TEST BANK for The Marriage and Family Experience: Intimate Relationships in a Changing Society 14th

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Chapter 01 1. A group of two or more persons related by birth, marriage, or adoption and residing together is the definition of a. family used by all sociologists. b. family used by the US Census Bureau. c. affiliated kin used by sociologists. d. traditional family used by sociologists.

ANSWER: b 2. Unrelated individuals who feel and are treated as if they were relatives comprise an individual’s: a. fictive kin. b. endearing family. c. clan. d. compadres.

ANSWER: a 3. Diane and Jim are married to each other and live together with their two biological children. This group meets the definition of a. fictive kin. b. affiliated kin. c. a nuclear family. d. an extended family.

ANSWER: c 4. ______ permits a woman to be impregnated by a sperm donor. a. Fostering b. Adoption c. Artificial insemination d. Embryonic transplants ANSWER: c 5. Through which court case did same-sex marriage become legal in the United States? a. Roe v. Wade b. Plessy v. Ferguson c. Brown v. Board of Education d. Obergefell v. Hodges ANSWER: d 6. In the United States, same-sex couples can legally marry in a. only states that have passed laws in favor of same-sex marriage. b. in all 50 states. c. Ohio and New York only. d. churches but not in courthouses.

ANSWER: b 7. Which statement is true concerning the perception of weaker family ties in the United States?

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Chapter 01 a. This is a recent phenomenon unique to the United States. b. This recent phenomenon is consistent nearly all over the world. c. Other industrialized countries report stronger family ties while developing countries report weaker family ties. d. Other industrialized countries report similar opinions while developing countries report stronger family ties.

ANSWER: d 8. The most widely practiced marital arrangement worldwide is a. polygamy. b. monogamy. c. bigamy. d. modified polygamy.

ANSWER: b 9. A marriage system that is quite rare throughout world cultures is a. monogamy. b. polygamy. c. polygyny. d. polyandry.

ANSWER: d 10. The most commonly preferred marital arrangement for numerous countries in the Middle East is called a. monogamy. b. serial monogamy. c. polygyny. d. polyandry.

ANSWER: c 11. In 1967, the US Supreme court ruled in the case of Loving v. Virginia and decided that it was unconstitutional for states to a. prohibit interracial marriage. b. determine age restrictions for marriage. c. prohibit same-sex marriage. d. deny the right of cousins to marry.

ANSWER: a 12. According to the text, the functions of the family may include all of the following except: a. assignment of social roles and status. b. socialization of children. c. acting as a unit of economic cooperation and consumption. d. caring for extended family.

ANSWER: d 13. The shaping of individual behavior to conform to social or cultural norms is referred to as a. acculturation.

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Chapter 01 b. socialization. c. societal imaging. d. cultural modeling.

ANSWER: b 14. The family in which we grow up is known as the a. family of orientation. b. family of cohabitation. c. family of procreation. d. traditional family.

ANSWER: a 15. The status we are given in society is first acquired through our a. education. b. employment. c. families. d. own efforts.

ANSWER: c 16. According to William Goode, families provide all of the following advantages except a. continuity. b. proximity. c. familiarity. d. protection.

ANSWER: d 17. The _____ system is the social organization of the family. a. kinship b. familial c. relational d. clan ANSWER: a 18. Sue is Kay’s mother-in-law. Their relationship is a. conjugal. b. consanguineous. c. affiliative. d. fictive.

ANSWER: a 19. What is meant by the term “modified extended family”? a. This is a family that functions as an extended family even though they may not live in the same household. b. This is an extended family that includes a minimum of five generations within a household. c. This is a family of adults only and no children. It functions primarily as an economic unit.

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Chapter 01 d. This is a family that is entirely fictive and affiliated and does not involve consanguineous relationships.

ANSWER: a 20. Compared to White communities, Black communities tend to express more conservative attitudes toward which family issue(s)? a. Premarital sex b. Spanking c. Gay marriage d. All of these are family issues on which Black communities express more conservative attitudes than White communities.

ANSWER: b 21. To conservatives, cultural values have shifted from _____ toward ________. a. morality; immorality b. immorality; morality c. individual self-sacrifice; personal self-fulfillment d. personal self-fulfillment; individual self-sacrifice ANSWER: c 22. According to a Pew Research Center survey, which group of individuals tend to see recent trends in family as “bad for society”? a. accepters b. skeptics c. rejecters d. undecideds ANSWER: c 23. What most determines the decisions we make about what families need? a. The perspectives we have about the current status of family life or the directions in which it is heading. b. Our view of how the family has evolved into what it is today. c. Our conclusions about the problems families have faced in the past. d. Our view of the importance of family functions.

ANSWER: a 24. The “Modern Family Effect” is the argument that a. changing cultural and moral norms has allowed more diverse family styles to develop for the first time in American history. b. a television show based on a same-sex couple’s daily life has made its audience more accepting of difference. c. the family functions more liberally when there is enhanced technological opportunity. d. media influences religious beliefs and church attitudes toward social changes.

ANSWER: b 25. According to Pew Research respondents which groups were the most similar in political views relating to changes in family structure? a. Accepters and rejecters Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 01 b. Accepters and skeptics c. Rejecters and skeptics d. Rejecters and liberals ANSWER: b 26. All the people living in a housing unit makes up a household. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 27. Affiliated kin is defined as related individuals with whom we have little contact. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 28. In some areas of India, Africa, and Asia, children as young as six years may marry other children (and sometimes adults), although they may not live together until they are older. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 29. At one time it was illegal for African Americans to marry in the United States because they were regarded as property. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 30. Monogamy is the preferred marital arrangement worldwide. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 31. As society has become more industrialized and impersonal, families have decreased in importance as a source of intimacy. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 32. Most families in the United States are traditional nuclear families. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 33. The number of multigenerational families in the United States is increasing. a. True b. False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 01 ANSWER: True 34. Social networking and technology has changed the American family. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 35. The study of marriage and family is personal, not abstract. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 36. List and discuss the four basic functions of family.

ANSWER: Will vary. Four functions--families are source of intimate relationships, units of economic cooperation and consumption, units to produce and socialize children, and source of social statuses and roles to individuals.

37. One of the themes in your text is that families are diverse. Write an essay describing this diversity.

ANSWER: Will vary. Major sources of diversity are patterned variation in family experience, social class, race and ethnicity, gender and sexuality, and lifestyle choice.

38. Write an essay discussing the US Supreme Court ruling of Obergefell vs. Hodges. Make sure to include significant rights and recognitions.

ANSWER: Will vary. The US Supreme Court decision allowed same-sex couples to legally marry. All 50 states are required to recognize the license marriages between same-sex couples.

39. List and discuss the attitudes toward changes in family living.

ANSWER: Will vary. Accepters are adults who see trends as either good for society or making no difference. Rejecters tend to see changes as bad for society. Skeptics are adults who share in the relatively tolerant views of the accepters, but do not express concern about the potential impacts.

40. Describe monogamy and polygamy, and the advantages and disadvantages of each.

ANSWER: Will vary. Monogamy is when each partner has only one other partner. It is the most common form of marriage in Western societies. Polygamy is when there are multiple partners within a marriage. It is the most common form in non-Western societies. There are advantages and disadvantages of each.

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Chapter 02 1. The portrayal of family life that results from soap opera families and daytime talk shows is a. realistic and highly negative. b. realistic and highly positive. c. unrealistic and highly negative. d. unrealistic and highly positive.

ANSWER: c 2. When they promise participants either anonymity or confidentiality, researchers are protecting a. data. b. the privacy and safety of participants. c. guidelines. d. opinions.

ANSWER: b 3. The concept of “marital happiness” is transformed from an abstract concept to something measurable, such as “a score of 80 or above on the Spousal Satisfaction Scale” in a process called a. deductive research. b. inductive research. c. conceptualization. d. operationalization.

ANSWER: d 4. Kate has not seen or heard from her mother since Hurricane Katrina hit the Louisiana town where her mother lived. She does not know for sure if her mother is dead or alive. Kate feels her mother’s psychological presence even though she is not physically with her. Pauline Boss uses the term _____ to describe what Kate is feeling. a. mental illness b. delusional affect c. ambiguous loss d. trauma-induced psychosis ANSWER: c 5. Symbolic interaction theory a. examines how people interact with each other. b. looks at how each individual functions within the family unit. c. examines resources and power. d. focuses on the material exchange and equity between people who love each other.

ANSWER: a 6. Examining how the sense of self is maintained in the process of acquiring social roles is fundamental to a. social exchange theory. b. family development theory. c. symbolic interaction theory. d. structural functionalism.

ANSWER: c Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 02 7. According to __________ theory, when the emotional costs of a relationship outweigh its benefits, we are likely to feel uncomfortable, angry, or distressed. a. social exchange b. structural functionalism c. symbolic interaction d. family systems ANSWER: a 8. Equity is a key component of ____________ theory. a. symbolic interaction b. structural functionalism c. social exchange d. family systems ANSWER: c 9. Maria believes the costs of her marriage exceed her rewards. According to exchange theory, Maria is likely to a. stay married as long as her husband’s costs are greater than his rewards, too. b. stay married as long as she perceives her rewards are greater than her husband’s rewards. c. get a divorce no matter what. d. get a divorce if she perceives greater rewards in some alternative and the costs of leaving are not too great.

ANSWER: d 10. Exchange theory predicts that we will stay in an unhappy marriage when a. the costs of leaving are equal to the costs of staying. b. the costs of leaving are greater than the rewards of leaving and/or the costs of staying. c. the costs of leaving are equal to the rewards of leaving. d. none of the above, exchange theory predicts we will always leave an unhappy marriage.

ANSWER: b 11. Social exchange theory has been criticized for a. assuming that we are all rational, calculating individuals. b. assuming that we are all irrational individuals. c. not recognizing that exchanges can be cooperative d. not recognizing that exchanges can be competitive.

ANSWER: a 12. Which of the following is not a true statement regarding social exchange theory? a. We never measure our actions and relationships. b. We use a cost-benefit analysis in our relationships. c. Exchanges between people have to balance out or the relationship is likely to end. d. Cooperation is necessary for stability.

ANSWER: d 13. Family development theory has been criticized for Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 02 a. assuming the sequential processes of intact, nuclear families. b. placing too much emphasis on diversity. c. being too complex. d. ignoring the contribution of children to family processes.

ANSWER: a 14. Examining the needs a family meets for its individual members is an aspect of a. conflict theory. b. structural functionalism. c. social exchange theory. d. the feminist perspective.

ANSWER: b 15. Which of the following is not a macro-level theory? a. Structural functionalism b. Conflict theory c. Family ecology theory d. Family systems theory ANSWER: d 16. Conflict theory assumes that a. differences lead to conflict. b. only certain people in the family have power. c. conflict is abnormal. d. money is the universal source of power in the family.

ANSWER: a 17. Dr. Walker believes that life involves discord and competition. Dr. Walker is a _____ theorist. a. social exchange b. structural functionalism c. conflict d. family systems ANSWER: c 18. Conflict theory has been criticized for a. assuming behavior is characterized by self-sacrifice. b. assuming behavior is characterized by cooperation. c. putting too much emphasis on the power of love. d. assuming that differences lead to conflict.

ANSWER: d 19. Family systems theory is a combination of a. structural functionalism and symbolic interaction theory. b. structural functionalism and social exchange theory.

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Chapter 02 c. social exchange theory and symbolic interaction theory. d. family development theory and structural functionalism.

ANSWER: a 20. The primary feminist theory goal is to a. get equal pay for equal work within the household. b. minimize the contributions of men in family systems and create female-centered families. c. raise society’s level of awareness regarding the oppression of women and all other disadvantaged groups. d. raise awareness regarding the oppression of women as members of all families and households.

ANSWER: c 21. What method of research deals with large amounts of information that is analyzed and presented statistically? a. Qualitative b. Comparative c. Quantitative d. Meta-study ANSWER: c 22. Case studies and in-depth interviews are examples of a. qualitative research. b. quantitative research. c. secondary data analysis. d. triangulation.

ANSWER: a 23. The research method that is most popular in marriage and family studies is the a. interview method. b. survey method. c. clinical experiment method. d. covert observation method.

ANSWER: b 24. Interviews can be advantageous compared to surveys because they a. enable cause-and-effect relationships to be fully determined. b. minimize the effects of bias in interpretation of responses. c. permit probes of greater depth and can follow paths suggested by the interviewee. d. elicit more honest responses.

ANSWER: c 25. A scientist wants to conduct research to determine if change in a certain variable causes predicable change in another variable. Which method should the scientist use? a. Clinical b. Correlational c. Survey Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 02 d. Experimental ANSWER: d 26. Grounded theory is inductive. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 27. Defining the family as inherently weak and prone to disagreement at all times is critical to conflict theory. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 28. Symbolic interactionists study how the sense of self is maintained in the process of acquiring social roles. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 29. Social exchange theory addresses equity and fairness. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 30. Structural functionalists believe social stability is in the best interest of society. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 31. A family systems approach assumes that the family has a structure that can only be seen in its interactions. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 32. Secondary data analysis involves interviewing the same person twice before analyzing the data. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 33. Experimental research involves isolating a single factor under controlled circumstances to determine its influence. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 34. Reality television is more representative of familial reality than daytime talk shows. a. True Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 02 b. False ANSWER: False 35. Self-help and childrearing books are typically value-free. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 36. Identify the differences between quantitative and qualitative research methodologies discussed in the text.

ANSWER: Will vary. Students will describe how quantitative and qualitative research methodologies are used to gather data and provide examples of quantitative research and qualitative research.

37. Write an essay discussing families in the media. Include a discussion of how families are portrayed by the media, along with some specific examples. Also address the commonalities among various programs in the advice/information genre and how you can evaluate information the media presents to you.

ANSWER: Will vary. Students can use a variety of information from talk shows, television, Internet, radio shows, and self-help and advice books as examples of ways that the media portray the family.

38. Explain the high rate of divorce in the United States using two different theoretical perspectives discussed in the text.

ANSWER: Will vary. Students can choose from the eight different macro-level and micro-level theories presented in the chapter.

39. Compare and contrast the four principal research methods discussed in the text. Describe each method and discuss its major advantages and disadvantages.

ANSWER: Will vary. Survey research is easily available as secondary data analysis, or can be generated with surveys and/or interviews, but relies on participants’ assessment of what they do. Clinical research involves in-depth analysis, but normally only in cases in which the family seeks clinical help. Observational research allows direct observation of behaviors, but there is usually an “observer effect,” and not everything of interest in families is observable data. Experimental research allows researchers to isolate factors of interest, but this may only show a faint shadow of reality.

40. Discuss how you could study the relationship between level of education of spouses and marital happiness using survey, experimental, and observational research design.

ANSWER: Will vary. Answer should show implementation of surveys (survey research), isolation of particular factors (experimental research), and stages of observation/what will be observed (observational research).

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Chapter 03 1. In the Colonial Era, the greatest diversity in American family life may have existed among a. the European colonists. b. the Native Americans. c. African Americans. d. immigrants to America.

ANSWER: b 2. The European colonists who came to America attempted to replicate their familiar family system that emphasized all of the following except: a. family as an economic and social institution. b. romantic love as the basis of mate selection. c. subordination of women. d. family-centered reproduction.

ANSWER: b 3. In colonial families, adolescence a. was considered to be an important transitional stage. b. was celebrated with many rituals. c. involved strenuous rites of passage for both boys and girls. d. did not exist as a separate life stage.

ANSWER: d 4. The first slaves brought to the United States arrived at a. Plymouth. b. Yorktown. c. Jamestown. d. Charlestowne.

ANSWER: c 5. After industrialization, a. the family became a unit of production. b. adolescents became economically independent. c. women began to control the frequency of intercourse. d. the belief in childhood innocence was replaced by the idea that children are evil.

ANSWER: c 6. Under slavery, the African American family lacked ________ and ________ which helped give free African Americans and whites stability. a. autonomy; kinship ties b. monogamy; economic importance c. autonomy; economic importance d. strong emotional bonds; economic importance ANSWER: c Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 03 7. Slave marriages were a. recognized as legal only in the North. b. recognized as legal if the slaves had written permission from their owners to marry. c. recognized as legal only if both slaves had the same owner. d. not recognized as legal.

ANSWER: d 8. Most immigrants a. experienced hostility. b. arrived in America with skills. c. were eager to leave their homeland. d. did not know where they would go once they got to America.

ANSWER: a 9. Which common means of support enabled oppressed peoples to endure through the period of American slavery, the Immigration waves of the 19th and 20th century, and the period of Industrialization? a. economic success. b. social agencies. c. the family. d. political ideology.

ANSWER: c 10. During the Depression, unemployment jumped from 3 million in 1929 to over _____ in 1932. a. 6 million b. 12 million c. 15 million d. 1 billion ANSWER: b 11. Companionate marriages and families a. were based on male authority and sexual repression. b. protected children from the world. c. emphasized patriarchal decision-making. d. expected marriages to provide romance, sexual fulfillment, and emotional growth.

ANSWER: d 12. The family over time has moved from being an economically productive unit to a(n) a. consuming, service-oriented unit. b. economically dependent unit. c. primarily dysfunctional unit. d. individualistic, self-serving unit.

ANSWER: a 13. In the contemporary family, _____ factors have been responsible for major change in the familial roles played by Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 03 women and men. a. biological b. physical c. economic d. medical ANSWER: c 14. In the contemporary family, _____ have had the greatest impact on reshaping the meaning and experiences of sexuality and parenthood. a. changes in divorce laws b. education and religious training c. revolutions in contraception and biomedical technology d. economic and political changes ANSWER: c 15. The ______ is a painful fact that has resulted primarily from high rates of divorce, increasing numbers of unmarried women with children, and women’s lack of economic resources. a. economic dysfunction trend b. “two-person career” trend c. androgynization of poverty d. feminization of poverty ANSWER: d 16. The largest ethnic group in the United States is a. Asian Americans. b. Hispanics. c. African Americans. d. Native Americans.

ANSWER: b 17. African Americans a. are currently the largest ethnic group in the United States. b. have been mainly single-earner families. c. do not consider kinship bonds to be important. d. have a long history of being dual-earner families.

ANSWER: d 18. Which group makes up the largest component of the Hispanic American population in the United States? a. Cuban Americans b. Mexican Americans c. Puerto Rican Americans d. Argentinian Americans ANSWER: b Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 03 19. Which statement applies to Chinese American families? a. They tend to have lower levels of income than the general population. b. Women do not work outside the home. c. They tend to have conservative sexual values. d. They tend to be less educated than the general population.

ANSWER: c 20. Better education and higher incomes than the general population tends to be found in which of the following populations? a. Asian Americans b. Native Americans c. Hispanics d. African Americans ANSWER: a 21. Despite the considerable variations among tribal groups, two important aspects of most Native American families are a. extended families and high rates of intermarriage to non-Native Americans. b. tribal identities and acculturation. c. migration and tribal identities. d. monogamy and extended families.

ANSWER: a 22. In 2015, the calculated poverty line for a family of four in the United States was a. $7,900. b. $39,999. c. $18,700. d. $24,250.

ANSWER: d 23. In which class do we most often find a two-person career? a. Upper class b. Middle class c. Working class d. Lower class ANSWER: a 24. People who spend at least 27 weeks in the labor force but whose income falls below the poverty threshold are referred to as the a. working poor. b. absolute poor. c. underclass poor. d. theoretical poor.

ANSWER: a Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 03 25. Middle-class parents tend to emphasize ______, while working-class parents emphasize _______ in their children. a. obedience; thrift b. autonomy; compliance c. grooming; hard work d. politeness; honesty ANSWER: b 26. The greatest diversity of American family life occurred after the great waves of immigration swept over America. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 27. Premarital pregnancy was unusual in all parts of colonial America. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 28. Society’s perception of childhood has varied little over the course of American history. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 29. By the beginning of the 20th century, American families lost many of their traditional functions. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 30. Traditional gender and marital roles mostly prevailed during the 1950s. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 31. Chinese Americans tend to exert strong parental control while encouraging their children to develop a sense of independence. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 32. Slave children in the United States were often forced into hard physical labor as young as age 5 or 6. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 33. The culture of poverty is the only way to view the daily life of minority populations. a. True Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 03 b. False ANSWER: False 34. Middle-class parents engage in “concerted cultivation.” a. True b. False ANSWER: True 35. Increasingly large numbers of Native Americans are marrying non-Native Americans. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 36. Discuss four major differences between family life in colonial America and postindustrial America.

ANSWER: Will vary. Answers may include such things as the role of love in marriage, spousal choice, the focus on children, and male dominance.

37. Write an essay identifying the four important factors that initiated changes in American families. Give examples of each.

ANSWER: Will vary. The four factors include economic changes, technological innovations, demographics, and gender role changes/opportunities for women.

38. Write an essay on social class variations in U.S. family life. Be sure to define social class, identify the four classes in the commonly used model, and describe characteristics of families in each class.

ANSWER: Will vary. Answers will cover characteristics of the upper, middle, lower, and working classes.

39. Discuss structural downward mobility and the impact the recent economic recession has had on family life.

ANSWER: Will vary. Answers will involve the impact of the recession on divorce rates, childbearing, poverty, and extended family alliances.

40. Discuss the relationship between race/ethnicity and family values in two different populations in the United States.

ANSWER: Will vary. Answers will cover two of the six populations provided in the chapter: African Americans, Asian Americans, Hispanics, Native Americans, European ethnicities, and multiracial families.

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Chapter 04 1. When studying gender, it is best to keep in mind that a. gender and sex are the same things. b. biological differences between the sexes dictate our gender stereotypes. c. our perceptions of gender differences are much greater than actual differences. d. hormone levels dictate most behaviors and emotions.

ANSWER: c 2. Those whose gender identities match their biological sex are increasingly known as a. postgender. b. cisgender. c. heterosexual. d. binary gender.

ANSWER: b 3. When studying gender, we find that in a. all cultures’ males identify as male and females as female. b. all cultures’ people identify themselves as either males or females. c. all cultures’ gender identification is unclear until adulthood. d. some cultures’ people identify themselves as neither male nor female.

ANSWER: d 4. The most common type of gender stratification is a. matriarchy. b. patriarchy. c. egalitarianism. d. gender polarization.

ANSWER: b 5. In society certain particular models of ideal male and female behaviors are held up as standards for all. These are called a. gender roles. b. model gender behaviors. c. hegemonic masculinity and emphasized femininity. d. gender resistant stereotypes.

ANSWER: c 6. Margaret Mead’s studies of the Arapesh and the Mundugumor of New Guinea revealed that a. culture creates masculinity and femininity. b. only men can be competitive, aggressive, and violent. c. only women can be passive, cooperative, and nurturing. d. biology creates masculinity and femininity.

ANSWER: a 7. _________ describes the exhibition of both masculine and feminine qualities. a. Androgyny Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 04 b. Transgender c. Intersexuality d. Social cognition ANSWER: a 8. Cognitive development theory ideally a. stresses the importance of reinforcement in learning. b. stresses the importance of age in learning. c. stresses the importance of external motivation. d. assumes that adults and children learn in basically the same way.

ANSWER: b 9. According to Kohlberg, very young children base their identification of their gender on a. superficial features such as hair length or clothing. b. differences in genitals. c. behavioral differences. d. differences in the way adults react to them.

ANSWER: a 10. Children are socialized in gender roles through which process? a. Transcendence b. Exploitation c. Gender training d. Activity exposure ANSWER: d 11. When Heather directs her children’s attention to specific objects such as dolls for her daughter and trucks for her sons, she is engaging in a. manipulation. b. channeling. c. verbal appellation. d. activity exposure.

ANSWER: b 12. The role of fathers in gender-role development a. is basically the same for sons as it is for daughters. b. involves pressure to behave in gender-appropriate ways. c. involves higher standards of achievement for daughters. d. is the same as the role of mothers.

ANSWER: b 13. Research on the impact of teachers on gender role socialization has shown that a. girls tend to get more attention in elementary school because the vast majority of teachers are women. b. boys initially outperform girls in all elementary school subjects, but because their teachers expect them to be Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 04 troublemakers, they eventually conform to that role. c. girls are praised more for the appearance and neatness of their work than for accuracy and performance. d. girls in all-girl schools do worse than girls in co-ed schools.

ANSWER: c 14. In order to be accepted by their peers, children must: a. model the behaviors of their teachers. b. provide intimate relationships. c. own the latest video games. d. adopt similar gender role attitudes, behaviors, and beliefs as their friends.

ANSWER: d 15. All of the following are contexts of adult gender-role learning except a. the family of orientation. b. marriage. c. parenthood. d. the workplace.

ANSWER: a 16. _______ tend to believe in innate gender roles more than _______ do. a. Married men; single men b. Married women; single women c. Wives; husbands d. Husbands; wives ANSWER: d 17. Central features of the traditional male role include which of the following? a. Weakness b. Work c. Leisure d. Cooperation ANSWER: b 18. ___________ denotes that in economic ways, as well as politically and socially, men are advantaged. a. Gender stratification b. Sex stratification c. Male-female social hierarchy d. Male-female social pyramid ANSWER: a 19. Mothers who are employed full time come home to a “second shift,” which refers to a. housework and childcare. b. focusing on nurturing their husbands. c. involvement in community activities.

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Chapter 04 d. additional paid labor after their normal working day.

ANSWER: a 20. Dr. Fritschner advocates more radical, separatist strategies for women because she believes that their subordination is too embedded in the existing social system. Dr. Fritschner is a __________ feminist. a. social b. gender-reform c. gender-rebellion d. gender-resistant ANSWER: d 21. Pro-feminist men believe which of the following? a. Men ought to share responsibilities within their households. b. Women should earn more money than men for performing the same task. c. All wives should work at least part-time. d. Men and children would both benefit from closer connections between mothers and their children.

ANSWER: a 22. The traditional white female gender role a. centers on women’s roles as wives and mothers. b. facilitates self-confidence and mental health. c. contributes to greater happiness among married women than unmarried women. d. expects women to defer marriage for work goals.

ANSWER: a 23. _______ tends to emphasize overlapping and interrelated inequalities of gender, sexual orientation, race, and class. a. Gender-reform feminism b. Gender-rebellion feminism c. Gender-resistant feminism d. Social feminism ANSWER: b 24. Relationships that form outside the constraints of gender expectations are known as a. opposites ideology. b. gender-resistant relationships. c. postgender relationships. d. cisgender relationships.

ANSWER: c 25. In early life, the primary agents forming gender roles are a. the media. b. parents. c. peers. d. teachers.

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Chapter 04 ANSWER: b 26. Marianismo is based primarily on a belief in female inferiority. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 27. Men and women are more alike than different, but our culture has encouraged us to look for differences and to exaggerate their degree and significance. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 28. When people believe that individuals should not have the attributes of the other gender, males suppress their expressive traits. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 29. Cognitive development theory proposes that once children learn that gender is permanent, they independently strive to fulfill their proper gender role. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 30. Mothers pressure their children more than do fathers to behave in gender-appropriate ways. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 31. After viewing music videos and talk shows, individuals are more likely to emphasize female thinness. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 32. While in the 1950s women were significantly underrepresented on television, today their representation is equal to that of men. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 33. Traditional men are often confused by their spouses’ greater expectations of intimacy. a. True b. False ANSWER: True Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 04 34. As a result of the significant changes in our culture’s gender role expectations that have occurred in recent years, women and men have finally become equal partners in marriage. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 35. Gender-reform feminism has been on the decline in recent years as gender experiences have improved. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 36. Describe how gender socialization continues in adulthood.

ANSWER: Will vary. Answers should include issues of college, marriage, parenthood, and the workplace.

37. Describe five different patterns Kane identified, and explain whether parents strive to reproduce or resist gendered behavior in their children.

ANSWER: Will vary. Answers should cover naturalizers, cultivators, refiners, innovators, and resisters.

38. Discuss at least three agents that contribute to the gender socialization of children.

ANSWER: Will vary. Answers should include parents, school, peers, mass media, and religion.

39. Compare and contrast social learning theory and cognitive development theory.

ANSWER: Will vary. Answers will address how social learning theory emphasizes observable events and their consequences, and how cognitive development theory focuses on how children interpret and absorb the messages they get from their environments.

40. Discuss the four subtle processes parents use to gender socialize their children.

ANSWER: Will vary. Answers will cover manipulation, verbal appellation, activity exposure, and channeling.

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Chapter 05 1. According to your text, intimacy refers to a. closeness between two people. b. being in love. c. having a satisfying relationship with someone. d. having a lot in common with someone.

ANSWER: a 2. Kate decided to leave her husband because she believed she was putting much more into the relationship than she was getting out of it. Kate’s decision to leave was affected by a. the balance of costs and benefits. b. normative inputs. c. structural constraints. d. obsessing over the relationship.

ANSWER: a 3. Marital commitments may last longer than those of unmarried couples because a. married people are happier. b. norms and structural constraints compensate for the lack of personal satisfaction. c. structural constraints do not apply to marriage. d. married people are more satisfied with their relationships.

ANSWER: b 4. Intimate relationships provide us with which benefit? a. Preventing depression b. Buffering us against companionship c. Enhancing our self-esteem d. Providing us with negative viewpoints about others ANSWER: c 5. Which of the following is a central feature of romantic love? a. Doubt b. Butterflies in the stomach c. Rejection d. Sharing thoughts and secrets ANSWER: d 6. Bill and Linda have a type of love that is chaste, patient, and understanding. John Lee refers to this as a. agape. b. pragma. c. ludus. d. storge.

ANSWER: a 7. For Allen and Sara, love involves sleepless nights and painful, anxiety-filled days. This illustrates Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 05 a. mania. b. ludus. c. agape. d. pragma.

ANSWER: a 8. Which component of Sternberg’s theory of love refers to the elements of romance, attraction, and sexuality in a relationship? a. Intimacy b. Passion c. Decision/commitment d. Mania ANSWER: b 9. Our romantic view of love-based marriage is based on which social class? a. Upper b. Upper-middle c. Middle d. Lower ANSWER: c 10. The combination of intimacy, passion, and commitment results in a. romantic love. b. fatuous love. c. consummate love. d. infatuation.

ANSWER: c 11. _______ or deceptive love is whirlwind love; it begins the day a couple meets and quickly results in cohabitation or engagement, then marriage. a. Romantic b. Fatuous c. Consummate d. Companionate ANSWER: b 12. Those who are dissatisfied with __________ love often engage in extra-relational affairs to maintain the passion in their lives. a. romantic b. fatuous c. consummate d. companionate ANSWER: d Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 05 13. Infants who sense their mother’s detachment and rejection when they desire close bodily contact develop a(n) _____________ attachment style. a. anxious/avoidant b. avoidant c. secure d. insecure ANSWER: b 14. Bridget is very attractive. Therefore, others assume she is also intelligent and kind. This phenomenon is referred to as a. generalization tendency. b. the halo effect. c. the do-good–feel-good phenomenon. d. the Kohn effect.

ANSWER: b 15. Unrequited love is most likely to be experienced by people with _____ attachment style. a. insecure b. secure c. avoidant d. anxious/ambivalent ANSWER: d 16. According to attachment theory a. a lover cannot be an attachment object. b. all important love relationships are attachments. c. most infants studied showed the “anxious/ambivalent” attachment style. d. early life attachments do not influence later relationships.

ANSWER: b 17. The hookup culture is believed to a. make relationship building easier. b. make relationship building more difficult. c. make women less interested in forming relationships. d. be as common today as it was in the 1940s and 1950s.

ANSWER: b 18. Jealousy a. is a yardstick for measuring insecurity or possessiveness. b. is a sign of love. c. proves interest or affection. d. is rarely linked to violence.

ANSWER: a 19. Among___________, marriage was often entered as a means to escape economic instability and parental authority, Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 05 and to be seen as an adult. a. the working poor b. the working class c. the middle class d. the upper class ANSWER: b 20. When we first meet someone, intimacy increases rapidly as we a. make critical discoveries about each other. b. become more and more sexually active. c. develop a successful relationship. d. become habituated to passion.

ANSWER: a 21. All of the following are important points about how love is experienced by people of different sexual orientations except a. Love is neither more nor less important for heterosexuals, gay men, lesbians, and bisexuals. b. Love may have special significance in the formation and acceptance of a same-sex or bisexual identity. c. Some of what have been reported as gender differences in experiencing and expressing intimacy may vary depending on the relational context. d. Love is not more important to heterosexual women than to lesbians, gay men, or heterosexual men.

ANSWER: d 22. _____ is the tendency to marry people much like ourselves. a. Heterogeneity b. Conjugal matching c. Homogamy d. Pragma ANSWER: c 23. Meg tends to anticipate and overreact to rejection. Her behavior is an example of a. rejection sensitivity. b. anticipatory rejection. c. overreaction syndrome. d. preemptive rejection.

ANSWER: a 24. Which encounter best represents a closed field? a. Coffee and doughnuts at a megachurch b. A small dinner party c. Interactions with seatmates and audience members at a major league baseball game d. Celebrations at a political party headquarters ANSWER: b Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 05 25. When examining the role that love has in American culture, we find that a. love is less important in mate selection in America than it is in Europe. b. love is dysfunctional in industrialized societies. c. love has become less important in marriage in the last two decades. d. love-based marriage match American cultural ideals of autonomy and freedom.

ANSWER: d 26. Women are associated with neither instrumental displays nor expressive displays in relationships. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 27. “Nothing serious” is the motto of ludic lovers. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 28. There is a distortion in our understanding of love, because there is a feminization of love. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 29. True love always involves some jealousy from time to time. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 30. The transformation of passionate love is often experienced as a crisis in a relationship. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 31. Romantic love begins to increase as children grow up and leave home. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 32. Reactive jealousy occurs when a partner reveals a current, past, or anticipated relationship with another person. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 33. In both friendship and love, gender differences may be more exaggerated in what people say than by what they do. a. True b. False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 05 ANSWER: True 34. Researchers agree that attachment styles in adulthood are a result of early childhood experiences. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 35. Men expect more sexual intimacy on dates initiated by women. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 36. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages associated with online dating.

ANSWER: Will vary. Answers should cover the advantages and disadvantages of online dating; and that they share many attributes, but love relationships usually have higher standards than friends for warmth, kindness, openness, and humor.

37. Summarize attachment theory. Give a description of each of the three types of adults identified by the theory. Do you believe that early attachments determine attachment styles in adulthood? Why or why not?

ANSWER: Will vary. Answers will cover secure, anxious, and avoidant attachments.

38. Bogle suggests that hooking up makes relationship building more difficult. Define “hooking up,” and discuss why this might be the case. Why do you think hooking up has gained popularity?

ANSWER: Will vary. Answers will include that hooking up implies a sexual intimacy, and Bogle argues that this relationship does not naturally allow partners to get to know each other well as individuals.

39. Compare and contrast Lee’s Styles of Love with Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love.

ANSWER: Will vary. Answers will cover Lee’s six styles (eros, ludus, storge, mania, agape, pragma) and Sternberg’s triangle of intimacy, passion, and commitment.

40. Describe Francesca Cancian’s gender bias in cultural constructions of love that was referred to as feminization of love.

ANSWER: Will vary. Answers will cover much of what women and men do as expressions of love, exemplified by instrumental displays via tasks associated with nurturing and caregiving and expressive displays such as telling others how much we care about or love them

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Chapter 06 1. In general, sexual scripts reveal how a. biology functions. b. men are biologically constructed to be more aggressive. c. society and biology work against each other. d. society influences sexual behavior.

ANSWER: d 2. Research on how children learn about sex suggests that most parent-child discussions about sex are really a. father-son conversations. b. children asking questions of their parents that are seldom answered. c. mother-daughter conversations. d. punitive reprimands from parents when children ask about sex.

ANSWER: c 3. According to John Gagnon, the inoculation theory of sex education means that parents: a. repeat sexual messages often. b. avoid the topic of sexuality as if it were a disease. c. mention sexuality once and think that is enough. d. encourage open discussion regarding sexuality.

ANSWER: c 4. Children may be more likely to talk about sex with siblings than with parents because they perceive siblings to be ______ than parents. a. less judgmental b. less knowledgeable c. more punitive d. more embarrassed ANSWER: a 5. Comparing the percentage of never-married teens that have had intercourse in 1995 and 2011–2013 indicates that a. more teens than ever before are having intercourse. b. fewer males but more females are having intercourse. c. fewer teens are having intercourse. d. rates are similar when comparing 1995 and 2002 figures.

ANSWER: c 6. Which of the following is a way in which media affect sexual choices? a. Listening to music with sexually degrading lyrics lowers rates of sexual activity. b. Listening to music with sexually degrading lyrics increases rates of sexual activity. c. Print media such as magazines sends clear messages against sexual involvement before marriage. d. Television viewing promotes the use of condoms.

ANSWER: b 7. Teens and young adults in which of the following groups are most likely to be sexually active?

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Chapter 06 a. Asian Americans b. Whites c. African Americans d. Hispanics ANSWER: c 8. In general, adult-focused magazines a. portray men as responsible, caring sexual partners in romantic relationships. b. portray women as weak and passive in romantic relationships. c. emphasize the importance of taking precautions against sexually transmitted infections and pregnancy. d. portray sexually aggressive women positively.

ANSWER: d 9. All of the following are true of the emergence of hooking up on college campuses except a. women prefer “hooking up” to men. b. many college students no longer feel sex has to occur within an existing emotional or loving relationship. c. females may be more likely than men to hope that such a bond develops. d. the need to have an established committed relationship is no longer a prerequisite for many sexually active students.

ANSWER: a 10. An earlier, widely quoted statistic of sexting cases in the media coverage suggests that around ________percent of teens have sent or posted nude or seminude photographs or videos of themselves. Traditional male sexual scripts include which of the following assumptions? a. 30 b. 20 c. 10 d. 40 ANSWER: b 11. In Laura Carpenter’s study of loss of virginity, she found that respondents tended to explain it in each of the following terms except a. virginity as an unimportant symbol. b. virginity as a stigma. c. virginity as a gift. d. virginity loss as a part of growing up.

ANSWER: a 12. The first step in acquiring gay, lesbian, and bisexual identities a. begins with telling others. b. is often marked by fear, confusion and denial. c. involves accepting society’s biases. d. is a person’s self-definition of homosexuality.

ANSWER: b Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 06 13. Which of the following statements is not true regarding bisexuality? a. Heterosexuals view bisexuals as really homosexual. b. Bisexuals are often stigmatized by gay men and lesbians. c. Bisexuals are often stigmatized by heterosexuals. d. Research on bisexuality is now abundant.

ANSWER: d 14. Negative attitudes towards bisexuals is called a. heterophobia. b. pansexual phobia. c. homophobia. d. biphobia.

ANSWER: d 15. Which statement is true about autoeroticism? a. It includes sexual fantasies and masturbation. b. It is probably less common than sexual intercourse. c. It is considered “unsafe sex.” d. It is a sign of sexual addiction.

ANSWER: a 16. The manual stimulation of one’s genitals is called a. outing. b. masturbation. c. autoeroticism. d. pleasuring.

ANSWER: b 17. The only way to completely prevent sexually-transmitted diseases is through a. use of condoms. b. dyspareunia. c. in-depth knowledge about the partner. d. abstinence.

ANSWER: d 18. Pleasuring is a. the result of autoeroticism. b. nongenital touching and caressing. c. a pre-intercourse sexual stimulation. d. focused on the genitals.

ANSWER: b 19. _____ tend to engage in the most kissing. a. Heterosexuals Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 06 b. Gay men c. Lesbians d. There is no difference in the amount of kissing amongst these groups.

ANSWER: c 20. Sexual relationships are enhanced by all of the following except a. accurate information about sexuality. b. a performance orientation. c. an ability to communicate verbally and nonverbally about sex, feelings, and relationships. d. accepting, understanding, and appreciating differences between partners.

ANSWER: b 21. Our society consistently frowns upon a. extramarital sex. b. nonmarital sex. c. premarital sex. d. marital sex.

ANSWER: a 22. Common conditions for sexual enhancement include all of the following except a. feeling aroused. b. feeling physically and mentally alert. c. feeling independent. d. feeling trust.

ANSWER: c 23. Common sexual dysfunctions among men include which of the following? a. Erectile dysfunction b. Dyspareunia c. Sexual accountability disorder d. Vaginismus ANSWER: a 24. Which of the following is false with respect to extramarital affairs? a. Men tend to focus more on the sexual aspect of an extramarital affair. b. Women tend to focus more on the emotional aspect of an extramarital affair. c. Emotional affairs are more common than sexual affairs. d. Equal percentages of men and women are involved in affairs that are both emotional and sexual.

ANSWER: c 25. Sexual responsibility involves a. rejecting all consequences for sexual behavior. b. denial of intentions. c. engaging in mutually agreed-upon sexual activities.

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Chapter 06 d. hiding any presence of STIs. ANSWER: c 26. According to contemporary sexual scripts, males should initiate sexual activity. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 27. Bisexuals are sometimes stigmatized by gay men and lesbians. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 28. Called “sexting” to emphasize the use of text messaging for sharing sexually explicit material, the phenomenon began to be addressed in the popular press around 2007. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 29. Young men and young women feel increasingly similar about retaining virginity than before. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 30. The desires, experiences, and struggles of same-sex couples are completely different from those of heterosexual couples. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 31. All extramarital involvements are sexual. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 32. Married couples report engaging in sexual relations about two or three times a month. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 33. Between 30 and 35% of American men have reported having extramarital affairs. a. True b. False ANSWER: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 06 34. Americans are in the middle of an STI epidemic. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 35. Most women manifest physical symptoms of chlamydia and gonorrhea. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 36. Compare and contrast traditional female, traditional male, and contemporary sexual scripts.

ANSWER: Will vary. Answers will contain some description of how roles are more egalitarian now than in traditional scripts.

37. Characterize antigay prejudice and discrimination and discuss the impact it has on gay men, lesbians, bisexuals, and heterosexuals.

ANSWER: Will vary. Answers will include such things as homophobia, biphobia, and issues related to heterosexism.

38. List and describe the key elements involved in sexual responsibility.

ANSWER: Will vary. Answers will include such things as mutually agreed-upon sexual activities and use of contraception, use of “safer sex” procedures, disclosure of any STIs, and acceptance of the consequences of sexual behavior.

39. How can you protect yourself and others against sexually transmitted infection?

ANSWER: Will vary. Answers include such things as being in a committed relationship, open communication, use of condoms and other forms of protections, and abstinence.

40. What is relationship infidelity and how does it vary across social groups?

ANSWER: Will vary. Answer will include discussions of nonmarital sexuality including premarital sex and extramarital sex.

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Chapter 07 1. According to the text, during negative communication interactions, nonverbal acts such as rolling one’s eyes in response to a statement or complaint made by a spouse can convey a. contempt. b. amusement. c. power. d. confusion.

ANSWER: a 2. Markham found that negativity or positivity of a couple’s communication pattern had little impact on their marital satisfaction during the first year due to a. love. b. relative love and need theory. c. honeymoon effect. d. the newlywed delusional effect.

ANSWER: c 3. Research has found that couples in satisfied marriages tend to do which of the following? a. Disclose mostly negative thoughts b. Engage willingly in conflict c. Avoid conflict at all costs d. Conceal private thoughts and feelings ANSWER: b 4. Which statement is true regarding gender differences in communication? a. Husbands tend to send clearer messages than wives. b. Husbands tend to set the emotional tone of an argument. c. Wives tend to use emotional appeals more than husbands. d. Wives tend to give neutral messages, or to withdraw.

ANSWER: c 5. Which of the following is true of touch? a. It is unimportant in human development. b. All people respond to touch in the same way. c. Sexual behavior relies above almost all else on touch. d. There are no gender differences in touch.

ANSWER: c 6. Which of the following is not a common example of a positive communication strategy? a. Allowing one partner to always lead in affection b. More time spent talking together c. Mirroring the other partner d. Validating the other partner ANSWER: a Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 07 7. According to the text, which of the following is considered to be the most difficult topic for couples to discuss? a. Criticism b. Relationship doubts c. In-laws d. Sex ANSWER: b 8. Every time Tammy tells her husband Michael that she wants to talk about their marriage, Michael either leaves the room or changes the subject. This type of marital communication is referred to as a. demand-withdraw communication. b. the request-refuse pattern. c. demand-ignore communication. d. the solicit-deny pattern.

ANSWER: a 9. If Jim does not really care whether his wife Francis stays with him or not, he will have the most power in the relationship according to a. the principle of least interest. b. resource theory. c. investment theory. d. the principle of affection.

ANSWER: a 10. The resource theory of power argues that a. as resources become scarce in a marriage, it tends to become a more egalitarian relationship. b. as wives’ earning power increases, so does their decision-making in the relationship. c. there is no power without resources. d. as resources increase, the man’s power base becomes much weaker.

ANSWER: b 11. “I can understand how you feel” is an example of a. summarizing. b. paraphrasing. c. validating. d. clarifying.

ANSWER: c 12. “Why are you even bringing up this problem now?” is an example of a. physiological self-soothing. b. stonewalling. c. validating. d. defensiveness.

ANSWER: d Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 07 13. A partner avoiding issues by withdrawing from the conversation is an example of a. clarification. b. stonewalling. c. defensiveness. d. criticism.

ANSWER: b 14. Which party tends to have the most power in the relationship? a. The in-laws tend to have more power than the couple b. The party with the most resources and the most need c. The party with the least interest in continuing the relationship d. The party with the most interest in continuing the relationship ANSWER: c 15. Unhappily married couples displayed which behavior pattern? a. Confrontation b. Paraphrasing c. Validation d. Clarification ANSWER: a 16. All of the following are true regarding couples and money, except a. one of the most important reasons couples fight over money is power. b. discussing money matters is very contentious. c. dating relationships are good indicators of how couples will deal with money matters in a marriage. d. a major source of conflict is allocation of the family’s income.

ANSWER: c 17. Affiliative humor a. creates insecurity and self-silencing. b. tends to lessen conflict. c. is an example of mutual avoidance. d. is distrustful.

ANSWER: b 18. If conflicts arise and one partner keeps their feelings to themselves, it is called a. affiliative humor. b. self-gratification. c. self-silencing. d. mutual avoidance.

ANSWER: c 19. “Alright, let’s go eat Mexican food if that’s what you want, but it has to be at Amigos,” grins Jack. His wife, Alexis has just benefitted from which type of conflict resolution?

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Chapter 07 a. Coexistence b. Forgiveness c. Bargaining d. Agreeing as a gift ANSWER: c 20. Which of the following is a consequence of marital conflict? a. Sexual satisfaction b. Overconfidence c. STIs d. Alcohol abuse ANSWER: d 21. The impact of marital stress on physical health seems to be greatest on a. newlyweds. b. same-sex couples. c. men. d. women.

ANSWER: d 22. Jessica does not realize that she has power in her marriage, although she makes decisions about the caregiving for her children and sets the standard for their discipline. This kind of power is referred to as a. parental. b. gatekeeping. c. maternal. d. dominance.

ANSWER: b 23. Conflicts in marital relationships can be resolved through negotiation by which of the following? a. Avoidance b. Disengagement c. Agreement as a gift d. Insistence ANSWER: c 24. Conflicts over housework in a marriage a. are rare in contemporary families. b. are rare in dual-earner families only. c. have both practical and symbolic dimensions. d. have a practical but not a symbolic dimension.

ANSWER: c 25. All of the following are positive ways of resolving conflict except a. coercion.

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Chapter 07 b. assertion. c. negotiation. d. supporting your partner.

ANSWER: a 26. Self-disclosure before or soon after marriage is related to relationship satisfaction later. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 27. Husbands send clearer messages to their wives than wives send to their husbands. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 28. One problem with nonverbal communication is the imprecision of its message. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 29. Traditional male gender roles work against the idea of expressing feelings. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 30. Conflict can be beneficial. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 31. Husbands often believe that they have more power in relationships than they actually do. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 32. The relative love and need theory explains power in terms of an individual’s involvement and needs in the relationship. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 33. It is common and normal for couples to have disagreements or conflicts. a. True b. False ANSWER: True Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 07 34. Agreement to a gift is a way to negotiate the resolution of conflict. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 35. Sex can be used as a scapegoat for nonsexual problems. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 36. Describe five of the characteristics that researchers have found to be common to those in satisfied marriages.

ANSWER: Will vary. Answers will involve willingness to accept conflict and engage in it; ability to disclose private thoughts; less frequent conflict and time spent in conflict overall; more time spent talking; expression of equal amounts of affection across partners; and ability to encode and decode verbal and nonverbal communication within the relationship.

37. Describe the functions of nonverbal communication.

ANSWER: Will vary. Answer involves conveying interpersonal attitudes, expressing emotions, and handling the ongoing interaction.

38. What is demand-withdraw communication, and how might it affect a relationship?

ANSWER: Will vary. Demand-withdraw is a pattern in which one person makes an effort to engage the other in a discussion of some importance to them, and the other partner leaves, fails to respond, or redirects the conversation.

39. Discuss the consequences of conflict.

ANSWER: Will vary. Answers will include challenges to mental health, physical health, and familial and child wellbeing.

40. Identify and explain five ways of resolving conflict.

ANSWER: Will vary. Answers will include agreement as a gift, bargaining, coexistence, forgiveness, supporting your partner, reason, and assertion.

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Chapter 08 1. The marriage debate refers to the debate about whether a. marriage is becoming more or less popular. b. marriage has become more or less stable over time. c. the family is in decline or dynamic, changing, and resilient. d. the duration of marriage effect truly exists.

ANSWER: c 2. For both men and women, which of the following is most positively associated with the likelihood of marriage? a. Careers b. Education c. Geographical origins d. Ability to have children ANSWER: b 3. People in which group are least likely to be married? a. Caucasians b. Asian Americans c. African Americans d. Hispanic Americans ANSWER: c 4. Individualized marriages emphasize a. sexual unfaithfulness. b. fear of divorce. c. personal fulfillment. d. kinship ties.

ANSWER: c 5. Barriers to marriage for low-income unmarried couples with children include which of the following? a. Financial concerns b. Correlational inferiority c. Acceptance of divorce d. Concerns about relationships with new in-laws ANSWER: a 6. Premarital factors which researchers have found to predict later marital happiness and satisfaction include all of the following, except a. length of courtship. b. level of education. c. number of previous dating relationships. d. age at marriage.

ANSWER: c 7. The factor that may influence whether and when people choose to marry includes which of the following Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 08 a. number of divorces in midlife. b. number of previous marriages. c. tendency for women to marry men of higher education. d. religious affiliation and religiosity.

ANSWER: d 8. Men tend to marry women who are a. more educated. b. the same age. c. below them in age and education. d. above them in age and education.

ANSWER: c 9. The following are the benefits of marriage, except a. it confers legal benefits b. it confers benefits in economic well-being c. it confers benefits in physical and mental health, and personal happiness d. it confers 100 rights ANSWER: d 10. A marriage between a man and his mother, sister, or daughter violates the principles of a. endogamy. b. exogamy. c. heterogamy. d. homogamy.

ANSWER: b 11. Marriages that are homogamous tend to be more stable than those that are heterogamous because a. homogamous couples may have more approval from relatives. b. homogamous couples are probably less conventional. c. heterogamous couples are likely to be rigid in their beliefs. d. homogamous couples may have considerably different values.

ANSWER: a 12. Positive assortative mating is also known as a. hypergamy. b. hypogamy. c. heterogamy. d. homogamy.

ANSWER: d 13. Same-sex marriage is allowed in ___ states in the United States. a. 17 b. 4 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 08 c. 29 d. 50 ANSWER: d 14. According to the stimulus-value-role theory, in the stimulus stage each person is a. attracted to the other. b. determining if they are compatible. c. analyzing the other’s behavior. d. determining if the other would make a good spouse.

ANSWER: a 15. The following are the primary factors that account for the beneficial marriage health connection, except a. economic resources b. political support c. social control d. psychosocial support and strain ANSWER: b 16. According to the text, each of the following is a function of engagement, except a. the beginning of serious, lifelong plans. b. preparing couples for future divorce. c. the beginning of kinship with each other’s families. d. the strengthening of the partners as a couple.

ANSWER: b 17. Social and psychological issues that typically need to be dealt with during engagement include which of the following? a. Gender identity b. Partner choice c. Self-knowledge d. Identity bargaining ANSWER: c 18. The most important background factor in shaping marital outcomes is a. socioeconomic class. b. age at marriage. c. religion. d. ethnicity.

ANSWER: b 19. Which courtship pattern is most likely to lead to satisfying and enduring marriage? a. Rocky and turbulent courtships b. Sweet and undramatic courtships c. Passionate courtships Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 08 d. Disappointing and negative courtships ANSWER: b 20. Which relationship factor is most important in predicting marital success? a. Problem-solving skills b. The absence of conflict c. Assertiveness d. Emotional environment ANSWER: d 21. Which statement about marriage is a myth? a. Marriage changes a person for the better. b. Marriage is beneficial to health and well-being if the marriage is good. c. Passionate courtships can lead to marriages that end in divorce. d. Undramatic courtships are most likely to lead to satisfying marriages.

ANSWER: a 22. Carr and Springer argue that successful marriages involve all of the following, except a. social control. b. economic resources. c. psychosocial support and strain. d. political negotiation.

ANSWER: d 23. The boomerang generation mostly affects which marriage stage? a. Second marriages b. Older marriage c. Middle-aged marriage d. Early marriage ANSWER: c 24. How does parenthood affect marriage? a. It lowers marital conflict. b. It leads to more involvement in leisure activities. c. It leads to a deterioration of marital functioning. d. It leads to more shared household responsibility.

ANSWER: c 25. Lauer and Lauer found which of the following to be an ingredient for marital success? a. Believing in marriage as a short-term obligation b. Having a best friend other than your spouse to in whom to confide c. Consensus on fundamentals such as aims and goals d. Being able to maintain traditional gender roles within the marriage ANSWER: c Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 08 26. Most Americans now agree that marriage is an outdated institution. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 27. Parenthood frequently causes couples to evolve into more traditional division of labor roles in their marriage and families. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 28. The duration of marriage effect looks at the accumulation of different behaviors over time. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 29. Early married couples need to separate from their families of orientation in order to strengthen their marriages. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 30. Marriage remains highly valued, even with increased acceptance of divorce and nonmarital lifestyles. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 31. Cohabitation serves many of the same functions as engagement. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 32. The exchanging of rings dates back to ancient Egyptian weddings and symbolizes timelessness. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 33. The federal ruling that made same-sex marriage legal in all 50 states is called the Defense of Marriage Act. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 34. Women typically experience depression and an identity crisis when their youngest child departs from the home. a. True b. False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 08 ANSWER: False 35. Conflict-habituated marriages are more common than vital marriages, according to Cuber and Harroff. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 36. Discuss relationship factors that predict marital success.

ANSWER: Will vary. Answers will include types of courtships, background factors, personality factors, and relationship factors.

37. Define and describe the “marriage debate.”

ANSWER: Will vary. Answers will involve discussion on the marriage debate, in which scholars argue over whether marriage is or is not in decline for numerous reasons.

38. Discuss the functions of engagement.

ANSWER: Will vary. Answers will include preparing the couple for marriage by allowing them to make serious plans, beginning kinship, planning the wedding, and strengthening themselves as a couple.

39. How does parenthood affect marital success?

ANSWER: Will vary. Answers will address that parenthood tends to decrease marital satisfaction for over 15 years while couples are focused on raising children.

40. Discuss Cuber and Haroff’s five types of marriage.

ANSWER: Will vary. Answers will include discussion of conflict-habituated marriages, passive-congenial marriages, devitalized marriages, vital marriages, and total marriages.

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Chapter 09 1. The percentage of the population that is unmarried has ____ in the last four decades. a. been increasing b. been decreasing c. remained consistent d. quadrupled ANSWER: a 2. The largest group of singles in the United States is those who are a. divorced. b. widowed. c. never married. d. separated.

ANSWER: c 3. Among the unmarried population aged 18 or older, there is a ratio of ___ men to every 100 women. a. 50 b. 63 c. 87 d. 97 ANSWER: c 4. The unmarried population in the United States a. increased from 1890 to 1960. b. decreased from 1890 to 1960. c. decreased from 1960 to 2010. d. has remained the same since 1960.

ANSWER: b 5. The racial/ethnic group with the largest percentage of unmarried individuals is a. non-Hispanic white. b. Asian. c. African American. d. Hispanic.

ANSWER: c 6. What percentage of adults have never married, according to 2014 data? a. 43.8% b. 28.1% c. 35.3% d. 49.7% ANSWER: b 7. The increase in the number of single adults in the United States is due to all except which of the following? a. Delayed marriage Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 09 b. Increasing educational options c. More conservative sexual and social standards d. An imbalance in the sex ratio ANSWER: c 8. “Gray divorce” refers to the phenomenon of a. divorce among those over 50 years old. b. a divorce in which partners continue to have active roles in each other’s lives. c. an informal separation of a marriage. d. a high number of men and women whose marriages have ended in divorce.

ANSWER: a 9. When comparing past and present attitudes toward singles, we find that a. singlehood is less stigmatized today. b. pressure to marry is greater today than in the past. c. people feel more guilt today than in the past if they are unmarried. d. media casts marriage in a more favorable light than in the past.

ANSWER: a 10. Contemporary relationships among the unmarried are characterized by which of the following? a. Partners tend to be economically dependent on one another. b. Partners tend to be emotionally dependent on one another. c. Partners tend to emphasize egalitarian roles. d. Partners tend to be more dependent in their roles.

ANSWER: c 11. Singlism refers to the a. inability of some people to find a mate. b. negative effects on children of being in a single-parent household. c. prejudice and discrimination experienced by singles. d. tendency of singles to be self-focused and individualistic.

ANSWER: c 12. . Between 1960 and 2015, rates of cohabitation in the United States a. rose steadily. b. declined steadily. c. increased until the 1990s, then began to decline. d. remained the same.

ANSWER: a 13. Based on 2015 Census data, there are about _____ gay and lesbian couple households in the United States. a. 150,000 b. 370,000 c. 600,000 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 09 d. 1,000,000 ANSWER: c 14. Rates of cohabitation have increased for which reason? a. Women are more economically dependent on marriage. b. Most people consider marriage obsolete. c. Views of sexuality have liberalized. d. The meaning of divorce has remained consistent over time.

ANSWER: c 15. Liz is wondering if she is suitable for marriage, and so she moves in with Andrew. This illustrates which type of cohabitation? a. Coresidential dating b. Substitute for marriage c. Precursor to marriage d. Trial marriage ANSWER: d 16. Linda and Bill are very committed to one another and live together, but have no intention of marrying. They like their relationship the way it is. This illustrates which type of cohabitation? a. Coresidential dating b. Substitute for marriage c. Precursor to marriage d. Trial marriage ANSWER: b 17. Regarding finances, cohabiting women generally have a. a more precarious economic situation than men. b. more economic opportunities and success than men. c. about the same economic situation as men. d. have a dramatic rise in their economic status after dissolving cohabitation relationships.

ANSWER: a 18. Couples who cohabit before remarrying tend to a. be happier than those who do not cohabit before remarriage. b. be less happy than those who do not cohabit before remarriage. c. be no different with respect to happiness from those who do not cohabit before remarriage. d. have a lower divorce rate than those who do not cohabit before remarriage.

ANSWER: b 19. Common-law marriage a. is recognized in all states. b. is not recognized by most states. c. began in the 1970s.

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Chapter 09 d. allows couples to break up without divorcing.

ANSWER: b 20. Domestic partnerships are a. recognized by most Fortune 500 companies. b. the same as common-law marriages. c. only allowed for heterosexual couples. d. not offered by state or government agencies.

ANSWER: a 21. Compared to cohabiting couples, married couples tend to a. have higher personal earnings than cohabiting couples. b. become less stable with the arrival of children. c. be less sexually monogamous. d. suffer less economically when breaking up.

ANSWER: a 22. The cohabitation effect is a. smaller among whites than among African Americans. b. smaller among whites than among Hispanics. c. smaller among African Americans and Hispanics than among whites. d. similar regardless of race or ethnicity.

ANSWER: c 23. Those who engage in serial cohabitation a. are less likely to divorce after marrying. b. more than double their risk of divorcing after marriage. c. typically learn from previous mistakes and have more rewarding relationships. d. rarely marry.

ANSWER: b 24. In general, cohabiting gay and lesbian couples differ from heterosexual cohabiting couples in which way? a. They are older than heterosexual couples. b. They are less racially diverse than heterosexual couples. c. They are less likely to have earned college degrees. d. They are less likely than heterosexual couples to be in a cohabiting relationship.

ANSWER: d 25. Which statement is false regarding gay and lesbian cohabitation? a. About 75% of same-sex couples are raising children. b. Same-sex married couples have a median income higher than unmarried same-sex couples. c. Same-sex couples can marry in all 50states. d. Lesbian couples make up slightly more than half of all same-sex households.

ANSWER: a Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 09 26. Families of choice are a. recognized by law. b. more stable than families by marriage. c. not officially recognized in family policy in the United States. d. unlikely to include more than one caretaker for children.

ANSWER: c 27. Rates of singlehood declined in the 1950s. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 28. Relationships among the unmarried are more egalitarian than among marrieds. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 29. Expanded educational and employment opportunities for women have had a limited impact on the rise in singlehood. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 30. Rates of cohabitation have increased tenfold since the 1960s. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 31. Accelerated cohabitants find that moving in together felt like “a natural process.” a. True b. False ANSWER: True 32. In the United States, cohabiting couples lack most of the rights that married couples enjoy. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 33. All states recognize common-law marriages. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 34. Cohabitation reduces the risk of divorce in later marriage. a. True Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 09 b. False ANSWER: False 35. Gay men and lesbians commonly construct families of choice with more fluid boundaries than heterosexual couples. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 36. The presence of children has about the same effect on married and cohabiting couples. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 37. Compare and contrast common-law marriage and domestic partnership.

ANSWER: Will vary. Answers will include that common-law marriages are when couples live together as if they are man and wife and present themselves as if they were married (this is not legal in a majority of states); and that domestic partnerships are couples in a committed relationship with certain legal rights and protections of marriage (they are also not accepted in a majority of states, but many companies will recognize them for the purposes of benefits).

38. Discuss singlism and matrimania, giving examples of each.

ANSWER: Will vary. Answers will define singlism as stereotyping and negative response associated with the singlehood status, and matrimania will be defined as the glorifying of marriage and couplehood.

39. Describe the major characteristics of gay and lesbian cohabitation.

ANSWER: Will vary. Answers will include that lesbians make up slightly more than half of all same-sex couple households; that LGB individuals are less likely than heterosexuals to be in married or cohabiting relationships; that gay and lesbian cohabiting relationships involve fewer children than do married ones; that same-sex couple households are younger overall than heterosexual ones; that married same-sex couples have higher median household incomes than unmarried same-sex couples; and that same-sex couples are more likely to be interracial and college educated.

40. Identify and describe the types of cohabitation identified by Heuveline and Timberlake.

ANSWER: Will vary. Answers will cover prelude to marriage, stage in the marriage process, alternative to singlehood, alternative to marriage, and indistinguishable from marriage.

41. How do researchers tend to account for the increase in cohabitation?

ANSWER: Will vary. Answers will include more liberal climate regarding sexuality, changes in the meanings of marriage and divorce, the delaying of marriage for women and men, women being more economically independent, and cohabitation more normalized as a lifestyle.

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Chapter 10 1. Between 2013 and 2014, fertility rates a. decreased for age groups under 25 years old. b. decreased among Asian women. c. increased dramatically across populations. d. increased among high-school dropouts to the highest levels since 2007.

ANSWER: a 2. The term “child-free” is used to describe a. homes where children have grown and left. b. a couple where partners do not choose to have children. c. homes where there are no children because of inability to conceive d. families that allow their children a lot of freedom in the home.

ANSWER: b 3. Women who have difficulty conceiving or carrying a pregnancy to term are referred to as having a. sterile fertility. b. impaired fertility. c. impaired fecundity. d. nongenerativity.

ANSWER: c 4. Which of the following is not a common strategy to defend against child-free stigma? a. Asserting a right to self-fulfillment b. Using fertility medications c. Claiming a biological deficiency d. Redefining the situation ANSWER: b 5. Teen mothers are a. more at risk of anemia than mothers who have their first child between ages 30-35. b. more likely to give birth to twins than are mothers between ages 30-35. c. more numerous today than ever before in history. d. more likely to attain higher education than women who have children later.

ANSWER: a 6. During pregnancy a. couples are advised to refrain from engaging in sexual activity. b. women are rarely interested in engaging in sexual activity. c. women are discouraged from having orgasm. d. couples should remember there are no set rules and sexuality depends on how each partner feels.

ANSWER: d 7. In the United States, infant mortality rates are highest among a. African Americans.

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Chapter 10 b. whites. c. Cuban Americans. d. Asian Americans.

ANSWER: a 8. The impersonal, assembly-line quality of hospital birth is a. nonexistent today. b. more popular in the Netherlands than in the United States. c. becoming even more popular all around the world. d. criticized by many.

ANSWER: d 9. Feminists criticize contemporary childbirth for which reason? a. Women have too much control over the birth process. b. Many of the medical interventions are unnecessary. c. Men are not included in the birth process as much as they should be. d. The medical profession never listens to what women need during pregnancy.

ANSWER: b 10. The rate of infant mortality in the United States is a. substantially higher than in most of the developed world. b. lower than in most of the developed world. c. the lowest in the world. d. highest in the world.

ANSWER: a 11. Women who lose a pregnancy or young infant generally experience _____ in the initial stage. a. shock and disbelief b. sadness c. planning for the next pregnancy d. depression ANSWER: a 12. Which of the following is characteristic of adoptive families? a. Internationally adopted children are more often male than female. b. Adopted children are less likely to have some disability than biological children. c. Families with adopted children are economically worse off than those with biological children. d. Adoptive children benefit from environmentally enriching households.

ANSWER: d 13. With respect to adoption, we find a. closed adoption is the norm. b. open adoption is preferred by most adoption experts. c. self-esteem is highest for those in closed adoptions.

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Chapter 10 d. views are mixed about the benefits of open adoption.

ANSWER: b 14. The ______ or so following childbirth constitutes the postpartum period. a. nine months b. two months c. three months d. first year ANSWER: c 15. Postpartum depression involves a. only psychological factors. b. biological, psychological, and social factors. c. only biological factors. d. only social factors.

ANSWER: b 16. Couples can experience less stress in the first year of childrearing if they a. are open in their communication. b. are still in the process of developing a strong relationship with each other. c. wait until the infant is at least a year old before discussing family planning. d. did not feel strongly about having a child until the last trimester.

ANSWER: a 17. The ideology of intensive mothering refers to a. an unrealistic standard against which mothers are judged. b. the belief that mothers are more “intense” parents than fathers. c. the expectation that mothers need to have two or more children to be characterized as “mothers first.” d. the adjustment period that mothers experience in the first month after delivering a child.

ANSWER: a 18. In looking at fatherhood, we find that a. most fathers can be characterized as “nurturant” fathers. b. new standards of fatherhood are acted upon by most fathers. c. there is a discrepancy between the culture of fatherhood and the conduct of fatherhood. d. fathers today typically engage in five times the number of activities with children than they did in the 1980s.

ANSWER: c 19. Contemporary childrearing strategies share which of the following tenets? a. Dominance b. Lack of consequences c. Open communication d. Physical punishment ANSWER: c Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 10 20. Obedience is most important in which style of parenting? a. Authoritative b. Authoritarian c. Permissive d. Uninvolved ANSWER: b 21. Parents can best foster high self-esteem in their children by doing which of the following? a. Telling them they are proud of them at least once a day b. Encouraging conformity c. Accepting their children as they are d. Allowing their children unrestrained freedom ANSWER: c 22. What factor is most significant in accounting for differences between children who live with both biological parents and those living in single-parent, remarried, cohabiting, or stepparent households? a. Religious factor b. Educational factor c. Economic factor d. Racial factor ANSWER: c 23. Research on gay and lesbian parents compared with children of heterosexual parents reveals that a. there are differences in these children’s gender identity. b. there are differences in gender-role behavior. c. children with gay and lesbian parents experience more behavioral problems. d. there are no significant differences in gender identities or gender-role behavior.

ANSWER: d 24. The term “Sandwich Generation” refers to parents who a. do not cook well-balanced meals for their children. b. feel “sandwiched” in between work and home life. c. have several children with conflicting demands. d. are caring for dependent children and elderly parents simultaneously.

ANSWER: d 25. Parentified children a. can experience benefits from taking care of their parents before adulthood. b. tend to reject careers in the helping professions as adults. c. are typically self-focused and self-centered as adults as a result of their early childhood experiences. d. are viewed as abnormal in all cultures.

ANSWER: a Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 10 26. Within the Hispanic population in the United States, fertility and birth rates are highest among Cuban Americans. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 27. The terms “childless” and “child-free” mean the same thing. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 28. Although most women begin their families while in their twenties, we can expect that the trend toward later parenthood will continue to grow. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 29. Babies born from unintended pregnancies are more likely to suffer both physical and social disadvantages. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 30. A man may feel confusion or conflicts about sexual activity during a partner’s pregnancy. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 31. The rate of infant mortality in the United States remains far lower than the rates in most of the developed world. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 32. In recent years, few Americans have chosen to adopt for reasons other than infertility. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 33. Adoption laws vary widely from state to state. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 34. Larger percentages of adopted children than biological children are poor. a. True b. False ANSWER: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 10 35. Gay and lesbian parenting alters a child’s gender identification. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 36. Discuss the factors contributing to the increase in deferred parenthood and the advantages of deferring parenthood.

ANSWER: Will vary. Answers will include more career and lifestyle choices, no longer a social or economic necessity, taking time to choose a “right mate,” and more contraceptive options.

37. Distinguish between the culture of fatherhood and the conduct of fatherhood.

ANSWER: Will vary. Answers will include the factor that while the culture of fatherhood has moved toward a more nurturing role, there is less data and research to determine whether the conduct or actual behavior of fathers has caught up with this social norm.

38. Advise parents about what is important for them to address when raising a child based on Konner’s list for optimal child development.

ANSWER: Will vary. Answers will include adequate prenatal nutrition and care, appropriate stimulation and care of newborns, formation of at least one close attachment, support for families under pressure, protection from illness, freedom from physical and sexual abuse, supportive social networks, respect for the child’s individuality, safe and challenging schooling, adolescence free of pressure to grow up quickly, and protection from premature parenthood.

39. How does ethnicity impact parenting?

ANSWER: Will vary. Answers will include the fact that cultural influences have great impact on parenting styles.

40. Compare and contrast styles of grandparenting and issues facing contemporary grandparents.

ANSWER: Will vary. Answers will include grandparents as caregivers in single-parent and stepparent groups, as well as among certain ethnicities; and general conceptssuch as material support, psychological well-being, and family history.

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Chapter 11 1. Probably the single activity to which the majority of employed men and women devote the most time outside of sleeping is a. their children. b. watching TV. c. their jobs. d. home upkeep.

ANSWER: c 2. When the demands attached to any particular status are contradictory or incompatible, we experience a. role overload. b. inter-role conflict. c. role strain. d. work spillover.

ANSWER: c 3. When mothers and fathers feel they have or spend too little time with their children, life satisfaction is a. slightly reduced for mothers and fathers. b. greatly reduced for mothers and fathers. c. significantly reduced for fathers but not for mothers. d. significantly reduced for mothers but not for fathers.

ANSWER: d 4. Ann is extremely stressed at work because state budget cuts may jeopardize a promotion for which she was in line.

During this time, she comes home and gets upset about the amount of work she still has to do in the household. She and her partner have a big argument about housework. This illustrates a. role strain. b. role conflict. c. crossover. d. spillover.

ANSWER: c 5. The “traditional” division of labor involves a. work being divided by age. b. work roles that are gendered and complementary. c. work roles that are the same for men and women. d. dividing labor depending on who is most skilled at a particular task.

ANSWER: b 6. Which group is least likely to divide family roles along stereotypical gender lines? a. African American families b. Latino families c. Asian families d. Caucasian families ANSWER: a Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 11 7. The husband’s traditional role as _______ has been his most fundamental role in marriage. a. father b. provider c. neighbor d. decision-maker ANSWER: b 8. A father deciding whether he should attend his son’s Little League game or work overtime is an example of a. role conflict. b. inter-role strain. c. novitiate stage. d. work spillover.

ANSWER: a 9. Men tend to see their role in housekeeping or childcare as a. critical to the family. b. their primary role. c. very fulfilling. d. “helping their partner.”

ANSWER: d 10. What is cited as the primary reason that women’s employment has increased? a. Economic necessity b. Women want to work for physical fitness c. Worse job opportunities for women d. More mothers are married now than ever before ANSWER: a 11. Which couples have the least equitable division of household labor? a. Cohabiting couples b. Same-sex couples c. Married heterosexual couples d. There is no difference ANSWER: c 12. Families that function as economic partnerships dependent on the efforts of both husband and wife are known as a. dual-career families. b. dual-earner families. c. co-provider families. d. domestic corporations.

ANSWER: c 13. The process and responsibility for worrying about children is called a. mental labor.

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Chapter 11 b. emotion work. c. childcare. d. enlightenment.

ANSWER: a 14. Employed women have ________ compared to nonemployed homemakers. a. less domestic support from their partners b. better mental health c. more health problems d. a lower sense of control ANSWER: b 15. Couples in which spouses work different, often nonoverlapping shifts so that one partner is home while the other is at work are called _____ couples. a. turn-taking b. alternating c. shift d. “hello, goodbye” ANSWER: c 16. In two-parent families, we find that a. mothers spend more time caring for children than fathers only if mothers are employed. b. mothers’ involvement with children is primarily spent in play. c. women are primary caretakers; men are secondary. d. men are more accessible and engaged with children than are women.

ANSWER: c 17. When looking at fathers’ involvement with children, we find that a. fathers are more involved with daughters than with sons. b. fathers are more involved with older children than younger children. c. fathers are less involved with firstborn than later-born children. d. fathers spend more time in play with sons than with daughters.

ANSWER: d 18. Which term is defined as a mix of sex and power, with power being the dominant element? a. Sexual harassment b. Gender-based occupational stratification c. Sexual authority d. Sexual influence ANSWER: a 19. When someone acts in sexual ways so as to interfere with another person’s job performance, it is called a. occupational stratification. b. a hostile environment.

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Chapter 11 c. sex discrimination. d. a quid pro quo request.

ANSWER: b 20. In order to look after sick children, for example, allowances are made in the American workplace for flexibility in the following except a. work schedules b. extra pay c. daycare d. emergency time off ANSWER: b 21. In accounting for the lack of utilization of workplace policies, Hochschild considered a variety of explanations, including the following questions, except a. Can employees afford to work fewer hours? b. Do they fear being laid off? c. Do employees even know about policies? d. Do employees have sensitive and sincere supervisors?

ANSWER: d 22. In 2015, women who worked full time earned about what percentage of the income of men? a. 60.9% b. 70.1% c. 82.5% d. 90.3% ANSWER: c 23. What is the primary daycare solution for most employed mothers with children 5 to 14 years old? a. In-home daycare b. Family members c. Licensed day care programs d. School attendance ANSWER: d 24. Hochschild has found that when companies offered family-friendly policies, most a. employees did not use them. b. employees used them. c. men used them but few women did. d. women used them but few men did.

ANSWER: a 25. Coping resources in dealing with unemployment include which of the following? a. Accepting reality b. Defining the meaning of the problem Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 11 c. A feeling of mastery d. Displacement intervention techniques ANSWER: b 26. The division of family roles along stereotypical gender lines does not vary by race or class. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 27. Many workplaces in the United States have implemented “humanistic management” policies designed to enhance worker morale and productivity and to reduce turnover. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 28. Work-family tensions seem to be greater on mothers than on fathers. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 29. Nonemployed women are physically healthier than employed women. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 30. African Americans are less likely to divide household tasks along gender lines than Caucasians. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 31. Some working women do not insist on husbands’ equal participation in housework because they don’t believe their husbands are competent. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 32. Couples who engage in shift work are more likely to divorce. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 33. An equitable division of labor is the same as an equal division of labor. a. True b. False ANSWER: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 11 34. Women who work full-time earn about 80% of the income of men. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 35. About one-third of children between 12 and 14 years of age are in self-care. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 36. Discuss the factors identified in the text that appear to influence men’s involvement in housework.

ANSWER: Will vary. Answers will include men’s socialization experiences and modeling of parents, men’s status in the workplace, men’s age and generation, education levels, and salary.

37. Characterize peer marriages.

ANSWER: Will vary. Answers will include defining peer marriages as intentional egalitarian structures that affect family in various ways.

38. Define “shift couples,” and identify how shift work affects family life.

ANSWER: Will vary. Shift couples include those who work different shifts to handle family needs; this schedule affects the household in various ways (satisfaction, stress levels, children, etc.).

39. Discuss the five areas affected when fathers are at home and mothers are breadwinners.

ANSWER: Will vary. Answers will include economic impact, personal impact, social impact, marital impact, and parental impact.

40. Define sexual harassment, and identify and define the two types of harassment. What are the effects of sexual harassment on victims?

ANSWER: Will vary. Answers will include sexual harassment defined as abuse of power for sexual ends, and the creation of a hostile work environment.

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Chapter 12 1. Which of the following is not considered to be violence according to the definition? a. Slapping b. Hitting c. Spanking d. Threatening ANSWER: d 2. Common or situational couple violence: a. is violence that erupts during the heat of an argument. b. occurs when one partner tries to dominate the other. c. is typically “self-defensive.” d. occurs when both partners are trying to control one another.

ANSWER: a 3. According to the text, an act carried out with the intention or perceived intention of causing physical pain or injury to another person is known as: a. neglect. b. violence. c. provocation. d. pedophilia.

ANSWER: b 4. According to the 2010 National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, women were much more likely than men to have experienced the forms of ______ mistreatment. a. cultural identity b. violent c. economic d. emotional or verbal ANSWER: d 5. The model of family violence that assumes that social systems are based on force or the threat of force is the _____ model. a. resource b. social situations c. social learning d. social control ANSWER: a 6. According to the 2020 National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, ___________percent of women had physical threats made against them. a. 45.5 b. 60 c. 35.5 d. 80.5 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 12 ANSWER: a 7. What model of family violence raises the costs of violent behavior through such means as arrest, imprisonment, or loss of status? a. Social control b. Resources c. Social situational d. Psychiatric ANSWER: a 8. Which of the following best describes a man who routinely inflicts violence upon his wife? a. He believes in modern home and gender-role stereotypes. b. He has high self-esteem. c. He is sadistic or pathologically jealous. d. He is emotionally independent.

ANSWER: c 9. The women who are most at risk of nonfatal intimate partner violence are: a. between ages 12 and 15. b. between ages 20 and 24. c. between ages 30 and 35. d. over 65.

ANSWER: b 10. The racial group of women most at risk of nonlethal violence is: a. white women. b. Black women. c. Asian women. d. Hispanic women.

ANSWER: b 11. Common characteristics of male perpetrators include all of the following, except: a. a belief in the “traditional” home and gender-role stereotype. b. low self-esteem. c. pathological jealousy. d. high self-esteem.

ANSWER: d 12. When comparing victimization rates and annual household income, we find that: a. higher incomes are associated with higher rates of victimization. b. females in low-income groups are less likely to be victimized than are males. c. victimization occurs within all income levels. d. females in all income groups are less likely to be victimized than are males.

ANSWER: c Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 12 13. Marital rape is: a. a crime in all 50 states. b. addressed by laws that are strongly enforced in all 50 states. c. defined in the same way in all 50 states. d. not a crime in most states.

ANSWER: a 14. Child abuse was widely recognized as a serious problem in the United States around: a. 1900. b. 1920. c. 1945. d. 1960.

ANSWER: d 15. One form of abuse in same-sex couples is “outing,” which refers to: a. disclosing another’s gay orientation without consent. b. shaming one’s partner in public. c. discouraging others from associating with one’s partner. d. refusing to engage in sexual activity with a partner.

ANSWER: a 16. How does the concept of learned helplessness explain why an abused partner would stay in an abusive relationship? a. Economic dependence causes them to stay. b. They believe children need an authority figure. c. Duty causes them to stay out of obligation. d. Low self-concept leads to a perceived lack of agency.

ANSWER: d 17. Child maltreatment, in general, refers to: a. neglect. b. assigning too many chores. c. not allowing children freedom to express themselves. d. forcing a child to attend church or school against their will.

ANSWER: a 18. What is the action of threatening a child, or placing the child in a dangerous situation, called? a. Spurning b. Terrorizing c. Isolating d. Corrupting ANSWER: b 19. The greatest number of children who are abused are Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 12 a. Hispanic children. b. boys. c. whites. d. over the age of 12.

ANSWER: c 20. Sibling violence: a. is the least common form of intrafamilial violence. b. is the most common form of intrafamilial violence. c. receives the most attention from the public. d. is the most responsive to treatment.

ANSWER: b 21. Elder abuse usually is perpetrated by: a. nursing home staff. b. neighbors. c. adult children or spouses. d. strangers.

ANSWER: c 22. The Centers for Disease Control estimated in 2015 that _____ paid workdays were lost annually in productivity due to domestic violence. a. 10 million. b. 73 million. c. 5 million. d. 8 million.

ANSWER: d 23. Evaluations of many different programs used in working with offenders indicate that these programs are: a. quite effective. b. totally ineffective. c. slightly effective. d. useful in reducing recidivism rates by about two-thirds.

ANSWER: c 24. Today, many of the largest US police forces have implemented _____ policies, in which discretion is removed from police officers responding to a call about intimate violence. a. mandatory prosecution b. no-drop arrest c. mandatory arrest d. no-drop prosecution ANSWER: c 25. Sexual and other forms of abuse occur more frequently in households with: Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 12 a. three or more children. b. stepparents. c. only sons. d. only daughters.

ANSWER: b 26. Relationships can become violent or abusive regardless of the gender of partners. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 27. The ecological model of family violence states that the person with the most resources is the one who is most likely to resort to overt force. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 28. Historically and culturally, women have been considered “appropriate” victims of domestic violence. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 29. Children rarely experience psychological aggression. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 30. Outing is a form of psychological abuse in same-sex relationships. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 31. Rape in marriage is one of the most widespread and overlooked forms of intimate violence. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 32. Many colleges in the United States have developed a policy of affirmative consent, which is clear and cannot be given if one is intoxicated or incapacitated in any way. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 33. Many victimized women may believe that even a father who beats a mother is better than no father at all. a. True Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 12 b. False ANSWER: True 34. Victims of sexual abuse can suffer flashbacks, sexual dysfunctions, and negative feelings about their bodies. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 35. The most likely victims of elder abuse are the very elderly suffering from physical or mental impairments. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 36. Discuss three of the models of family violence presented in the text.

ANSWER: Will vary. Models to discuss include individualistic explanations, ecological models, feminist models, social stress and social learning models, the resource model, and exchange-social control models.

37. Discuss rape in marriage and how historical attitudes influence protection for wives.

ANSWER: Will vary. Answers will include that historically this has been a term not clearly defined within marriage, and that states have not always acknowledged its existence.

38. Discuss the reasons women stay in abusive relationships.

ANSWER: Will vary. Answers will include economic dependence, religious pressure, children’s need for a father, fear of being alone, belief in the American dream, guilt and shame, duty and responsibility, fear for her life, love, cultural reasons, nowhere to go.

39. Discuss the four sets of factors—parental characteristics, child characteristics, family characteristics, and family ecosystem—that put families at risk for child abuse and neglect.

ANSWER: Will vary. Answers will include various characteristics associated with parental characteristics (from personality, relationship issues, belief systems, and substance abuse); child characteristics (defining the child as a certain fixed “type”); family characteristics (stress and conflict levels); and the family ecosystem (the family’s socioeconomic context).

40. Discuss the long-term effects of sexual abuse, including traumatic sexualization.

ANSWER: Will vary. Answers will include greater anxiety and less pleasure from sex, behaviors such as drug and alcohol use that increase the risk of STDs, more frequent sexual encounters, depression, and stigmatization.

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Chapter 13 1. Which of the following is true of no-fault divorce? a. No-fault divorce requires that a person prove that he or she is not at fault in bringing about a divorce. b. No-fault divorce is allowed only in certain states. c. No-fault divorce forces the couple to accuse each other, or prove the other responsible for the failure of their marriage. d. No-fault divorce is permitted in more states than fault-based divorce.

ANSWER: d 2. A marriage might be annulled if a person a. was elderly at the time of marriage. b. was under the influence of drugs or alcohol when marrying. c. was cohabiting with someone else when marrying. d. had children before marrying.

ANSWER: b 3. The stage of disintegration in which one partner begins to disengage is termed the a. emotional divorce. b. psychic divorce. c. legal divorce. d. co-parental divorce.

ANSWER: a 4. New ways of relating to children and former spouses are part of the a. community divorce. b. economic divorce. c. emotional divorce. d. co-parental divorce.

ANSWER: d 5. According to the text, many unresolved issues of the _________ divorce may be acted out during the _________divorce. a. psychic; co-parental b. emotional; legal c. psychic; community d. emotional; community ANSWER: b 6. Which of the following is true of American marriages? a. The United States has one of the lowest marriage rates in the industrialized world. b. The United States has one of the highest divorce rates in the world. c. The United States has one of the lowest remarriage rates in the world. d. The United States has one of the lowest divorce rates in the world for remarriages.

ANSWER: b Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 13 7. Scholars suggest that divorce does not represent a devaluation of marriage but a(n) a. idealization of marriage. b. obsession with marriage. c. misunderstanding of marriage. d. rejection of marriage.

ANSWER: a 8. The _____ represents the number of divorces in a given year for every 1,000 people in the population. a. ratio measure of divorce b. crude divorce rate c. refined divorce rate d. predictive divorce rate ANSWER: b 9. The ____ rate represents the number of divorces in a given year for every 1,000 marriages in the population. a. ratio of marriages to divorces b. crude divorce c. refined divorce d. predictive divorce ANSWER: c 10. All of the following factors affect divorce, except a. phenotypic features. b. changed nature of the family. c. employment status. d. educational level.

ANSWER: a 11. Which of the following is associated with a decreased chance of divorce? a. College education b. Low-status occupations c. Working the night shift d. Low income ANSWER: a 12. How is religion related to divorce? a. The greater a person’s commitment to religious activity, the higher the risk of divorce. b. The more often one goes to church, the lower the risk of divorce. c. Marriages in which wives attend church weekly but husbands don’t are less at risk for divorce. d. Religion has no relationship with divorce.

ANSWER: b 13. Compared to first marriages, remarriages are _____ to end in divorce. a. less likely Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 13 b. more likely c. just as likely d. much less likely ANSWER: b 14. The partner who first experiences dissatisfaction in the relationship is called the a. terminator. b. divorcee. c. initiator. d. uncoupler.

ANSWER: c 15. Establishing a postdivorce identity involves a. transition. b. decline. c. relocation. d. relapse.

ANSWER: a 16. When a marriage breaks up, almost everyone experiences all of the following, except a. separation distress. b. distress which is real but does not last forever. c. a lack of apprehension. d. centering their attention on the missing partner.

ANSWER: c 17. One of the most damaging consequences of the no-fault divorce laws is that they a. have tripled the divorce rate. b. keep people from trying to settle their differences. c. are unavailable in most states. d. systematically impoverish women and their children.

ANSWER: d 18. The economic consequences of divorce for women are a. much more severe than they were in the 1970s. b. less dire than they were in the past. c. relatively absent. d. less than they are for men.

ANSWER: b 19. Children living in ____ appear to be the worst adjusted. a. tranquil single-parent families b. happy two-parent families c. conflict-ridden two-parent families Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 13 d. tranquil stepfamilies ANSWER: c 20. Which of Wallerstein’s (1997) stages of children’s experience of divorce is characterized by restructuring the family, and by social and economic changes? a. The initial stage b. The transition stage c. The restabilization stage d. The growth stage ANSWER: b 21. According to the text, mothers are typically awarded custody for which reason? a. Both men and women usually believe children are better off with mothers. b. Custody to the mother is objectively better. c. Placing children in the father’s custody places them at greater risk for abuse. d. The law reflects a bias that assumes men are naturally better able to care for children.

ANSWER: a 22. In which custody arrangement do children live with both parents, dividing time more or less equally between the two parents? a. Sole b. Joint physical c. Combined d. Split ANSWER: b 23. Which custody arrangement often has harmful effects on sibling bonds, and should only be entered into cautiously? a. Sole b. Joint physical c. Combined d. Split ANSWER: d 24. Goals of mediation include which of the following? a. To discourage divorcing parents to see shared parenting as a viable alternative b. To save the marriage if possible c. To increase anxiety about shared parenting d. To see that couples exit the marriage with less conflict ANSWER: d 25. Determining how to deal with divorce largely depends on a. whether we are dealing with children or adults. b. whether we see divorce as a problem or as a solution to problems. c. finding the best way to “dismantle the divorce culture.”

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Chapter 13 d. knowing which social class we are dealing with.

ANSWER: b 26. Property settlement, alimony, and child support are part of the economic divorce. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 27. During the uncoupling process, the initiator is dissatisfied or unhappy, but keeps such feelings to themselves. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 28. One proximal cause of divorce is age at marriage. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 29. The divorce rate has declined in recent years. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 30. The process of uncoupling in gay or lesbian relationships is distinct from the type of uncoupling that happens in heterosexual couples. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 31. Following divorce, women are primarily responsible for both childrearing and the economic support of children. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 32. The Child Support Enforcement Amendments and the Family Support Act require states to deduct delinquent support from fathers’ paychecks. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 33. Cohabitation vastly increases the risk of divorce. a. True b. False ANSWER: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 13 34. Adolescents usually blame themselves for their parents’ divorce. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 35. Noncustodial parental involvement varies depending on whether the custodial family is a single-parent family or a stepfamily. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 36. Discuss how societal factors influence divorce in America.

ANSWER: Will vary. Answers will include the changed nature of the family and social integration issues.

37. Describe the process of “uncoupling.”

ANSWER: Will vary. Answers will include the emergence of an initiator, separation distress, developing a postdivorce identity, and dating again.

38. Identify and describe the stations of the divorce process.

ANSWER: Will vary. Answers will include – in no specific order – the emotional divorce, the legal divorce, the economic divorce, the community divorce, the co-parent divorce, and the psychic divorce.

39. Discuss Wallerstein’s developmental tasks of divorce for children.

ANSWER: Will vary. Answers will include Wallerstein’s six tasks: acknowledging parental separation, disengaging from parental conflicts, resolving loss, resolving anger and self-blame, accepting the finality of divorce, and achieving realistic expectations of relationships.

40. Discuss factors which appear to be important in children’s adjustment after divorce.

ANSWER: Will vary. Answers will include talking openly with the child, having a cooperative co-parenting strategy, and maintaining relationships with both parents.

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Chapter 14 1. The stereotype of single-parent families as “broken homes” assumes that a. the single parent will not be satisfied until she or he has remarried. b. intact nuclear families are “happy,” and single-parent families are "unhappy". c. all are poor and have houses that are in grave disrepair. d. members of single-parent families break down society through their involvement in crime and delinquency.

ANSWER: b 2. The “broken home” stereotype of single-parent families a. assumes single mothers are responsible. b. is based on empirical evidence. c. is occasionally mixed with racism. d. also assumes that “intact families” are inadequate.

ANSWER: c 3. Stereotypes of single-parent families a. do not address issues facing single fathers. b. overemphasize that most births to single mothers are to women over age 20. c. are often objective. d. are completely adequate understandings of family life.

ANSWER: a 4. Between 1970 and 2014, the percentage of children living in single-parent families a. increased slightly. b. doubled. c. nearly tripled. d. remained stable.

ANSWER: b 5. A ______ father is a male relative, family associate, or mother’s partner who demonstrates parental behaviors and is like a father to the child. a. pseudo b. quasi c. social d. fill-in ANSWER: c 6. The type of single-parent family that receives the most social support is a. divorced. b. unmarried mothers. c. unmarried fathers. d. widowed.

ANSWER: d 7. How many children live in single-parent households?

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Chapter 14 a. 5 million b. 20 million c. 40 million d. 45 million ANSWER: b 8. For many single women in their 30s and 40s, single parenting has become a. more intentional. b. less prevalent. c. more likely to lead to divorce. d. less accepted.

ANSWER: a 9. Which of the following is true about lesbian and gay single parents? a. They most often became single parents as a result of widowhood. b. Some got married with the hope of “fitting in” and denying their homosexuality. c. The majority were not married before they became aware of their sexual orientation. d. There may be as many as 60 million lesbian and gay single parents in the United States today.

ANSWER: b 10. How many divorced single parents found that single parenting grows easier over time? a. Relatively few b. About half c. Almost two-thirds d. All of them ANSWER: c 11. Successful single parents have which theme running through their lives? a. Dedication to spontaneity b. Fostered conformity c. Recognition of the need for self -nurturance d. The weakest social support systems ANSWER: c 12. The effects of divorced single-parent households on children may include a lack of economic resources, money, attention, and guidance, and social connections that a father can provide; this is referred to as a. social fatherhood. b. family capital. c. social capital. d. community cohesion.

ANSWER: c 13. In more than _____ of current marriages, one or both spouses are remarrying. a. 40% Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 14 b. 55% c. 70% d. 85% ANSWER: a 14. Stepsibling issues a. include sharing one’s parent with new step-siblings. b. do not affect children who have already grown and left home. c. are typically easier to work through than learning to share one’s parent with a new stepparent. d. None of the answers are correct.

ANSWER: a 15. Courtship for remarriage may resemble courtship before the first marriage if a. the children are over age 12. b. neither partner has children. c. the couple is really in love. d. both partners are under age 30.

ANSWER: b 16. Which of the following are least likely to remarry after divorce? a. African American women b. Caucasian women c. Mexican American women d. Puerto Rican women ANSWER: a 17. Stepfamilies differ from traditional first-marriage families in all of the following ways, except a. the relationship between parent and child predates the relationship between the new partners. b. stepparents roles are ill defined. c. members have typically lost an important primary relationship. d. stepchildren typically no longer have grandparents.

ANSWER: d 18. Remarriage courtships a. have well-defined rules. b. are short, unless preceded by cohabitation. c. involve unrealistic expectations. d. rarely involve cohabitation prior to marriage.

ANSWER: b 19. Which of the following is a developmental stage of the stepfamily? a. Planning b. Distraction c. Unconsciousness Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 14 d. Action ANSWER: d 20. During which stage of stepfamily development do biological parents expect their children to love the new parent as much as they do? a. Awareness b. Immersion c. Fantasy d. Mobilization ANSWER: c 21. During which stage of stepfamily development do family members recognize differences, conflict becomes more open, and stepparents begin to take a stand? a. Mobilization b. Action c. Contact d. Resolution ANSWER: a 22. During which stage of stepfamily development do stepfamily members make intimate contact with each other, and their relationship becomes genuine? a. Mobilization b. Action c. Contact d. Resolution ANSWER: c 23. Which statement regarding women and men in stepfamilies is false? a. Most people go into stepfamily relationships expecting to recreate the traditional nuclear family. b. Stepmother-stepdaughter relationships are the most problematic. c. Stepparents tend to view themselves as more effective than natural fathers view themselves. d. Disciplining often elicits a child’s testing response.

ANSWER: c 24. Conflict in stepfamilies distinguished from conflict in traditional nuclear families is likely to center on which issue? a. Favoritism b. Personal conflicts c. Unified loyalty d. Objectivity ANSWER: a 25. In Marsiglio’s study (2004), he identified properties of the claiming process for stepfathers. Which of the following is a property of this process? a. The degree of deliberativeness b. The degree to which they have and use opportunities to be involved across a range of parental behaviors Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 14 c. The degree to which they find themselves thinking about, mindful of, or daydreaming about their stepchildren in ways that biological fathers do d. All of the answers are correct.

ANSWER: d 26. Our culture is still ambivalent about divorce and tends to consider divorce-induced, single-parent families as somewhat deviant. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 27. Never-married mothers tend to receive less social support than do widows. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 28. The number of children who live in single-parent families headed by fathers is about 3.9%. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 29. Many single-parent households contain two adults. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 30. A mother’s authority role stays the same after divorce. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 31. A major disappointment for many new single parents is the discovery that they are still lonely. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 32. Because children of single parents tend to have more power than children of two-parent families, they typically do not learn the importance of cooperation. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 33. A binuclear family is a postdivorce family system with children. a. True b. False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 14 ANSWER: True 34. Remarried couples are more likely to divorce. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 35. During the awareness stage of stepfamily development, stepparents begin to take a stand. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 36. Describe the characteristics of single parent families in the United States today.

ANSWER: Will vary. Answers will include that they are created by divorce or births to unmarried women; headed mainly by mothers; show variance by ethnicity; tend to be more impoverished; involve a diversity of living arrangements; and are considered transitional in many cases.

37. Describe the characteristics of successful single parents.

ANSWER: Will vary. Answers will include acceptance of responsibilities and challenges; parenting as first priority; consistent, nonpunitive discipline; emphasis on open communication; fostering individuality supported by the family; recognition of need of self-nurturance; and dedication to traditions and rituals.

38. Label and describe each of developmental stage of stepfamilies.

ANSWER: Will vary. Answers will discuss Early Stages (Fantasy, Immersion, and Awareness); Middle Stages (Mobilization and Action); and Later Stages (Contact, Resolution).

39. Describe the ways in which single-parent families have been stereotyped, and give an accurate description of these families.

ANSWER: Will vary. Answers will include discussion of the ideas that these are “broken homes” and children “out of wedlock.”

40. Discuss the subsystems of the binuclear family.

ANSWER: Will vary. Answers will include discussions of former spouse subsystems; remarried couple subsystems; parent-child subsystems; sibling, step-sibling, and half-sibling subsystems; and mother/stepmotherfather/stepfather subsystems.

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