in the autonomous stage the learner can perform the skill automatically without thinking about it.Gentile’s 2-stage model emphasizes the goals of the learner and the influence of the environment on skill learning and performance. In the getting the idea of the movement stage, the learner develops an understanding of movement requirements, as well as the environment in which the skill is performed.In the second stage, the fixation/diversification stage, the goal is refinement both of the movement pattern and adapting to ever-changing environmental conditions.
1
Which of the following would be a strategy that could be implemented to accommodate a kinesthetic learner? (A)
Videos
(B)
Consequent sounds
(C)
Simulations
(D) Questioning strategies regarding cause & effect
Answer: (C) Simulations 2
One would expect transfer between a slap shot in hockey and the butterfly stroke in swimming (A)
Positive
(B)
Negative
(C)
Zero
(D) Bilateral
Answer: (C) Zero 3
Which of the following are based on the principles of transfer? (A)
Skill progressions
(B)
Lead up games
(C)
Simulators
(D) All of the above
Answer: (D) All of the above 4
Which of the following can be examined to determine the degree of similarity between two skills and assess the potential for positive transfer? (A)
The fundamental movement pattern
(B)
The strategic and conceptual aspects of the game or task
(C)
The perceptual, temporal, and spatial elements
(D) All of the above
Answer: (D) All of the above 5
To what extent would you expect transfer to occur to a game situation from a volleyball drill that requires teammates to form a circle and bump the ball to the next person in a clockwise direction?
(A) High (B) Medium (C) Low
Answer: (C) Low 6
When using transfer, what is important? References used are only motor skills (B) The skills referred to are well learned (A)
(C)
Transfer is used in all cases
(D) Learners are in either the intermediate or advanced stages of learning
Answer: (B) The skills referred to are well learned 7
It is just as important to point out the differences between two skills as it is the similarities when attempting to capitalize on transfer; true or false? (A) TRUE (B) FALSE
Answer: (A) TRUE 8
An instructor that tells students to “shake hands with the racket” is using which of the following? (A)
A simulator
(B)
The eclectic approach
(C)
Resemblance cue
(D) An analogy
Answer: (D) An analogy 9
Efforts to design instructional methodology that capitalizes on positive transfer should be made in all situations; true or false? (A) TRUE (B) FALSE
Answer: (B) FALSE 10 If a learner’s past experience with badminton temporarily interferes with
their learning of tennis
is said to have occurred.
(A)
Contractual interference
(B)
Variable practice
(C)
Negative transfer
(D) Avoidance
Answer: (C) Negative transfer 11 Transfer can be which of the following? (A)
Positive
(B)
Negative
(C)
Zero
(D) All of the above
Answer: (D) All of the above 12 True or false? No two individuals possess identical learning styles. (A) TRUE (B) FALSE
Answer: (A) TRUE 13 Which of the following is true of global learners? (A)
They learn more easily when they are first presented with the big picture and then asked to concentrate on details
(B)
They prefer rules and guidelines
(C)
They prefer to have information presented in a step-by-step, sequential manner that builds towards a main concept
(D) Humor, anecdotes and graphics are not helpful
Answer: (A) They learn more easily when they are first presented with the big picture and then asked to concentrate on details 14 Which of the following is one of the easiest learning style variables to
accommodate for motor skill learning? (A)
Emotionality preferences
(B)
Environmental preferences
(C)
Perceptual mode
(D) Analytical mode
Answer: (C) Perceptual mode 15 Which of the following would be a strategy that could be implemented to
accommodate an analytical learner? (A)
Videos
(B)
Consequent sounds
(C)
Simulations
(D) Questioning strategies regarding cause & effect
Answer: (D) Questioning strategies regarding cause & effect 16 Which of the following is NOT true of learning styles? (A)
Unless accommodated, learning will not occur.
(B)
Accommodating them can result in achievement of greater learning.
(C)
Perceptual mode may be one of the easiest to accommodate for motor skill learning.
(D) An eclectic approach should be used in situations involving large groups.
Answer: (A) Unless accommodated, learning will not occur. 17 The preferred mode through which learners take in and process information
is known as which of the following? (A)
Information pathway
(B)
Modal inclination
Information zone (D) Modal strength (C)
Answer: (D) Modal strength 18 The cue words “pace” and “tempo” would be associated with which preferred
mode? (A)
Visual
(B)
Kinesthetic
(C)
Analytical
(D) Auditory
Answer: (D) Auditory 19 When the learning of a new skill or its performance under novel conditions is
influenced by past experience with another skill or skills, what is it known as? (A)
Selective attention
(B)
Perceptual mode
(C)
Transfer
(D) Analogies
Answer: (C) Transfer 20 A cornerstone of the OPTIMAL theory is (A)
Motivation
(B)
Perfect practice
(C)
Transfer
(D) Learning Styles
Answer: (A) Motivation 1
Which of the following is true regarding Initial instructions that are highly detailed? (A)
They capture a learner’s interest
(B)
They motivate a learner to try the skill
(C)
They challenge the learner’s attentional capacity
(D) They are necessary for the learner to develop an idea of how to perform the skill
Answer: (C) They challenge the learner’s attentional capacity 2
What does an external focus do? (A)
Directs a learner’s attention to the effects of his or her actions on the environment
(B)
Directs a learner’s attention to factors beyond the learner’s control
(C)
Directs a learner’s attention on his or her own body movements
(D) Directs a learner’s attention to external factors in the environment such as
the position of defenders Answer: (A) Directs a learner’s attention to the effects of his or her actions on the environment 3
Which of the following statements is true? (A)
Conscious awareness is necessary for learning about the environmental regulatory features of a motor skill
(B)
Practitioners should instruct learners to focus on specific environmental cues
(C)
Providing a variety of performance situations that contain critical environmental regulatory cues is confusing and should be avoided
(D) The learner’s attention should be directed at information rich areas to learn
critical environmental regulatory cues Answer: (D) The learner’s attention should be directed at information rich areas to learn critical environmental regulatory cues 4
Which of the following techniques would be optimal to check for understanding? (A)
Asking learners specific questions regarding the instructions just given
(B)
Asking learners if they have any questions regarding the instructions just given
(C)
Letting the learners try an activity and then clarifying the instructions if necessary
(D) It is not necessary to check for understanding
Answer: (A) Asking learners specific questions regarding the instructions just given 5
What is the name of the theory that suggests the development of a cognitive representation of a skill from seeing a demonstration or model? (A)
The dynamic interpretation of modeling
(B)
The social cognitive theory of observational learning
(C)
The representational modeling theory
(D) The blueprint theory
Answer: (B) The social cognitive theory of observational learning 6
What is the key to the use of a learning model? (A) That the individual is able to correctly perform the skill (B)
That the observer views another learner practicing the skill
(C)
That the observer views the teacher practicing the skill
(D) The observer views another learner practicing the skill and hears the
corresponding instructor feedback Answer: (D) The observer views another learner practicing the skill and hears the corresponding instructor feedback 7
Which of the following is true with respect to sound?
(A)
Consequent sounds can provide learners with a frame of reference for error diagnosis
(B)
Sound can be used to emphasize the internal rhythm of a skill
(C)
Sound can supplement a demonstration
(D) All of the above are true
Answer: (D) All of the above are true 8
Which of the following should be avoided when giving a demonstration? (A)
Using the phrases “like this” and “like that” in conjunction with the demonstration
(B)
Repetition of cues words
(C)
Focusing learner on key aspects of the movement
(D) Designing the demonstration so that the outcome is eliminated
Answer: (A) Using the phrases “like this” and “like that” in conjunction with the demonstration emphasizes movement exploration
9 (A)
Hands on approach
(B)
Hands off approach
(C)
Direct instruction
(D) Prescriptive instruction
Answer: (B) Hands off approach 10 Which of the following is true? (A)
Beginning learners are able to discriminate between relevant and non-relevant stimuli
Trial and error is the best strategy for efficient skill learning (C) Practitioners should focus learner’s attention to the critical elements of the motor skill being learned (B)
(D) When introduced to a new skill, learners can identify relevant stimuli
without the help of the practitioner, but cannot identify irrelevant stimuli without direction Answer: (C) Practitioners should focus learner’s attention to the critical elements of the motor skill being learned
11 When instructions are used to introduce a learner to a new skill, the
practitioner should do which of the following? Explain all of the different criterion conditions in which the skill may be used (B) Supply only the key elements of the skill (A)
(C)
Give as much detail regarding the skill as much as possible
(D) Avoid comparing the skill to previously learned skills
Answer: (B) Supply only the key elements of the skill 12 Which of the following is true regarding effective instructions? (A)
They can only be given by an expert
(B)
They send clear messages to the learner
(C)
They are highly detailed
(D) They always incorporate technical terminology
Answer: (B) They send clear messages to the learner 13 An internal focus of attention directs a learner to do which of the following? (A)
Concentrate on a specific body movement
(B)
Focus on the effects of his or her actions on the environment
Change attentional focus according to their level of arousal (D) Selectively attend to specific environmental information or focuses one’s visual attention on a specific object (C)
Answer: (A) Concentrate on a specific body movement 14 Which of the following is NOT true of verbal cues? (A)
They should be concise
(B)
They are used prompt a movement or movement sequence
(C)
They should be used repeatedly
(D) They are the same thing as key elements
Answer: (D) They are the same thing as key elements 15 How should the initial demonstration be performed? (A)
Performed in real time
(B)
Performed at a slower speed
(C)
Broken into parts
(D) Broken into parts and performed at a slower speed
Answer: (A) Performed in real time 16 What does a learning model emphasize? (A)
Movement imitation
(B)
Movement exploration
(C)
Movement replication
(D) Movement time
Answer: (B) Movement exploration 17 When demonstrating the free throw, the learners should be positioned so that
they can view the shot from where? (A)
Behind
(B)
The shooting hand side
(C)
The front
(D) Multiple viewing angles
Answer: (D) Multiple viewing angles 18 Which of the following is the LEAST effective formation? (A)
Full circle
(B)
Semi-circle
(C)
Two lines, one lower than the other
(D) All of the above are equally effective
Answer: (A) Full circle 19 Movement patterns can be shaped by manipulating which of the following? (A)
Rules
(B)
Equipment
(C)
Playing area dimensions
(D) All of the above
Answer: (D) All of the above 20 Which of the following is important to do before skill instruction begins?
(A)
Perform a demonstration
(B)
Give the learners feedback
(C)
Capture the learner’s undivided attention
(D) Have the learner engage in imagery
Answer: (C) Capture the learner’s undivided attention 21 Which instructional method is characterized by the practitioner using
questions to guide or shape the learnner's skill acquisition? (A)
Direct instruction
(B)
Prescriptive instruction
(C)
Guided discovery
(D) Instructional inquiry
Answer: (C) Guided discovery 1
Which of the following is not an advantage about breaking a skill down into parts? (A)
It simplifies the skill
(B)
It allows a learner to experience early success leading to increased motivation
(C)
It permits practice on problematic components without wasting time on those already mastered
(D) It focuses on retaining the underlying dynamics of the skill when
components are highly interdependent Answer: (D) It focuses on retaining the underlying dynamics of the skill when components are highly interdependent 2
Which of the following is governed by the speed-accuracy tradeoff (A)
Temporal accuracy
(B)
Spatial accuracy
(C)
Cognitive accuracy
(D) Both A and B
Answer: (B) Spatial accuracy 3
Bilateral transfer occurs between which of the following? (A)
Limbs
(B)
People
(C)
Behaviors
(D) Theories
Answer: (A) Limbs 4
True or false? Mistakes are an integral part of the learning process. (A) TRUE (B) FALSE
Answer: (A) TRUE 5
Which of the following are goals that are concerned with the final result of a competition relative to one’s opponent? (A)
Process goals
(B)
Performance goals
(C)
Long term goals
(D) Outcome goals
Answer: (D) Outcome goals 6
A patient whose goal is to increase the number of steps she can take unassisted has set what kind of goal? (A)
Process goal
(B)
Performance goal
Long term goal (D) Outcome goal (C)
Answer: (B) Performance goal 7
Which of the following goals focus on self-improvement? (A)
Process goals
(B)
Performance goals
(C)
Long term goals
(D) Outcome goals
Answer: (B) Performance goals
8
Which of the following goals direct a performer’s focus to achieving some technical element during skill execution? (A)
Process goals
(B)
Performance goals
(C)
Long term goals
(D) Outcome goals
Answer: (A) Process goals 9
The neuromuscular theory of imagery suggests that the act of visualizing oneself executing a movement does which of the following? (A)
Allows a learner to develop an understanding of a movements requirements
(B)
Allows activation of the same neural pathways as the movement itself
(C)
Allows a learner to test movement problems
(D) Allows a learner to develop performance strategies.
Answer: (B) Allows activation of the same neural pathways as the movement itself 10 Practice makes perfect; true or false? (A) TRUE (B) FALSE
Answer: (B) FALSE 11 Hitting a ball off of a tee is an example of which of the following? (A)
Simplification
(B)
Attention cueing
(C)
Segmentation
(D) Fractionization
Answer: (A) Simplification 12 The technique where two parts are practiced separately then combined
once a criterion level has been achieved is which of the following? (A)
Progressive part method
(B)
Repetitive part method
(C)
Backward chaining
(D) Whole practice
Answer: (A) Progressive part method 13 Part-practice would be recommended when a skill is considered to have
what kinds of complexity and organization? (A)
High task complexity / low task organization
(B)
Low task complexity / high task organization
(C)
Both A and B are correct
(D) Neither A nor B are correct
Answer: (A) High task complexity / low task organization 14 Task complexity is directly correlated with which of the following? (A)
The degree to which the sub-components of a skill are interdependent
(B)
The number of sub-components that make up the skill
(C)
The frustration level of the learner
(D) The age of the learner
Answer: (B) The number of sub-components that make up the skill 15 What is the name of the degree to which the sub-components of a skill are
interdependent? (A)
Task complexity
(B)
Task structure
(C)
Task analysis
(D) Task organization
Answer: (D) Task organization 16 Which of the following skills would be considered high in task complexity? (A)
Putting
(B)
Hopping
(C)
High Jumping
(D) Picking up a cup
Answer: (C) High Jumping 17 Which of the following is considered low in task organization? (A)
Throwing a discus
(B)
Pole vaulting
(C)
A jump serve in volleyball
(D) An aerobics sequence
Answer: (D) An aerobics sequence 18 The part-practice technique that separates skills into parts according to spatial
or temporal elements is which of the following? (A)
Simplification
(B)
Attention cueing
(C)
Segmentation
(D) Fractionization
Answer: (C) Segmentation 19 The part-practice technique where skill components that are normally
performed simultaneously are partitioned and practiced independently is which of the following? (A)
Simplification
(B)
Attention Cueing
(C)
Segmentation
(D) Fractionization
Answer: (D) Fractionization 20 The part-practice technique that reduces the level of difficulty of the task or
some aspect of the task for the learner is which of the following? (A)
Simplification
(B)
Attention cueing
(C)
Segmentation
(D) Fractionization
Answer: (A) Simplification 21 The part-practice technique where the learner directs his or her attention
to a specific aspect of a skill during its performance as a whole is which of the following? (A)
Simplification
(B)
Attention cueing
(C)
Segmentation
(D) Fractionization
Answer: (B) Attention cueing 22 List and explain three factors that can adversely affect
time on task. Answer: Feedback: • Resting • Waiting in line• Excessive verbal instruction• Poorly designed drill/activity• Incorrect/insufficient equipment 1 Which of the following is an example of a non-regulatory condition that could be incorporated into the variable practice schedule for a quarterback? (A)
Presence of defenders
(B)
Distance of throw to receiver
(C)
Crowd noise level
(D) The area on the field to which the ball must be thrown
Answer: (C) Crowd noise level 2
If substitute or alternative equipment causes a distinct change in movement pattern, what should you do? (A)
Continue to use it, the learner will figure it out
(B)
Stop using it
(C)
Use it only sparingly
(D) You should only use the specific equipment designed for that activity
Answer: (B) Stop using it 3
What does a well-designed drill do? (A)
Maximizes time on task
(B)
Involves the participation of all learners
(C)
Directly targets the learning goal
(D) All of the above
Answer: (D) All of the above 4
Which of the following must be considered when designing practice experiences? (A)
The learner
(B)
The task
(C)
The environment
(D) All of the above
Answer: (D) All of the above 5
True or false? Contextual interference should be avoided at all costs. (A) TRUE (B) FALSE
Answer: (B) FALSE 6
True or false? Long term retention of a motor skill is best achieved by practicing a skill repeatedly before moving to a different version of the task or a different task altogether. (A) TRUE (B) FALSE
Answer: (B) FALSE 7
True or false? Stations are a teaching method that can easily be designed to incorporate both variable and random practice. (A) TRUE (B) FALSE
Answer: (A) TRUE 8
True or false? Learning is enhanced when longer, less frequent practice sessions are scheduled. (A) TRUE (B) FALSE
Answer: (B) FALSE 9
Giving the learner the opportunity to choose some characteristics of the practice situation is called
(A)
Self-Control
(B)
Selective practice
(C)
Challenge point
(D) Guided practice
Answer: (A) Self-Control 10 A massed practice schedule would be the most effective for which of the
following? (A)
New and complex skills
(B)
Tasks that have high-energy requirements
(C)
Discrete skills
(D) Tasks that involve some degree of risk
Answer: (C) Discrete skills 11 Which of the following is the term used to describe practice where the rest
component between sessions or practice attempts is equal to or greater than the practice component? (A)
Massed practice
(B)
Alternating practice
(C)
Distributed practice
(D) Restful practice
Answer: (C) Distributed practice 12 The explanation that suggests that random practice facilitates learning
by causing temporary between trials forgetting of task solutions is called the hypothesis (A)
Elaboration
(B)
Forgetting
(C)
Memory
(D) Action plan reconstruction
Answer: (D) Action plan reconstruction 13 When should variable practice be implemented? (A)
When the skill is first introduced
(B)
Once the learner has acquired the basic movement pattern
(C)
Only when the learner has reached the autonomous stage
(D) Only when the learner is having difficulty developing an understanding of
the basic movement pattern Answer: (C) Only when the learner has reached the autonomous stage 14 Which of the following is NOT true of variable practice? (A)
It enhances the development of a learner’s schema
(B)
It facilitates transfer
It leads to better performance during practice (D) It enhances a learner’s ability to accurately select appropriate parameter values to accomplish a movement goal (C)
Answer: (C) It leads to better performance during practice 15 When implementing variable practice, which of the following should be
manipulated for skills whose objective is the consistent and accurate replication of a movement pattern? (A)
Regulating conditions
(B)
Non-regulatory conditions
(C)
Both regulatory and non-regulatory conditions
(D) Variable practice should not be used for closed skills with inter-trial variability
Answer: (B) Non-regulatory conditions 16 Which of the following describes blocked practice? (A)
One variation of a skill is practiced repeatedly before practice attempts are given on another skill
(B)
Multiple task variations are performed in a random order
(C)
Multiple tasks are arranged in blocks according to their similarities
(D) Multiple tasks are arranged in an alternating pattern
Answer: (A) One variation of a skill is practiced repeatedly before practice attempts are given onanother skill 17 Which of following would be an example of implementing random practice to
""practice"" three different skills? (A)
Performing 10 successive trials at each of the three skills
(B)
Performing one trial of each of the three skills over 10 rotations
(C)
Performing five trials of each skill, repeating the rotation twice
(D) Performing 30 successive trials of one skill
Answer: (B) Performing one trial of each of the three skills over 10 rotations 18 Repeated blocked practice provides (A)
No
(B)
Low
(C)
Moderate
contextual interference.
(D) High
Answer: (C) Moderate 19 If a golfer lines up 30 balls and putts them from the exact same spot on the
green to the exact same hole each time, the golfer is using what type of practice? (A)
Constant practice
(B)
Blocked practice
(C)
Repeated blocked practice
(D) A and B
Answer: (D) A and B 20 Low contextual interference would occur when practice trials are organized
following a
schedule. (A)
Blocked
(B)
Random
(C)
Repeated blocked
(D) Variable
Answer: (A) Blocked
21 When implementing variable practice, which of the following should be
manipulated for closed skills that involve inter-trial variability? (A)
Regulating conditions
(B)
Non-regulatory conditions
(C)
Both regulatory and non-regulatory conditions
(D) Variable practice should not be used for closed skills with inter-trial variability
Answer: (C) Both regulatory and non-regulatory conditions 1
What is the optimal viewing perspective from which to observe a skill? (A)
Up close
(B)
From behind
(C)
From the right or left side
(D) Depends on the skill
Answer: (D) Depends on the skill 2
Which of the following would be considered as a sensory error? The learner failed to see important cues because he or she was in mid-blink (B) The learner failed to see important cues because he or she didn’t know where in the environment to look for them (A)
The learner failed to see important cues because he or she didn’t know what to look for (D) The learner failed to see important cues because he or she didn’t know how to read game situations (C)
Answer: (A) The learner failed to see important cues because he or she was in midblink 3
Vertigo can cause a (A)
Recall
(B)
Telegraphing
(C)
Proprioception
error.
(D) Vision
Answer: (C) Proprioception 4
You are observing an eighth-grade basketball practice where the team is
practicing free throws. You notice one student is using more of a “shot put” type motion vs. the proper technique. The nets are at regulation height, and this particular player is significantly shorter than the rest of the team. The error you saw (shot putting) is likely which kind of errors? (A)
A recall error
(B)
A comprehension error
(C)
A decision making error
(D) An error due to constraints
Answer: (D) An error due to constraints 5
The state tournament is only a week away, and you have noticed an error in Sally’s technique that will require a parameter change. What should you do? (A)
Fix the error
(B)
Ignore the error
(C)
Make a note of the error so you can fix it during the pre-season next year
(D) Tell Sally that there is a flaw in her technique but that you are going to wait
until next year to work on it Answer: (A) Fix the error 6
Which of the following is true regarding corrections involving fundamental changes to the motor program? (A)
They take a long time to fix
(B)
They can be fixed almost instantaneously
(C)
They will never be completely fixed
(D) They should be ignored
Answer: (A) They take a long time to fix 7
A flaw observed in an individual’s performance is not necessarily indicative of the underlying cause of the error; true or false? (A) TRUE (B) FALSE
Answer: (A) TRUE 8
A factor that should be considered prior to making a correction is the learner’s motivation to do so; true or false?
(A) TRUE (B) FALSE
Answer: (A) TRUE 9
What correction category does changing the underlying rhythm of a skill fall into? (A)
Retry
(B)
Refine
(C)
Rebuild
(D) None of the above
Answer: (C) Rebuild 10 Chris has come a long way in practice and has become quite proficient in
shooting. However, every time the ball is passed near the goal, the defender steals it before Chris can get the shot off. The teacher decides that Chris’s shooting technique is okay, but Chris is taking too long to react to the ball. a. List potential reasons for Chris’s inability to respond quickly in this situation. b. Provide suggestions for each reason given to correct the problem. Answer: Feedback: The error is delay in responding multiple reasons could be the cause of this delay. First, the practitioner must establish whether Chris can correctly read game situations. Does Chris know what critical cues to look for? Can Chris detect that information during a game? If not, intervention strategies should focus on teaching Chris what the critical cues are, prompting Chris to prepare a response sooner, directing Chris’s attention to where in the environment the cues occur, and providing extensive practice opportunities in a variety of situations that contain common task relevant cues. Second, Chris’s attentional focus may be either too broad or too narrow, depending on levels of arousal. Third, delay in responding may result from problems with decision making. Reducing the number of response alternatives and increasing Chris’s ability to identify potential predictors, such as opponent or situational tendencies, could resolve the problem. 11 When a learner is trying to replace an established movement pattern with a new one, they will likely display which kinds of errors? (A)
Errors in neuromuscular coordination
(B)
Errors due to constraints
(C)
Sensory errors
(D) Recall errors
Answer: (A) Errors in neuromuscular coordination 12 Teaching a learner how to systematically look for key performance
characteristics when assessing a situation will resolve which kinds of errors? (A)
Errors due to constraints
(B)
Sensory errors
(C)
Recall errors
(D) Decision-making errors
Answer: (D) Decision-making errors 13 Which of the following would NOT be considered an underlying cause of
a movement execution error? (A)
Insufficient practice
(B)
Performing the movement too quickly
(C)
Negative transfer
(D) Failure to identify potential predictors
Answer: (D) Failure to identify potential predictors 14 What are the specific body movements that are observable and affect a skills
performance? (A)
Cues
(B)
Key elements
(C)
Patterns
(D) Behaviors
Answer: (B) Key elements 15 Which of the following can be a source for errors in performance? (A)
Equipment
(B)
Fear
(C)
The structure of a drill or task
(D) All of the above
Answer: (D) All of the above 16 When an error occurs because learners do not understand what you want
them to do, the error falls into which of the following categories? Errors due to constraints (B) Comprehension errors (A)
(C)
Errors in selection
(D) Execution errors
Answer: (B) Comprehension errors 17 Which of the following would NOT be considered an advantage of using a video
camera? (A)
It permits repetitive viewing
(B)
It can be played in slow motion
(C)
It can provide the learner with the opportunity to see what he or she is doing incorrectly
(D) It can alter the performance of those not used to being videotaped
Answer: (D) It can alter the performance of those not used to being videotaped 18 Good decision-making begins with good (A)
Abilities
(B)
Assessment
(C)
Selection
.
(D) Execution
Answer: (B) Assessment 19 Which of the following can likely be attributed to a perceptual or decision-
making problem? (A)
A bat that is too heavy
(B)
Slow bat speed
(C)
Slow swing initiation
(D) All of the above
Answer: (C) Slow swing initiation 20 Perceptual errors occur when the learner does which of the following? (A)
Doesn’t know what cues to look for in the environment
(B)
Can’t distinguish between task relevant and irrelevant stimuli
(C)
Focuses his or her attention on the wrong cues
(D) All of the above
Answer: (D) All of the above 21 If a racquetball player chooses the appropriate shot for a given situation but
mis-hits the ball, he or she is making an error in which of the following? (A)
Selection
(B)
Assessment
(C)
Execution
(D) Decision-making
Answer: (C) Execution 22 Providing reminders is an appropriate correction for which of the following? (A)
Errors due to constraints
(B)
Recall errors
(C)
Comprehension errors
(D) Errors in neuromuscular coordination
Answer: (B) Recall errors 23 The tennis coach you are working with has made some observations about
Kelly, the adolescent female athlete you are coaching (S&C). When Kelly runs to the corner on the baseline for a backhand, she is slow to return to the centre or run to the net. A) List potential reasons why Kelly’s movement may be slow in this situation (she has no history of injury) B) What would you do to develop this weakness? Focus on ONE of the areas you identified above. Answer: Feedback: A) technique, speed, power, conditioning/fatigueB) Technique: Break down the skill into smaller parts as Kelly might be over-reaching on the first shotSpeed/power: Short sprint sessions with focus on acceleration/deceleration in all directionsConditioning: Make sure there is an aerobic base essential for recovery and endurance and work on high intensity interval training with work:rest ratios relevant to tennis
1
What is intrinsic feedback? (A)
Response produced information that is available from one's sensory system
(B)
Information received from an external source
(C)
Information that is only received following the completion of a response
(D) The same as videorecorded feedback
Answer: (A) Response produced information that is available from one's sensory system 2
If the goal of the feedback is to facilitate skill acquisition, the practitioner should provide based information. (A)
Error
(B)
Achievement
(C)
Reinforcement
(D) Punishment
Answer: (A) Error 3
If the provision of feedback is based on a predetermined range of “correctness” a practitioner is using what type of feedback? (A)
Faded feedback
(B)
Bandwidth feedback
(C)
Summary feedback
(D) Average feedback
Answer: (B) Bandwidth feedback 4
Which of the following is true of the development of an overdependence on external feedback? (A)
It occurs when a learner receives augmented feedback at a high frequency
(B)
Overdependence is positive as learners become more attentive
(C)
It forces learner to focus on his or her own intrinsic feedback
(D) It increases learners’ ability to self diagnose their errors
Answer: (A) It occurs when a learner receives augmented feedback at a high frequency 5
The interval of time from the end of one performance attempt to the beginning of the next is known as which of the following?
(A)
The feedback-delay interval
(B)
The inter-trial interval
(C)
The post-feedback interval
(D) The total response interval
Answer: (B) The inter-trial interval 6
The interval of time from one performance attempt until augmented feedback is provided is called which of the following? (A) The feedback-delay interval (B)
The inter-trial interval
(C)
The post-feedback interval
(D) The total response interval
Answer: (A) The feedback-delay interval 7
In order to assist learners in the development of their ability to detect and correct their performance, what should practitioners do? (A)
Should give the learner an opportunity to process intrinsic feedback
(B)
Ask learners questions during practice to provoke reflective thinking regarding practice attempts
(C)
Provide feedback immediately following the performance attempt
(D) A and B only
Answer: (D) A and B only 8
By asking learners what they are thinking about with respect to the upcoming attempt during the post-feedback interval, practitioners can do which of the following? (A)
Check for understanding
(B)
Encourage active processing of the feedback provided
(C)
Encourage active processing for movement modification
(D) All of the above
Answer: (D) All of the above 9
Which of the following is the interval during which the learner synthesizes the information received both intrinsically and extrinsically ? (A)
The feedback-delay interval
(B)
The inter-trial interval
(C)
The post-feedback interval
(D) The total response interval
Answer: (B) The inter-trial interval 10 Movement patterns can be shaped by manipuating (A)
Task variables
(B)
Practice variables
(C)
Both A and B
(D) Neither A nor B
Answer: (C) Both A and B 11 Error amplification involves (A)
Amplifying the consequence sound associated with the movement
(B)
Exaggeration of an identified error
(C)
Amplifying the proprioception associated with the movement
(D) Exaggeration of prescriptive feedback provided
Answer: (B) Exaggeration of an identified error 12 Chris is having a tough time passing the ball, and the teacher goes over to
help. Having analysed Chris’s attempts, the teacher provides the following feedback: “No, that’s not it. You are too tense. Why are you so uptight? Your head isn’t straight and you aren’t kicking through the centre of the ball – no wonder it doesn’t go straight! Can’t you do better than that?" Rewrite the sentence to provide Chris with more effective feedback. Explain why your version is more effective. Answer: Feedback: Sandwich feedback – Good. Your contact with the ball is much stronger. On this next trial, focus on kicking through the centre of the ball. That will make the ball go straight. Let’s try again. You almost have it.This version is more effective because it confirms the learner’s progress. Encourages continued persistence and offers prescriptive feedback, which is more beneficial for novice learners. 13 Which of the following is true about descriptive feedback? (A)
Describes the nature of the performance error
(B)
Offers a suggestion as to how to correct an error
(C)
Describes how the performance felt
(D) Is also known as subjective feedback
Answer: (A) Describes the nature of the performance error 14 The choice to use either descriptive or prescriptive feedback is dependent on
which of the following? (A)
The type of error
(B)
The skill level of the learner
(C)
The nature of the skill
(D) The learner's level of motivation
Answer: (B) The skill level of the learner 15 Which of the following is NOT an example of augmented feedback? (A)
Video replay of an individual’s performance
(B)
Information provided to learner regarding their performance by the coach
(C)
The feeling a gymnast gets as she starts to lose her balance when doing a balance beam routine
(D) The score received for a dive that an official posts
Answer: (C) The feeling a gymnast gets as she starts to lose her balance when doing a balance beam routine 16 What is knowledge of performance, or KP? (A)
Information about an opponent's outcome in relation to one's outcome
(B)
Information about the outcome of a response
Information about the specific characteristics that led to the outcome (D) Physiological information concurrently fed back to the learner through some form of instrumentation (C)
Answer: (C) Information about the specific characteristics that led to the outcome 17 What is knowledge of results, or KR? (A)
Information about the outcome of a response
(B)
Information about the specific characteristics that led to the outcome
(C)
Physiological information concurrently fed back to the learner
through some form of instrumentation (D) Information about an opponent's outcome in relation to one's outcome
Answer: (A) Information about the outcome of a response 18 Which of the following is augmented feedback that is presented to the learner
following the completion of a response? (A)
Terminal feedback
(B)
Concurrent feedback
(C)
Punishment
(D) Subsequent feedback
Answer: (A) Terminal feedback 19 Which of the following is NOT a function of augmented feedback? (A)
To correct an error
(B)
To motivate
(C)
To reinforce
(D) To accommodate learning styles
Answer: (D) To accommodate learning styles 20 Which of the following is an example of knowledge of results? (A)
You need to follow through more
(B)
Did you feel how you were off balance when you hit the ball?
(C)
Your ball landed short of the pin
(D) Be sure you contact the ball in front of your shoulder
Answer: (C) Your ball landed short of the pin 21 The statement “Great effort; way to go after that ball!” is an example of which of
the following? (A)
Punishment
(B)
Verbal instructions
(C)
Positive reinforcement
(D) Negative reinforcement
Answer: (C) Positive reinforcement 22 In the video feedback learning stage known as the shock stage: (A)
Learners begin to critically observe their practice attempts and identify specific performance errors
(B)
Learners are preoccupied with their appearance and have to get used to seeing themselves on tape
(C)
Learners begin to understand why an error occurred and begins generating error correction strategies
(D) Learners can consistently identify and correct errors
Answer: (B) Learners are preoccupied with their appearance and have to get used to seeingthemselves on tape 23 Which of the following can be used as a source of performance feedback? (A)
Equipment
(B)
Graphs
(C)
Sounds
(D) All of the above can be used as a source of performance feedback
Answer: (D) All of the above can be used as a source of performance feedback 24 In the sandwich approach to error correction, the learner is first
reinforced, then information is provided to facilitate error correction, and finally the learner is . (A)
Punished
(B)
Ridiculed
(C)
Consoled
(D) Encouraged
Answer: (D) Encouraged 25 True or false; augmented feedback can be redundant. (A) TRUE (B) FALSE
Answer: (A) TRUE
26 What
should you consider in order to decide whether to correct a movement error? Answer: Feedback: • Is the learner capable of making the correction (strength, range of motion, intellectual capacity)• How much time is needed to make the correction• Is the learner motivated to make the correction• Is there a risk of injury if not corrected