TEST BANK for A History of Latin America 9th Edition by Keen Benjamin & Haynes Keith. ISBN 978113370 by StudyGuide

Chapter 1--Ancient America Student: ___________________________________________________________________________ 1. The first colonization of America by people from Asia probably began about A. 150,000 years ago. B. 5,000 years ago. C. 40,000 years ago. D. 10,000 years ago.

2. One revolutionary result of the development of agriculture was A. the appearance of the state. B. the feasibility of the division of labor. C. an improvement in the status of women. D. the abandonment of hunting.

3. A serious weakness of slash-and-burn farming was that it A. led to overpopulation. B. required a strong central authority. C. soon exhausted the soil. D. encouraged tribal warfare.

4. The Classic period in Ancient America lasted from A. A.D. 2500 to about 1500 B.C. B. A.D. 1 to about A.D. 1000. C. A.D. 1000 to about A.D. 1500. D. A.D. 9000 to 2500 B.C.

5. The Postclassic period in Ancient America was characterized by the A. rise of genuine cities and chronic warfare. B. introduction of maize and other domesticated plants. C. decline of commerce. D. growing importance of the priestly class.

6. Olmec civilization was characterized by A. a highly developed calendrical system. B. chronic warfare among Olmec states. C. the carving of stone sculpture that featured colossal heads. D. the practice of human sacrifice and ritual cannibalism on a massive scale.

7. A factor that greatly aided Aztec imperial expansion was A. the highly productive chinampa system of agriculture. B. Aztec superiority in weapons and military technique. C. belief in the sacrifice of war prisoners for the survival of the universe. D. the geographical advantages of the Valley of Mexico for defense and offense.

8. The dominant Mesoamerican state in the Classic period was A. Monte Albán. B. Teotihuacán. C. Tula. D. La Venta.

9. The main integrating force in Aztec society was the A. military. B. merchant class. C. artisans. D. priesthood.

10. The Maya agricultural system was based on A. slash-and-burn farming. B. chinampa farming. C. large imports of grain from central Mexico. D. a mix of slash-and-burn farming and more intensive agricultural methods.

11. Our knowledge of Maya history has been much enhanced by the discovery A. that many of the sculptured glyphs record important events in the lives of Maya rulers. B. of native codices containing much historical material. C. that Maya writing was truly syllabic and could easily be deciphered. D. of a Spanish translation of Maya oral historical traditions.

12. The central Andean area in Inca times was characterized by A. large amounts of arable land. B. a very limited number of edible plants. C. a rich variety of environments, making possible extensive food production. D. a forbidding environment of coastal deserts, bleak plateaus, and snowcapped mountains.

13. The Mochica culture of Classic Peru was noted for A. a very simple social organization. B. the absence of metallurgy. C. its peaceful nature. D. a pottery characterized by realistic modeling.

14. The emperor credited with many reforms and innovations in the Inca state is A. Topa Inca. B. Pachacuti Inca. C. Atahualpa. D. Huascar.

15. The Incas possessed A. pictographic writing. B. alphabetic writing. C. a system of communicating by signs. D. a record-keeping device called the quipu.

16. The Inca state may best be described as a A. totalitarian state. B. socialist state. C. welfare state. D. class-structured state in which commoners were exploited by the rulers and nobility.

17. A serious weakness of the Inca Empire was A. chronic discontent and revolts on the part of conquered peoples. B. the difficulty of maintaining control over such a vast area. C. the emergence of a military caste that challenged the supremacy of Inca rulers. D. the rise of a feudal nobility that threatened Inca centralized authority.

18. Many activities thought to reflect the benevolence of the Inca state actually were A. invented by pro-Inca chroniclers writing after the conquest. B. traditional village cooperative functions taken over by the Inca state for its own ends. C. examples of the "divide-and-rule" policy of Inca rulers. D. designed to prevent rebellions on the part of conquered peoples.

19. The ayllu was a A. kinship group, the members of which married within the group. B. kinship group, the members of which married outside the group. C. territorial group, the members of which recognized no kinship bonds. D. group of people from the interior of the empire resettled in the newly conquered province.

20. Recent scholarly estimates of pre-Conquest populations for the Americas A. point to much smaller populations than were accepted previously. B. point to much larger populations than were accepted previously. C. range between 8 and 10 million. D. range between 100 and 150 million for the Americas.

21. Social stratification was most developed in the A. band. B. state. C. chiefdom. D. tribe.

22. Economic life in Aztec Mexico rested on a base of A. large-scale trade with the Inca Empire. B. hunting and fishing. C. intensive and extensive agriculture. D. craft industry.

23. Before the Spanish conquest, gender parallelism in the Andean world guaranteed women A. the right to share in political decisions of the Inca state. B. leadership positions in the ayllu. C. access to land, herds, water, and other material resources. D. a subordinate role in the gendered hierarchy of Inca society.

24. The Triple Alliance was an agreement to share the spoils of conquest among A. Texcoco, Tenochtitlán, and Tlacopán, facilitating Aztec domination of Mesoamerica. B. Texcoco, Tenochtitlán, and Tlacopán, facilitating Inca domination of Mesoamerica. C. Spain, Portugal, and England, thereby facilitating European domination of Mesoamerica. D. Inca, Aztec, and Maya lords, thereby facilitating imperial domination of Mesoamerica.

25. In the classic Mesoamerican world, networks of commercial trade linked the great cities of A. Texcoco, Tenochtitlán, and Tlacopán. B. Cuzco, Tenochtitlán, and Tikal. C. Tikal, Palenque, and Chichén-Itzá. D. Monte Albán, Teotihuacán, and Tikal.

26. Pleistocene

27. Olmec

28. Archaic stage

29. Preclassic or Formative period

30. Classic period

31. Postclassic period

32. Teotihuacán

33. Quetzalcóatl

34. Nezahualcoyotl

35. Calpulli

36. chinampa

37. mayeque

38. Tikal

39. Chichén Itzá

40. Cuzco

41. Mochica

42. Pachacuti

43. ayllu

44. curaca

45. Triple Alliance

46. band

47. tribe

48. chiefdom

49. gender parallelism

50. Chibcha

51. Monte Albán

52. Discuss the relationship between geographical environment, the type of agricultural system adopted, and the kind of social and political organization developed in various parts of Ancient America.

53. Summarize the salient features of the Preclassic, Classic, and Postclassic stages of the history of Ancient America.

54. If Spanish conquerors had not arrived in Mexico in the early 1500s, how would the Aztec Empire have evolved in the next hundred years?

55. How has the research of recent decades altered the traditional view of Maya civilization?

56. What strategies did the Inca rulers employ to maintain the loyalty and obedience of conquered peoples? How successful were these strategies?

57. What roles did women play in Aztec and Inca societies and how was this affected by the expansion of their respective empires?

Chapter 1--Ancient America Key

1. D 2. B 3. C 4. B 5. A 6. C 7. C 8. B 9. D 10. D 11. A 12. C 13. D 14. B 15. D 16. D 17. A 18. B 19. A 20. B 21. B 22. C 23. C 24. A 25. D 26. Answer not provided. 27. Answer not provided. 28. Answer not provided. 29. Answer not provided.

30. Answer not provided. 31. Answer not provided. 32. Answer not provided. 33. Answer not provided. 34. Answer not provided. 35. Answer not provided. 36. Answer not provided. 37. Answer not provided. 38. Answer not provided. 39. Answer not provided. 40. Answer not provided. 41. Answer not provided. 42. Answer not provided. 43. Answer not provided. 44. Answer not provided. 45. Answer not provided. 46. Answer not provided. 47. Answer not provided. 48. Answer not provided. 49. Answer not provided. 50. Answer not provided. 51. Answer not provided. 52. Answer not provided. 53. Answer not provided. 54. Answer not provided. 55. Answer not provided. 56. Answer not provided. 57. Answer not provided.

Chapter 2--The Hispanic Background Student: ___________________________________________________________________________ 1. A major weakness of the Visigothic empire in Iberia was its A. failure to assimilate Roman culture. B. Germanic tradition of elective succession to the kingship. C. severe persecution of heretics. D. backward landed system of vast estates worked by serfs.

2. A major Muslim contribution to Iberian economic life was the introduction of A. the plow in agriculture. B. commercial banking. C. new crops and irrigation methods. D. an excellent system of roads.

3. In its first phase, the Reconquest had the dominant character of a A. crusade to drive out the infidels and restore Christianity to Iberia. B. struggle of Christian nobles to regain their lost lands and serfs. C. nationalist movement to unify Spain under a single ruler. D. movement to restore the Visigothic empire.

4. A turning point in the Reconquest was the A. Christian victory at Las Navas de Tolosa. B. capture of Córdoba. C. surrender of Seville. D. capture of Valencia in 1094.

5. A major economic result of the Reconquest was the A. creation of a large class of small landowners. B. supremacy of sheep raising over agriculture in Castile. C. rise of a large urban middle class. D. rise of a large shipbuilding industry.

6. The Mesta was a A. military association formed by the towns for defense against the nobles. B. royal council with administrative and judicial functions. C. powerful guild of sheep raisers. D. charter of liberties granted by the king to the towns.

7. One method used by Queen Isabella to curb the power of the aristocracy was A. abolition of the right of primogeniture. B. destruction of all baronial castles. C. heavy taxation of noble estates. D. appointment of officials from the lower nobility and the middle class.

8. The first Spanish novel, La Celestina, was written by A. Peter Martyr. B. Antonio de Nebrija. C. Fernando de Rojas. D. Gonzalo de Córdoba.

9. In 1492 the Catholic Sovereigns ordered the expulsion of all A. Jews who would not accept Christianity. B. conversos and Jews. C. conversos suspected of heresy. D. Jews and Muslims.

10. In her work of reforming the church, Isabella had a valuable ally in A. the Papacy. B. the secular clergy. C. converso members of the clergy. D. a faction of the regular clergy called Observants.

11. The career of the famous Cid illustrates the A. crusading spirit of the Reconquest. B. peaceful coexistence of Jews, Muslims, and Christians in the Reconquest of Iberia. C. religious intolerance of his time. D. importance of feudal loyalties and ties in the Reconquest.

12. Fueros were A. the immunities enjoyed by members of the Cortés. B. petitions presented to the king by the deputies of the towns. C. special taxes imposed on Jews and Moriscos. D. charters of liberties granted to towns by the king.

13. Which one of the following was not an accomplishment of the Catholic Sovereigns? A. Protectionist measures for the promotion of Castilian industry. B. Royal assumption of control over the military. C. A major land reform in Castile. D. The ending of serfdom in Catalonia.

14. Castile's military supremacy in sixteenth-century Europe was based on the A. vast military experience acquired in the course of the Reconquest. B. large-scale use of German and other foreign mercenaries. C. new-style Castilian army created by Gonzalo de Córdoba. D. acquisition of Navarre in 1512.

15. The revolt of the Comuneros began as a A. protest against converso influence in the court of Charles V. B. revolt of peasants and artisans against the great landowners of Castile. C. protest against Flemish influence in the royal court and heavy new taxes. D. protest against the efforts of Charles V to abolish the Cortes.

16. Under the rule of Charles V, A. foreign merchants and bankers took over important segments of the Castilian economy. B. royal revenues considerably exceeded royal expenditures. C. England was added to the Spanish empire through a dynastic alliance. D. his objective of crushing the Protestant heresy in the Netherlands was achieved.

17. The event that contributed most to Spain's seventeenth-century crisis was A. the expulsion of Spain's converted Moors. B. the decline of Spanish industry. C. population decline as a result of epidemics. D. the decline in the inflow of American treasure after 1650.

18. The picaresque novel dealt with the A. adventures of heroic knights in a fantastic world inhabited by giants and wizards. B. problems of the new middle class. C. love affairs and intrigues of the nobility. D. seamy side of a world inhabited by rogues and vagabonds.

19. The paintings of Velázquez are characterized by A. detachment and mastery of technique in depicting the life of the Spanish court. B. the tendency to embellish or flatter his royal subjects. C. a preference for lower-class scenes and subjects. D. a preference for pastoral scenes depicting his noble subjects as shepherds and shepherdesses.

20. The first of the picaresque novels was A. Don Quijote. B. La Celestina. C. Lazarillo de Tormes. D. Guzmán de Alfarache.

21. The paintings of El Greco are characterized by A. a mysticism reflecting the religious passion of the age of Philip II. B. a total absence of naturalism in the depiction of the subjects. C. extensive use of subjects drawn from Greek and Roman mythology. D. a completely objective and secular spirit.

22. In the 15th century, the power of the Castilian Cortés or Parliament declined because A. it became increasingly less democratic and more prone to oligarchical control. B. increased revenues from royal taxes reduced the Crown's dependence on it. C. declining revenues made it largely irrelevant. D. growing disorders within the towns provided an opportunity to the Crown to intervene.

23. The patronato was the right of A. the father to exercise complete legal authority over his wife and children. B. appointment to all the major ecclesiastical offices in the Spanish realms. C. towns to be governed by ecclesiastical authority. D. landlords to govern their estates without royal intervention.

24. Hermandades were A. social organizations that provided sisterly solidarity to Castilian women. B. military associations created by Castilian towns to defend their municipal autonomy. C. religious brotherhoods created to unite Christians against Muslims. D. charters that endowed Castilian towns with administrative autonomy over municipal lands.

25. Conversos were A. Christians, Jews, and Muslims who were close and neighborly. B. Christians who converted to Islam to avoid persecution. C. Muslims who converted to Judaism to avoid persecution. D. Jews who converted to Christianity to avoid persecution.

26. Visigoths

27. Roderic

28. Córdoba

29. El Cid

30. Mesta

31. fueros

32. alcaldes

33. Cortés

34. letrados

35. conversos

36. the revolt of the Comuneros

37. decadencia

38. Francisco de Quevedo

39. El Greco

40. Diego Velázquez

41. Lope de Vega

42. Calderón de la Barca

43. Miguel Cervantes de Saavedra

44. hermandades

45. Santiago de Compostela

46. Spanish Inquisition

47. Reconquest

48. Observants

49. Patronato

50. Catholic Sovereigns

51. Evaluate the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, noting both their positive and negative accomplishments.

52. How did the Reconquest influence Spanish values?

53. How did the Reconquest influence the character of Castilian social and economic structures?

54. Philip II has been called "a glorious failure." Explain.

55. How did Spanish literature reflect the seventeenth-century decadencia?

Chapter 2--The Hispanic Background Key

1. B 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. B 6. C 7. D 8. C 9. A 10. D 11. D 12. D 13. C 14. C 15. C 16. A 17. D 18. D 19. A 20. C 21. A 22. B 23. B 24. B 25. D 26. Answer not provided. 27. Answer not provided. 28. Answer not provided. 29. Answer not provided.

Chapter 3--The Conquest of America Student: ___________________________________________________________________________ 1. A major objective of Prince Henry the Navigator's African projects was to A. find the sources of Muslim gold. B. reach India by rounding Africa. C. convert the heathen. D. discover the sources of the Nile.

2. The main conflict between Columbus and the opponents of his "Enterprise of the Indies" arose from his opponents' claim that A. the world was flat. B. he would have to cross an impassable green sea of darkness. C. the size of the ocean between Europe and Asia was greater than Columbus believed. D. his ships could not survive the heat of the torrid zone.

3. On his third voyage, Columbus discovered A. the isthmus of Panama. B. the mouths of the Orinoco. C. Hispaniola. D. Cuba.

4. Magellan's voyage of 1519-1522 A. convinced many skeptical Europeans that the world was round. B. provided an important alternative route for European trade with the East. C. resulted in Spanish acquisition of the Philippines. D. led to war between Spain and Portugal.

5. The discoverer of the Pacific was A. Amerigo Vespucci. B. Pedro de Alvarado. C. Vasco Núñez de Balboa. D. Alonso de Ojeda.

6. Before he could march on Tenochtitlán, Cortés had to defeat the A. Mixtecs. B. Tlaxcalans. C. Zapotecs. D. Totonacs.

7. The last Aztec ruler was A. Cuitlahuac. B. Cuauhtemoc. C. Moctezuma II. D. Malinche.

8. Pedro de Alvarado provoked an Aztec uprising by A. ordering the destruction of the great temple. B. seizing Moctezuma and holding him as hostage. C. ordering a massacre of leading Aztec chiefs and warriors. D. forbidding the Aztecs to perform their ritual dances and songs.

9. A factor that aided the Spanish conquest of Mexico was A. the treachery of Moctezuma's best generals. B. the timely arrival of reinforcements from Spain. C. Moctezuma's belief that Cortés was the returning god Quetzalcóatl. D. the assistance given Cortés by Governor Velázquez of Cuba.

10. The principal base for explorations leading to the conquest of Peru was A. the town of Panama. B. the port of Portobelo. C. Guatemala City. D. Hispaniola.

11. Atahualpa made a serious error by A. underestimating the offensive capacity of the small Spanish force. B. entrusting the command of his armies to incompetent generals. C. accepting the divinity of the Spaniards. D. refusing to meet with Pizarro.

12. The last Inca of the royal line was A. Manco. B. Atahualpa. C. Huascar. D. Tupac Amaru.

13. The factional struggle between the Almagros and the Pizarros involved a dispute over A. possession of Cuzco. B. possession of Chile. C. the division of the treasure seized at Cajamarca. D. whether Pizarro or Almagro should have the title of governor and captain general.

14. To free himself from the authority of Governor Velázquez, Cortés A. promised great wealth to his men if they defied Velázquez. B. scuttled all his ships to make return to Cuba impossible. C. proclaimed that he owed obedience only to the emperor Charles V. D. made shrewd use of Spanish medieval traditions of municipal autonomy.

15. The revolt of Gonzalo Pizarro was caused by A. announcement of the New Laws of the Indies. B. royal support for the claims of the Almagro faction. C. Pizarro's ambition to become king of Peru. D. the overbearing conduct of the judge Pedro de la Gasca.

16. In 1540, an expedition sent to search for the golden realm of Cibola departed under the command of A. Cabeza de Vaca. B. Francisco Vásquez de Coronado. C. Pánfilo de Narváez. D. Hernando de Soto.

17. The conquest of the Chibcha of Colombia was accomplished by A. Francisco de Orellana. B. Pedro de Valdivia. C. Pedro de Mendoza. D. Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada.

18. The majority of conquistadors A. had military backgrounds. B. were commoners. C. belonged to the middle class. D. were hidalgos.

19. Uppermost among the motives of the Spanish conquistadors was the desire to A. convert indigenous peoples. B. serve the king. C. gain wealth. D. achieve glory.

20. A major factor contributing to the swift fall of the indigenous empires was A. the superior ideology of the Spaniards. B. the ravages of diseases introduced by the Spaniards. C. the effectiveness of the Spanish artillery. D. indigenous superstition about horses.

21. The conquest of the Canary Islands set a pattern that included all of the following except A. genocidal destruction of indigenous Guanche peoples. B. expansion of plantation systems based on agricultural export production. C. enslavement of Africans to provide labor on the plantations. D. private joint stock companies authorized to govern the colonies.

22. The characteristics of the "Vision of the Vanquished" include all of the following except A. the conquest produced the greatest demographic catastrophe in recorded history. B. the conquest gave an immense stimulus to the economic development of the Americas. C. the conquest cut short the independent development of brilliant indigenous civilizations. D. the conquest unleashed an ecological devastation of the Americas.

23. Christopher Columbus was responsible for A. prohibiting the enslavement of indigenous peoples in the Americas. B. initiating the idea to enslave African peoples. C. enslaving some 2000 indigenous "Caribs" later sold in Castile. D. abolishing the practice of indigenous enslavement.

24. The conquest of America affected Europe in all of the following ways except A. it stimulated Europe's economic modernization. B. it discredited the intellectual authority of the ancients and promoted modern empiricism. C. it inspired ideas about the evils of private property and the benefits of popular government. D. it discredited Europeans' racist and ethnocentric attitudes.

25. Lope de Aguirre was a A. poor former conquistador who led a 16th century rebellion against Phillip II. B. wealthy conquistador who accompanied Cortez in the conquest of Mexico. C. faithful servant of the Spanish Crown and an enemy of the encomenderos. D. royal oidor (judge) who acquired a fortune and extensive landed estates in Peru.

26. Prince Henry the Navigator

27. Vasco da Gama

28. Treaty of Tordesillas

29. Amerigo Vespucci

30. Juan de Grijalva

31. Tlaxcala

32. Cuauhtemoc

33. Atahualpa

34. Cajamarca

35. Diego de Almagro

36. Gonzalo Pizarro

37. Cabeza de Vaca

38. Sir Walter Raleigh

39. Araucanians

40. compaña

41. Adelantado

42. Bernal Díaz del Castillo

43. Francisco Vásquez de Coronado

44. Vasco Núñez de Balboa

45. Lope de Aguirre

46. Utopia

47. The Vision of the Vanquished

48. Pedro Alvares Cabral

49. Tainos

50. Huascar

51. Why did Columbus believe he could reach the East by sailing west? What error or errors underlay his theory?

52. Imagine that you are an Aztec spy sent by Moctezuma to the Gulf coast to report on the appearance, possessions, and character of the Spaniards.

53. Compare the conquests of Mexico and Peru.

54. Discuss the social makeup of the conquistador group.

55. In order of descending importance, comment on the factors that explain the relative ease of the conquest of the great indigenous empires.

Chapter 3--The Conquest of America Key

1. A 2. C 3. B 4. C 5. C 6. B 7. B 8. C 9. C 10. A 11. A 12. D 13. A 14. D 15. A 16. B 17. D 18. B 19. C 20. B 21. D 22. B 23. C 24. D 25. A 26. Answer not provided. 27. Answer not provided. 28. Answer not provided. 29. Answer not provided.

Chapter 4--The Economic Foundations of Colonial Life Student: ___________________________________________________________________________ 1. The encomienda was A. a grant of land and indigenous labor to a Spanish colonist. B. the assignment to a colonist of a group of natives to serve him with tribute and labor. C. forced native labor for a colonist, who was required to pay a small wage. D. a royal grant of land in perpetuity to a conquistador as a reward for his military services.

2. The Requerimiento A. established a code of laws to protect indigenous peoples. B. required Spanish colonists to convert, protect, and educate their indigenous serfs. C. obligated indigenous peoples, on pain of war, to acknowledge Spain's sovereignty and the supremacy of the church. D. proclaimed that indigenous peoples were slaves by nature.

3. Bartolomé de Las Casas proclaimed that A. the encomienda, carefully regulated, was a sound system. B. all Spanish conquests and wars in the New World were illegal. C. the papal grant of America to Castile gave Spain rightful possession of the Indies. D. the Requerimiento made reasonable demands on indigenous peoples.

4. The New Laws of the Indies A. permitted compulsory wage labor by indigenous peoples. B. provided that all encomiendas were to lapse on the death of the holder. C. made existing encomiendas hereditary and perpetual. D. legalized debt peonage.

5. Between 1519 and 1605, the indigenous population of central Mexico declined by about A. 50%. B. 30%. C. 90%. D. 10%.

6. The repartimiento A. was designed to lighten the labor burdens of indigenous peoples. B. sought to regulate the use of an ever-diminishing pool of indigenous labor. C. aimed to provide the Spanish with a more dependable and continuing pool of labor. D. was applied only in the mining industry.

7. Debt servitude A. was more common in areas where labor was plentiful than where it was scarce. B. was more common in areas where labor was scarce than where it was plentiful. C. assumed its harshest form in agriculture. D. was based on free bargaining between workers and employers.

8. Black slaves were principally employed in A. domestic service. B. plantation agriculture. C. mining. D. the textile industry.

9. The device of composición was often employed to A. protect small farmers from the advance of the hacienda. B. legalize the usurpation of indigenous lands. C. endow the church with land. D. establish an entail to preserve land undivided in the hands of a landowner's descendants.

10. The supposed seventeenth-century colonial depression A. affected all of Spanish America equally. B. affected different regions unequally. C. caused a catastrophic decline of the silver industry in New Spain. D. was accompanied by a spectacular increase in export of treasure to Spain.

11. The colonial economy was A. feudal. B. capitalist. C. a unique type of economy. D. a mixture of feudal and capitalist elements.

12. Until the eighteenth century, legal commerce with the Indies was restricted to A. one colonial port. B. two colonial ports. C. three colonial ports. D. five colonial ports.

13. The most successful piratical attacks on Spanish America were made by A. John Hawkins. B. Sir Francis Drake. C. Sir Walter Raleigh. D. Henry Morgan.

14. The main reason for Spain's inability to prevent massive foreign smuggling to the Indies was A. its lack of sea power. B. the closed-port system. C. an inefficient and corrupt colonial administration. D. its industrial weakness.

15. The principal source of royal revenue from the Indies was A. mining. B. agriculture. C. commerce. D. cattle raising.

16. The major colonial mining center before 1700 was A. Huanacavelica. B. Potosí. C. Zacatecas. D. Guanajuato.

17. The asiento was a A. license for foreigners to introduce textiles into the colonies. B. trading post established by a foreign company in Spanish America. C. royal contract with a foreign company to sell black slaves in Spanish colonies. D. Spanish garrison maintained to guard against foreign smugglers in the Indies.

18. Labor for the obrajes was often obtained by A. raids on indigenous villages. B. hiring poor Spaniards and mestizos. C. ensnaring indigenous peoples through an offer of liquor or a small sum of money. D. purchasing black slaves from foreign slave traders.

19. A major cause of the encomienda's decline was A. heavy royal taxes on encomenderos. B. the flight of indigenous peoples from encomienda towns. C. the catastrophic decline of the indigenous population in the sixteenth century. D. church pressure on encomenderos to reduce their tribute demands.

20. A major difference between preconquest and postconquest tribute demands was that, in preconquest times, A. tribute demands were limited by the capacity of indigenous ruling classes to utilize tribute goods. B. all Spanish tribute had to be paid in gold or silver. C. the old ruling classes displayed a paternalistic interest in their subjects. D. the clergy exercised a restraining influence on Spanish tribute demands.

21. The alcabalas were A. excise (sales) taxes that raised royal revenues, but limited colonial market expansion. B. elected colonial town officials responsible for collecting royal taxes. C. royal gifts of indigenous people, who were forced to pay tribute to local Spanish officials. D. Spanish traditions that preserved the territorial integrity of the great estates.

22. The encomienda originario took advantage of traditional Guaraní kinship obligations that A. forced women in patriarchal families to provide labor services to the Spanish. B. allocated Guaraní tributaries to Spanish masters according to their rank or merits. C. granted labor and tribute services in return for Spain's help in defeating Guaraní enemies. D. forced relatives of Guaraní women concubines to work for Spanish masters.

23. The hacienda system dominated the colonial economy after 1550 largely because A. acute food shortages created new demands for efficient agricultural production. B. mayorazco assured the perpetuation of consolidated property. C. the decline of indigenous populations and Spanish legislation weakened the encomienda. D. intra-elite marriages consolidated the ownership of encomienda lands.

24. Congregación was a Spanish royal policy that A. forced indigenous people to surrender ancestral lands to expanding haciendas. B. enabled Spaniards to pay a fee to legalize defective titles that usurped indigenous lands. C. assured the perpetuation of consolidated property. D. promoted mixed-race marriages in order to increase indigenous populations.

25. The Manila Galleon was a part of the Spanish fleet system in which A. the Crown encouraged unlimited expansion of colonial trade with Asia. B. Spanish merchants flooded Asian markets with Spanish textiles. C. Mexican merchants invested twice as much money as they earned in profits. D. two ships annually sailed between Acapulco and Manila trading silver for silks.

26. hacienda

27. asiento

28. repartimiento

29. composición

30. Requerimiento

31. obraje

32. New Laws of the Indies

33. Bartolomé de las Casas

34. visita

35. yanaconaje

36. debt servitude

37. Casa de Contratación

38. alcabala

39. encomienda

40. mita

41. repartimiento de mercancías

42. congregación

43. mayorazco

44. quinto

45. mercantilism

46. Manila Galleon

47. mingas

48. Francis Drake

49. encomienda originaria

50. república de indios

51. Trace the evolution of Bartolomé de Las Casas' thought on the indigenous question.

52. Analyze the class or group interests that played a part in the making of Spain's policy toward indigenous peoples.

53. Trace the evolution of colonial labor systems from the encomienda to the so-called free or contractual labor. What are the constants in all these systems?

54. The Spanish conquistador is often portrayed as a purely feudal type interested only in gold and plunder. What light does the career of Cortés throw on this stereotype?

55. Foreign smuggling to the Indies assumed ever larger proportions in the course of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. What were the causes of this contraband trade, and why was Spain unable to prevent it?

56. Describe the seventeenth-century transformation of colonial silver mining and its economic and social consequences.

Chapter 4--The Economic Foundations of Colonial Life Key

1. B 2. C 3. B 4. B 5. C 6. B 7. B 8. B 9. B 10. B 11. D 12. C 13. B 14. D 15. B 16. B 17. C 18. C 19. C 20. A 21. A 22. D 23. C 24. A 25. D 26. Answer not provided. 27. Answer not provided. 28. Answer not provided. 29. Answer not provided.

Chapter 5--State, Church, and Society Student: ___________________________________________________________________________ 1. An important function of the Council of the Indies was to A. control trade and immigration to the Indies. B. nominate all high colonial officials to the king. C. direct military operations in the Indies. D. investigate and punish heresy in the Indies.

2. An important function of oidores was to A. review the legality of the viceroy's actions. B. make regular tours of inspection of their provinces. C. promote the founding of schools and churches. D. ensure fairness and honesty in municipal elections.

3. The worst abuses of the corregidor's authority arose in connection with A. the practice of compelling natives to work in his enterprises. B. the mandatory purchase of goods from him by the natives of his district. C. his collection of indigenous tribute. D. his treatment of indigenous officials responsible for meeting a pueblo's quota of tribute.

4. Beginning in the reign of Philip II, the A. election of cabildo members assumed an increasingly democratic character. B. sale of colonial offices by the crown became the standard practice. C. local power of great landowners declined with the increasing authority of royal officials. D. access to courts and legal redress for abuses was firmly established for ordinary people.

5. The ineffectiveness of much Spanish colonial law reflected the A. problems created by the colonies' great distance from Spain. B. dilemma of royal officials who had to enforce laws opposed by powerful colonial elites. C. systematic bribery of royal officials by colonial elites. D. pressure on the Council of the Indies by procuradores, representatives of colonial elites.

6. Philip II favored the secular over the regular clergy because A. he was angered by the scandalous lifestyles of the friars. B. he disliked the independence of spirit shown by the regulars regarding Spain's policy toward indigenous peoples. C. the papacy had ordered that secular clergy replace the regulars in the spiritual direction of indigenous converts. D. he was concerned over the excessive number of monasteries and their great wealth.

7. The wealthiest order in the Spanish colonies was the A. Dominicans. B. Franciscans. C. Society of Jesus. D. Augustinians.

8. From an economic point of view, the most successful missionary effort was represented by the A. Jesuit missions in Paraguay. B. Franciscan missions in New Mexico. C. Franciscan missions in California. D. Jesuit missions on the northwest coast of Mexico.

9. The great majority of cases tried by the colonial Inquisition had to do with A. heresy. B. the reading of forbidden books. C. political subversion. D. offenses against morality.

10. The distinguishing feature of the colonial aristocracy was A. racial purity. B. wealth. C. genteel birth. D. peninsular origins.

11. The Laws of the Indies A. assigned mestizos of legitimate birth equal status with whites. B. forbade intermarriage between whites and indígenas or mixed-bloods. C. gave preference to creoles over peninsulars in the filling of offices. D. justified royal hiring preferences for peninsulars due to creole indolence and incapacity.

12. Crown policy toward indigenous peoples favored A. their acculturation to the Hispanic way of life. B. their systematic segregation from the Spanish community. C. the reduction of the status of indigenous nobles to that of commoners. D. movement of indigenous people to Spanish cities to form a pool of cheap labor.

13. After the kinship group, the most important indigenous institution for collective security was the A. religious brotherhood. B. indigenous cabildo. C. tribal council. D. craft guild.

14. In general, modern studies tend to support the view that A. black slavery was milder in Latin America than in North America. B. Spanish protective legislation regarding black slaves was well enforced. C. manumission was more frequent in North America than in the Spanish colonies. D. the tempo of economic activity determined the harshness of plantation discipline and the frequency of manumission in the Spanish colonies.

15. Which of the following statements is not correct? A. The trend during the colonial period was toward the concentration of land in fewer hands. B. The late seventeenth century hacienda had been broken up into smaller units. C. The law of primogeniture and entail made the breakup of haciendas more difficult. D. The colonial hacienda varied greatly in size, productive potential, and labor systems.

16. Which of the following statements is not correct? A. Familial relationships in Spanish elite society were characterized by male domination. B. Fathers had the right to arrange marriages for their daughters. C. The double sexual standard prevailed in Spanish elite society. D. Women had no control over their dowries and inheritances during marriage.

17. The patronato real refers to royal A. control over ecclesiastical affairs in Spain and the colonies. B. patronage of colonial universities. C. policy of alternating creoles and peninsulars in filling high colonial church posts. D. patronage of schools for indigenous upper-class youth.

18. One legacy of the colonial period for independent Latin America was A. a tradition of unbiased public service and integrity on the part of government officials. B. a tradition of autonomy for the municipality in relation to the central government. C. a massive concentration of power in the central government and bureaucracy. D. the contrast between such nominal concentration of power and the effective supremacy of great landowners on the local level.

19. The residencia was a(n) A. unannounced investigation of official conduct by a judge appointed by crown or viceroy. B. judicial review of an official's conduct at the end of his term of office. C. joint meeting of the viceroy and the audiencia serving as the viceroy's council of state. D. list of charges brought against a retiring official by the Council of the Indies.

20. Viceroys and captains-general were A. the supreme military and civil authority in the colonies. B. judge-presidents who acted as civil governors, but lacked military command and control. C. civil judges who toured colonial provinces to inspect local conditions. D. representatives of the royal interest in local town councils or cabildos.

21. Which of the following was not true of Francisco de Toledo, a distinguished viceroy of Peru? A. He curbed the power of the local conquistadores and promoted economic expansion. B. He consolidated Spanish royal power in the colonies. C. He reported to the Crown that laws protecting indígenas were "obeyed and not enforced." D. He imposed the mita, forcing indigenous people to labor in mines at a high cost in lives.

22. Which of the following was not true of Vasco de Quiroga, a Catholic bishop and royal judge? A. He believed indigenous people, unlike Europeans, were not greedy and ambitious. B. He founded the pueblos of Santa Fe in which all property was collectively owned. C. He convinced the Crown to create indigenous cities modeled on More's Utopia. D. He advocated a six-hour work day, women's right to work, and wages based on need.

23. Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz was a literary giant whose intellectual achievements A. were fostered by convent life that freed women from male domination and exploitation. B. exposed the myth that Spanish colonial society oppressed women. C. were fostered by her family's wealth and high social standing. D. were largely the product of her successful marriage to a wealthy Spanish aristocrat.

24. The censo was a A. royal audit of colonial resources upon which tax assessments were based. B. colonial head count of indigenous peoples for purposes of tribute assessment. C. civil settlement designed to facilitate Spanish imperial expansion. D. common method for landowners to endow religious institutions by mortgaging estates.

25. Limpieza de sangre and the colonial hierarchy of castas shows that the idea of race was A. a natural product of the Spanish conquest of the Americas. B. developed to reflect real biological differences in the developmental potential of people. C. evidence of perfect legal equality assigned by Laws of the Indies to legitimate citizens. D. socially constructed to rationalize and preserve the power of a tiny ruling elite.

26. Council of the Indies

27. Laws of the Indies

28. viceroy

29. audiencia

30. presidencia

31. captain general

32. Francisco de Toledo

33. Antonio de Mendoza

34. obedezco pero no cumplo

35. oidor

36. cabildo

37. corregidor

38. residencia

39. visita

40. patronato real

41. mestizo

42. zambo

43. Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz

44. Alonzo de Zorita

45. limpieza de sangre

46. Vasco de Quiroga

47. Juan de Zumárraga

48. censos

49. missions

50. presidio

51. Much Spanish colonial law, especially legislation that aimed to protect indigenous communities, was clearly ineffective. What might explain this fact?

52. Spain maintained few troops in the Indies before the eighteenth century, yet her power endured for more than three centuries. How do you explain this?

53. The Jesuit missions in Paraguay have been called a "theocratic capitalism." Explain.

54. What were the causes and the consequences of the profound cleavage within the colonial upper class?

55. Discuss the debate over the condition of black slaves in colonial Spanish America. State your own conclusions.

56. Indigenous society, like "white" society in the colonial period, was internally differentiated economically and socially. Explain.

Chapter 5--State, Church, and Society Key

1. B 2. B 3. B 4. B 5. B 6. B 7. C 8. A 9. D 10. B 11. A 12. B 13. A 14. D 15. B 16. D 17. A 18. D 19. B 20. A 21. C 22. C 23. A 24. D 25. D 26. Answer not provided. 27. Answer not provided. 28. Answer not provided. 29. Answer not provided.

Chapter 6--Colonial Brazil Student: ___________________________________________________________________________ 1. The first Brazilian economic cycle was based on A. cacao. B. sugar. C. tobacco. D. brazilwood.

2. Brazil fell into the Portuguese zone of exploration and settlement by virtue of the A. voyage of Vasco da Gama. B. papal line of demarcation of 1493. C. Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494. D. voyage of Magellan.

3. The principal activity of the bandeirantes was A. the capture of indigenous slaves. B. the search for gold and silver. C. the smuggling trade with La Plata. D. settlement of the Brazilian West.

4. The resistance of Brazilian natives to conquest and enslavement was hampered by A. the willingness of some tribes to ally themselves with the invaders. B. the tendency of tribes to war with each other. C. their belief that the invaders were gods. D. their reliance on magic spells to expel the invaders.

5. The Jesuits aroused the hostility of the Brazilian planters by their A. opposition to black slavery. B. insistence on complete freedom for indigenous peoples. C. program for settling indigenous converts in Jesuit mission villages. D. defense of interracial marriages.

6. The principal threat to Portuguese sovereignty over Brazil came from A. France. B. England. C. Spain. D. Holland.

7. The decline of the Brazilian sugar industry by the late seventeenth century was primarily because of A. soil exhaustion. B. competition from more efficient Caribbean plantations and refineries. C. continual indigenous attacks on plantations. D. burdensome royal export taxes on sugar.

8. The eighteenth-century mineral cycle initiated a major shift in Brazil's center of economic gravity from A. north to south. B. east to west. C. south to north. D. west to east.

9. An important element in Pombal's effort to reconquer Brazilian markets for Portugal was A. creation of a large merchant marine fleet. B. suppression of English smuggling to Brazil. C. promotion of industry in Brazil. D. formation of companies with monopolies of trade with particular regions of Brazil.

10. The government of Portuguese Brazil differed from that of the Spanish Indies in the A. greater efficiency of Portuguese colonial administration. B. much smaller scale of the Portuguese administration. C. greater importance of municipal government in colonial Brazil. D. heavier tax burdens imposed on colonial Brazil.

11. In colonial Brazil, great landowners often enhanced their personal influence with the immense power attached to the office of A. capitão mor. B. ouvidor. C. corregidor. D. donatorio.

12. Individuals in Brazil tended to be classified racially on the basis of A. their social and economic status. B. their physical appearance. C. the proportion of white blood in their veins. D. their father's race.

13. The view that Brazilian slavery was milder than slavery in other colonies was largely fostered by the writings of A. Henry Koster. B. André João Antonil. C. Charles Boxer. D. Gilberto Freyre.

14. The most famous Brazilian fugitive slave settlement was A. Alagoas. B. Palmares. C. São Vicente. D. Villa Rica.

15. The War of the Mascates was A. a struggle between Brazilian-born mazombos and peninsulars. B. a slave rebellion. C. the first struggle for Brazilian independence. D. a war against Dutch invaders.

16. In Brazil, the campaign of Las Casas to defend indigenous peoples in the Spanish Indies had a certain counterpart in the work of A. Antônio Vieira. B. Manoel da Nóbrega. C. José de Anchieta. D. Tomé de Sousa.

17. The free commoner population of colonial Brazil consisted primarily of A. yeoman farmers. B. squatters in the backcountry. C. artisans. D. tenant farmers.

18. One permanent result of the mineral cycle was A. the decline of the Northeast. B. new centers of settlement in Brazil's southwest. C. a fall in the value of gold and silver. D. an improved system of roads from north to south.

19. The major contribution to the intellectual life of colonial Brazil was made by A. the merchant class. B. the planter class. C. the clergy. D. royal officials.

20. José da Silva Xavier (Tiradentes) is identified with A. the beginnings of the Enlightenment in Brazil. B. a conspiracy to revolt and establish a republic in Brazil. C. the first movement for the abolition of slavery in Brazil. D. a program for the industrialization of Brazil.

21. Duarte Coelho, one of Brazil's most successful donatories, A. donated large sums of money to the Catholic Church. B. received donations to the Crown from quitrents paid by loyal Brazilian landlords. C. governed the captaincy of Pernambuco and profited handsomely from its sugar industry. D. defeated the Dutch challenge to Portuguese sovereignty in Brazil and reconquered Palmares.

22. The Metheun Treaty, which repaid British support for Portugal's revolt against Spain, A. allowed British merchants to trade with Brazil and reduced Portugal to a British colony. B. permitted the British to seize the richest sugar-growing portions of the Brazilian coast. C. granted the British navy the right to build and fortify a naval base at Recife on Brazil's coast. D. prevented the Dutch West India Company from resisting British control of Brazilian trade.

23. Tomé de Sousa was a royal governor of Bahia who A. successfully reconquered the rebellious quilombo of Palmares in 1694. B. defeated Prince Maurice of Nassau and ended the Dutch colonial occupation of Recife. C. secured royal authority in Brazil by revoking hereditary rights and privileges of donatories. D. enriched himself and his vassals by collecting quitrents from fifty sugar mills.

24. The Senado da Câmara was a municipal council whose membership A. was democratically elected in elections open to all adult, non-indigenous males. B. required royal appointment and faithful allegiance to the Crown. C. represented the ruling class of merchants, planters, and professionals. D. was determined by the ouvidor, who combined judicial and administrative duties.

25. Treatment of enslaved Africans in Brazil was especially harsh because slaveowners A. were psychotic racists intent upon the extermination of black people. B. coldly calculated that they could double their profits by working slaves to death. C. greatly feared Africans, who far outnumbered the tiny Portuguese slave-holding elite. D. were ignorant of other ways to increase labor productivity.

26. Pedro Álvares Cabral

27. captaincy system

28. engenho

29. fazenda

30. Antônio Vieira

31. Manoel da Nóbrega

32. José de Anchieta

33. Marquis de Pombal

34. Dutch West India Company

35. aldeias

36. donatory

37. bandeirantes

38. ouvidor

39. relacão

40. capitão mor

41. Palmares

42. Casa Grande

43. Tiradentes

44. Diamond District

45. mazombos

46. quilombos

47. Tomé de Sousa

48. Metheun Treaty

49. Duarte Coelho

50. Prince Maurice of Nassau

51. What was the sequence of colonial Brazil's economic cycles? Explain the occurrence of these cycles.

52. Compare the governmental systems of colonial Spanish America and Brazil, noting similarities and differences.

53. How did black slavery influence the economic and social life of colonial Brazil?

54. Summarize the reform program of the Marquis de Pombal and assess the program's achievements.

55. Describe "the self-contained world" of the fazenda and "the intricate web of relationships" between the master and his slaves and white or mixed-blood subordinates.

Chapter 6--Colonial Brazil Key

1. D 2. C 3. A 4. B 5. C 6. D 7. B 8. A 9. D 10. B 11. A 12. A 13. D 14. B 15. A 16. A 17. D 18. B 19. C 20. B 21. C 22. A 23. C 24. C 25. B 26. Answer not provided. 27. Answer not provided. 28. Answer not provided. 29. Answer not provided.

Chapter 7--The Bourbon Reforms and Spanish America Student: ___________________________________________________________________________ 1. The Treaty of Utrecht A. ceded Gibraltar and Minorca to England. B. authorized the seizure of English ships caught smuggling to the Indies. C. permitted the union of the French and Spanish thrones under one king. D. granted to a French company a monopoly on the slave trade to the Indies.

2. The Bourbon reform reached its climax under A. Philip V. B. Ferdinand VI. C. Charles III. D. Charles IV.

3. Characteristic of the thought and policies of the eighteenth-century Spanish Enlightenment was A. a rigid orthodoxy in religion and politics. B. acceptance of French anticlericalism and deism. C. distrust of the power of reason to reform society. D. support for the Inquisition's right to pursue and punish heresy.

4. One reason for the failure of the Bourbon reforms to achieve their goals was A. refusal of the peasantry to accept improved agricultural methods. B. hostility of the Jesuits to the work of reform. C. opposition of conservatives to a much-needed land reform. D. unwillingness of the Bourbon kings to promote industrialization.

5. The first breach in the monopoly of the Cádiz merchant guild over trade to Spanish America was the A. organization of the Caracas Company. B. replacement of the fleet system by register ships. C. organization of the Havana Company. D. decree of free trade of 1778.

6. Characteristic of the economy of Spanish America in the late Bourbon period was A. development of an extensive network of roads linking different provinces. B. the use of improved techniques in agriculture. C. a trend toward regional specialization and monoculture in the production of cash crops. D. a steadily rising standard of living for the lower classes.

7. Colonial manufacturing in the late eighteenth century A. suffered a decline as a result of competition from foreign goods. B. declined as a result of Spanish mercantilist restrictions on colonial manufacturing. C. grew as a result of growing population and consumer demand. D. grew as a result of increasing Spanish investment in colonial industry.

8. In the late eighteenth century, the importance of debt servitude and the rigor of its enforcement depended on the A. bargaining power of unions. B. availability of labor. C. labor policies of the crown. D. attitude of the Catholic Church.

9. The intendant system was introduced in the late eighteenth century to A. increase royal revenues from the colonies. B. reduce the power of the corregidores. C. promote the spread of Enlightenment ideas in the colonies. D. provide a counterpoise to the power of the viceroys.

10. In the second half of the eighteenth century, A. creoles dominated the audiencias of Lima and Mexico City. B. an anti-creole reaction reduced creole representation in high official posts. C. the crown sought to balance appointments of creoles and peninsulars to high offices. D. an ideological campaign stressed creole's dubious loyalty and intellectual unfitness.

11. In the late 18th century, the intellectual community in New Spain took greats interest in science due to A. University of Valladolid. B. the expansion of the mining industry. C. increased isolation from Europe. D. a decrease in religious zeal in New Spain.

12. Eighteenth-century creole nationalists spent much time refuting the claims of European writers like Comte Georges de Buffon who proclaimed A. the inferiority of the New World. B. the inferiority of the New World and its inhabitants C. the New World's dependency on Europe. D. the New World's superiority.

13. The Royal Commentaries of the Inca, a work that continues to influence our image of the Inca Empire, was written by A. Ixtlilxochitl. B. Garcilaso de la Vega. C. Poma de Ayala. D. Carlos Sigüenza y Góngora.

14. The clergy who made the most skillful effort to reconcile church dogma and Enlightenment ideas were the A. Dominicans. B. Franciscans. C. Jesuits. D. Augustinians.

15. The monumental History of Ancient Mexico, a veritable encyclopedia of Aztec culture, was composed by A. Motolinia. B. Francisco Clavigero. C. José de Acosta. D. Diego Durán.

16. The creole effort to establish the spiritual primacy of the colonies over Spain was reflected in the cult of A. the Virgin of Guadalupe. B. the Virgin of Los Remedios. C. St. James. D. St. Christopher.

17. Indigenous strategies for resisting Spanish oppression included A. participation in municipal elections. B. appeals for help to their ancient gods. C. assassination of Spanish officials. D. active use of Spanish legal codes for purposes of defense and offense.

18. The great revolt of Tupac Amaru opened with A. an assault on Cuzco. B. the execution of the corregidor Antonio de Arriaga. C. the proclamation of Tupac Amaru as king of Peru. D. an appeal to creoles, mestizos, and blacks to join the indigenous revolt.

19. A distinctive feature of the Comunero revolt and program was A. its effort to form a common front of almost all colonial groups against Spanish authority. B. the proclamation of freedom for all black slaves. C. the leading role the industrial workers played. D. the strong support given by creoles to the revolt.

20. The most important colonial historical work of the eighteenth century was the History of Ancient Mexico by Francisco Clavigero, a A. Anglican. B. Franciscan. C. Jesuit. D. Atheist.

21. Bourbon reforms led to increased agricultural production, itself the product of A. improved productivity associated with mechanization of production. B. greater demand for subsistence goods created by urban workers' prosperity. C. higher agricultural prices and lower costs of agricultural machinery. D. more extensive use of land and labor rather than improved productivity.

22. Bourbon Spain failed to reconquer its colonial trade because of A. increasingly efficient competition from colonial industrial producers. B. special commercial advantages granted British merchants by the Metheun Treaty. C. political resistance from Spanish colonies jealous of their growing economic independence. D. its own national industrial weakness and its failure to keep sea lanes open during wartime.

23. The conflict at Real del Monte sought A. more political independence for criollo landlords threatened by Bourbon royal authority. B. redistribution of land to peasants and abolition of debt servitude. C. restoration of pay cuts for workers, a form of profit-sharing, and the firing of abusive bosses. D. protection of indigenous communal lands and the recognition of native political autonomy.

24. Which of these was not mentioned in José Antonio Areche's report on Mexico's economy? A. Landowners paid wages in goods rather than cash and treated their workers badly. B. Spain slowed Mexico's development by extracting 500 million pesos of its silver output. C. Spanish merchants engaged in the forced sale of goods to indigenous communities. D. Landed estates were inefficient, heavily indebted, and relied on primitive tilling methods.

25. The Quito Insurrection of 1765 was different than most 18th century revolts because it was a A. rebellion that aimed to restore the fabled power of the ancient Inca Empire. B. bloody conflict that linked rural and urban opponents to Spanish sovereignty. C. precursor to the wars of independence and aimed to create a sovereign Peruvian state. D. revolt that united elites, artisans, and shopkeepers against royal taxes and monopolies.

26. War of the Spanish Succession

27. Charles III

28. register ships

29. consulado

30. the Caracas Company

31. José Campillo

32. decree of free trade of 1778

33. José de Gálvez

34. Ambrosio O'Higgins

35. intendant system

36. subdelegado

37. Bernardino de Sahagún

38. Garcilaso de la Vega

39. Carlos Sigüenza y Góngora

40. Francisco Clavigero

41. the Virgin of Guadalupe

42. Tupac Amaru

43. revolt of the Comuneros

44. José Antonio Galán

45. the Consolidation

46. Real del Monte

47. cédulas de gracias al sacar

48. José Antonio Areche

49. Juan Santos

50. Quito Insurrection of 1765

51. What were the objectives of the Bourbon domestic and colonial reforms? To what degree were they achieved?

52. Creole nationalism required that the creoles provide themselves with a suitably dignified and heroic past and that they free themselves from spiritual dependence on Spain. How did creole intellectuals employ history, religion, and mythology to achieve these ends?

53. Recently, historians have begun to correct the traditional view that indigenous peoples were mere passive victims of Spanish rule. What evidence drawn from the text supports this revisionist interpretation?

54. Compare and contrast the Quito Insurrection of 1765, the Tupac Amaru Rebellion, and the Revolt of the Comuneros.

55. The intellectual atmosphere of colonial Spanish America has been described as neomedieval. Show how this atmosphere began to change in the eighteenth century.

56. Explain, with examples, the meaning of the phrase "colonial subversive discourse."

Chapter 7--The Bourbon Reforms and Spanish America Key

1. A 2. C 3. A 4. C 5. A 6. C 7. A 8. B 9. A 10. B 11. B 12. A 13. B 14. C 15. B 16. A 17. D 18. B 19. A 20. C 21. D 22. D 23. C 24. B 25. D 26. Answer not provided. 27. Answer not provided. 28. Answer not provided. 29. Answer not provided.

Chapter 8--The Independence of Latin America Student: ___________________________________________________________________________ 1. In the late eighteenth century, the conflict of interests between Spain and its colonies was most sharply expressed in A. colonial demands for self-government. B. colonial demands for an end to the Spanish trade monopoly. C. the revolts of Tupac Amaru and the Comuneros. D. the cleavage between creoles and peninsulars.

2. Some Spanish writers attributed alleged creole indolence and incapacity to A. the noxious effects of the American climate and soil. B. the fact that peninsular fathers spoiled their creole children. C. the lack of opportunity for the display of creole talents and enterprise. D. the lack of adequate educational facilities for creole youth.

3. One factor responsible for the spread of Enlightenment ideas in the Spanish colonies was the A. circulation of scientific texts based on the theories of Descartes, Newton, and Leibnitz. B. circulation of copies of the French Encyclopedia in the colonies. C. propaganda of French revolutionary agents in the colonies. D. propaganda activity associated with U.S. diplomatic missions in the colonies.

4. The success of a slave revolt in Haiti A. inspired creole elites in Spanish America to work for independence. B. dampened interest in independence among creole elites. C. provoked similar slave uprisings in Colombia and Venezuela. D. encouraged Francisco de Miranda to attempt to launch a revolt in Venezuela.

5. One important consequence of Spain's alliance with Napoleon against England was A. the British invasion and conquest of Buenos Aires. B. British open support for independence movements in Latin America. C. Spain's opening of Spanish American ports to trade with neutral nations. D. a massive increase in British contraband trade with Spanish America.

6. As a result of Napoleon's decision to place his brother Joseph on the Spanish throne, creole leaders A. accepted French offers of autonomy within the French empire. B. accepted British offers of support for Spanish American independence. C. formed juntas that rejected the royal claims of both Ferdinand VII and Joseph. D. prepared to seize power on the pretext of loyalty to Ferdinand VII.

7. A major difference between the American Revolution and the Latin American struggle for independence was that the latter A. received no significant foreign assistance. B. lacked the popular base provided by the more democratic society of the English colonies. C. lacked such able military leaders as George Washington. D. was not a civil war between patriots and royalists.

8. The Venezuelan constitution of 1811 A. abolished black slavery. B. established universal suffrage. C. abolished indigenous tribute. D. separated church and state.

9. The Venezuelan llaneros initially supported the royalist cause because A. the Spanish government offered them land and other rewards. B. they resented the aristocratic manners of the creole leaders. C. they expected to enrich themselves by pillaging Caracas and other cities. D. the Venezuelan republic attempted to transform them into semiservile peons.

10. A distinctive feature of Bolívar's military leadership was his A. rejection of the slogan War to the Death against all Spaniards. B. skillful use of ambush and hit-and-run tactics. C. advancement of soldiers for merit, without regard to social background or color. D. masterful use of cavalry charges.

11. Bolívar's political program for Venezuela envisioned A. the establishment of a monarchy to be ruled by a foreign prince. B. a republican regime based on universal suffrage. C. a republican regime with suffrage restricted to the propertied elite. D. his own personal dictatorship.

12. The liberation of New Granada was achieved by the decisive patriot victory at A. Carabobo. B. Boyacá. C. Pipincha. D. Ayacucho.

13. The Uruguayan leader José Gervasio Artigas proposed A. complete independence of Uruguay from Argentina. B. the union of Uruguay with Brazil. C. a loose federal connection with Argentina. D. union with Paraguay.

14. The critical issue discussed at the Conference of Guayaquil was A. whether Guayaquil should belong to Peru or Gran Colombia. B. whether independent Spanish America should be monarchical or republican. C. whether Bolívar or San Martín should bring the struggle for independence to an end. D. how to secure continental liberation by defeating Spanish forces in Peru.

15. The last major battle of the Spanish American wars for independence was fought at A. Junín. B. Chacabuco. C. Ayacucho. D. Maipú.

16. The event that precipitated the declaration of Brazil's independence was the A. French invasion of Portugal. B. Strangford Treaty of 1810. C. flight of the Portuguese court to Rio de Janeiro. D. refusal of Dom Pedro to obey the order of the Cortés that he return to Portugal.

17. What distinguished the Hidalgo revolt in Mexico from other Latin American revolutions was A. the strong support given the revolt by conservative creole leaders. B. Hidalgo's immediate proclamation of independence. C. the large-scale participation of the indigenous and mixed-blood proletariat. D. the support of the church hierarchy for the revolt.

18. Hidalgo's social reforms included A. abolition of slavery. B. expropriation of large estates. C. separation of church and state. D. abolition of titles of nobility.

19. Iturbide's program for Mexican independence proposed A. the civil equality of creoles and peninsulars. B. the establishment of a monarchy with himself as ruler. C. free trade with all nations. D. a republic based on universal suffrage.

20. The Latin American wars of independence A. were accompanied by sweeping social changes. B. left existing economic and social structures basically intact. C. enabled large numbers of indígenas and mixed-bloods to rise in the social scale. D. significantly broadened the base of landownership in Latin America.

21. Which of the following did not influence the Latin American Wars of Independence? A. Bourbon political, economic, and religious reforms. B. Rivalries between criollos and peninsulares. C. Enlightenment ideas, the American Revolution, and Napoleonic Wars. D. John Locke's Second Treatise on Government and the doctrine of natural law.

22. Toussaint L'Ouverture was a A. former slave who led the Haitian Revolution in its demand for the abolition of slavery. B. leader of the French Revolution who sought to preserve Haiti as a French colony. C. free mulatto who supported slavery, but called for the political independence of Haiti. D. Frenchman who abandoned his Haitian plantation and slaves during the Revolution.

23. José Rodríguez de Francia was Paraguay's first president and A. bishop. B. prime minister. C. king. D. dictator.

24. The woman who saved Bolívar's life, known as "La Libertadora" (the female liberator), was A. Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez. B. Manuela Saenz. C. Policarpa Salvarrieta. D. María Quiteira de Jesus.

25. The woman whom Bolívar praised as an "Amazon" for her heroic defense of liberation was A. Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez. B. Manuela Saenz. C. Policarpa Salvarrieta. D. María Quiteira de Jesus.

26. Manuel Belgrano

27. Toussaint L'Ouverture

28. Manuel de Godoy

29. Simón Bolívar

30. Francisco de Miranda

31. José de San Martín

32. llaneros

33. José Tomás Boves

34. Boyaca

35. Antonio José Sucre

36. Gran Colombia

37. José Gervasio Artigas

38. Ferdinand VII

39. Carabobo

40. José Rodríguez de Francia

41. Bernardo O'Higgins

42. Conference of Guayaquil

43. Dom Pedro

44. José María Morelos

45. Agustín de Iturbide

46. Spanish Constitution of 1812

47. José Antonio Páez

48. Miguel Hidalgo

49. Manuela Saenz

50. María Quiteira de Jesus

51. Explain why the division between creoles and peninsulars grew sharper as the eighteenth century advanced.

52. Assess the relative contributions of the Enlightenment, the American Revolution, and the French Revolution to Latin American independence.

53. It has been said that Napoleon Bonaparte was the liberator of Latin America. Explain.

54. Mexico's transition to independence was peculiarly difficult and contradictory. Explain the reasons for this.

55. To what extent was the Latin American movement for independence a social revolution?

56. What roles did women play in the Latin American movement for independence?

57. How did racial and class struggles affect the movements for political independence?

Chapter 8--The Independence of Latin America Key

1. D 2. A 3. A 4. B 5. C 6. D 7. B 8. C 9. D 10. C 11. C 12. B 13. C 14. D 15. C 16. D 17. C 18. A 19. A 20. B 21. D 22. A 23. D 24. B 25. C 26. Answer not provided. 27. Answer not provided. 28. Answer not provided. 29. Answer not provided.

Chapter 9--Decolonization and the Search for National Identities, 1821-1870 Student: ___________________________________________________________________________ 1. The colonial elite that emerged from the wars of independence with the greatest power was A. the merchant class. B. the mine owners. C. the church hierarchy. D. the wealthy landowners.

2. A large political role for the military in the post independence period was ensured by the A. need to prevent or crush slave and indigenous revolts. B. danger of renewed Spanish efforts to reconquer its former colonies. C. militarization of the new states as a result of years of destructive warfare. D. legacy of military values inherited from Spain.

3. One cause of economic stagnation that plagued the new states was the A. chronic balance-of-trade problem. B. exodus of Spanish merchants and capital. C. poor quality of Latin American exports. D. drain of gold and silver as a result of foreign smuggling.

4. The rise of caudillismo reflected, among other things, A. typical Latin American individualism and machismo. B. intensified tendencies toward regionalism as a result of economic stagnation. C. the Spanish tradition of rejection of central authority. D. a reaction against Bolívar's efforts to impose firm control over Latin America.

5. A large-scale influx of foreign capital into Latin America did not occur in the first half of the nineteenth century because A. severe depressions in Europe restricted export of capital from that area. B. political disorder in Latin America discouraged foreign investment. C. European capitalists preferred to send their capital to Africa and Asia. D. Latin American nationalistic legislation discouraged foreign investment.

6. The new Latin American republican constitutions A. provided for universal suffrage. B. contained literacy and property qualifications that barred lower-class people from voting. C. promoted social mobility by declaring the equality of all before the law. D. guaranteed unrestricted rights of speech, press, and assembly.

7. Latin American liberals usually favored A. radical land reform. B. a federal form of government. C. protection of indigenous communal landholdings. D. special privileges for the church.

8. The Banco de Avío was A. an ambitious government effort to modernize Mexican industry. B. an effort to promote Mexican agricultural exports through government subsidies. C. an effort to revive Mexican mining through collaboration of foreign and domestic capital. D. a private bank that extended mortgage loans to distressed landowners.

9. The leading spokesman for Mexican liberalism in the 1830s was A. Lucas Alamán. B. José María Luis Mora. C. Vicente Guerrero. D. Antonio López de Santa Anna.

10. The primary aim of the Mexican Reforma was to A. establish honest and fair elections. B. eradicate feudal vestiges and implant capitalism. C. defend the rights of peasants and workers. D. regain territory lost to the United States through the Mexican War.

11. A turning point in the War of the French Intervention came in 1865 as a result of A. a major liberal victory at Puebla. B. the Union triumph over the Confederacy in the U.S. Civil War. C. Maximilian's refusal to return confiscated lands to the church. D. the Franco-Prussian War.

12. The triumph of Porfirio Díaz was also the triumph of A. idealistic principles of natural law. B. positivism. C. clerical ideology. D. relativism.

13. A novel feature of Paraguay's early postcolonial economic program was the A. heavy stress on production of export crops. B. encouragement of the influx of foreign capital. C. establishment of state farms and ranches. D. promotion of heavy industry.

14. Bernardino Rivadavia's program for Argentina included A. a plan to encourage formation of a small-farmer class by redistributing public lands. B. a strong central government to promote national economic development. C. nationalistic legislation to limit foreign investment and economic influence. D. the recall of the Jesuits from exile in order to promote education.

15. The principal beneficiaries of Juan Manuel Rosas' program for Argentina were A. the estanciero class. B. the merchant class. C. artisans and industry in general. D. the caudillos of the interior provinces.

16. The Argentine constitution of 1853 strongly reflected the ideas of A. Bartolomé Mitre. B. Juan Bautista Alberdi. C. Justo José de Urquiza. D. Santiago Derqui.

17. A major factor in the transformation of the Argentine economy after 1870 was A. the passage of a homestead law. B. state-subsidized immigration from Italy. C. the introduction of barbed-wire fencing and alfalfa ranges. D. the salting process for preserving meat.

18. The great architect of Chile's conservative system of economics and politics was A. Bernardo O'Higgins. B. Diego Portales. C. Ramón Freire. D. Manuel Bulnes.

19. The leader in the struggle to unite Central America under liberal auspices was A. Augustín de Iturbide. B. Manuel José Arce. C. Francisco Morazán. D. Mariano Gálvez.

20. The Carrera era in Guatemala was characterized by A. diversification of the Guatemalan economy. B. revival of colonial social and political arrangements. C. separation of church and state. D. adoption of the Livingston legal code.

21. The intellectual leader of Mexico's Conservative Party in the early 19th century was A. Augustín de Iturbide. B. José María Luis Mora. C. Guadalupe Victoria. D. Lucás Alamán.

22. Paraguay prospered during the first half of the 19th century under the leadership of A. José Gáspar Rodríguez de Francia. B. José Artigas. C. Antonio José de Sucre. D. Mariano Gálvez.

23. The reform agenda in early postcolonial Uruguay included A. reconstruction of latifundios. B. restoration of the Catholic Church's power. C. redistribution of royalist lands to the landless poor. D. nationalization of foreign companies.

24. Paraguayan prosperity and its novel program of national development were destroyed by the A. War of the Triple Alliance. B. military intervention of Great Britain. C. decision to end the nation's historic tradition of isolation. D. invasion of Argentina's conservative dictator, Juan Manuel Rosas.

25. The radical democrat who founded the Society for Equality in Chile was A. Bernardo O'Higgins. B. Diego Portales. C. Manuel Montt. D. Francisco Bilbao.

26. caudillo

27. Ponciano Arriaga

28. Guadalupe Victoria

29. Lucas Alamán

30. Maximilian of Hapsburg

31. Vicente Gómez Farías

32. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

33. Benito Juárez

34. Lerdo Law

35. Miguel Miramón

36. Bernardino Rivadavia

37. José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia

38. Domingo Faustino Sarmiento

39. Juan Manuel de Rosas

40. Diego Portales

41. The Society of Equality

42. José Victorino Lastarria

43. Francisco Bilbao

44. Francisco Morazán

45. Mariano Gálvez

46. Rafael Carrera

47. Summarize in broad outline the nineteenth-century liberal and conservative political programs and the group interests these programs represented.

48. Why did the Ley Lerdo and the Ley Juárez provoke a counterrevolution in Mexico?

49. Traditionally, Paraguay under Francia and the López, father and son, has had a poor reputation. Recently, however, some scholars have sought to rehabilitate those leaders and their political and economic program for Paraguay. Drawing on material in the text, suggest the nature of this rehabilitation.

50. The conservative regime inaugurated by Diego Portales in Chile had some specific characteristics that set it apart from other conservative regimes in Latin America. What were they?

51. How equitably did the United States comply with the provisions of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?

52. What roles did class, race, and region play in shaping the early 19th century conflicts between Liberals and Conservatives in Central America?

Chapter 9--Decolonization and the Search for National Identities, 1821-1870 Key

1. D 2. C 3. A 4. B 5. B 6. B 7. B 8. A 9. B 10. B 11. B 12. B 13. C 14. B 15. A 16. B 17. C 18. B 19. C 20. B 21. D 22. A 23. C 24. A 25. D 26. Answer not provided. 27. Answer not provided. 28. Answer not provided.

29. Answer not provided. 30. Answer not provided. 31. Answer not provided. 32. Answer not provided. 33. Answer not provided. 34. Answer not provided. 35. Answer not provided. 36. Answer not provided. 37. Answer not provided. 38. Answer not provided. 39. Answer not provided. 40. Answer not provided. 41. Answer not provided. 42. Answer not provided. 43. Answer not provided. 44. Answer not provided. 45. Answer not provided. 46. Answer not provided. 47. Answer not provided. 48. Answer not provided. 49. Answer not provided. 50. Answer not provided. 51. Answer not provided. 52. Answer not provided.

Chapter 10--Race, Nation, and the Meaning of Freedom, 1821-1888 2 Student: ___________________________________________________________________________ 1. Two important factors that influenced the shape of postcolonial national political and economic institutions were A. slavery and race. B. piracy and indigenous rebellion. C. decline of export markets and dependence on foreigners. D. women's liberation and growing social equality.

2. Historians like Frank Tannenbaum traditionally argued that Latin American experience with slavery was different than in the United States because creole independence leaders like Simón Bolívar A. were far more conservative and avoided discussions of emancipation. B. uniformly opposed slavery and secured its abolition without violence. C. favored gradual abolition of slavery, but opposed racial discrimination. D. never embraced racism, although they supported slavery.

3. Contrary to Tannenbaum, a later interpretation of the motivations for Latin American abolitionism stressed republican elite's A. moral outrage against slavery. B. fear of armed slaves. C. Enlightenment inspired belief in human equality. D. interests in political and military expediency.

4. A more recent revisionist interpretation of slavery's demise in Latin America A. stresses the influence of Enlightenment ideas on freedom and equality. B. centers on republican elites and their activities. C. focuses on the behavior of slaves and free people of color. D. spotlights the role of a benevolent monarchy.

5. To secure control of labor and protect property rights against slave rebellions, early republican elites favored "Free Womb" legislation, which A. guaranteed reproductive freedom to slave women. B. liberated female slaves and their children, but prohibited male manumission. C. compromised the interests of slaveowners and free blacks fearful of wage competition. D. freed children of slaves, but required them to serve their mother's master until adulthood.

6. Which of the following did NOT benefit from Brazilian independence? A. Slaves. B. Slaveowners. C. Fazendeiros or large landowners. D. Monarchy.

7. A decisive event in the history of Brazilian slavery was A. the Anglo-Brazilian Treaty of 1830. B. the Queiroz anti-slave-trade law of 1850. C. the decline of the sugar-growing Northeast after 1850. D. the growing prosperity of the coffee-growing zone after 1850.

8. Dom Pedro's abdication as emperor of Brazil was precipitated by A. the costly and fruitless war with Argentina over Uruguay. B. his favoritism to the Portuguese courtiers in his court. C. his involvement in Portuguese politics. D. the French Revolution of 1830.

9. Brazil's Rio Branco Law A. freed all slaves over age 18 but required them to work for their masters until the age of 21. B. created a fund to be used for the manumission of slaves. C. was a tactical retreat designed to delay solution of the slavery problem. D. freed all slaves who had volunteered for service in the Paraguayan war.

10. The most tenacious resistance to abolition of slavery in Brazil came from A. the sugar planters of the Northeast. B. the states of Amazonas and Ceará. C. the coffee planters of São Paulo, Minas Gerais, and Rio de Janeiro. D. the cattle raisers of Rio Grande do Sul.

11. Which of these did not contribute to Cuba's transformation to monoculture? A. The French Revolution, 1789-1815. B. The Seven Years' War and the British occupation of Havana in 1762. C. The American Revolution, 1776-1783. D. The Haitian Revolution, 1791-1803.

12. Antonio Maceo opposed the Pact of Zanjón, ending the Ten Years' War, because it A. abolished slavery and established a period of apprenticeship for liberated slaves. B. offered the prospect of free, unlimited trade with the United States. C. provided greater political autonomy to Cuba, but preserved the institution of slavery. D. failed to achieve both national independence and abolition of slavery.

13. Cuba developed into a major sugar producer in the first part of the nineteenth century because A. U.S. investors rushed into the island after the War of 1812. B. a civil war in Jamaica destroyed it as a sugar producer. C. the British invested heavily in the island. D. Haiti was knocked out as a sugar producer by its devastating war for independence.

14. The Ten Years' war A. ended in a bitter stalemate between Cuba and Spain. B. was won by the United States. C. ended with a total Spanish victory. D. resulted in Cuban independence.

15. When Bolívar assumed power in Peru in 1823, he A. reduced the payments made by indigenous sharecroppers to their landlords. B. abolished compulsory personal service of tenants to their landlords. C. ordered division of indigenous communal lands into privately held parcels of land. D. expropriated all church lands.

16. The guano boom enabled the Castilla regime in Peru to A. put guano revenues into economic development projects. B. reduce indigenous tribute burdens. C. set free the black slave population of Peru. D. pay off Peru's foreign debt.

17. The U.S. entrepreneur, Henry Meiggs, A. made a large contribution to the modernization of Peru's coastal agriculture. B. assisted in initiating a new flow of foreign loans to Peru. C. pioneered the construction of a railroad system in Peru. D. created a large merchant fleet to serve Peru's export trade.

18. President Manuel Pardo helped to precipitate the War of the Pacific by A. sending a threatening diplomatic note to Chile. B. imposing heavy taxes on Anglo-Chilean companies in Tarapacá. C. expropriating foreign companies and creating a state monopoly of nitrates in Tarapacá. D. setting sharp limits on the sale and export of nitrates from Tarapacá.

19. The most pressing issue facing the young republic of Gran Colombia was A. slavery. B. government debt. C. a stagnant economy. D. international trade.

20. The rise of José Antonio Páez illustrates the A. democratization of political life and disregard for color lines following independence. B. renewal of the old colonial ruling class by admitting military caudillos of humble origin. C. admission of peninsular Spaniards to high political office. D. prominent political role of the clergy following independence.

21. The Venezuelan congress responded to the 1830's coffee boom by A. making credit available to the coffee growers on easy terms. B. tightening credit to prevent inflation. C. passing a credit law that removed all traditional controls on contracts. D. forbidding the seizure of coffee planters' estates for debts.

22. The Federal war produced some social change in Venezuela by the A. distribution of large estates to former peons or tenants. B. passage of laws forbidding racial discrimination. C. acquisition of Conservative-owned estates by Liberal officers of humble origin. D. abolition of debt peonage and company stores.

23. The main difference in the programs of the Colombian Conservative and Liberal parties up until the late 1840s concerned A. church-state relations. B. economic policy. C. federalism versus centralization. D. relations with the United States.

24. Colombian Liberals believed in "mestizaje," an ideology used to justify the A. abolition of racial hierarchies bequeathed by Spanish colonialism. B. rich diversity of indigenous ethnic and racial identities. C. abolition of compulsory tithes and ecclesiastical fueros. D. redistribution of indigenous and African communal lands to hacendados.

25. A major demand of the Democratic Societies was A. universal male suffrage. B. abolition of slavery. C. abolition of peonage. D. religious toleration.

26. "Free Womb" laws

27. Cry of Ipiranga

28. Confederation of the Equator

29. Exaltados

30. Sabinada Revolt

31. Balaiada Rebellion

32. Cosme Bento das Chagas

33. Revolution of the Ragamuffins

34. Joaquim Nabuco

35. Rio Branco Law

36. contribución de indígenas

37. guano

38. Chicama Revolt

39. Ramón Castilla

40. Manuel Pardo

41. Carlos Manuel de Céspedes

42. Ten Years War

43. Antonio Maceo

44. Pact of Zanjón

45. Guerra Chiquita

46. patronato

47. santería

48. José Antonio Páez

49. Federal War

50. José Leonardo Chirinos

51. Junta de manumisión

52. Ezequiel Zamora

53. Francisco de Paula Santander

54. concertaje

55. Democratic Societies

56. What was the economic, social, and political impact of ending the slave trade to Brazil?

57. What were the Sabinada Revolt, the Balaiada Rebellion, and the Revolution of the Ragamuffins, and how did they affect the institutions of monarchy, slavery, and the fazenda in Brazil?

58. Why did Cuba remain loyal to Spain during the early 19th century when the rest of the Spanish American colonies fought national wars of independence?

59. What role did slavery and race play in the mid-nineteenth century movement for Cuban political independence?

60. Compare and contrast the nineteenth-century struggles between the Conservative and Liberal parties in Venezuela and Colombia and explain how abolitionist movements affected both.

Chapter 10--Race, Nation, and the Meaning of Freedom, 1821-1888 2 Key

1. A 2. B 3. D 4. C 5. D 6. A 7. B 8. D 9. C 10. C 11. A 12. D 13. D 14. A 15. C 16. C 17. C 18. C 19. A 20. B 21. C 22. C 23. A 24. D 25. B 26. Answer not provided. 27. Answer not provided. 28. Answer not provided.

Chapter 11--The Triumph of Neocolonialism and the Liberal State, 1870-1900 Student: ___________________________________________________________________________ 1. A characteristic of the neocolonial order was that A. one or a few products became the basis of each country's prosperity. B. railroad networks arose that integrated each country's regions. C. modern wage systems replaced debt peonage in agriculture. D. the small-farmer class grew rapidly at the expense of the hacienda.

2. In politics, the rise of the neocolonial order was accompanied by the A. intensification of the old federalist-centralist cleavage. B. rise of Social Darwinism and racism as dominant ideologies. C. growth of conflict between the landed aristocrats and more capitalist-oriented groups. D. rapid growth of a middle class increasingly hostile to neocolonialism.

3. Under Porfirio Díaz, the most favored groups were A. peasants and workers. B. intellectuals and professionals. C. important landowners and foreign investors. D. army officers.

4. The Mexican científicos got their name from their A. scientific backgrounds or training. B. belief in the need for scientific administration of the state. C. inclusion of science courses in Mexican public education. D. belief that history was ruled by scientific laws that government must respect.

5. Usurpation of indigenous lands under Díaz accelerated as a result of the A. vigorous enforcement of the Ley Lerdo. B. inability of small indigenous farmers to compete with the great landowners. C. rise of agrobusinesses employing modern techniques and equipment. D. passage of the land laws of 1883, 1890, and 1894.

6. Growing middle-class unrest late in the Díaz era is illustrated by the Mexican Liberal party headed by A. Justo Sierra. B. the Flores Magón brothers. C. Manuel González. D. Manuel Romero Rubio.

7. Following the Argentine revolt of 1880, the victors A. federalized Buenos Aires and made it the capital of the nation. B. moved the national capital to La Plata. C. moved the national capital to Córdoba. D. proclaimed Buenos Aires both the national and the provincial capital.

8. The Conquest of the Desert by General Julio Roca was followed by A. sale of the pampa area in huge tracts to army officers, politicians, and foreign capitalists. B. establishment of foreign agricultural colonies in the area. C. conscription of vanquished indigenous peoples to live as peons on large estates. D. passage of a homestead law to create a small-farmer class in the area.

9. The main demand of the Argentine Radical party was A. electoral reform. B. currency reform. C. nationalization of foreign companies. D. establishment of the 8-hour work day.

10. By the Treaty of Ancón ending the War of the Pacific, A. Tacna and Arica reverted to Peru. B. Peru ceded the province of Tarapacá to Chile. C. a plebiscite would settle the future of the province of Antofagasta. D. Chile agreed to pay an indemnity to Peru for the loss of Tarapacá.

11. Central to Balmaceda's nationalistic program was the desire to A. prevent foreign domination of the nitrate industry. B. curb the power of the church. C. strengthen the trade-union movement. D. create a strong modern navy.

12. During the revolt against Balmaceda, English interests A. strongly supported Balmaceda. B. sided with the rebels. C. displayed a strict neutrality. D. gave aid to both sides.

13. The father of Chilean socialism and communism was A. Jorge Montt. B. Manuel Baquedano. C. Luis Emilio Recabarren. D. Domingo Santa María.

14. An ideology that figured significantly in the fall of the Brazilian Empire was A. romanticism. B. positivism. C. laissez-faire economics. D. Marxism.

15. The Brazilian constitution drafted after the revolt of 1888 represented A. a victory for the coffee interests. B. a compromise tilted in favor of federalism. C. a victory for the military. D. a victory for the radical wing of the abolitionist movement.

16. The settlement at Canudos was intolerable to the Brazilian elites because it was A. colored by messianic, religious beliefs. B. a focus of social and political unrest. C. a center of banditry. D. the center of a movement to restore the empire.

17. The Brazilian republic was dominated by A. the coffee interests. B. urban capitalist groups. C. the military. D. the sugar interests.

18. The so-called politics of the governors gave A. the Northeast a virtual monopoly on federal politics and the choice of presidents. B. São Paulo and Minas Gerais a virtual monopoly on federal politics and choice of presidents. C. the central government the right to intervene in the affairs of the states. D. a guarantee of fair and honest presidential elections.

19. A major objective of the late-nineteenth-century liberal program in Guatemala was to A. achieve economic independence from the United States. B. replace debt peonage with free wage labor. C. make large expanses of land available to coffee growers. D. reach an understanding with the church.

20. The North American adventurer, William Walker, attempted to establish an empire in A. Mexico. B. Nicaragua. C. El Salvador. D. Guatemala.

21. In El Salvador, Fourteen Families refers to A. a tiny elite of uncertain number who dominate the Salvadoran economy and state. B. the fourteen families of colonial origin who dominate the Salvadoran economy and state. C. a secret society, uniting the landed oligarchy and military, who monopolize power. D. a group of landowners, military officers, and industrialists responsible for "death squads."

22. Antonio Guzmán Blanco's program included A. public works designed to improve transportation and communication. B. decentralization of political power. C. a decree giving the church control over marriages. D. a decree prohibiting foreign ownership of natural resources.

23. Cipriano Castro's rise to power reflected the growing influence of A. Anglo-German investors and their government representatives. B. recent black and Asian immigrants. C. the United States. D. the Andean coffee-growing region.

24. A major innovation of the Núñez "Regeneration" was A. abolition of the standing army. B. creation of a national bank. C. abolition of property qualifications for voting. D. disqualification of the president to run for a second term.

25. The national unification effort during the "Regeneration" era in Colombia is comparable to A. Mexico's unification under Porfirio Díaz. B. Venezuela's program under Antonio Guzmán Blanco. C. Bismarck's project for German national unification. D. the liberal reform program in Guatemala.

26. tienda de raya

27. Benjamin Constant de Magalhães

28. Antonio Conselheiro

29. pan o palo

30. Ruy Barbosa

31. científicos

32. valorization

33. Porfirio Díaz

34. Julio Roca

35. Conquest of the Desert

36. Unión Cívica

37. Justo Rufino Barrios

38. Hipólito Yrigoyen

39. guachibales

40. Radical Party

41. William Walker

42. Sáenz Peña Law

43. José Santos Zelaya

44. Treaty of Ancón

45. Rafael Zaldívar

46. John Thomas North

47. Antonio Guzmán Blanco

48. José Manuel Balmaceda

49. Cipriano Castro

50. War of the Pacific

51. Rafael Núñez

52. A popular saying during the Porfiriato ran: "Mexico, mother of foreigners and stepmother of Mexicans." Explain its significance.

53. Defenders of the Díaz dictatorship credit him with the creation of a modern Mexican state and economy. Evaluate this argument.

54. Compare the Mexican Porfiriato and the Argentine unicato in the 1880-1910 period.

55. How "radical" was the Radical party of Leandro Além and Hipólito Yrigoyen?

56. What was the role of nitrates in the political and economic history of Chile from 1870 to 1910?

57. What was the economic, political, and psychological impact of the War of the Pacific on Peru? Why did it create a new and intense interest in the indigenous problem?

58. Describe the ideology and objectives of nineteenth-century Central American liberalism as illustrated by Justo Rufino Barrios and his reform program.

59. Compare and contrast the policies of José Santos Zelaya and Rafael Zaldívar in late 19th century Nicaragua and El Salvador. How did they seek to promote national development and how did this affect indigenous communities, peasants, workers, and foreign investors?

60. Compare and contrast the policies of Antonio Guzmán Blanco and Rafael Núñez in late 19th century Venezuela and Colombia. How did they seek to promote national development and how did this affect indigenous communities, peasants, workers, and foreign investors?

Chapter 11--The Triumph of Neocolonialism and the Liberal State, 1870-1900 Key

1. A 2. B 3. C 4. B 5. D 6. B 7. A 8. A 9. A 10. B 11. A 12. B 13. C 14. B 15. B 16. B 17. A 18. B 19. C 20. B 21. A 22. A 23. D 24. B 25. C 26. Answer not provided. 27. Answer not provided. 28. Answer not provided.

Chapter 12--Forging a New Nation: The Mexican Revolution and the Populist Challenge Student: ___________________________________________________________________________ 1. Francisco Madero's program for Mexico A. called for the violent overthrow of Porfirio Díaz. B. called for a reduction of U.S. influence over the Mexican economy. C. proclaimed the need for a radical land reform. D. regarded democracy as an instrument of social control.

2. The United States initially supported Madero because A. Díaz had recently given indications that he was hostile toward the United States. B. Díaz's violations of human rights met with U.S. disfavor. C. Madero had promised to favor U.S. capitalists in the grant of oil concessions. D. Madero was a close personal friend of Woodrow Wilson.

3. An important role in the conspiracy to overthrow Madero was played by A. Emiliano Zapata. B. Henry Lane Wilson. C. Pino Suárez. D. León de la Barra.

4. The differences between the agrarian programs of Villa and Zapata may in part be explained by the fact that A. Zapata was better educated than Villa. B. the economy of northern Mexico was based not on agriculture but on cattle raising. C. Villa was influenced by his radical advisers. D. peasant land hunger was much more acute in the north.

5. President Woodrow Wilson's hostility toward Huerta above all reflected his A. moral indignation at Huerta's illegal seizure of power. B. conviction that Huerta could not secure the stability required by U.S. interests in Mexico. C. anger over the arrest of U.S. sailors in Tampico. D. dissatisfaction with Huerta's failure to pay the interest on Mexico's foreign debt.

6. A major cause of the failure of the peasant revolutionaries to come to power was A. the superior military resources of the Constitutionalists. B. U.S. hostility to Zapata and Villa because of their expropriation of foreign properties. C. personal conflicts between Villa and Zapata. D. their inability to forge a reform program to unite workers, peasants, and the middle class.

7. The constitution of 1917 A. reflected Carranza's conservative social and political views. B. reflected the views of the radical majority of delegates to the convention. C. represented a mixture of conservative and radical articles. D. made large concessions to attract foreign investment in Mexico.

8. Obregón and Calles proposed to A. lay the foundations of a Mexican national capitalism. B. establish a socialist (but not communist) economy. C. create a mixed economy¾part socialist, part capitalist. D. create a state capitalism based on government ownership of mines and utilities.

9. The principal vehicle of the Cárdenas land reform was A. the ejido. B. the collective ejido. C. the rancho. D. the state farm.

10. Cárdenas's oil nationalization A. was the first of a series of large-scale expropriations of foreign properties. B. reflected Cárdenas's socialist ideology. C. was a major victory for Mexican nationalism and capitalism. D. caused a serious disruption of the Mexican oil industry.

11. Cárdenas's successors in the presidency A. continued his program of social and economic reform. B. pursued a development strategy that favored capitalists over peasants and workers. C. accelerated the pace of land distribution. D. pursued policies that favored large landowners over peasants.

12. Cárdenas's successors in the presidency A. supported U.S. intervention in Cuba. B. continued Cárdenas's posture of independence in foreign policy. C. accepted U.S. leadership in the cold war. D. recognized the Franco government in Spain.

13. The power of Mexico's ruling party, the PRI, rested on A. a system of institutionalized coercion and fraud. B. the paternalistic distribution of favors to the poor. C. the incorporation of dissidents into the state apparatus. D. popular identification of the PRI with Mexican nationalism.

14. During World War II, Article 27 of the Constitution was revised to A. expand the number of indigenous ejidos. B. exempt large landowners from further expropriation. C. discourage foreign trade and investment in Mexico. D. eliminate property, gender, and literacy qualifications for voting.

15. In the closing years of his presidency, Cárdenas A. increased the pace of land distribution. B. toughened his stance toward the capitalist class. C. groomed General Francisco Múgica to succeed him as president. D. displayed growing moderation in his social and economic policies.

16. Juana Gutiérrez de Mendoza and Dolores Jiménez were A. wealthy aristocratic women who supported Porfirio Díaz. B. revolutionary activists in a feminist working class group, Daughters of Cuauhtémoc. C. radical feminists who advocated sexual equality and "free love." D. middle class radicals who insisted that Mexican women receive exactly the same treatment as men.

17. PLM leaders Camilo Arriaga and Dolores Jiménez organized Mexico City's Complot de Tacubaya, an urban revolt that A. championed the rights of the poor and brought Porfirio Díaz to power. B. denounced Francisco Madero for ignoring the interests of Mexican workers and women. C. demanded indigenous rights, land reform, eight-hour day, and equal pay for equal work. D. reflected the urban interests of Mexico's new national bourgeoisie that opposed Díaz.

18. Women's equal right to vote and hold office, based upon their participation in the revolution, was a view expressed by A. Francisco Madero. B. Inez Malváez. C. Sara Madero. D. Hermila Galinda de Topete.

19. The Constitution of 1917 A. gave women the right to vote. B. allowed women who owned land to vote. C. denied women the right to vote. D. denied women the right to work.

20. The women's movement in Mexico was frequently divided over issues of A. indigenous rights. B. class. C. gay rights. D. women's suffrage.

21. Some radical activists who demanded social justice nonetheless opposed women's suffrage because they feared that A. women's political equality would undermine working class men's authority in the home. B. it would divide the revolutionary coalition and enable the reactionary Díaz regime to return to power. C. the vast majority of Mexican women would be influenced by the Catholic Church to vote for conservatives. D. it would be unpopular in rural communities, where some 70 percent of Mexico's people still resided.

22. Venustiano Carranza, a moderate bourgeois revolutionary, believed in women's "natural inequality," but he A. joined with the Catholic Church to oppose women's civil and political equality. B. supported a constitutional amendment to enfranchise women. C. vetoed a law that gave women equal rights to exercise guardianship and child custody, file lawsuits, and sign contracts. D. sought their support by legalizing divorce, establishing alimony, and authorizing women to own and manage property.

23. "Cuca" García was a A. feminist arrested in 1932 for accusing the government of murdering campesinos and neglecting poor peasant women. B. leader of the rural literacy crusades that virtually eliminated illiteracy in the Mexican countryside. C. moderate, middle class feminist who was content to secure limited political rights for women. D. talented feminist whose own artistic genius was eclipsed by her marriage to Diego Rivera, a famous Mexican muralist.

24. Mexican women received the right to vote in A. 1917 after Hermila Galindo de Topete delivered an impassioned speech on the floor of the Constitutional Convention. B. 1928 when President Plutarco Elías Calles signed the controversial amendment to the 1917 Constitution. C. 1937 when Lázaro Cárdenas supported Constitutional reform "to grant equal rights." D. 1953 when a conservative Institutional Revolutionary Party had reached a modus vivendi with the Catholic Church.

25. Popular resistance to an authoritarian state in the postwar world was not reflected by A. a series of strikes by teachers and railroad workers led by Demetrio Vallejo. B. a riot of working class fans at the funeral of Pedro Infante, a popular singer and film star. C. the automobile workers' 1965 strike against General Motors of Mexico. D. the increasing popularity of rock n' roll among Mexican youth.

26. The Avándaro music festival in 1971 provided an opportunity for A. middle- and upper-class jipitecas to join foreign "hippies" in protest of modernity. B. the Mexican state to support rock n' roll music as a symbol of its modernity. C. the Mexican government to promote its "Die Elvis Presley" campaign. D. working class youth to voice their view that "rock is about revolution."

27. Agrarian reform during the governments of Obregón and Calles was designed to A. destroy the latifundio and radically redistribute land to the landless. B. relieve peasant discontent without damaging the interests of large landowners. C. promote the expansion of peasant subsistence agriculture. D. satisfy the revolutionary demands of Emiliano Zapata.

28. Obregón and Calles both supported indigenista art because it sought A. national unity based upon a celebration of Mexico's distinct indigenous traditions. B. recognition of indigenous communities' right to self-determination. C. eradication of racist discrimination against indigenous people. D. abolition of Mexico's cultural connection to Spain.

29. By the late 1960s, Mexico abandoned many of its populist reforms and became dependent on A. dictatorial decrees that empowered government bureaucrats. B. a neoliberal dictatorship that crushed all political opposition. C. foreign loans that increased its foreign debt alarmingly. D. relatively high agricultural and mineral export prices.

30. Luis Echeverría's government was distinguished for its A. populist policies that discriminated against foreign investors. B. subservience to U.S. foreign policy interests and objectives. C. commitment to social justice and the elimination of poverty. D. use of populist rhetoric to disguise a "dirty war" against political opponents.

31. Francisco Madero

32. Plan of San Luis Potosí

33. Pancho Villa

34. Emiliano Zapata

35. Plan de Ayala

36. Henry Lane Wilson

37. Venustiano Carranza

38. Alvaro Obregón

39. Constitution of 1917

40. Manuel Gamio

41. Diego Rivera

42. David Alfaro Siqueiros

43. José Clemente Orozco

44. José Vasconcelos

45. Plutarco Elías Calles

46. Cristeros

47. Manuel Avila Camacho

48. Luis Echeverría

49. Juana Gutiérrez de Mendoza

50. soldaderas

51. Hermila Galinda de Topete

52. "Cuca" García

53. Avándaro

54. Pedro Infante

55. Jipitecas

56. Madero's admirers called him the Apostle of Democracy. Describe Madero's conception of democracy, with particular reference to social and economic content. Given this idea of democracy, why was a break between Madero and Zapata almost inevitable?

57. Despite the shifting attitude of the United States toward some of the main actors in the Mexican Revolution, there was a basic consistency in U.S. policy regarding the revolution. How would you define that policy?

58. What roles did women play in the Mexican Revolution and how did this affect their struggle for equal rights?

59. There appears to be a paradox in the fact that the Mexican artistic Renaissance, as reflected in the work of such radical, anti-imperialist artists as Diego Rivera, José Clemente Orozco, and David Alfaro Siqueiros, was generously supported by such moderate politicians as Obregón and Calles. Can you explain?

60. Evaluate the achievements of the Cárdenas era, noting its positive and negative aspects.

61. What role did popular culture play in shaping resistance to state and private sector modernization programs?

62. How did rock music affect Mexican politics and popular culture?

Chapter 12--Forging a New Nation: The Mexican Revolution and the Populist Challenge Key

1. D 2. A 3. B 4. B 5. B 6. D 7. B 8. A 9. A 10. C 11. B 12. B 13. A 14. B 15. D 16. B 17. C 18. D 19. C 20. B 21. C 22. D 23. A 24. D 25. C 26. D 27. B 28. A

29. C 30. D 31. Answer not provided. 32. Answer not provided. 33. Answer not provided. 34. Answer not provided. 35. Answer not provided. 36. Answer not provided. 37. Answer not provided. 38. Answer not provided. 39. Answer not provided. 40. Answer not provided. 41. Answer not provided. 42. Answer not provided. 43. Answer not provided. 44. Answer not provided. 45. Answer not provided. 46. Answer not provided. 47. Answer not provided. 48. Answer not provided. 49. Answer not provided. 50. Answer not provided. 51. Answer not provided. 52. Answer not provided. 53. Answer not provided. 54. Answer not provided. 55. Answer not provided. 56. Answer not provided. 57. Answer not provided. 58. Answer not provided. 59. Answer not provided. 60. Answer not provided. 61. Answer not provided. 62. Answer not provided.

Chapter 13--Brazil: Populism and the Struggle for Democracy in a Multiracial Society Student: ___________________________________________________________________________ 1. Valorization refers to a government policy of A. maintaining coffee prices by assigning strict quotas to exporters. B. expanding coffee exports by using barter in international trade. C. maintaining coffee prices by requiring payment in U.S. dollars. D. maintaining coffee prices by withholding stocks from the market.

2. The collapse of Brazil's rubber cycle was due to A. a blight on the rubber trees. B. attacks on rubber collectors by hostile natives. C. competition from more efficient plantations in the Far East. D. the development of synthetic rubber.

3. The junior officers' revolt of the 1920s A. signaled the origins of a struggle by Brazil's middle class to seize power from the rural oligarchy. B. reflected their belief that only a strong military dictatorship could solve Brazil's social problems. C. reflected their awareness of the crucial importance of the agrarian problem. D. reflected the charismatic appeal of Luís Carlos Prestes.

4. The Vargas revolution of 1930 represented a victory for A. urban groups favoring industrialization and modernization of Brazil's socioeconomic structures. B. the cattle raisers of Rio Grande do Sul over the coffee interests of São Paulo and Minas Gerais. C. small landowners over the fazendeiro class. D. the Brazilian working class.

5. Vargas's solutions for the Great Depression centered on A. abandonment of efforts to rescue coffee from its plight. B. encouragement of foreign investment in Brazil. C. large public works financed through taxes on large estates. D. import substitution through industrialization.

6. Vargas's program of social reform included A. the creation of an elaborate social security system for the working class. B. a land reform looking to the liquidation of the latifundio. C. an electoral code granting the vote to illiterates. D. nationalization of large foreign companies.

7. The Estado Novo of 1937 A. closely resembled European fascist states in its structure and aims. B. despite its repressive aspects, continued the effort to achieve economic independence. C. sided with the Axis powers during World War II. D. imposed sharp restrictions on the influx of foreign capital.

8. Vargas's suicide A. foreshadowed the defeat of the populist model of independent capitalist development. B. signaled the rebirth of democracy in Brazil. C. represented a victory for middle-class interests over the fazendeiros. D. paved the way for the establishment of a military dictatorship.

9. The Kubitschek era was characterized by A. a considerable increase in the value of exports and a sharp decline in inflationary pressures. B. a massive increase of foreign investment attracted by generous incentives. C. a large expansion of social welfare programs. D. inadequate attention to the construction of roads and other needed infrastructure.

10. Goulart's reform program included A. a tax reform designed to reduce the inequities of Brazil's income distribution. B. expropriation of all estates over a certain size. C. the formation of peasant unions and militias to weaken the power of the fazendeiros. D. denial of the vote to the military.

11. With respect to the military coup of 1964, the United States A. displayed strict neutrality. B. protested against the coup as an infringement of democracy. C. gave the military assurances of immediate recognition and support for the new government. D. vacillated in its attitude.

12. After the abolition of slavery, Brazil's white supremacist policies stressed "whitening," a policy that did everything except A. undermine recently emancipated blacks' ability to negotiate favorable wages and working conditions. B. increase opportunities for immigrant women, especially from Italy, who dominated employment in textile industry. C. encourage European immigration by offering free land to prospective immigrants. D. promote interracial marriage as a means of diluting the influence of African culture on Brazil.

13. During the war, Brazilian women were A. a relatively insignificant proportion of the industrial work force. B. largely docile, hostile to labor unions, willing to accept lower wages than men, and deferred to managerial authority. C. very militant because of their paid and unpaid work responsibilities in the factory and in the home. D. limited to household activities and relatively uninterested in asserting their rights.

14. In the early twentieth century, expanding market forces A. had very little significant effect on Brazilian social relations. B. created new opportunities for peasants to own property and accumulate wealth. C. produced a wave of unparalleled prosperity that reduced foreign dependence and stabilized Brazilian society. D. dissolved traditional rural patron-client social relations and unleashed a subaltern culture of rural resistance.

15. During the 1920s, black Brazilians reacted to white supremacist policies by doing everything except A. joining Marcus Garvey's black power movement. B. practicing "candomble," a popular religion that evoked consciousness of the African past. C. creating the Brazilian Black Front to demand black representation in the National Congress. D. organizing massive protests against race discrimination.

16. Motta Diniz was a 19th century Brazilian woman who had declared that A. "in all the world, barbarous or civilized, woman is a slave." B. "working women have a right to participate in electoral struggles." C. "women who work in factories... are competing with men..., becoming victims of capitalism." D. "to truly liberate ourselves, we must organize a strike of the wombs."

17. Berta Lutz was an activist who organized the A. Brazilian Black Front to demand racial integration of all public places. B. Black Experimental Theater to cultivate African consciousness among blacks. C. Brazilian Federation for the Advancement of Women to advocate State intervention to protect female labor. D. São Paulo strike that won significant concessions from industrialists and energized the national labor movement.

18. The "Thirteen Principles" advocated all the following except A. women's suffrage and civil equality. B. the right to birth control and abortion. C. affirmative action in government employment and medical, disability, and retirement insurance. D. equal pay for equal work, a minimum wage, the eight-hour day, and paid maternity leave for working women.

19. The Estado Novo, Vargas's Depression-era dictatorship, sought to A. encourage women to work outside the home. B. expand the power and influence of trade unions. C. eliminate special protections for working mothers and children. D. return women to the private patriarchal province of home and family.

20. Blunted by repression and war-time cooptation of union leadership, worker discontent A. disappeared in the prosperity that flowed from import substitution industrialization. B. gave way to a new era of trade union corruption, quiet cooperation, and class harmony. C. was limited to isolated textile companies that viciously exploited women and child labor. D. expressed itself in popular protest sambas, clandestine factory commissions, and spreading absenteeism.

21. By the late 1950s and early 1960s, Brazilian workers did all of the following except A. elect leftist union leaders less inclined to collaborate with industrialists or the state. B. become a more significant political force and expanded their autonomy from state controls. C. increasingly rely on strikes and uncompromising demands for wage hikes to secure their interests. D. elect national and state political leaders whose nationalist programs protected Brazilians from foreign competition.

22. Originally, the samba drew upon ritualistic African rhythms and dance to A. mock the customs, attitudes, dress, and beliefs of the aristocracy. B. prepare for the Lenten season of self-sacrifice. C. celebrate the divine power of Ogun. D. deplore wanton sexuality and wild, defiant behavior.

23. Which of the following was not typical of samba lyrics? A. They raised serious social and political issues. B. They celebrated technological innovation and modernization. C. They scorned the arrogant power of the upper classes. D. They used clever word play and double entendre to criticize social injustice.

24. Radio broadcasts of samba music A. popularized it and changed Brazil's national cultural identity. B. expanded its appeal to Paris, from which Francophile Brazilian elites adopted it. C. made it accessible to light-skinned, Eurocentric plantation elites. D. helped local police officials to harass poor people.

25. Which of the following does not describe the Bossa Nova? A. It rescued Brazilian national music from the uncontrollable rhythms of the samba. B. It emphasized modernity, personal freedom, and the pursuit of individual pleasure. C. It relied heavily on syncopated jazz rhythms imported from the United States. D. It memorialized the daily struggles of Brazil's popular classes.

26. The leader of the Tenentes Revolt was A. Getulio Vargas. B. Berta Lutz. C. Luis Carlos Prestes. D. João Goulart.

27. During World War II, a leading role in opposing the Estado Novo dictatorship was played by A. trade union leaders and fazendeiros. B. junior military officers and peasants. C. women's rights groups and rank-and-file workers. D. intellectuals and the middle class.

28. The military coup that overthrew the Estado Novo dictatorship was led by A. Eurico Dutra. B. Luis Carlos Prestes. C. Getulio Varagas. D. Juscelino Kubitschek.

29. The Afonso Arinos Act was a rather timid law that nonetheless prohibited A. gender discrimination. B. racial discrimination in Brazil's "racial democracy." C. discrimination against foreigners. D. discrimination against Jews.

30. Kubitschek relied heavily upon foreign loans to fund a modernization program that included A. creation of a state-owned oil company called Petrobras. B. a shift from agricultural export production to industrial production for the local market. C. expansion of nationalist regulations on foreign investment. D. construction of a new capital, Brasilia, and "highways of national unity."

31. tenentes

32. Luís Carlos Prestes

33. Liberal Alliance

34. Estado Novo

35. Volta Redonda plant

36. queremistas

37. João Goulart

38. candomblé

39. Juscelino Kubitschek

40. Berta Lutz

41. Afonso Arinos Act

42. "Thirteen Principles"

43. Jânio da Silva Quadros

44. Petrobrás

45. Peasant Leagues

46. Brazilian Black Front

47. Bossa Nova

48. Samba

49. valorization

50. Getulio Vargas

51. What factors shaped Brazilian social, economic, and cultural development in the early 20th century and what specific role did women play?

52. Why was it natural for the revolts of the 1920s to be led by the tenentes, or junior officer class? How did the "long march" influence the reform program of the tenentes?

53. Describe the populist strategies pursued by Vargas as he sought to construct an autonomous Brazilian capitalism. Why did these strategies fail?

54. How did race and class rivalries affect the development of popular culture in Brazil?

55. What factors set the stage for the military coup of 1964? What was the role of the United States in the preparations for the coup?

Chapter 13--Brazil: Populism and the Struggle for Democracy in a Multiracial Society Key

1. D 2. C 3. A 4. A 5. D 6. A 7. B 8. A 9. B 10. A 11. C 12. D 13. C 14. D 15. C 16. A 17. C 18. B 19. C 20. D 21. D 22. A 23. B 24. A 25. D 26. C 27. C 28. A

29. B 30. D 31. Answer not provided. 32. Answer not provided. 33. Answer not provided. 34. Answer not provided. 35. Answer not provided. 36. Answer not provided. 37. Answer not provided. 38. Answer not provided. 39. Answer not provided. 40. Answer not provided. 41. Answer not provided. 42. Answer not provided. 43. Answer not provided. 44. Answer not provided. 45. Answer not provided. 46. Answer not provided. 47. Answer not provided. 48. Answer not provided. 49. Answer not provided. 50. Answer not provided. 51. Answer not provided. 52. Answer not provided. 53. Answer not provided. 54. Answer not provided. 55. Answer not provided.

Chapter 14--Argentina: Populism, the Military, and the Struggle for Democracy Student: ___________________________________________________________________________ 1. Historically, Argentina's major exports were A. wool, mutton, beef, and wheat. B. wheat, soy beans, sugar, and wine. C. beef, sugar, wheat, and hides. D. corn, wheat, barley, and oats.

2. The middle class that developed in Argentina at the turn of the twentieth century was composed of A. urban landlords, bureaucrats, and professionals. B. bureaucrats, ranchers, and farmers. C. meat-packing workers, socialists, and bureaucrats. D. bankers, farmers, and railroad workers.

3. The Radical party in Argentina was made up of a coalition of what two groups? A. Immigrant farmers and stevedores. B. Middle-class citizens and some large landowners. C. Military officers and workers. D. Large landowners and military officers.

4. Hipólito Yrigoyen, the leader of the Radicals, could be described in all but which one of the following ways? A. A great mediator. B. An articulate spokesman. C. A charismatic leader. D. A clever deal maker.

5. The operating mechanism of the Radical party was A. a conservative fiscal policy and political stability. B. a liberal economic policy. C. patronage for the working class. D. high tariffs for industrialists.

6. Yrigoyen cracked down hard on union strikes in 1917 and 1918 because A. the Socialist party threatened to oppose him in the 1922 election. B. the strikes jeopardized the oligarchy's export interests. C. he worried about the possibility of war against Paraguay over access to the Paraná River. D. the strikers' demands were unreasonable.

7. The Radicals split apart during the 1920s because A. one faction wanted an alliance with the Socialists. B. the military disapproved of party policies. C. Yrigoyen wanted his son-in-law to succeed him as president. D. the middle class and oligarchy disagreed over government fiscal policy.

8. During the Infamous Decade, Argentina was ruled by A. left-wing military officers, impatient with the lack of concessions to the working class. B. a dissident wing of the Radical party, led by Alvear. C. a right-wing military group for the first time. D. an alliance of regional political bosses.

9. The Roca-Runciman Treaty of 1933 A. conceded Chile's rights to the Beagle Channel. B. gave the Falkland/Malvinas islands autonomy. C. guaranteed Argentina a fixed share of the chilled-beef market in Great Britain. D. gave Argentine beef access to the U.S. market.

10. The 1943 coup that overthrew the Concordancia regime arose from the military's concern that A. the Concordancia regime was too favorable to Germany. B. the government was taking too great a role in the economy. C. leftist elements needed to be contained. D. industrialization of Argentina was necessary.

11. Juan Perón's crucial political contribution was his A. recognition of the potential of the organized and unorganized working class and the need to broaden the social base of the nationalist revolution. B. ability to draw the support of the military that was divided into pro-Axis and pro-Allied factions. C. manipulation of party politics. D. reflection of Argentine anti-immigrant sentiment.

12. Which of the following was not one of the reasons Perón was immensely popular? A. His wife Evita. B. His provision of generous salaries to the military. C. His use of government patronage to woo the middle class. D. His excellent relations with the Roman Catholic Church.

13. The basic tenets of Perón's first five-year plan were A. free trade and less government. B. redistribution of great estates in the Pampas and import substitution industrialization. C. government intervention in the economy on a large scale and reestablishment of Argentine control of its own economy. D. increased agricultural exports and tight control of imports.

14. Which of these were not reasons for Perón's overthrow? A. His alienation of industrialists by refusing to lower workers' wages. B. The death of Evita. C. His attack on the Catholic church. D. His uncooperative attitude toward the United States' effort in the Korean war.

15. Arturo Frondizi, the candidate of the Radical party's Intransigent wing, won the presidency in 1958 by A. appealing to the right-wing elements. B. vowing to redistribute land to landless immigrants. C. forging a secret deal with the Perónists. D. demanding a full reform of the military.

16. Juan Perón's return in 1974 brought a new economic policy called the Social Contract that called for A. higher wages for workers. B. a wage and price freeze. C. an end to foreign ownership of Argentine industry. D. a professionalization of the military.

17. Estancieros embraced the Saenz-Peña law because they hoped it would A. expand the electoral appeal of Radicals. B. attract new urban political allies by requiring universal male suffrage and a secret ballot. C. restrict immigration and increase their political power. D. expand immigration, increase the rural labor supply, reduce wages, and increase profits.

18. Late nineteenth-century market expansion A. diversified Argentina's dependency, raised wages, and improved living standards for all. B. dissolved barriers to public employment for women, forcing them into low paid, menial jobs in urban sweatshops. C. expanded opportunities for women and released them from the drudgery of unpaid labor in the home. D. promoted immigration, urbanization, and industrialization that reduced the power of rural landlords.

19. Early twentieth-century Argentine industrialization created A. intolerable social conditions in which Argentine women suffered intense discrimination and exploitation. B. fabulous opportunities for working class men and women, whose participation in the labor force doubled. C. demand for labor and high wages that attracted increased immigration. D. social inequality, but also independent national economic growth.

20. Cecelia Grierson, Argentina's first female doctor, was an outspoken feminist who A. demanded that women have the right to choose an abortion. B. sought to protect, nourish, and conserve the primary power of women within the family. C. advocated equal access to education and professional employment. D. insisted on women's right to vote and hold office.

21. Carolina Muzzilli and Alicia Moreau de Justo were A. middle class reformers who demanded equal rights for women in education. B. aristocrats who supported equality including women's right to vote and hold office. C. radicals who sought laws to regulate working conditions for women and children, providing special legal protections. D. advocates of "whitening," the racist policy of promoting European immigration while restricting non-whites.

22. In 1924, trade unions and women's groups secured passage of a law that established A. an eight-hour work day for women, limited a woman's work week to 48 hours, and prohibited night work. B. civil equality among men and women in the workplace. C. free child care, pre- and post-partum medical care, and the right to an abortion for working women. D. free vocational education for working women.

23. The Great Depression A. bankrupted Argentina's largest companies and spawned skyrocketing unemployment that hurt women more than men. B. increased immigration and transformed the nation's ethnic labor force. C. dramatically reduced women's participation as a share of the national labor force. D. virtually eliminated women workers in the textile, tobacco, and clothing industries.

24. During the Great Depression, Argentina's military leadership sought to revitalize the national economy by sponsoring A. state-centered, import-substitution industrialization and forcing women to retire from public employment. B. neoliberal reforms that favored foreign investment and job opportunities for women. C. new investment in traditional economic sectors like agriculture and cattle-raising. D. cooperative trade treaties with Latin American countries suffering from the global crisis.

25. Argentine women were granted the right to vote and hold office in 1947, largely because A. Perón's wife, Evita, was a fervent feminist who pressured her husband to support women's equality. B. they were 45 percent of industrial workers and demanded their political and civil rights. C. Perón's conservative Catholic government expected women's vote to favor the Church. D. the U.S. government had pressured Perón to show his commitment to democracy.

26. In the 1951 presidential election, the first for which they were eligible to vote, Argentine women A. largely ignored the divisive political contest and abstained from voting. B. voted in record numbers exceeding 90 percent and elected the largest delegation of women legislators in the Americas. C. provided the electoral margin that enabled the triumph of Catholic conservatives. D. voted overwhelmingly for Eva Perón, but neglected to support other women candidates.

27. Argentina legalized prostitution in the late 19th century largely so that elite men could A. discourage the spread of syphilis and other venereal diseases. B. weaken the patriarchal family structure that bound working class families together. C. secure an inexpensive outlet for the release of their sexual frustrations. D. collect revenues from, and establish control over, a population considered "dangerous."

28. The social origins of the tango lay in the dance A. adopted by Argentine elites who mimicked the French contradanse. B. introduced by Italian immigrants fleeing armed conflict and crime in their native country. C. associated with middle-class urban professionals who disdained elite cultural traditions. D. first performed by enslaved Africans and later by poor people in bars and brothels.

29. The tango became associated with Argentina's national identity largely because it was A. favored by middle-class urban professionals who flourished during World War II. B. the dance favored by the majority of Argentine people. C. popular in Paris, from which Francophile elite and middle-class Argentines adopted it. D. a reflection of this immigrant nation's multicultural traditions.

30. During the Infamous Decade, the military abolished prostitution because it A. spread venereal disease and undermined the patriarchal family. B. increased the competition with urban industry for women workers and boosted wages. C. depleted the state's scarce revenues to pay for prostitutes' medical care. D. promoted popular resistance to the military dictatorship.

31. Radical party (Unión Cívica Radical)

32. Pacto Social (Social Compact)

33. Hipólito Yrigoyen

34. Social Motherhood

35. Semana Trágica (Tragic Week)

36. Infamous Decade

37. José F. Uriburu

38. Agustín P. Justo

39. Concordancia

40. Tango

41. Eva Perón

42. Juan Perón

43. Carlos Gardel

44. piqueteros

45. Arturo Frondizi

46. Juan Carlos Onganía

47. Cecelia Grierson

48. Carolina Muzzilli

49. Sáenz Peña Law

50. Socialist Feminist Center

51. Describe and discuss the role of the military in Argentina in the twentieth century. How has its role changed over time?

52. Hipólito Yrigoyen and Juan Perón were the dominant figures of twentieth-century Argentine politics. Compare and contrast their careers. Why did they each succeed? Why did both ultimately fail?

53. Outline the history of the Argentine export economy in the twentieth century. What were its strengths and weaknesses?

54. The Unión Cívica Radical (Radical party) was anything but radical. Outline the history of the Radical party in Argentina. What were its class base and policies and how did these change over time?

55. In the twentieth century, Argentina had one of the strongest feminist movements in Latin America. Describe the impact of that movement on the course of modern Argentine populism.

56. Explain the social origins of the tango and how it came to represent Argentina's national identity.

Chapter 14--Argentina: Populism, the Military, and the Struggle for Democracy Key

1. A 2. A 3. B 4. B 5. A 6. B 7. D 8. C 9. C 10. D 11. A 12. D 13. C 14. D 15. C 16. B 17. B 18. B 19. A 20. B 21. C 22. A 23. A 24. A 25. B 26. B 27. D 28. D

29. C 30. A 31. Answer not provided. 32. Answer not provided. 33. Answer not provided. 34. Answer not provided. 35. Answer not provided. 36. Answer not provided. 37. Answer not provided. 38. Answer not provided. 39. Answer not provided. 40. Answer not provided. 41. Answer not provided. 42. Answer not provided. 43. Answer not provided. 44. Answer not provided. 45. Answer not provided. 46. Answer not provided. 47. Answer not provided. 48. Answer not provided. 49. Answer not provided. 50. Answer not provided. 51. Answer not provided. 52. Answer not provided. 53. Answer not provided. 54. Answer not provided. 55. Answer not provided. 56. Answer not provided.

Chapter 15--Cuba: The Revolutionary Socialist Alternative to Populism Student: ___________________________________________________________________________ 1. During the Cuban Revolution of 1895, Afro-Cubans like Antonio Maceo A. largely ignored the call to independence from Spain because it had abolished slavery. B. organized their own segregated, race-based movement for independence. C. opposed a revolutionary movement for independence because it was led by criollo elites. D. fought in racially integrated battalions and constituted a majority of the Cuba Libre army.

2. Which of the following was not a reason for U.S. intervention in 1898? A. U.S. leaders feared that the escalating violence would destroy private property in Cuba. B. U.S. policymakers feared the possibility of a "race war" in Cuba. C. The United States feared the spread of communism. D. The U.S. public favored war to stop Spanish brutality and promote Cuban freedom.

3. By the early 1890s Cuban sugar profits had been greatly reduced due to the global economic crisis and A. a lack of available labor. B. the introduction of harmful agricultural pests from Europe. C. drought. D. high U.S. tariffs on Cuban sugar imports.

4. Which of the following does not describe José Martí? A. He spent much of his youth in jail. B. He was a journalist in the United States. C. He reestablished Cuba's independence movement. D. He won the independence movement's greatest military victory.

5. The United States intervened in Cuba in 1898 in order to A. prevent Great Britain from taking over the island. B. annex the island. C. protect U.S. investments on the island. D. avenge the sinking of the USS New Hampshire in Havana harbor.

6. Which of the following was not a major goal of the first U.S. occupation of Cuba from 1899 to 1902? A. To establish democratic principles. B. To make Cuba a self-governing protectorate. C. To repair the destruction of war. D. To absorb Cuba into the economic sphere of the United States.

7. The major accomplishment of the first occupation was A. the conquest of yellow fever. B. the establishment of democratic principles. C. the creation of a rural police force. D. the eradication of hookworm.

8. Cuban electoral politics from 1904 to 1924 were characterized by A. remarkably honest elections. B. the dominance of the Socialist party. C. corruption and vote fraud. D. relative peacefulness.

9. In 1933, President Roosevelt attempted to resolve the Cuban crisis through the mediation of A. Cordell Hull. B. Henry L. Stimson. C. James Buchanan. D. Sumner Welles.

10. To secure his power as resistance mounted, Machado A. granting large wage increases to workers. B. imposing a state of emergency. C. calling in the U.S. Marines. D. used increasingly harsh repression.

11. The first action of the revolutionary government of Dr. Ramón Grau San Martín in 1933 was to A. jail Fulgencio Batista. B. abrogate the Platt Amendment. C. enter into negotiations with U.S. banks for large loans. D. expropriate all foreign-owned oil refineries.

12. The rule of the Auténtico party (1944-1952) was marked by A. a golden era of political freedom. B. harsh repression of left-wing parties. C. widespread redistribution of wealth. D. unprecedented corruption.

13. The book that Fidel Castro wrote while in prison made him famous throughout Cuba. It was entitled A. History Will Absolve Me. B. Nunca Más (Never Again). C. Memoirs of a Prisoner. D. Prisoner Without Name, Cell Without Number.

14. The New York Times reporter who boosted Castro's stature while the latter was still struggling in the Sierra Madres was A. Flora Lewis. B. James Reston. C. Osvaldo Dorticós. D. Herbert Matthews.

15. In 1959 and 1960, the major opposition to Castro came from A. the anticommunist middle class. B. revolutionary rivals from the 26th of July Movement. C. Ché Guevara. D. the labor unions.

16. Which of the following was not a problem for the revolutionary economy in the early 1960s? A. Poor planning by inexperienced bureaucrats. B. The exile of many professionals to the United States. C. The U.S. embargo against trade with Cuba. D. Strict adherence to the Soviet economic development model.

17. The greatest failure of the Cuban Revolution was the A. missile crisis of October 1962. B. Ten Million Ton Harvest. C. assassination of Ché Guevara in Bolivia. D. involvement in Angola.

18. In the institutionalization of the Cuban Revolution during the 1970s, A. Fidel Castro lost much of his power. B. the Communist party was pushed aside. C. the Communist party gained considerable power. D. the Cubans adopted the vision of the New Socialist Man.

19. Mambises were A. peasants who cultivated small plots of plantation land in exchange for a share of the crop. B. secret societies that enabled Afro-Cubans to resist post-emancipation apartheid. C. racially integrated guerrilla units, composed of and commanded by Afro-Cubans. D. peasant women who provided food and intelligence to Cuba Libre, the liberation army.

20. Santería was a A. network of secret mutual aid societies created by Afro-Cubans to resist enslavement. B. Spanish cultural tradition combining ritual practices like Catholicism and Freemasonry. C. system of discrimination that denied Afro-Cubans education, health care, and jobs. D. popular religion that drew on African cultural traditions to resist Cuban apartheid.

21. The Cuban Revolution's greatest achievements include all of the following except A. dramatic improvements in gender and racial equality. B. full employment, widespread homeownership, and rent controls. C. a literacy crusade that reduced illiteracy from 24 to 4 percent. D. the elimination of dependency on sugar monoculture and foreign exports.

22. The postwar collapse of sugar prices A. led to gradual diversification of Cuban agriculture and decline of sugar monoculture. B. undermined local support for Enoch Crowder's democratically elected government. C. produced a downward economic spiral known as "the dance of the millions." D. exposed the consequences of foreign domination and ignited nationalistic social protests.

23. Tomas Estrada Palma was the first A. leader of the Cuba Libre movement to win popular election to the presidency. B. democratically elected president of a truly independent, sovereign Cuban nation. C. Cuban revolutionary to oppose foreign imperialism and local elite domination. D. Cuban president to submit to U.S. pressures and curry favor among local elites through patronage and corruption.

24. Which of these does not describe the effect of World War I on Cuba's development? A. It promoted import substitution industrialization and economic diversification. B. It accelerated the concentration of the sugar industry in American hands. C. It disrupted sugar production, increased prices, and reinforced Cuban dependency on sugar exports. D. It created labor shortages that led to increased immigration from Jamaica and other Caribbean islands.

25. Which of these was not a reason for U.S. opposition to Ramón Grau San Martín's revolutionary government? A. Grau suspended repayment of loans to New York bankers. B. Grau confiscated two U.S.-owned sugar mills. C. Grau opposed the creation of democratic political institutions and free elections. D. Grau's social reforms threatened elite power and U.S. hegemony.

26. During the U.S. occupation, General Wood empowered wealthy Spanish and Criollo elites by A. limiting suffrage to literate adult males with property worth $250. B. requiring incorporation of the Platt Amendment as a precondition for U.S. withdrawal. C. reconstructing the Cuban national educational system according to U.S. models. D. building a sanitation system that reduced mosquito infestations and eliminated yellow fever.

27. During the second U.S. occupation, Charles Magoon governed Cuba and promoted a A. racist immigration policy of "whitening," prohibiting "races of color," but subsidizing Spanish immigrants. B. plan to eliminate patronage, corruption, and fraud in government administration. C. growth of brujería, ñañaguismo, and santería. D. "racist massacre" that killed thousands of Afro-Cubans.

28. Haydeé Santamaría, Melba Hernández, and Celia Sánchez were A. 26th of July Movement leaders who built a network of women to support the revolution. B. aristocratic supporters of the brutal dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista. C. middle-class women who demanded that literate Cuban women have the right to vote. D. daughters of Mariana Grajales, wife of Afro-Cuban independence hero, Antonio Maceo.

29. Cubans feared that the U.S. aimed to replace Spanish domination of Cuba because McKinley A. denounced counterinsurgency tactics employed by Spanish General Valeriano Weyler. B. opposed the Turpie-Foraker and Teller Amendments that recognized Cuban belligerency and forbade annexation. C. endorsed white supremacist policies in the U.S. south and feared "a race war" in Cuba. D. supported the Platt Amendment to the Cuban Constitution of 1903.

30. Which of the following was not characteristic of "son" in the 1920s? A. It was the cultural site of conflict between racist criollo elites and the "popular classes." B. It was a musical style that joined traditional Spanish melodies with African rhythms. C. It was greatly influenced by the French Contre-Danse. D. It was denounced by U.S. policymakers for arousing racial solidarity among blacks.

31. The ill-fated ten million ton sugar harvest of 1970 failed in part because A. there was a sharp decline in the demand for sugar in international markets. B. the United States employed biological warfare to destroy the cane crop. C. a terrible hurricane season destroyed the bulk of the cane. D. professional cane-cutters took advantage of other jobs made possible by the Revolution.

32. The canción de protesta was the cultural site of a popular political movement that protested A. the U.S. economic blockade against Cuba. B. the Revolution's authoritarianism and celebrated its goal of social justice. C. the Revolution's objective of social equality. D. Russian domination of Cuba in the 1970s.

33. Turpie-Foraker Bill

34. zafra

35. Teller Amendment

36. Dance of the Millions

37. Antonio Maceo

38. Granma

39. José Martí

40. 26th of July Movement

41. General Valeriano Weyler

42. Ten Million Ton Harvest

43. Platt Amendment

44. Son

45. Tomás Estrada Palma

46. Haydée Santamaría

47. Mario Menocal

48. Celia Sánchez

49. Alfredo Zayas

50. Cuban Women's Federation

51. Enoch Crowder

52. Evaristo Estenoz

53. Gerardo Machado y Morales

54. Canción de protesta

55. Dr. Ramón Grau San Martín

56. Fidel Castro

57. Fulgencio Batista y Zaldivar

58. Nueva Trova

59. Auténtico party

60. Danzón

61. Carlos Prío Socorras

62. Mambises

63. Compare and contrast the Cuban revolutions of 1898, 1933, and 1959. Why did the first two fail and the last succeed?

64. Trace the history of Cuba's sugar economy since 1900. What were its main weaknesses? Strengths?

65. Describe and discuss the role of the United States in Cuban history since 1898.

66. Assess the successes and failures of the Cuban Revolution since 1959.

67. Compare and contrast the roles played in Cuban history by Fulgencio Batista and Fidel Castro.

68. Trace the history of United States efforts to "get rid" of Castro and suggest some reasons for the failure of these efforts.

69. What roles did women play in Cuba's national development?

70. How did Cuban popular culture both reflect and shape the process of national development?

71. How did the reforms imposed by the Cuban Revolution contrast with those undertaken by populist regimes in Mexico, Brazil, and Argentina?

Chapter 15--Cuba: The Revolutionary Socialist Alternative to Populism Key

1. D 2. C 3. D 4. D 5. C 6. A 7. A 8. C 9. D 10. D 11. B 12. D 13. A 14. D 15. A 16. D 17. B 18. A 19. C 20. D 21. D 22. D 23. D 24. A 25. C 26. A 27. A 28. A

29. B 30. C 31. D 32. B 33. Answer not provided. 34. Answer not provided. 35. Answer not provided. 36. Answer not provided. 37. Answer not provided. 38. Answer not provided. 39. Answer not provided. 40. Answer not provided. 41. Answer not provided. 42. Answer not provided. 43. Answer not provided. 44. Answer not provided. 45. Answer not provided. 46. Answer not provided. 47. Answer not provided. 48. Answer not provided. 49. Answer not provided. 50. Answer not provided. 51. Answer not provided. 52. Answer not provided. 53. Answer not provided. 54. Answer not provided. 55. Answer not provided. 56. Answer not provided. 57. Answer not provided. 58. Answer not provided. 59. Answer not provided. 60. Answer not provided. 61. Answer not provided. 62. Answer not provided.

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Chapter 16--Storm Over the Andes: Indigenous Rights and the Corporatist Military Alternative Student: ___________________________________________________________________________ 1. The caciques apoderados was an early 20th century social movement composed of A. middle-class women who brandished weapons to intimidate government officials. B. armed indigenous people who defended communal lands against expanding haciendas. C. militant mineworkers who demanded higher wages and safer working conditions. D. communist revolutionaries who collectivized private lands in the hands of the state.

2. The Bolivian land reform of 1952 A. usually parceled out the former latifundio into very small farms. B. established a system of cooperative and state farms. C. gave massive aid in credit and technical assistance to the new peasant proprietors. D. allowed expropriated landowners to retain 25 percent of their land.

3. Under U.S. pressure, the revolutionary government of Bolivia's Paz Estenssoro agreed to A. restore a U.S.-trained army to offset the strength of worker and peasant militias. B. compensate former owners for expropriated mines. C. hold fair and honest elections monitored by international observers. D. ban the Communist party and communist-led unions.

4. Central to the Ecuadorian reform program of Jaime Roldós in 1979 was A. construction of a major road to Ecuador's Amazonian region. B. the recovery of Amazonian territory lost to Peru. C. the use of Ecuador's oil earnings to further land reform and industrialization. D. closer, more cooperative ties with the United States.

5. The Barzolas were a Bolivian A. middle-class movement that supported peaceful, non-violent resistance to dictatorship. B. political organization of highland indigenous communities who defended ancestral lands. C. female secret police, named for a woman miner killed in the Cataví massacre. D. trade union organization that demanded higher wages and better working conditions.

6. Manuel González Prada A. taught that elimination of the hacienda system was key to solving indigenous problems. B. taught that education was the solution for the indigenous problem. C. accepted the view that indigenous peoples were inherently inferior. D. advised the natives to shun violence as a means of redemption.

7. The Leguía regime A. regarded foreign loans as the cornerstone of its economic policies. B. sponsored a sweeping land-reform program in the Andes. C. used a large portion of the state's revenues to raise the living standards of the masses. D. promoted import substitution through industrialization.

8. José Carlos Mariátegui A. attempted to wed Indianism to the scientific socialism of Marx and Engels. B. believed that the regeneration of Peru must come from Andean indigenous peoples. C. rejected the idea that urban proletarians were the vanguard of coming socialist revolution. D. believed that the Peruvian Revolution had to echo the Russian Revolution.

9. Raúl Haya de la Torre A. taught that imperialism was the first stage of capitalism in Peru. B. rejected the notion that great men make history. C. denied a leading role to the middle class in the Peruvian Revolution. D. never made compromises with Peru's right-wing parties.

10. The military coup of 1968 was precipitated by A. Belaúnde's failure to solve the agrarian problem. B. Belaúnde's failure to repress the growing guerrilla movement in the sierra. C. the Pact of Talara with the International Petroleum Company. D. revelations of corruption in the Belaúnde administration.

11. A serious weakness of the military's land reform was A. its failure to benefit the peasant villagers (comuneros). B. its failure to expropriate the big coastal haciendas. C. its acceptance of the family-sized farm as its ideal. D. its willingness to give uneducated peasants responsibility for operating cooperatives.

12. A major structural flaw of the Peruvian Revolution was that it A. gave insufficient incentives for investment to the national capitalists. B. favored the peasantry over the urban working and middle classes. C. represented a revolution from above, with little input from below. D. relied on corrupt military technocrats who lacked managerial know-how.

13. The Rumi Maqui movement was an early 20th century A. indigenous campaign to promote assimilation into creole society. B. millenarian insurrection that sought the restoration of the fabled Inca Empire. C. working class effort to raise wages and improve working conditions. D. rebellion by middle-class women who demanded civil and political equality.

14. During the Leguía dictatorship, the women's movement split along class lines with A. Magda Portal and other radicals demanding the vote for literate women. B. aristocratic women supporting enfranchisement of literate women. C. aristocratic women and women of color joining forces against working class women. D. middle-class women insisting on political rights and broader social reforms.

15. Magda Portal, a pioneer in the women's rights struggle and a founder of APRA, insisted that A. social justice for the working class was a precondition for women's liberation. B. women deserved political and civil equality with men. C. the working class must provide leadership in Peru's revolutionary struggle. D. women could not be entrusted with the vote because of their dependence on men.

16. Which of the following was not part of the 1974 Plan Inca that feminists like Virginia Vargas pressured the military to adopt? A. Protective legislation for women workers to limit their hours and abolish night work. B. Civil and political equality for women. C. Affirmative action in public employment. D. Rural education programs.

17. Peru's criollo elite traditionally had preserved its cultural authority and political power by A. promoting the ideal of mestizaje, a mixed-race society. B. institutionalizing a race-based hierarchy that discriminated against indigenous people. C. celebrating the indigenous traditions of the Inca Empire. D. mobilizing a large, modern, well-equipped military force to ensure order.

18. Although unintended, one result of the 1968 Revolution's nationalist ideology was A. a consolidation of political power in working class trade union organizations. B. popular political mobilization and artistic explorations of indigenous and African roots. C. increasing public political support for the policies of neoliberalism. D. a decline in the power of highland community indigenous identities.

19. Indigenous migration from highland communities to cities created a new class of A. provincianos who publicly assimilated into criollo culture but privately preserved indigenous traditions. B. mestizos who scorned rural life styles ridiculed their racial origins. C. low-wage workers who labored in dangerous sweatshops owned by foreign corporations. D. upwardly mobile professionals who operated small businesses.

20. Which of the following was not a characteristic feature of indigenous Andean theater? A. music and dance B. puppets C. masks D. mime

21. In the 1970s, government plays incorporated elements of indigenous Andean theater to A. entertain urban elites who scorned indigenous culture and mocked their life styles. B. convince indigenous peoples that they should obey the large landlords. C. educate indigenous people about the 1969 land reform and their right to fight for their land. D. secure the political support of provincianos for the 1968 revolution.

22. Which of the following did not influence the development of chicha music? A. Cumbia rhythms whose origins lay in Afro-Colombian cultural traditions. B. Syncopated jazz rhythms imported from the United States. C. Folk melodies indigenous to the Andean highlands. D. U.S. and British rock n' roll.

23. During the 1970s and 1980s, chicha songs typically A. explored the everyday lives of poor, hard-working urban provincianos. B. celebrated the cultural traditions of the Andean highlands. C. reinforced modern cultural values imported from the United States. D. memorialized heroic historic indigenous rebellions against criollo culture.

24. As the reformist Velasco dictatorship crumbled, chicha artists A. became less politically engaged and, instead, stressed ballads about unrequited love. B. rushed to defend a military regime that had celebrated indigenous cultural traditions. C. abandoned their interest in indigenous cultural traditions and celebrated modernity. D. provided cultural space to organize popular resistance and promote a return to democracy.

25. Peruvian President García's major departure from orthodox policies in the 1980s was A. a progressive estate and income tax designed to tap the wealth of the Peruvian elite. B. a limitation of payments on Peru's foreign debt to 10 percent of Peru's export earnings. C. a sharp reduction in military spending. D. a program of nationalization of Peru's textile industry.

26. The Sendero Luminoso drew much of its ideology from A. Haya de la Torre. B. Marx and Engels. C. Mao Tse-tung. D. the theology of liberation.

27. Andean efforts to promote national development were distinguished by the roles played by A. indigenous people and military officers. B. creole elites and foreigners. C. large landowners and industrialists. D. Marxists and Catholics.

28. Bolivia's twentieth-century development was undermined by the A. disastrous defeat in the Chaco War. B. series of military dictatorships that followed World War II. C. loss of its Pacific seaport in the War of the Triple Alliance. D. refusal of its indigenous majority to work for national unity.

29. Ecuador's 1972 military revolution was led by A. José María Velasco Ibarra. B. Jaime Roldós. C. Lucio Gutiérrez. D. Guillermo Rodríguez Lara.

30. A major failure of the Ecuadorian land reform in the 1970s was its stress on A. mechanization and concentration of land ownership rather than redistribution. B. creating microfundios to promote peasant subsistence production. C. development of state farms that offered peasants no incentives to produce. D. distribution of land to indigenous communities uninterested in commercial production.

31. caciques apoderados

32. Cataví Massacre

33. Victor Paz Estenssoro

34. Central Obrera Boliviana

35. Jaime Roldós

36. Manuel González Prada

37. Augusto B. Leguía

38. Luis E. Valcárcel

39. José Carlos Mariátegui

40. Raúl Haya de la Torre

41. APRA

42. Juan Velasco Alvarado

43. Magda Portal

44. Pact of Talara

45. Virginia Vargas

46. Plan Inca

47. Barzolas

48. Lydia Gueiler Tejada

49. provincianos

50. Chicha music

51. Sendero Luminoso

52. Guillermo Rodríguez Lara

53. What roles did women, indigenous communities, and workers play in the 1952 Bolivian Revolution and how were their objectives different than those of Víctor Paz Estenssoro?

54. Compare the thought of Raúl Haya de la Torre to that of José Carlos Mariátegui on the Peruvian road to socialism, imperialism, and related questions.

55. How did class rivalries among women affect the struggle for gender equality and national development?

56. Scholars disagree in their assessment of the goals and accomplishments of the Peruvian Revolution of 1968 and of the reasons for its failure. Drawing on the material in your text, discuss these issues.

57. How did changes in popular culture in Peru during the 20th century both reflect and shape the nation's political and social evolution?

58. The reasons for the rise of Sendero Luminoso remain something of a mystery. Describe the conditions in the sierra that may have helped to foster the rise of this movement and its extremist ideology.

59. Discuss the domestic and foreign policies of President Alán García Pérez. Why did those policies displease the Reagan administration?

Chapter 16--Storm Over the Andes: Indigenous Rights and the Corporatist Military Alternative Key

1. B 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. C 6. A 7. A 8. A 9. A 10. C 11. A 12. C 13. B 14. B 15. D 16. A 17. B 18. B 19. A 20. D 21. C 22. B 23. A 24. D 25. B 26. C 27. A 28. A

29. D 30. A 31. Answer not provided. 32. Answer not provided. 33. Answer not provided. 34. Answer not provided. 35. Answer not provided. 36. Answer not provided. 37. Answer not provided. 38. Answer not provided. 39. Answer not provided. 40. Answer not provided. 41. Answer not provided. 42. Answer not provided. 43. Answer not provided. 44. Answer not provided. 45. Answer not provided. 46. Answer not provided. 47. Answer not provided. 48. Answer not provided. 49. Answer not provided. 50. Answer not provided. 51. Answer not provided. 52. Answer not provided. 53. Answer not provided. 54. Answer not provided. 55. Answer not provided. 56. Answer not provided. 57. Answer not provided. 58. Answer not provided. 59. Answer not provided.

Chapter 17--Chile: The Democratic Socialist Alternative Student: ___________________________________________________________________________ 1. Chile's major exports have been A. nitrate and zinc. B. copper and silver. C. gold and silver. D. nitrate and copper.

2. The era of the Parliamentary Republic (1891-1920) was characterized by A. political stagnation contrasted with rapid social change. B. dynamic leadership by the export oligarchy. C. honest and efficient government. D. the founding of a new Social Democratic party.

3. The succession of military coups in the earl 1920s, sought to A. reestablish oligarchical rule. B. win salary increases for the Chilean national congress. C. ensure the adoption of Alessandri's social and political reform program. D. begin a major arms buildup for possible war with Peru and Bolivia over the nitrate fields.

4. Which does not describe the presidency of Carlos Ibáñez del Campo? A. Large expenditures on public works. B. Large expenditures on education. C. Huge loans from foreign banks. D. Widespread popular support from the upper and middle classes.

5. The Popular Front (1938) in Chile was composed of A. the Liberal and Conservative parties. B. the Christian Democrat and Socialist parties. C. the Communist, Socialist, and Radical parties. D. the Radical, Socialist, and Liberal parties.

6. The Popular Front's motto during the 1930s was A. Bread or the Club. B. Bread, Clothing, and a Roof. C. Order and Progress. D. Death to the Yanquis.

7. The Ley Maldita (Accursed Law) A. outlawed the Communist party. B. curtailed press freedom. C. proclaimed martial law. D. put a head tax on all workers.

8. The major economic problems confronting Chile during the 1950s were A. capital flight. B. high taxes. C. lack of foreign investment. D. inflation and stagnation.

9. Which of the following was not part of Eduardo Frei's program? A. Chileanization of the copper industry. B. Expropriation of the banking system. C. Land redistribution. D. Tax reform.

10. Frei's policy toward labor unions was to A. express sympathy. B. try to organize them into one major national organization. C. suppress strikes. D. try to work with the Socialist party.

11. Salvador Allende won the 1970 election because A. the National Party, representing conservatives, refused to ally with the Christian Democrats. B. he appealed successfully to the middle class. C. Chileans were unhappy with growing labor unrest. D. the CIA secretly supported him.

12. Which of the following does not characterize Allende's first year as president? A. A 50 percent increase in worker income. B. A fall in the inflation rate. C. A rise in the inflation rate. D. A boon for middle-class businesspeople.

13. Chilean agriculture was A. enormously productive, with extensive exports. B. unable to feed the population. C. made up of small farmers with few large landholdings. D. more productive under Allende.

14. Which of the following was not a reason the middle sectors became disaffected from Allende's government? A. His program of expropriations frightened them. B. His program was not nationalistic enough. C. They had a longstanding mistrust of Socialists. D. Inflation eroded their economic base.

15. The military coup on September 11, 1973 was led by A. Gen. Carlos Prats. B. Victor Jara. C. Gen. Augusto Pinochet. D. Carlos Ibáñez del Campo.

16. The Braden Copper Company created a social welfare program for its workers to encourage nuclear families because it A. stabilized labor turnover, deterred absenteeism, and discouraged militant trade unionism. B. helped workers adjust to the harsh conditions of the isolated mining community. C. attracted a better educated, more highly skilled work force. D. encouraged company loyalty among the miners and cultivated government support.

17. Elena Caffarena was a feminist who supported A. civil and political equality between men and women. B. enfranchisement of literate women. C. a "strike of the wombs" to liberate women from unwanted pregnancy. D. "strong government regulation" to abolish sweatshops and "female exploitation."

18. In the 1930s, the Movimiento pro-Emancipacion de la Mujer Chilena (MEMCH) A. organized women's clubs to demand the enfranchisement of all literate women. B. wanted legal abortions as alternatives to "compulsory motherhood." C. opposed foreign investment that discriminated against women workers. D. defended the moral center of family life and "popular restaurants" to feed the hungry.

19. Women's agenda for civil and political rights received relatively little attention from Chile's A. conservatives who were more interested in defending wealthy, propertied elites. B. Socialists and Communists who stressed class struggle rather than gender differences. C. male politicians, who believed in women's "natural inferiority." D. Radicals who identified with the Catholic Church and limiting women to the home.

20. Literate Chilean women won the right to vote in 1949 when A. MEMCH and other feminists pressured a leftist government to enact the legislation. B. Elena Doll de Diaz, an aristocratic Conservative, persuaded the president to sign a decree. C. Gonzalez Videla disenfranchised leftists and appealed for conservative women's support. D. a Socialist and Communist Popular Front government delivered on its campaign promise.

21. The modern Chilean feminist movement was rooted in traditional A. gendered ideals of womanhood and family that spawned special protective legislation. B. egalitarian beliefs that women and men should be treated equally in the eyes of the law. C. Socialist and Communist ideologies that viewed women and workers as oppressed people D. women's rights struggles led by Carrie Chapman Catt in the United States and throughout the hemisphere.

22. All of these were reasons for U.S. opposition to Socialist Salvador Allende's democratically elected government except A. U.S. leaders identified Allende with Soviet communism. B. Fear of global trade war, led U.S. to oppose nationalistic limits on foreign investment. C. Allende's coalition government militarily allied with the Soviet Union and Cuba. D. Allende expropriated foreign-owned copper and telecommunications industries.

23. Which of the following does not describe Nueva Canción? A. It was first developed in Perónist Argentina. B. It utilized traditional musical instruments and typically explored folkloric lyrical themes. C. It supported revolution and democratic struggles against poverty and social injustice. D. It emerged in the 1970s during popular resistance to Pinochet's dictatorship.

24. Which of the following does not describe Víctor Jara? A. He pioneered the study of the nation's folkloric art and music in the 1950s. B. He wrote songs that celebrated the lives of ordinary Chileans. C. He believed that the role of artists was to be cultural rebels. D. He supported Allende's presidential election and wrote his campaign song.

25. In Chile, "hippies" who wore long hair, smoked marijuana, and listened to rock music often A. supported the socialist policies of Salvador Allende. B. opposed the imperialist intervention of Richard Nixon and the United States. C. rebelled against a dominant culture defined as primitive, uneducated, and working class. D. reflected their working class origins in the Chile's northern mining communities.

26. Violeta Parra, the daughter of a school teacher and seamstress, A. founded a Chilean rock music that emulated British and U.S. (counter) culture. B. supported Pinochet's bloody dictatorship with her stirring patriotic anthems. C. pioneered the study of the nation's folkloric art and music in the 1950s. D. wrote "Venceremos," the campaign theme song of Allende's socialist coalition.

27. By contrast to Peru's and Cuba's strategy for national development during the early 1970s, Chileans opted for a model of A. top-down revolution imposed by the armed forces. B. peaceful, democratic transition to socialism. C. violent urban guerrilla insurrection. D. prolonged popular war, combining elements of guerrilla insurgency and political struggle.

28. The democratically elected socialist government of Salvador Allende was the target of a coup plot designed in 1970 by the A. Chilean military led by René Schneider. B. former Chilean president, Eduardo Frei. C. coalition of regional military dictatorships known as Operation Condor. D. Nixon administration and the Central Intelligence Agency.

29. By the end of 1972, Allende's land reforms had A. liquidated Chile's latifundio system. B. revitalized agricultural production. C. created a nation of peasant subsistence plots. D. exempted large landowners and foreigners from expropriation.

30. After Allende's coalition increased its share of the popular vote in the March 1973 Congressional elections, a military coup to overthrow Chile's democracy was led by A. General René Schneider. B. General Carlos Prats. C. General Gabriel González Videla. D. General Augusto Pinochet.

31. Gran Minería

32. Arturo Alessandri

33. Carlos Ibáñez del Campo

34. Marmaduke Grove

35. Luis Emilio Recabarren

36. Elena Caffarena

37. Pedro Aguirre Cerda

38. MEMCH

39. Gabriel González Videla

40. Salvador Allende

41. Eduardo Frei

42. Christian Democratic Party

43. Popular Action Front (FRAP)

44. Nueva Canción

45. "trabajo a domicilio"

46. Braden Copper Company

47. Ley Maldita

48. Violeta Parra

49. Víctor Jara

50. People's Grocery Cooperatives

51. Henry Kissinger

52. "hacedoras de presidentes"

53. René Schneider

54. Club de Señoras

55. Outline the history of the Chilean export sector during the twentieth century. What were its strengths and weaknesses?

56. Describe the political career of Arturo Alessandri, the "Lion of Tarapacá." Compare and contrast the circumstances and results of his two terms as president (1920-1924 and 1932-1937).

57. What programs did women like Elena Caffarena and MEMCH support and how did they affect the role of the state in Chile's national development?

58. What was the foundation upon which Chilean populist policies historically depended and what happened in the late 1960s to undermine them?

59. Analyze the rise and fall of Salvador Allende. What circumstances enabled him to win the presidency in 1970? What caused the coup of 1973?

60. How was Chilean popular culture affected by the political contest over national development in the 1960s and 1970s?

61. Describe the roles of Richard Nixon, Henry Kissinger, and the CIA in the destruction of Chilean democracy, 1970-1973.

Chapter 17--Chile: The Democratic Socialist Alternative Key

1. D 2. A 3. C 4. D 5. C 6. B 7. A 8. D 9. B 10. C 11. A 12. B 13. B 14. B 15. C 16. A 17. D 18. B 19. B 20. C 21. A 22. C 23. D 24. A 25. C 26. C 27. B 28. D 29. A

30. D 31. Answer not provided. 32. Answer not provided. 33. Answer not provided. 34. Answer not provided. 35. Answer not provided. 36. Answer not provided. 37. Answer not provided. 38. Answer not provided. 39. Answer not provided. 40. Answer not provided. 41. Answer not provided. 42. Answer not provided. 43. Answer not provided. 44. Answer not provided. 45. Answer not provided. 46. Answer not provided. 47. Answer not provided. 48. Answer not provided. 49. Answer not provided. 50. Answer not provided. 51. Answer not provided. 52. Answer not provided. 53. Answer not provided. 54. Answer not provided. 55. Answer not provided. 56. Answer not provided. 57. Answer not provided. 58. Answer not provided. 59. Answer not provided. 60. Answer not provided. 61. Answer not provided.

Chapter 18--Twilight of the Tyrants: Revolution and Prolonged Popular War in Central America Student: ___________________________________________________________________________ 1. The FMLN fought against what U.S. backed government? A. Guatemalan. B. El Salvadorian. C. Nicaraguan. D. Peruvian.

2. A major objective of the Guatemalan Revolution of 1944 was to A. create a Central American federal union headed by Guatemala. B. transform Guatemala into a socialist nation on the model of the Soviet Union. C. transform Guatemala's backward feudal economy into a modern capitalist nation. D. liquidate the monopolistic economic power of the United Fruit Company.

3. The central figure in planning the overthrow of the Guatemalan government in 1954 was A. E. Howard Hunt. B. John E. Peurifoy. C. Dwight D. Eisenhower. D. John Foster Dulles.

4. A "scorched earth" policy against the Guatemalan guerrillas was implemented in 1982 by a junta headed by A. Mario Méndez Montenegro. B. Kjell Laugerud. C. Efraín Ríos Montt. D. Oscar Mejía Victores.

5. Which of the following does not describe José Santos Zelaya? A. He was a Liberal dictator who built roads and modernized Nicaragua's infrastructure. B. He surrendered Nicaraguan claims to sovereignty over the Atlantic Mosquitia coast. C. He promoted foreign investment and granted lucrative concessions to U.S. businesses. D. He was an ardent nationalist who opposed U.S. efforts to build a canal in Nicaragua.

6. Sandino's guerrilla struggle against the U.S. Marines and the Nicaraguan National Guard A. ended in his defeat and surrender. B. proved that a popular guerrilla army could resist a technologically superior invader. C. was not inspired by any vision of social and economic change. D. ended with his acceptance of a U.S. plan calling for a U.S.-supervised election.

7. With respect to the Somoza dictatorship, the United States A. denounced its human-rights violations. B. used the CIA to attempt to overthrow it and replace it with a democratic regime. C. provided loans and helped to establish a military academy to train the National Guard. D. welcomed the outbreak of the Sandinista Revolution.

8. Sandinista ideology may perhaps be best defined as A. a mix of Marxism and progressive Catholic thought. B. a Marxist-Leninist doctrine with a thinly disguised pretense of pluralism. C. a Christian socialist body of thought. D. a populist ideology with no well-defined characteristics.

9. Social progress in Sandinista Nicaragua was most marked in A. the liquidation of poverty. B. the end of dependence on export crops. C. education and health improvements. D. industrialization.

10. Which of these does not describe the impact of the expansion of Salvadoran coffee plantations? A. The coffee boom created greater demand for labor and higher wages for peasants. B. There was less demand for a permanent work force and greater reliance on migrant labor. C. As the value of land rose, so did the rate at which landlords evicted peasants from milpas. D. Wages and living standards, always precarious, were now determined by global markets.

11. A crucial event in the history of El Salvador was A. the election of 1930. B. the peasant uprising of 1932. C. the Soccer war between El Salvador and Honduras. D. the formation of the Central American Common Market.

12. Most of the arms for the rebel forces in El Salvador have come from A. Cuba, Nicaragua, and Israel. B. United States-supplied government arms captured by the rebels. C. Vietnam and the Soviet Union. D. the international arms market.

13. The Reagan administration supported José Napoleón Duarte in his race for president of El Salvador because of his A. strong defense of human rights in El Salvador. B. implementation of agrarian reform in El Salvador. C. effective conduct in the war against the guerrillas. D. ability to maintain the reformist image of the Salvadoran government.

14. The assassination of Archbishop Oscar Romero by right-wing military A. served to unify the Catholic population behind the government. B. helped to unify the various factions of the Christian Democratic party. C. served as a catalyst for the growth of the popular struggle against the government. D. was followed by a successful general offensive against the rebels.

15. A major factor in President Duarte's growing isolation and the growing unpopularity of the war was A. the economic sabotage carried out by the rebel forces. B. the fact that the war had reached an impasse, with no end in sight. C. the exploitation of cheap labor for U.S.-based companies in El Salvador. D. the pressure of the swelling population on wage levels.

16. The program of the FMLN-FDR for El Salvador called for A. nationalization of all industry and collectivization of agriculture. B. breaking diplomatic relations with the United States. C. a land reform that would distribute land held by large landowners to landless peasants. D. dissolution of the national army and its replacement by people's militias.

17. The main objective of the FMLN offensive of 1989 was to A. capture the working-class quarters of San Salvador. B. inflict maximum damage to the economy. C. force the ARENA regime to the bargaining table. D. provoke the United States to enter the war.

18. Which of the following does not describe the United Fruit Company (UFCO)? A. It marketed the indigo and cochineal produced by thousands of small farmers. B. It acquired monopolistic control over land transport in Guatemala. C. It exercised virtual ownership of the major Atlantic port of Puerto Barrios. D. It acquired vast banana lands on very favorable terms from the Guatemalan government.

19. The reforms initiated by Juan José Arévalo included all of the following except A. an ambitious social welfare program calling for school, hospital, and housing construction. B. the abolition of all forms of forced labor and the enfranchisement of literate women. C. a labor code guaranteeing workers the right to social security and collective bargaining. D. the confiscation of UFCO lands and their redistribution to landless peasants.

20. During the Arévalo government, urban middle-class ladina women A. were largely ignored as Arévalo's programs stressed class rather than gender equality. B. opposed the Arévalo reform program because it threatened the rights of private property. C. organized to support the Catholic Church, which Arévalo's reforms targeted. D. played an influential role, agitating for women's rights and leading literacy crusades.

21. Which of the following does not describe the government of Jacobo Arbenz? A. Import substitution industrialization was a strategy to promote economic independence. B. A 1952 agrarian reform law expropriated estates larger than 223 hectares. C. The influence of peasant and trade union confederations grew, pushing Arbenz to the left. D. Arbenz united the landed oligarchy with a weak middle class to preserve his power.

22. Anastasio Somoza García, the first of a family dynasty of dictators in Nicaragua, was a A. Liberal leader who demanded the elimination of the National Guard. B. firm opponent of the United States and refused to accept a U.S.-sponsored peace treaty. C. heavy handed dictator, but always supported the United States. D. strong supporter of import substitution industrialization to develop the nation's economy.

23. The 1972 earthquake was pivotal in the growth of democratic opposition to Somoza because A. the dictator alienated former business allies by shamelessly pocketing international aid. B. his failure to reconstruct businesses and houses of his staunchest supporters angered them. C. his enemies siphoned off much of the international aid that later flowed into Nicaragua. D. the United States abandoned its support due to his corrupt management of international aid.

24. Maximiliano Hernández Martínez overthrew the democratically elected Arturo Araujo because he A. scorned wealthy landowners and tried to confiscate their estates. B. favored modest reforms like limited land redistribution and women's rights. C. threatened to disband the military and replace it with a civilian police force. D. refused to collaborate with the United States military.

25. In 1948, Oscar Osorio overthrew Hernández Martínez and inaugurated a A. modest program of state-sponsored import substitution industrialization. B. revolutionary reorganization of Salvadoran society that empowered workers and peasants. C. neoliberal agenda that stressed privatization of national resources and free trade. D. communist dictatorship that collectivized land and abolished trade unions.

26. Which of the following was not a legacy of the Salvadoran Revolution? A. It demilitarized Salvadoran society and created political space for popular mobilization. B. It depleted the male labor force and expanded women's participation in the wage economy. C. It facilitated a new feminist consciousness that sought freedom from patriarchy. D. It radically redistributed property and transformed capitalist labor relations.

27. Justo Rufino Barrios

28. Manuel Estrada Cabrera

29. Jorge Ubico

30. guachibales

31. Juan José Arévalo

32. United Fruit Company

33. Jacobo Arbenz

34. John Foster Dulles

35. Guerrilla Army of the Poor

36. Rigoberta Menchú

37. José Santos Zelaya

38. Augusto César Sandino

39. Anastasio Somoza García

40. Pedro Joaquín Chamorro

41. Santa Fe Document

42. contras

43. Daniel Ortega

44. Miguel Obando y Bravo

45. José Napoleón Duarte

46. Oscar Romero

47. Violeta Chamorro

48. Arturo Araujo

49. Maximiliano Hernández Martínez

50. La matanza

51. Agustín Farabundo Martí

52. Oscar Osorio

53. COMADRES

54. Oscar Romero

55. José Napoleón Duarte

56. FMLN

57. poder femenino

58. What were the characteristic features of the liberal developmental model in early 20th century Central America and how did it affect the interests of various social classes and women?

59. The Eisenhower administration proclaimed that the Guatemalan government in 1954 was "communist" or "procommunist." What were the ostensible and the real reasons for the CIA-State Department conspiracy to overthrow the Arbenz regime?

60. What were the policies pursued by Arévalo and Arbenz and how did they compare or contrast to those proposed by the Sandinistas in Nicaragua and the FMLN in El Salvador?

61. How did successive U.S. interventions in Nicaraguan affairs during the 20th century affect Nicaraguan national development?

62. The Sandinista government engaged in a unique social experiment, seeking to create a society and economy equally distant from those of Cuba and those of most Latin American countries. Summarize the main features of the Nicaraguan experiment that distinguished it from other Latin American social revolutions.

63. After an investment of more than $4 billion in U.S. military and economic aid to the Salvadoran government, the war in El Salvador ended in an impasse. Summarize the historical background of the war and suggest reasons for the failure of U.S. policy in El Salvador.

64. One of the most important legacies of the Central American revolutions in the 1970s and 1980s was that they engendered a new "female consciousness." Explain.

65. How did women variously participate in the revolutionary struggles in Guatemala, Nicaragua, and El Salvador, and how did their demands affect the state's role in national economic development?

Chapter 18--Twilight of the Tyrants: Revolution and Prolonged Popular War in Central America Key

1. B 2. C 3. D 4. C 5. B 6. B 7. C 8. A 9. C 10. A 11. B 12. B 13. D 14. C 15. C 16. C 17. A 18. A 19. D 20. D 21. D 22. C 23. A 24. B 25. A 26. D 27. Answer not provided. 28. Answer not provided.

63. Answer not provided. 64. Answer not provided. 65. Answer not provided.

Chapter 19--Lands of Bolvar: Military Crisis, State Repression, and Popular Democracy Student: ___________________________________________________________________________ 1. Which of these did not characterize the dictatorship of Juan Vicente Gómez? A. He restored foreign companies' concessionary rights. B. He sought to end Venezuela's dependence on oil exports and promote industrialization. C. He allowed foreigners to circumvent Venezuelan national courts. D. He supported "race-mixing" to create a "social race" that erased indigenous and African cultural traditions.

2. Women played different roles in the opposition to the Gómez dictatorship, but they were A. united in their demand for the freedom of women to work outside the home. B. divided by disagreements over the State's role in defending women's rights. C. divided by race and class status. D. united in their demand for women's equal rights.

3. The Women's Cultural Association (ACF) was an organization of A. middle-class women who supported women's suffrage and civil equality. B. working class women who advocated improvement of the entire exploited sector. C. moderate elite women who endorsed pre-natal medical care and sex education. D. militant women who united across race and class lines to support social justice.

4. Rómulo Betancourt's thought appears to have been strongly influenced by A. José Carlos Mariátegui. B. Romulo Gallegos. C. Raúl Haya de la Torre. D. González Prada.

5. Betancourt formed "a strange alliance" with A. Juan Vicente Gómez. B. Marco Pérez Jiménez. C. Admiral Larrazabal. D. Rafael Caldera.

6. The Pact of Punto Fijo A. provided for a three-party coalition to govern Venezuela. B. guaranteed trade-union representation in the government. C. barred the Communist party from running in elections. D. prohibited the clergy from political activity.

7. The populist agrarian reforms of Venezuela's Caldera and Betancourt regimes resulted in A. self-sufficiency in providing for basic foods. B. widespread ownership of land by prosperous small farmers. C. continuing high concentration of landownership. D. a highly productive system of cooperative farms.

8. One result of Venezuela's populist campaign for import-substitution industrialization was a A. self-sufficiency in the production of consumer and durable goods. B. favorable balance of foreign trade. C. dependent industrialization dominated by foreign-based multinationals. D. strong revival of artisan industry.

9. The popular anger that rocked Caracas in 1989 was caused by A. territorial concessions to Colombia. B. U.S. Vice President Quayle's courtesy state visit. C. sharp increases in bus fares. D. devaluation of the currency.

10. Which of these was not characteristic of Colombia's Oligarchical Republic? A. Property and literacy requirements were eliminated, greatly expanding suffrage. B. The executive branch of government was weakened and Congressional powers expanded. C. Minority representation was guaranteed in the legislative bodies. D. The Catholic Church preserved its privileged position.

11. One significant result of early 20th century economic growth in Colombia was the A. dramatic decline of the nation's export dependency. B. expansion of wage labor, accompanied by a wave of strikes and land invasions. C. decline of the latifundio and the increase of small farms. D. rapid growth of domestic industrialization.

12. Which of these was not a result of massive U.S. investment in Colombia in the 1920s? A. The shift of workers from agricultural to urban employment. B. The dramatic increase in oil production and exports. C. The growth of low-wage, unskilled jobs for working-class women. D. The reduction of food production and increased living costs, which left workers poorer.

13. One of the most revolutionary innovations of the López reform era in Colombia was A. a law providing for the dismantling of great estates. B. the nationalization of foreign-owned enterprises. C. a new progressive tax law. D. abolition of the death penalty.

14. Following López's resignation, the leadership of the Liberal party's left wing passed to A. Gabriel Turbay. B. Jorge Eliécer Gaitán. C. Mariano Ospina Pérez. D. Alberto Lleras Camargo.

15. Colombia's National Front coalition provided for A. congressional representation for all minority parties. B. alternation of the presidency between Conservatives and Liberals. C. establishment of a peace commission to end la Violencia. D. passage of an effective agrarian-reform law.

16. The major Colombian guerrilla organization was A. the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia. B. the National Liberation Army. C. the April 19 Movement. D. the Quintin Lame Command.

17. A major reason for the intensified Colombian war on drug trafficking was concern over A. the alarming spread of cocaine addiction in Colombia. B. the threat of drug barons to the elite's monopoly of power. C. the possible overthrow of the government by a joint force of drug mafias and guerrillas. D. the harmful economic effects of the drug traffic.

18. Which of these was not a feature of the Colombian constitution of 1991? A. It legalized the extradition of Colombian citizens to the United States. B. It provided for popular election of state governors and limited presidential terms. C. It recognized the authority of traditional courts on indigenous resguardos. D. It validated the "collective ownership rights" of Afro-Colombian and indigenous peoples.

19. Colombia fought two wars in the 1990s, one against drug cartels and another against A. armed guerrillas, trade unions, peasant leagues, and ethnic minorities. B. Venezuelan expansionists who invaded Colombia's Amazon rain forest. C. Ecuador, which supported indigenous villagers who resisted Colombian oil development. D. Panamanian separatists who sought to declare their independence from Colombia.

20. Which of the following was not a reason for the FARC's expansion in the 1990s? A. The steadily rising price of cocaine in international markets. B. The structural crisis of a corrupt, exclusionary "duopoly" or two-party system. C. Poor training and morale of government troops. D. State support for private commercial development that trampled on traditional rights.

21. Which of the following did not describe the FARC's relationship with coca growers? A. FARC forced drug traffickers to pay coca growers a fair price for their product. B. FARC resisted the government's herbicidal spraying of coca fields. C. FARC supported drug eradication coupled with financial aid to peasants to grow other crops. D. FARC imposed taxes on coca growers to raise revenues for its guerrilla war.

22. One of the more unexpected consequences of the "dirty war" was that A. 40 percent of families were led by women forced to work outside the home for low wages. B. the Colombian military became dependent upon the United States for arms and equipment. C. drug trafficking increased along with a dramatic growth of illicit arms smuggling. D. death squads proliferated, killing trade unionists, peasant leaders, and human rights activists.

23. Which of the following was not a goal of the $7.3 billion aid program called Plan Colombia? A. Reconquest of 40 percent of the national territories controlled by the FARC. B. A dramatic decline in the number of both habitual and occasional drug consumers. C. Neoliberal cuts in social spending and privatization of State-owned companies. D. Eradication of coca cultivation and a modest crop substitution program.

24. Which of the following was not a result of Carlos Andrés Pérez's 1990 economic program? A. The sale of state-owned companies to foreign multinational corporations at bargain prices. B. A significant loss of jobs in a nation already burdened with high unemployment. C. A $2 billion bonanza in government revenues and a boom in the import-led commercial sector. D. A dramatic decline in the number of people living below the poverty line.

25. The populist reform program that elected Rafael Caldera in 1993 called for A. limits on worker layoffs, increased wages, and repeal of IMF-sponsored consumer taxes. B. privatization of the State-owned oil, aluminum, steel, and electrical industries. C. collaboration with the IMF to secure new loans to develop the national economy. D. the reduction of taxes, social spending, and government regulations on foreign investment.

26. The successful candidate in Venezuela's 1998 presidential campaign promised to A. create a social security system similar to Chile's. B. give foreign investors greater freedom to explore and exploit Venezuelan oil reserves. C. build a socialist Venezuela modeled on Cuba's revolutionary tradition. D. protect domestic industry, stop debt payments, and end privatization.

27. Which of these was not a goal of the 1998 Bolivarian Revolution? A. Redistribution of land to landless peasants and an increase in domestic food production. B. Greater, more equitable access to health care and education for poor children. C. Closer relations with the United States in its global effort to promote popular democracy. D. Constitutional reforms to abolish the Pact of Punto Fijo and its corrupt, elitist "duopoly."

28. In 2007, Venezuela's democratic presidential election produced a landslide victory of 63 percent for the A. neoliberal program of Carlos Andrés Pérez. B. socialist program of Hugo Chávez Frías. C. liberal nationalist program of Pedro Carmona. D. populist program of Rafael Caldera.

29. Venezuelan Women's Association

30. Mercedes Fermín

31. Women's Cultural Association

32. café con leche

33. Juan Vicente Gómez

34. Rómulo Betancourt

35. Rómulo Gallegos

36. Trienio

37. Venezuelan Development Corporation

38. Marcos Pérez Jiménez

39. Pact of Punto Fijo

40. Carlos Andrés Pérez

41. Hugo Chávez Frías

42. Bolivarian Democracy

43. Pedro Carmona

44. Revolution on the March

45. Alfonso López

46. la Violencia

47. National Front coalition

48. Jorge Eliécer Gaitán

49. Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia

50. estado de excepción

51. Camilo Torres Restrepo

52. Clientelismo

53. "Dirty War"

54. Medellín Cartel

55. 1991 Constitution

56. Plan Colombia

57. Occidental Petroleum

58. Alvaro Uribe Velez

59. What were the policies of Juan Vicente Gómez and how did they affect Venezuela's early 20th century development?

60. The history of Colombia generally appears to be much more violent than that of Venezuela. Can you suggest some reasons for Colombia's greater proclivity to violence?

61. Coalition rule often characterized the political histories of Venezuela and Colombia. What ends did coalition rule serve? Was such a political system truly democratic?

62. Despite its great oil wealth, after almost a half-century of "sowing the petroleum," Venezuela suffered from great poverty and massive foreign debt. Discuss the reasons for this state of affairs.

63. What role did women play in Venezuela's national development and how did class and race relations affect the struggle for women's rights?

64. What was the social constituency of the Revolution on the March and how did its policies affect Colombian national development?

65. The Colombian Violencia¾the great bloodbath of the late 1940s and 1950s¾has never altogether ceased. What were the social and political problems that persisted in spawning violence?

66. What was "Plan Colombia" and how did it affect Colombian national development?

Chapter 19--Lands of Bolvar: Military Crisis, State Repression, and Popular Democracy Key

1. B 2. C 3. A 4. C 5. B 6. A 7. C 8. C 9. C 10. A 11. B 12. B 13. C 14. B 15. B 16. A 17. B 18. A 19. A 20. A 21. D 22. A 23. B 24. D 25. A 26. D 27. C 28. B

63. Answer not provided. 64. Answer not provided. 65. Answer not provided. 66. Answer not provided.

Chapter 20--Deconstructing the State: Dictatorship and Neoliberal Markets Student: ___________________________________________________________________________ 1. Populist reforms sought social stability by unifying elites and subaltern peoples under the lofty rhetoric of A. racial democracy. B. nationalism. C. free markets. D. liberalism.

2. During the 1970s and 1980s, the material foundation for populism was destroyed by A. radical reforms that transformed existing social structures in Latin America. B. policies that abolished the latifundio and neocolonialism. C. high interest rates and plunging prices for raw material exports. D. expensive social welfare programs and high taxes.

3. Among the key characteristics of neoliberalism were A. free trade, privatization, and incentives to foreign investors. B. democracy and constitutional government. C. state regulation and nationalization of non-renewable resources. D. respect for civil liberties and free elections.

4. Neoliberalism in Latin America seemed to thrive under A. democratic governments. B. constitutional monarchies. C. military dictatorships. D. foreign military occupation.

5. The Brazilian military coup of 1964 resulted in A. a dismantling of the state sector of the Brazilian economy. B. a marked independence of the United States in foreign policy. C. acceleration of the foreign takeover of Brazilian industry. D. restoration of the death penalty for certain offenses against the state.

6. The Brazilian church A. supported government repression of unions and peasant leagues. B. played a leading role in the struggle for social justice under the dictatorship. C. denounced political activism by the clergy as contrary to church teaching. D. exhibited a sharp division, with a majority supporting the military government.

7. Brazil's agricultural development since 1964 has been marked by A. a shift from export production to increased stress on staple foods like manioc and corn. B. resettling landless peasant families on new lands opened up in the Amazon Valley. C. an explosion of land concentration and land grabbing. D. revival of the poverty-ridden northeast region through construction of irrigation projects.

8. Brazil's military regime sought a way out of its growing economic and political difficulties by A. increasing repression against the opposition. B. implementing a strategy of limited détente and concessions to the opposition. C. seeking U.S. economic assistance for the military regime. D. legalizing the Communist party and other leftist parties.

9. Significant accomplishments of the new democratic constitution in 1988 included A. guarantee of civil rights such as freedom of speech, assembly, and press. B. vigorous enforcement of an agrarian law providing for distribution of land to the landless. C. success in the fight against inflation. D. a reduction of Brazil's foreign debt by half.

10. Sarney's Plan Cruzado of 1986 called for A. large cost-of-living adjustments to compensate for inflation. B. a freeze on wages, prices, and rents. C. a large public works program to reduce unemployment. D. a program of subsidies for Brazilian exports.

11. In the aftermath of Brazil's military dictatorship, the greatest external problem was the A. foreign trade deficit. B. routine interference by U.S. ambassadors in Brazil's internal affairs. C. foreign debt, which in 1990 amounted to $120 billion. D. nation's dependence on immigration to provide the labor force necessary to modernize.

12. Which of the following did not describe Brazilian Popular Music (MPB)? A. It provided a catalyst for youthful protest against the dictatorship. B. It often used love songs to thinly disguise lyrics that protested social injustice. C. It imported jazz rhythms from the U.S. to appeal to middle-class values. D. It became a target of military censors who banned its production and dissemination.

13. Augusto Pinochet overthrew Allende and sought to defend his neoliberal reforms by organizing A. Feminine Power, upper class women committed to "traditional family values." B. a vast "right wing conspiracy" among media moguls, foreign corporations, and the CIA. C. the Popular Unity Party, a coalition of political parties with diverse ideological agendas. D. "arpilleristas," a network of women who protested against dictatorship.

14. Which of the following was NOT an achievement of Pinochet's government? A. Restoration of potestad marital, husbands' right to control wives and their property. B. Elimination of women's protective labor laws, including unemployment compensation. C. Disqualification of women for legislative positions and reduction of their median income. D. Reduction of the proportion of female heads of households.

15. Women actively opposed Pinochet's dictatorship by doing all of the following except organizing: A. Feminist Movement (MF) to call for "Democracy in the Nation and in the Home." B. groups to bake and distribute bread with messages about clandestine opposition activities. C. Mothers' Centers that included 10,000 women's groups with 230,000 members. D. people to create arpilleras, a folk art that fashioned powerful indictments of dictatorship.

16. The military dictatorship in Argentina from 1976 to 1983 A. brought a tremendous economic boom to the nation. B. engendered an unprecedented reign of terror. C. vastly improved the status of the working class. D. improved the upholding of civil rights.

17. Which of these was not a form of popular resistance to the military dictatorship? A. The creation of human rights organizations. B. The development of "national rock," with outdoor concerts that protested the dictatorship. C. The organization of women into groups like the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo. D. The establishment of a well-organized and effective guerrilla insurrection.

18. Which of the following did not characterize the Malvinas war? A. It aimed to divert the nation from the regime's domestic terrorism. B. It defended Argentina's national dignity against British colonialism. C. It grossly miscalculated the support of the United States. D. It was a blunder by the Radical party to obtain support from the military.

19. The economic crisis that struck Mexico in 1981-1982 was caused by A. restrictions on oil imports from Mexico by the United States. B. the flight of domestic and foreign capital from Mexico. C. a sharp decline in the purchasing power of Mexicans. D. a sharp decline in oil prices.

20. In 1982 the United States and Mexico devised a solution for the Mexican crisis that A. added new foreign debts to the old ones. B. pardoned a large part of Mexico's foreign debt. C. declared a moratorium on payment of interest and principal on the debt. D. authorized U.S. purchase of large quantities of Mexican oil at prices above the world price.

21. A major cause of the 1994 Zapatista revolt in Chiapas was A. the Mexican government's anticlerical policies. B. the Salinas government's free trade program. C. the impact of the maquiladora program. D. the government's imposition of a communal ejido land system.

22. Neoliberalism and the resulting explosion of maquiladora industries affected Mexican women by A. eliminating higher-paying jobs for men and forcing women to work outside the home. B. creating new opportunities for employment in high wage industries financed by foreign capital. C. doubling women's waged employment and increasing their power in the workplace. D. making them targets of sexual violence and harassment.

23. Brazil's First Institutional Act declared a state of siege in 1964, ending civil liberties for ten years, and established a military dictatorship led by A. Roberto Campos. B. José Sarney. C. Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco. D. João Goulart.

24. The economic policies of Chile's brutal dictator, Augusto Pinochet, were greatly influenced by A. University of Chicago economist Militon Friedman. B. communist theorists Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. C. Cuban revolutionaries Fidel Castro and Che Guevara. D. French positivists like Auguste Comte.

25. Argentina's reign of terror known as the "Dirty War" was unleashed in 1976 by A. General Augusto Pinochet. B. General René Schneider. C. José Alfredo Martínez de Hoz. D. General Jorge Rafael Videla.

26. Neoliberalism was institutionalized by Mexico's fraudulent elections of 1988 that empowered A. Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas. B. Lázaro Cárdenas. C. José López Portillo. D. Carlos Salinas de Gortari.

27. The neoliberal victory in Nicaragua's 1990 presidential elections was shaped by the A. failure of the Sandinista government to enact a structural adjustment program. B. U.S.-sponsored Contra war and a disastrous economy victimized by a U.S. embargo. C. corruption and mismanagement of the Sandinista regime. D. brilliant electoral strategy developed by Anastasio Somoza Debayle.

28. Bureaucratic authoritarianism

29. posseiros

30. Plan Cruzado

31. Fernando Henrique Cardoso

32. Landless People's Movement

33. Humberto Castelo Branco

34. Helder Câmara

35. abertura

36. Tropicalía

37. Lula da Silva

38. Augusto Pinochet

39. DINA

40. Patricio Aylwin

41. Feminine Power

42. arpilleristas

43. potestad marital

44. Carlos Salinas de Gortari

45. Vicente Fox

46. EZLN

47. "Dirty War"

48. "National Rock"

49. Malvinas war

50. Raul Alfonsín

51. Nunca Más

52. El Barzón

53. What role did popular culture play in the mobilization of resistance to military dictatorships in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina?

54. Why were foreign debt and land reform the most burning problems for Brazil during the 20th century?

55. What were the policies of Augusto Pinochet (1973-1990), how did they affect various social classes, and what was their legacy for national development?

56. What were some unexpected results of the Nicaraguan election of 1990 and its aftermath?

57. What conclusions did the Mexican experience with dependent capitalist development suggest concerning the neoliberal program's viability as a solution for the problems of Latin American backwardness and poverty?

Chapter 20--Deconstructing the State: Dictatorship and Neoliberal Markets Key

1. B 2. C 3. A 4. C 5. C 6. B 7. C 8. B 9. A 10. B 11. C 12. C 13. A 14. D 15. C 16. B 17. D 18. D 19. D 20. A 21. B 22. D 23. C 24. A 25. D 26. D 27. B 28. Answer not provided.

Chapter 21--Transcending Neoliberalism: Electoral Engaos and Popular Resistance to the Dictatorship of Markets Student: ___________________________________________________________________________ 1. The long-term consequences of neoliberalism in Latin America were A. increasing secularism and armed socialist revolution. B. economic prosperity and expansion of democracy. C. progressive national development and social justice. D. greater external dependency and social inequality.

2. Electoral populism in the service of neoliberal government policies A. undermined popular faith in democracy and threatened social stability. B. mobilized popular movements that supported neoliberalism. C. alienated foreign businesses and their government representatives. D. discouraged social movements opposed to neoliberalism.

3. The "social sector" within Itamar Franco's coalition government advocated reforms designed to A. achieve fiscal stability in Brazil. B. relieve hunger and poverty in Brazil. C. privatize Brazil's social security system. D. promote social networking in Brazil.

4. Which of the following was NOT a feature of Cardoso's plan for Brazilian development? A. Deficit reduction through cuts in social spending. B. Agrarian reform. C. Privatization of state-owned companies. D. Promotion of foreign Investment.

5. Political opposition to Brazil's neoliberal policies was led by A. Fernando Cardoso of the Socialist Party. B. Fernando Collor of the Social Democratic Party. C. Lula da Silva of the Workers' Party. D. Itamar Franco of the Communist Party.

6. Progressive nationalists like Lula aimed to A. expand Brazil's dependence on foreign loans and investment. B. abolish Brazil's private sector and nationalize foreign companies. C. reduce social spending and cut taxes in Brazil. D. liberate Brazil from its debt to the IMF and promote greater social equality.

7. Despite his campaign against neoliberalism, Argentine President Carlos Menem's program included A. privatization of state-owned companies. B. massive layoffs of state workers. C. limitations on the right to strike. D. all of these choices.

8. A major element of Menem's anti-inflation program in Argentina was A. raising the minimum wage. B. a vast public works program. C. making the Argentine currency convertible in relation to the dollar. D. rejecting the demands of the IMF and the World Bank for removal of trade restrictions.

9. Which of these was not a result of Argentina's experience with neoliberalism in the 1990s? A. growing inequality and violent popular opposition from groups like the piqueteros. B. increased poverty, unemployment, and political protest. C. a growing popular disdain for politicians and the political process D. the spread of the Zapatista guerrilla insurrection in a remote southern province.

10. State programs to expand Mercosur, reduce poverty, and tax exports to increase domestic supplies of energy and food were all implemented by Argentina's new president A. Cristina Fernández de Kirchner. B. Néstor Kirchner. C. Hugo Chávez. D. Evo Morales.

11. Peru's President Alberto Fujimori owed his reelection in 1995 above all to A. massive electoral fraud. B. foreign loans, cheap imports, and fraudulent promises. C. the diplomatic and financial support of the United States. D. victories in the war against the Shining Path.

12. Which of the following was not a campaign promise of Peruvian President Alejandro Toledo? A. Abolition of state corruption. B. Reduction of unemployment and poverty. C. Creation of high protective tariffs to promote domestic economic prosperity. D. Preservation of state ownership of the public utilities industry.

13. As Peru's president, Toledo implemented policies endorsed by the IMF, including A. privatization of two profitable state-owned electric companies. B. high tariffs on foreign imports. C. a public works project that created two million new jobs. D. legislation to protect workers' rights.

14. By the middle of his presidential term, Toledo's neoliberal program had A. promoted a rejuvenation of the Peruvian economy. B. sparked broad public opposition, including strikes and sometime violent demonstrations. C. attracted large sums of foreign investment that increased private sector employment. D. established a model for development that other Latin American nations began to emulate.

15. In Chile, a political consequence of the dictatorship and its legacy to civil society was a A. gradual growth of democratic liberties and popular engagement in electoral politics. B. growing voter apathy, rising to 41 percent of eligible voters who refused to cast ballots. C. resurgence of popular enthusiasm for the Chilean Socialist party. D. elimination of military influence in national politics and revitalization of political debate.

16. Evidence that Chileans were growing increasingly dissatisfied with neoliberalism included A. the ratification of a 1980 Constitution that institutionalized Pinochet's power. B. declining political participation and rising support for punishing human rights violations. C. the election of Augusto Pinochet to the Chilean Senate. D. the arrest, conviction, and imprisonment of Pinochet and his associates.

17. In 2006, Chileans rejected unrestrained neoliberalism and elected A. radical socialist, Hugo Chávez. B. Chile's internationally renowned Communist poet, Pablo Neruda. C. a populist president, Eduardo Frei Montalvo. D. Latin America's first woman president, Socialist Michelle Bachelet.

18. Vicente Fox broke the PRI's historic monopoly of presidential power in 2000 by A. denouncing neoliberalism for its failure to generate growth and development. B. proposing the privatization of PEMEX, the inefficient state oil company. C. promising to fill his cabinet with advisors from corporate business. D. pledging to cut subsidies to small farmers and tax food and medicine.

19. Two decades of neoliberal policies in Mexico produced all of the following except A. steady economic growth averaging 2.8 percent per year. B. stable poverty rates rising slightly to 70 million in 2001. C. steadily rising average wages. D. increasing employment in the informal sector and low wage maquilas.

20. Growing inequality in late 20th century Mexico was largely the result of A. investment in inefficient state companies like PEMEX. B. unregulated markets that empowered investors rather than workers. C. declining foreign investment and increasing government regulations. D. a normal cyclical economic downturn.

21. Amidst claims of electoral fraud, Mexico's Andrés Manuel López Obrador, a critic of neoliberalism, A. lost the 2006 presidential election to Felipe Calderón by one-half of a percentage point. B. launched an armed revolution to redistribute property and wealth. C. defeated Vicente Fox and proclaimed the restoration of Mexican populism. D. joined the Zapatista Army of National Liberation.

22. After Bolivia's military government resigned, the populist Victor Paz Estenssoro won election and A. nationalized all foreign-owned companies. B. was pressured by the army and IMF to impose a neoliberal austerity program. C. declared a moratorium on foreign debt service until social programs were fully funded. D. raised tariffs on all foreign imports.

23. Neoliberal policies in Bolivia A. rendered the nation dependent on coca production and U.S. aid. B. promoted economic growth and balanced social development. C. encouraged political democratization and social justice. D. disproportionately benefited the indigenous majority and sparked its political activism.

24. The core of Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada's economic program in Bolivia was a A. vast expansion of tin exports. B. relocation of unemployed miners in the Amazon area. C. new plan to promote import substitution industrialization. D. privatization of state enterprises and downsizing of the state.

25. By 2006, a massive popular social movement, sparked by Bolivia's indigenous majority, A. overthrew the neoliberal government and created an independent Aymara kingdom. B. rejected neoliberalism and elected socialist Evo Morales president. C. welcomed U.S. assistance in promoting democracy and national development. D. embraced globalization and neoliberalism.

26. President Reagan praised Ecuador's President León Febres Cordero as an "articulate champion of free enterprise" because Febres A. promoted the growth of Ecuador's capital goods industry. B. broke off diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union and other socialist countries. C. abolished all price controls on staple foods and other basic commodities. D. lowered tariffs on foreign imports and encouraged foreign investment.

27. Ecuadoran indigenous efforts to prevent intrusion of oil companies into their territory included A. a publicity campaign against the oil companies in the United States. B. guerrilla warfare against oil company installations. C. organization of an Ecuadoran Green Party. D. filing suit in New York over environmental devastation caused by Texaco.

28. A coalition of workers, students, indigenous groups, and Afro-Ecuadorians successfully A. forced Congress to impeach Lucio Gutiérrez after he broke a promise to oppose free trade. B. organized an armed revolution to overthrow Ecuador's neoliberal regime. C. pressured Congress to legislate dollarization of the national economy. D. lobbied the government to support regionalization of Plan Colombia.

29. Which of the following was NOT a policy endorsed by Ecuador's new president, Rafael Correa? A. Constitutional reform. B. Expansion of state anti-poverty programs. C. Nationalization of foreign oil companies. D. Renegotiation of nation's $10 billion foreign debt.

30. In the midst of its own economic crisis in the 1990s, Cuban leaders adopted A. a pragmatic mix of state ownership and market reforms to preserve its "socialist essence." B. the same neoliberal reforms as the rest of Latin America. C. measures to insulate revolutionary socialist policies against market reforms. D. policies that abandoned the revolution's historic commitment to social equality.

31. Hugo Banzer Suárez

32. Operation Blast Furnace

33. coca dollars

34. Evo Morales

35. León Febres Cordero

36. Pachakutik

37. CONAIE

38. "Pink Tide"

39. Alejandro Toledo

40. Alberto Fujimori

41. Carlos Salinas de Gortari

42. Vicente Fox

43. EZLN

44. Carlos Saúl Menem

45. Ricardo Lagos

46. Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas

47. El Barzón

48. Vicente Fox

49. Eduardo Duhalde

50. Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

51. Fernando Collor

52. Fernando Cardoso

53. Landless People's Movement

54. Benedita da Silva

55. Fome Zero

56. Lula da Silva

57. Piqueteros

58. Cristina Fernández de Kirchner

59. Shining Path

60. Michelle Bachelet

61. How did the Brazilian election of 1994 reflect changes in the political strategy of Brazil's elites?

62. A U.S. anthropologist calls diseases like typhoid, tuberculosis, leprosy, and bubonic plague that resurfaced in neoliberal Brazil diseases of "disorderly development." Explain.

63. What is the significance of Lula da Silva's 2002 presidential election and 2006 reelection both for Brazilian and regional Latin American economic and social development? What do they suggest about popular support for neoliberal models of development?

64. Peruvian President Alberto Fujimori's political tactics illustrate a fairly common strategy of present-day conservative Latin American politicians who promise one thing to retain power but deliver another. Explain.

65. What conclusions does the Mexican experience with dependent capitalist development suggest concerning the neoliberal program's viability as a solution for the problems of Latin American backwardness and poverty?

Chapter 21--Transcending Neoliberalism: Electoral Engaos and Popular Resistance to the Dictatorship of Markets Key

1. D 2. A 3. B 4. B 5. C 6. D 7. D 8. C 9. D 10. A 11. B 12. C 13. A 14. B 15. B 16. B 17. D 18. A 19. C 20. B 21. A 22. B 23. A 24. D 25. B 26. D 27. D 28. A

63. Answer not provided. 64. Answer not provided. 65. Answer not provided.

Chapter 22--The Two Americas: United States-Latin American Relations Student: ___________________________________________________________________________ 1. During the first half of the nineteenth century, U.S. policy toward Latin America was primarily interested in A. acquiring the gold and silver mines of Mexico and Peru. B. acquiring important ports in the Caribbean. C. blocking French and Russian territorial ambitions. D. expanding U.S. territory westward.

2. The Monroe Doctrine was ineffective for much of the 19th century because the A. The United States had neither the resources nor the inclination to back it up. B. United States was willing to send troops to Latin America to enforce it. C. Latin American nations adhered to it enthusiastically. D. United States had superior economic might in the region.

3. Central America was important to the United States during the 19th century because it was the A. world's most important supplier of coffee. B. world's sole source of bananas. C. source of U.S. fears about the spread of British liberalism to Mexico. D. potential site for a canal between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

4. U.S. involvement in crises in Chile in 1891, Brazil in 1894, and Venezuela in 1895 aimed to A. protect free access for the navy. B. protect potential trade markets. C. free South America from German influence. D. acquire refueling stations for its coastal trade.

5. The United States went to war with Spain in Cuba to A. protect the large U.S. investment in the island. B. help the Cubans win their independence. C. annex the island. D. avenge the sinking of its fleet in Havana harbor.

6. The United States acquired land for the Panama Canal by A. treaty with Colombia. B. treaty with Great Britain. C. war with Panama. D. negotiations with the New Panama Canal Company.

7. The major economic transformation induced by the U.S. occupation of Puerto Rico was the creation of a A. sugar monoculture. B. coffee monoculture. C. national steel industry. D. tourist industry.

8. Who led the Popular Democratic Party (PPD) of Puerto Rico A. Luis Muñoz Rivera. B. Luis Muñoz Marín. C. Jesús T. Pinero. D. Rafael Hernández Colón.

9. In 1916 the government of Woodrow Wilson militarily occupied A. no Caribbean nations. B. Mexico. C. Panama, Nicaragua, Haiti, Cuba, and the Dominican Republic. D. Grenada, Haiti, Jamaica, and Honduras.

10. The Good Neighbor Policy A. advocated economic aid for Latin American nations suffering from the Great Depression. B. renounced the right of U.S. military intervention in the affairs of Latin American nations. C. helped Mexico recover from its economic woes following its revolution. D. sought to combat communism in Latin America.

11. U.S. investment in Latin America after World War II was mostly concentrated in A. mining and oil. B. tourist industries. C. railroads and airlines. D. manufacturing.

12. The Rio Treaty of 1947 A. allowed the United States free access to Copacabana beach. B. brought Latin America into military alliance with the United States. C. set up the Organization of American States. D. paved the way for the United Nations.

13. The United States overthrew the regime of Jacobo Arbenz in 1954 because Arbenz A. invaded British Honduras. B. sought to nationalize its extensive oil holdings. C. had demanded another term as president. D. had expropriated properties of the United Fruit Company, a U.S. firm.

14. Which was not a consequence of the U.S. reaction to the Cuban revolution of 1959? A. The missile crisis of October 1962. B. The Bay of Pigs invasion. C. A loosening of restrictions on political freedoms in Cuba. D. The Alliance for Progress.

15. Regarding military coups in Brazil (1964) and Argentina (1966), U.S. government policy promoted A. support with extensive military aid. B. nonrecognition. C. economic embargos. D. military intervention to oust them.

16. In the 1973 overthrow of Chile's elected socialist president, the United States provided A. extensive financial support for Allende's opposition. B. support for Allende's democratically elected government. C. indifferent policies toward both groups. D. support for Allende because he was anti-Communist.

17. Jimmy Carter's Latin American policy was based on his concern for A. the United States' need for strategic bases in South America. B. human rights. C. the potential for war between Chile and Argentina over the Beagle Channel. D. religious freedom for Protestant evangelicals in Latin America.

18. The U.S. invasion of Grenada was precipitated by A. Bishop's assassination. B. Grenada seizing American investments. C. failure of U.S. Secretary of State Alexander Haig to mediate the dispute. D. need of Margaret Thatcher's government to increase its popularity.

19. Which of the following was NOT a result of Ronald Reagan's policies in Central America? A. Militarization of the region. B. Economic depression in the region. C. Loss of autonomy on the part of the region's governments. D. Destruction of leftist guerrilla movements in the region.

20. The crucial problem in the Latin American debt crisis was the A. inability of Latin American nations to repay their debts and develop their economies. B. exceedingly low petroleum prices. C. extremely high interest rates. D. desire of Mexico to use its debt to open the U.S. border to more Mexican immigration.

21. President Nixon worked with military dictatorships that created Operation Condor to A. save an endangered species of birds native to the Andean highlands. B. promote the development of democracy throughout the western hemisphere. C. destroy leftist, anti-dictatorial political movements throughout South America. D. smash powerful drug cartels that profited from cocaine sales and defied U.S. power.

22. President Nixon and Henry Kissinger specifically approved of the Brazilian dictatorship's A. program to promote equal access to higher education. B. effort to rig the 1971 Uruguayan elections to defeat a left-wing coalition. C. decision to allow opposition parties in future elections and begin a transition to democracy. D. electoral reforms, which enabled literate women to vote for the first time.

23. Which of these was not typical of globalization promoted by the U.S. in Latin America? A. Free and fair democratic elections. B. State deregulation. C. Privatization of state-owned resources. D. Free trade.

24. In 2001, Richard Cooper, a foreign policy advisor to Britain's Tony Blair, favored a A. globalization plan based upon respect for national sovereignty and popular democracy. B. program to increase British influence in Latin America in violation of the Monroe Doctrine. C. policy of appeasement for military dictators in Latin America. D. return to a new kind of imperialism based upon force, pre-emptive attack, and deception.

25. Like Cooper, George W. Bush supported the idea of "nation-building," which referred to A. foreign loans to assist in development of economic infrastructure like roads and railroads. B. foreign intervention to promote globalization and manage popular opposition to it. C. U.S. efforts to foster the development of independent national cultures in Latin America. D. U.S. support for sovereign democratic nations in Latin America.

26. Former U.S. Secretary of State Cyrus Vance oversaw the creation of the A. Project for New American Century. B. Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict. C. Security Commission. D. Inter-American Democratic Charter.

27. Like Cyrus Vance, the Project for a New American Century favored U.S. intervention, but it A. called for internationally recognized guidelines against which to measure regime legitimacy. B. stressed the development of multilateral mechanisms for peaceful resolution of conflicts. C. emphasized unilateral, imperialist interference and deployment of military power. D. insisted that the President secure Congressional authority, consistent with the Constitution.

28. Which of these was not required by the Bush regime to avoid risk of U.S. military intervention? A. Universal suffrage and free, fair, democratic elections. B. Opposition to terrorism, especially when it targeted the U.S., its citizens, or interests. C. Sound economic policies including open markets and sustainable budget policies. D. Strong support for individual entrepreneurship.

29. Which of these was not a reason that Bush supported a 2002 coup against Hugo Chávez? A. Chávez had opposed the U.S. war in Afghanistan. B. Chávez was a military dictator who seized power in a bloody coup. C. Chávez resisted neoliberal policies promoted by the United States, World Bank, and IMF. D. Chávez maintained friendly diplomatic relations with Cuba.

30. The Bush administration intervened in Bolivia by funding a mercenary army and A. defending the nation against a threatened Brazilian invasion. B. threatening to cut off all economic aid if Bolivians elected Evo Morales, a socialist. C. eradicating all coca cultivation in the Bolivian highlands. D. destroying terrorist cells planning to blow up the Caño-Limón oil pipeline.

31. Which of these was not an example of U.S. intervention in the 2001 Nicaraguan elections? A. The U.S. authorized billions of dollars to fund a military coup d'etat against Ortega. B. The U.S. pressured Conservatives to drop out of the race to consolidate the anti-Ortega vote. C. The U.S. distributed emergency food aid to promote the candidacy of Ortega's rival. D. The U.S. alleged that Ortega condoned terrorism and implied that his election meant war.

32. U.S. counter-narcotics aid to Colombia was used instead to A. expand the cultivation of coca and modernize its production and distribution networks. B. finance programs aimed at promoting the democratization of the Colombian army. C. strengthen a Colombian army that had abused human rights. D. pay bribes to high ranking military officers in exchange for their protection of the drug trade.

33. After Congress prohibited U.S. aid to military forces engaged in human rights violations, A. U.S. military forces withdrew from Colombia and abandoned drug interdiction efforts. B. Plan Colombia ceased to be a viable policy for defeating rebel insurgents. C. U.S. policy supported peaceful, democratic, political negotiations to end the violence. D. U.S. military forces continued to aid Colombian units accused of human rights violations.

34. The Andean Regional Initiative was a Bush administration policy that A. increased military assistance to Colombia and threatened war in Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador. B. promoted greater trade and economic cooperation among Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador. C. sought to reduce the power and influence of South American drug cartels. D. encouraged expansion of democracy and import substitution industrialization in the Andes.

35. Which of these was not evidence of growing opposition to U.S. policy in Latin America? A. The 2002 Brazilian presidential election of Lula da Silva. B. The 2002 coup d'etat against Hugo Chávez, Venezuela's democratically elected president. C. The 2003 Argentine presidential election of Nestor Kirchner. D. The 2005 Ecuadorian presidential election of Rafael Correa.

36. Monroe Doctrine

37. Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

38. Venezuelan crisis 1895

39. Roosevelt Corollary

40. Philippe Bunau-Varilla

41. Rafael Trujill

42. Foraker Act

43. Pedro Albizu Campos

44. Luis Muñoz Rivera

45. Luis Muñoz Marín

46. Platt Amendment

47. Pershing Expedition

48. Zimmerman Telegram

49. Clark memorandum

50. Chapultepec Conference

51. Alliance for Progress

52. Grenada

53. Manuel Noriega

54. Jean-Bertrand Aristide

55. GATT

56. Bryan-Chamorro Treaty

57. Gerardo Machado

58. Victor Paz Estenssoro

59. Cheddi Jagan

60. Jacobo Arbenz

61. João Goulart

62. Salvador Allende

63. Operation Condor

64. Maurice Bishop

65. Contras

66. Compare and contrast U.S. occupations of three of the following: Haiti (1915-1934), the Dominican Republic (1916-1924), Cuba (1898-1902, 1906, 1917-1921), and Nicaragua (1912-1925, 1926-1933).

67. Compare and contrast U.S. reaction to revolutions in Mexico (1910-1920), Bolivia (1952), Guatemala (1946-1954), and Cuba (1959).

68. The United States was involved in two wars in Latin America during the nineteenth century: the war with Mexico (1846-1848) and the war with Spain in Cuba (1898). Why did the United States go to war in these instances? What were the results of these wars?

69. Relations between the United States and Latin America have passed through four major stages in the twentieth century: the era of intervention, 1898-1933; the Good Neighbor Policy, 1933-1945; the cold war, 1945-1990; and the post-cold war, 1990 to the present. Characterize these stages. How did U.S. policy change from one stage to the next?

70. The attitude of the Clinton administration toward human rights violations by Latin American governments has been selective and pragmatic, taking account of their acceptance or rejection of U.S. economic policies. Explain and cite some examples.

71. How did the Bush administration's policy in Iraq and the Middle East affect U.S. interests in Latin America after 2002?

72. What were U.S. objectives in Latin America and how did its tactics vary throughout the twentieth century?

Chapter 22--The Two Americas: United States-Latin American Relations Key

1. D 2. A 3. D 4. B 5. A 6. D 7. A 8. B 9. C 10. B 11. D 12. B 13. D 14. C 15. A 16. A 17. B 18. A 19. D 20. A 21. C 22. B 23. A 24. D 25. B 26. B 27. C 28. A

29. B 30. B 31. A 32. C 33. D 34. A 35. B 36. Answer not provided. 37. Answer not provided. 38. Answer not provided. 39. Answer not provided. 40. Answer not provided. 41. Answer not provided. 42. Answer not provided. 43. Answer not provided. 44. Answer not provided. 45. Answer not provided. 46. Answer not provided. 47. Answer not provided. 48. Answer not provided. 49. Answer not provided. 50. Answer not provided. 51. Answer not provided. 52. Answer not provided. 53. Answer not provided. 54. Answer not provided. 55. Answer not provided. 56. Answer not provided. 57. Answer not provided. 58. Answer not provided. 59. Answer not provided. 60. Answer not provided. 61. Answer not provided. 62. Answer not provided.