Twente Airport Area Report by Niels Ruiter

06-11-2015

Final Report Create the Future (192850830)

GROUP 6 NIELS RUITER STEVEN OONK

MARK DE VRIES ROLF VAN DER TOOM Dr. ir. W. Eggink

dr. A.A. de la Bruheze

CONTENTS The Future of the Twente Airport Area ................................................................................................... 3 Actors ..................................................................................................................................................... 3 Factors .................................................................................................................................................... 7 Uncertainty / Importance Matrix ........................................................................................................... 12 Strategic Space ..................................................................................................................................... 13 Scenario 1: Knowledge Wars ................................................................................................................. 15 Scenario 2: Fragmentation of Europe ................................................................................................... 19 Scenario 3: Work as Fulfillment ............................................................................................................. 22 Chosen Scenario ................................................................................................................................... 25 Goals Of The Area ................................................................................................................................. 25 Role of the actors (incl. main actor) in the future................................................................................... 26 What Makes TAA Unique? .................................................................................................................... 26 Why would companies settle in the Twente Area? ................................................................................ 27 Brainstorm ............................................................................................................................................ 28 The Plan – How does it work? ............................................................................................................... 30 Twente Airport Area Layout.............................................................................................................. 31 The TAA Center ................................................................................................................................ 34 Technical elaboration ........................................................................................................................ 35 Growth in levels .................................................................................................................................... 38 Facilities and role of the airstrip ............................................................................................................ 38 Final Area Overview .............................................................................................................................. 39 Competition Between The Enterprises ................................................................................................. 40 Ecosystems and Facilities in the area .................................................................................................... 42 Mobility ................................................................................................................................................ 43 Start-up Examples ................................................................................................................................ 45 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 46 References ............................................................................................................................................ 46 Annex ................................................................................................................................................... 48 A1: Demography ............................................................................................................................... 48 A2: Economy ..................................................................................................................................... 49 1

A3: Education .................................................................................................................................... 50 A4: Employment ............................................................................................................................... 51 A5: Growth High Tech Sector ............................................................................................................ 52 A6: Importance of Nature ................................................................................................................. 52 A7: Innovative companies ................................................................................................................. 52 A8: Start-ups ..................................................................................................................................... 53 A9: Transport .................................................................................................................................... 54 A10: Scenario (From student to Start-up)…………………………………………………………………………….. 54

CREATE THE FUTURE THE FUTURE OF THE TWENTE AIRPORT AREA Nowadays the Twente Airport Area (TAA) is an abandoned terrain with little facilities, businesses and it looks somehow neglected. Nevertheless it has got a rich history and it offers many opportunities. We are therefore commissioned to design a completion on the basis of 5 different steps. The principal for this assignment is the Province of Overijssel and more specifically the Department of Spatial Developments. Three important goals of the principal are: 1) Keeping the highly educated students in the area 2) Improving the high-tech sector employment 3) Improve the connectivity between start-ups and bigger firms The main question that belongs to these goals is: What opportunities does the Twente Airport Area provide for sustainable quality employment? For answers to this question, the assignment is divided in different steps; starting with selecting actors and factors, determining uncertainties and process these into an Uncertainty/ Importance matrix. When this matrix is completed, subjected will be clustered and will be placed in a strategic place. Finally the scenario plots will be made to complete the scenario report. ACTORS To create a clear view of the TAA the factors and actors involved with the TAA must be mapped. The actors involved in the assignment of the principal are stated below in the visualization. On the next page all the actors will be further elaborated

Figure 1: Actors map

PROVINCE OF OVERIJSSEL The Twente Airport Area (TAA) is located in the south-eastern part of the province of Overijssel. Therefore it is in Overijssels interest to make the TAA an interesting location. A committee has been set up to investigate the possibilities for a new use of the TAA, especially to create more employment. Spatial Development Department The spatial development department, is a department within the province of Overijssel. This department is engaged in the countryside, the urban environment and just the entire setting of Overijssel. Making the province livable for every inhabitant. The countryside of Overijssel has many farms, estates, streams and small lakes creating Overijssels very own identity. So itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a challenge to preserve this identity and still creating opportunities. The urban environment has to offer a living space for everyone in Overijssel. The province closely works with different network cities to investigate its future and to make concrete investments. These urban areas are: network city Twente, network city Zwolle-Kampen and the triangle of Deventer-Apeldoorn-Zuthpen. The Spatial Planning Act allows the province to even look after its interests in the spatial development of the municipality. Therefore it is normal for the municipality to consult the province for its land use plans. In the area of R&D and innovation the province Overijssel has its focus on: high tech systems and materials, health and life sciences, chemistry, plastics and new energy. The top sectors of Overijssel are: agro & food, construction and tourism. EUROPEAN COMMISSION The European Union has five different investment funds to help the economic, social and territorial collaboration within the EU. These funds are being managed by the European Commission together with the national en regional authorities. The Netherlands is divided in four parts, one of those is East Netherlands. East Netherlands consists of the province of Overijssel and Gelderland. East Netherlands is getting money from the European funds, spending it for two thirds on the strengthening of research, technological development and innovation. Another thirty percent is spent on the research for innovation and use of low-carbon technologies. East Netherlands is working together with Germany in those fields. Because the TAA is located near the border between the Netherlands and Germany it can be an important place to co-operate between countries and firms. NATIONAL BOARD The Dutch government is occupied with lots of subjects and has a national policy. The provinces are links between the government and the municipalities. The link between the Dutch government and the TAA is that the TAA is currently possessed by the government. Right now the TAA is not a real profitable area, so it is in the interest of the Dutch Government to make it profitable. The Dutch government has a few fields of interest such as education, science, R&D and innovation to be fulfilled by a new destination for the TAA MILITARY The TAA was used as a military airbase by the German occupant in the Second World War. One year after the end of the Second World War the military airbase Twente was founded. To train Dutch pilots the Fighting Flight School was founded. In 1986 the F-16 age started for airbase Twente. This remained until 2004 when one of two flight squadrons was canceled. 4

In 2007 the area was officially transferred to the ministry of Finance. Now the TAA is being used as a training and educating ground for police, firefighters, medicals personnel and the military to experience disaster scenarios. MOBILITY The TAA is not that easy to reach, therefore looking at actors to increase the reachability is vital. The Ministry of Infrastructure and Environment and local public transport companies are these actors. This is vital because the TAA is quite a secluded area right now. Ministry of Infrastructure and Environment This ministry is responsible for main infrastructures in the Netherlands, including the design, construction management and maintenance. Some of the future goals of this ministry are reliable journey times and better accessibility. By 2020 motorists travelling in rush hours must be able to arrive on time in 95 percent of the cases. The Dutch economy heavily relies on transport and logistics so the main economic centers must remain accessible. If the TAA becomes one of these economic centers it has to become better accessible. The TAA is located near the highway (A1) but there is no real exit that gets you quickly to the TAA. The entrance way to the TAA is a small road with just enough width for two small cars to pass each other. Public transport Reaching the TAA by public transport is quite a challenge as well. There is no bus stop in the direct vicinity of the entrance of the airport. The nearest bus stop is located in the town Lonneker, it takes up to 22 minutes to walk from this bus stop to the entrance of TAA. Some of the roads along this route have no sidewalks for pedestrians. The public transport company in Twente is Syntus. Syntus provides the public transport in Gelderland, the central part of Overijssel and Twente. EDUCATION Risk Factory The Risk Factory currently has a hangar on the TAA. The Risk Factory is a part of the Twente Safety Campus. The Risk Factory is a learning center for kids from grades seven and eight to learn about safety. From the inside the hangar looks like a normal small village where all kinds of fire hazards can be spot and prevented. It also shows examples of fire hazards gone wrong so the kids learn what to do in emergency situations. University of Twente & Saxion The TAA is conveniently situated along the path from the Randstad to Germany. The University of Twente and Saxion are located near the TAA. The TAA can be an important place for these schools for project testing on a small scale. The runway can be used for things such as drone testing. The University of Twente and Saxion have formed the partnership Twente Safety & Security which has an important function in the development of innovative safety solutions for the public and private sector and the TAA is an important place to test these solutions. Some of the projects: -Solar Team Twente, reveal and testing of their new solar car named: The Red One. -Health Monitor Research in the Twente Airport Area -Members in Technology Base Twente Project 5

-Project with Apollo Vredestein, Reef Infra, University of Twente en the province Gelderland to investigate more silent and safer traffic, with the help of better roads and tires. Most of the graduates coming from the University of Twente are leaving Twente to move to the western part of the Netherlands. It could be a possible outcome for the TAA to keep these graduates in Twente to give a boost to the economy of Twente and Overijssel. The University of Osnabrück and University of Münster These universities are located just over the border in Germany. The TAA could be a place where these universities can work together with the University of Twente and Saxion. CITY COUNCILS The TAA is located in a triangle of Enschede, Hengelo and Oldenzaal. So it makes sense that the local municipalities of these cities have some involvement in future plan of TAA. The unemployment rate in Twente is growing but the high tech sector is growing. So for these cities it can be important to use the TAA to create new employment so the unemployment rate will decline. The percentage of highly educated people in Twente will only grow in the coming years, but most of these highly educated people tend to go to the big cities in the western part of the Netherlands. For Enschede, Hengelo and Oldenzaal it is crucial to keep these highly educated people here to create employment. JAN VAN ECK Some parts of the TAA are already sold, the Dutch entrepreneur Jan van Eck has bought some hangars on TAA and especially one very large hangar named Hangar 11 with ground surface of 10.000 square meters. Entrepreneur Jan van Eck wants to organize all types of events in these hangars. For the future of TAA it is important to make sure Jan van Eck is involved in the plans. This can lead to plans in line with either the ideas of the province of Overijssel or the ideas of Jan van Eck. HERITAGE PRESERVATION The TAA has its fair share of history, from its use in the Second World War to the later use for the F-16 fighter jets. Jan Schukkink from the municipality of Enschede pleas for a monument status for the German built structures on TAA. So the national heritage wants to preserve the historical buildings for further generations. LANDSCHAP OVERIJSSEL Landschap Overijssel sees lots of opportunities in day recreation, small holidays, horse riding, care/wellness, etc. to stimulate the economic development in the area. Developments with more job offerings and a high quality landscape. Even small scale businesses have opportunities, provided that they will fit to the natural environment. The current plan focuses too much on the settling of companies in the Airport Area. Aren’t there enough already? Landschap Overijssel plead for a course where the new function of the area does not affect the quality of the environment, but enrich it. The current quality needs to be nurtured and the influence of the new developments needs to be assessed on the effects to human, plants and animals. BIG FIRMS To make sure that there will not be a financial problem in the TAA it is needed for big firms to invest or to settle there. These big firms will probably be in the high-tech sector. The investments are mostly 6

used to make it easy for start-ups to settle there. If these big firms themselves are settling in the TAA it will attract smaller companies, creating new collaborations. These big firms will also provide new employment which is needed in Twente. FACTORS To make a good forecast for the future, actors and factors have to be analyzed. In this case, because the employment of the area is very important, the following factors have been taken into account:  Demography  Economy  Education  Employment  High-tech sector  Importance of nature  Innovative companies  Start-ups  Transport The development of all these factors contributes to the opportunities that the TAA can provide for sustainable quality employment and highly educated students in the area of Twente in the future. All these factors have been researched about the way they will develop the next 25 years. Respectively, a description of the factor, the predicted progress of the factor, the uncertainties and relation with other factors and the references of the data are given below of every factor. As stated the developments of the factors will bring uncertainties with them, which also will be used for building the scenarios. DEMOGRAPHY Forecast Demography is the research that can be done of quantitative aspects of the population. In this case, the total population of the Netherlands and Twente, the population of rural and urban areas in the Netherlands and Twente and the population of Enschede sorted by age have been analyzed. The last few years a growth of the population in Overijssel has been perceived. This growth will continue until 2030. After that it will slowly decline. In Twente the same observation has been done but will peak in 2025. At the same time a trend of urbanization is visible in all of the Netherlands including Twente. Cities as Borne and Oldenzaal will grow with 5 to 10%, and Hengelo and Enschede with 1% the next 15 years. On the other hand, the population with an age of 0 to 24 years old is the biggest in Enschede, but quickly declines after that. This can be explained by the big number of students that moves out of Enschede after graduating at their university of college. References The data is based on the Databank Twente[1], Kennispunt Twente[2], Twente Index[3], OECD[4], Saxion[5], Tubantia[6] and the CBS[7].

ECONOMY Forecast The economy can be defined as the management of financial resources, the market and the industry of a country. To measure economic growth multiple ratings can be used. In this case the GDP (Gross Domestic Product). Compared to 2009, the beginning of the economic crisis in the Netherlands, a growth of the GDP is visible. At the beginning of 2015, the GDP of the Netherlands was at the same level as before the crisis. Experts expect that the growth will continue for the next few years. More uncertain is the long term development. Factors and actors as the EU, weak economies inside of the EU, global crisisâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, employment rate and inflation can influence the economy the next decades. Related actors EU, National Board, Big Firms, City Councils References The main source of the data that has been used is from the CPB[8] (central planning office) EDUCATION Forecast For the education, the number of highly educated people in the Netherlands and Twente has been analyzed. Looking at the last 19 years, the amount of people following a higher education in the Netherlands is increasing. Since 1996 10% more HBO and 5% more WO students have graduated. Especially the last 10 years the growth is stable. If this continues, in 2040 there will be two till three times more highly educated people in the Netherlands compared to 2012. A factor which has great influence on this trend is the population growth of the Netherlands. The more people there are, the greater the number (not the ratio) of highly educated people that is possible. A big related actor is the government and the governmental policy: the amount they invest in education. Related actors EU, National Board, City Councils References This data is based on the CBS[9] and Onderwijs in Cijfers[10] cooperation between the CBS, DUO and OCW). EMPLOYMENT Forecast Related to the economy is the employment. In Twente the unemployment rate is one of the biggest in

the country. To construct a clear image, the employment rate in Twente and the employment rate in the High-tech sector have been observed. A systematically policy in Twente resulted in improvements of the employment rate. Partly, the university and HBOâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s invested into the High Tech sector in Twente. This caused better results compared to the rest of the Netherlands. Nevertheless, the unemployment in the area remains high. This is also the case for the next 25 years. Innovative technologies take over the workforce which is done by people these days. In Overijssel, the amount of work will increase for higher educated people because of the investments in R&D. But for lower educated people the amount of work will decrease. These developments are based on technological developments, innovation and the influence of robotics. Related actors EU, National Board, Big Firms, City Councils, Education References References for this information is from NISTEP[11] (National Institute of Science Technology Policy Japan), Research Gate[12], OECD[13], Working Group of Social Trends[14] and The Millennium Project[15] GROWTH HIGH TECH SECTOR Forecast As stated before, Twente invested in High-tech industry and development of new techniques and companies. In this factor there has been looked at the way the High Tech sector is growing. Not only in Twente, but also in the rest of the world. The High Tech sector is developing quickly. Most of it is visible in the innovation and production. The techniques are likely to replace rather than create jobs. Important in the high tech sector are robotics, AI, 3D-printing, drones and nanotechnology. Also the health industry will be revolutionized by the developments in this sector. The energy sector might be saturated due to the developments of solar energy which produces energy for practically nothing. Related actors EU, National Board, Big Firms, Education References NISTEP[11] (National Institute of Science Technology Policy Japan), Research Gate[12], OECD[13], Working Group of Social Trends[14] and The Millennium Project[15] IMPORTANCE OF NATURE Forecast In a crowed country like the Netherlands, nature is always under pressure. Cities want to expand themselves, roads have to be made and industrial areas are developed. For most of these projects, nature is in their way. For the last decennia, the Dutch citizen has the opinion that nature is important. Research shows that the average opinion of the Dutch citizen concerning nature versus the economy has been in favor of nature. But in the last results show that in the last few years the opinion has 9

changed. Compared to 2006, 10% more people in 2013 thought that nature shouldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t stand in the way of economic growth. A possible reason could be the economic crisis. Related actors are the governments and environmental organizations. By making policy they can influence the opinion of the people. Also factors as climate change and technical innovations relate on the subject. Related actors EU, National Board, City Councils, Heritage Preservation, Landschap Overijssel References Reference: WUR[16] (Wageningen University and Research centre) INNOVATIVE COMPANIES Forecast To keep up with the competition a lot of companies innovate. They need to invest in new technologies and development. In the Netherlands almost 50% of the companies are doing innovative work in one way or another. Compared to a lot of other countries this is an average amount. When the economic crisis of 2009 struck, the innovation in the Netherlands rose. This can be explained due to a tactic companies had. It helped them attract foreign companies to further invest in the Netherlands. The innovative character of companies depends on several other factors and actors. Like the economy, investors, the governments subsidies and the technological advancements of the area and country. Related actors EU, National Board, City Councils, Big Firms References References are from the CBS[17], nu.nl[18] and Eurostat[19]. START-UPS Forecast Yearly, in the Netherlands a lot of companies are established. The government keeps track of this number of starting enterprises but also includes freelancers, small and average sized companies (MKB), headquarters and brand offices of big companies and start-ups. In this big mass of companies, start-ups characterize themselves as a young company with a small number of employees (often higher educated) which work on innovative technologies. Currently, there are at least 700 start-up companies which contribute to 1,5% of the growth of the employment rate in the Netherlands. In Twente more than half of the start-ups stay inside of the area (59% of the Saxion start-ups and 54% of the UT start-ups). The question is if start-ups will continue making jobs. In Eindhoven and Enschede the extra employment has stopped growing due to start-ups. An explanation can be found in the fact that start-up companies leave the area when being successful. 10

Related actors EU, National Board, City Councils, Big Firms, Education References The data has been found at Workingprogress[20], KVK[21] and Twente Index[22]. Transport Forecast How will people transport themselves in 25 years? The last few years there has been a growth in car ownership in the Netherlands. The economy has a big influence on the grow rate. The growing group of elderly has more travel time and travels more often with individual transport. The individualization also has a big influence, the more households, and the more cars. Next to this development the use of trains is steadily growing since 2004, while the use of busses/trams/metro is more stabile. The growth of the train use will continue in the future. The reason is re-urbanization, there is a difference in growth between the cities and country sides. The growing car use has a big influence on public transport, especially in the country side. The current public transport does not fit in the busy and intensified lifestyle. Related actors Mobility, City Councils, National Board References References: CBS[23 & 24] and Leukeleu[25] UNCERTAINTIES AND FACTORS Some factors can’t be predicted with a great amount of certainty, because they are related to uncertain factors. Some of these factors have been treated, others haven’t. All the treated factors and the untreated uncertain factors will be integrated into the next step, the U/I matrix. A list of all the uncertainties which came up during this step:  Leisure time (activities and amount of time) (related to the importance of nature)  Individualization (related to education and transport)  Global trade (related to the economy)  Inflation rate (related to the economy)  Intensification of lifestyle (related to transport)  Ageing (related to demography)  Income (related to economy and employment)  Technological Development (related to education, innovative companies, importance of nature, amount of start-ups, transport and employment)

UNCERTAINTY / IMPORTANCE MATRIX

Figure 2: Uncertainty importance matrix The uncertainties from these factors have been placed in an uncertainty/importance matrix (fig. 2). This matrix is divided into four parts: waste, There Is No Alternative (TINA), secondary issues and scenario issues. The items placed into the secondary issues area are the items which are going to be used in the following strategic place and the scenarios. For example the use of public transport is quite uncertain as well as important. Its uncertainty derives from the fact that the car use is increasing in rural areas and what does that mean for the public transport sector. Is it going to grow or does it stay the same? That is the uncertainty. Economy is quite important for the development of the TAA, if the economy is declining fast the TAA will not be the first point of issue for the province and the Netherlands. The education is important for the entire region but looking at data from the number of students it is not that uncertain in comparison to the economy how many highly educated people there will be. How the educational system will look like is more uncertain. Will new technologies make for a completely different type of learning? Ageing is an issue that canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t be stopped so there is no alternative.

STRATEGIC SPACE It can be seen, that the different factors and uncertainties in the U/I-matrix received a color. Factor with matching colors have a relation, they influence each other positively, negatively or are completely opposite of each other. The factors in the top right side have the biggest influence in creating our scenarios. There is a clustering of orange and green factors in the top right corner. The orange factors in the top right corner consists of; income, economy, investments in R&D and also employment in the high-sector could be part of this group. All these factors have a large influence on each other. Economy has a large influence on the height of the investments and employment rate. When the economical growth is low, there is almost no possibility to invest in R&D. When there is a high economic growth the employment rate will also grow. Al these factors are dominated by two agencies; the market and the state. They form the horizontal axis of the strategic space (fig. 3) The green factors are the technological developments and changes in the educational system. The immense growth in highly educated and urge to innovate in new technological sectors are two of the biggest trends that were found in the analysis. The way we educate has a big influence on how our society will function. This means education will be on our vertical axis, and on this axis the base of education is placed, namely the students. They are divided in highly and low educated students. The uncertainty of this factor is high, and this forms a good basis to generate a variety of scenarios.

Figure 3: Strategic Space 13

SCENARIO 1: KNOWLEDGE WARS POLICY The number of startup companies has increased enormously (fig. 4) and has caused more and more employment. The government is enforcing this phenomenon by starting funds for startups. By creating an environment by and for businesses, a part of the profits of the companies can be refund to the state. In this way businesses allow the state to fund new companies and this will guarantee some degree of equality in society.

Growth Start-Ups Number of Start-Ups

7000 6000 5000 4000

UT Start-ups

3000

Saxxion Start-ups

2000

Totaal

1000 0

2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004

Figure 4: Growth in Start-Ups Twente Another beneficial aspect is that the state can decide whether particular startups are worth the fund or not. So the state can decide in what direction the society should move by subsidizing right companies. For the region Twente for example, the government could decide to fund explicitly in Nano-technology. This can be done because there already is a strong basis in the area and connections with neighbor country Germany could be strengthened. Because of this new way of funding and starting companies, the gap between different levels of society will decrease. Financial equality and social balance will be maintained and this causes a stable economy. Because the state is receiving many refunds of thriving startups and other well-established companies, it has a lot of money available. This money isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t only used to fund startups, itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s also meant for basic health insurances and basic income for the less rich ones. (fig. 5)

Figure 5: Investment Money Flow

Another important development is the growing influence of the EU. Main goal of the European Union is to compete with the great world forces like the US, Brazil, South-Africa, China etc. To accomplish this goal, globalization in the high-tech sector is needed. This bundled knowledge makes Europe a strong union. EDUCATION Since 1996 the number of high-educated graduates is increasing. This trend has continued and the government is responding to these developments by funding startup companies as mentioned before. This gives them the opportunity to enforce the high-tech economy and compete with the rest of the world. The increasing number of students has another consequence as well: the number of startup companies will increase. However, it wonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t be possible for the state to fund all these startups. This is why the state has to decide whether particular companies will receive their funds or not. This way of dealing with startups will have another development as a result. Most startups depend on these funds and will have to come with a convincing and contributing plan to improve the society. Competition between start-ups therefore is great and this will trigger the full perseverance of them. The graph below shows the increasing number of students (of Twente compared to the rest of the Netherlands).

Highly Educated Students 300000

Number of Students

250000 200000

Hoger Onderwijs Nederland

150000

Wetenschappelijk Onderwijs Nederland

100000

Aantal Studenten Saxxion/UT

50000

00/01 02/03 04/05 06/07 08/09 10/11 12/13 14/15

Figure 6: Growth of Highly Educated Students This competition between students will be triggered even more by the fact that the number of universities will decrease. Instead of the current situation with many universities, some â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;megauniversitiesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; will take over. They have just one goal: to make use of the enormous talent pool and to further improve the quality of research & development. Universities have rigorous, global selection processes to ensure they get the best candidates. Students from all over the country want to study in a particular region to teach in their field of profession. Available education is extensive and varied. Courses in the sciences, technology, ICT, marketing, advertising, languages, economics and law offer better opportunities in the labor market.

There is a fierce competition between these universities to reach the top, a so called ‘knowledge war.’ We have entered a new phase: the competition has become fiercer now that the number of players has increased, and the stakes are higher than ever. The lower educated people will also do their part in the growing competitive knowledge-based economy. They are needed to get the ideas and theories of the startups into motion. Practical knowledge and labor is needed for these kinds of employment. SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES This new approach on the economy and education also affects the society. Because of the increasing competition, work motivation will be needed to acquire some kind of status. This status is needed to contribute to the high-tech field. Furthermore there is the great number of startup companies. To receive their fund from the state, startups have to distinguish them from other companies. This urge to individualization and distinction will cause many divisions in the high-tech sector. Another important change with the society of today, is that the state will be the leading instance. They regulate the money-flows and will ensure that the gap between the rich and the poor won’t be too large. The concept of money won’t be leading any longer, status and recognition in your profession will become more important.

SCENARIO 2: FRAGMENTATION OF EUROPE POLICY The European Union is still a whole, however itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s affected by an economic crisis in the last years. The European Union and the Netherlands do not know what to do anymore. The trust and believe in one central Europe is gone. Therefore the European Union as well as the Netherlands are fragmented. Companies and inhabitants in regions whole over Europe are taking matters into their own hands, cooperating to stabilize the economy in their region. Innovation knowledge, research & development and science are important for the economic growth in the region. Not every region has been equally successful in pulling itself out of the mud. Some parts of Europe have become depopulated, while others have blossomed and became centers of activity. Each region has its very own networking city. Geographical circumstances and locations have helped to determine the development potential Because of the fragmentation of Europe and in parts of the Netherlands, there is a huge diversity in the number of start-ups and firms per region. This is why there is a big variation in the economic development per region depending on its specialization. The specialization is also strongly dependent on the technological development per region (fig. 7). The Advanced Material Sector as well as the Nanotechnology is important for specialization in the Twente area. Other regions will specialize in other subjects for example: healthcare, food-safety, security, privacy and resources.

Figure 7: Region Specialization

Certain sectors are competing with other sectors within the same specialization, this has become more intense due to the fragmentation. Certain regions are really competing for the development of the best and newest technologies, this leads to high quality employment. Because of the many different specializations and many start-ups there is a lot of employment created in the high-tech sector. One disadvantage is that the guarantee of getting a job is getting lower due to the high quality standards. Another disadvantage is that not everyone can join the leading companies in a sector. EDUCATION The educational system has really been turned upside down. The universities are no longer known as we saw them in 2015. The students can choose certain sectors, not just technical sectors. There are also social and economic sectors are sectors which they can choose from. The different regions each have their very own training center in their specialization. This is where they do all the research in their area. The student is already somewhat working for the company specialized in a certain field. The business community would like to invest in this area. The universityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s research program is strongly linked with the regionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s economic chances and possibilities. They form conglomerations with the business community in knowledge producing and knowledge dissemination units. A good cooperation between schools and businesses is crucial. The students are helping with thinking along and trying to innovate in the sectors for the companies they work for. The student will have a combination of intense practical experience and theoretical knowledge which will form the base for start-ups to be able to innovate. The students will go to high-school before they choose their sector. This choice will be based on a competence report which will be prepared by the high-schools. The qualities of the students will be featured to be able to choose a suitable sector. Companies are also able to scout promising students and take them to their region to keep the level of innovation high in the region. Being able to work together as regions with the same specialization is important to compete with the competition outside Europe. The small regions make it simpler for the sectors to work together, a lot of borders have disappeared. The technological innovations and disappearing borders have a result that makes cooperating between Twente and Amsterdam just as easy as cooperating between Twente and Berlin. These cooperationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s are important to compete with the leading countries such as Japan, SouthKorea and Brazil. This competing attitude will have an effect that will really boost the competing position of Europe in comparison to other parts of the world. SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES The population is really into the do-it-yourself attitude, the success is dominated by creativity, entrepreneurship and independence. Each inhabitant is really helping the region. Because of the regional development a lot of individualization is possible. Individual interests are to be found in different regions making them settle in the Network cities. The inhabitants are much more specialized in their own discipline.

SCENARIO 3: WORK AS FULFILLMENT POLICY The high drive for innovation in the past decades made it possible new technologies were developed, the so called world changing technologies. They provided an immense raise in wealth in the past years. An example is Artificial Intelligence (AI), a sector that continues to deliver a growth in wealth. The costs of living were also decreased by cheaper manufacturing methods. The government is barely involved in the market and has little influence on innovation and growth of the economy. The growth of the past years has reached its peak, and in the future there will be few impulses in the economy. The market dominates with the companies and the society, which learned to use the global brain to become super-professionals, mindful, craving for harmony instead of hate, and create our own (professional and citizens') circles of social security instead of depending on government Due to the arrival of automation by using AI and robotics (fig. 8) in the manufacturing process, the definition of employment has changed. The high rate of unemployment (fig. 9), has turned the other way around, despite the increasing automation. The definition of employment has changed in the sense that there are two markets; the labour market for the highly educated and the leisure market for the non-/lower educated. Only the highly educated still have a traditional job. They are able to specialize in the technological sector that grew the past decades, and can develop themselves in these areas. The lower educated donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have their traditional jobs with a 40hr working week. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a world in which Figure 9: Average Rate of Unemployment by 2050

Technologies Replacing Jobs

Causative Strength

Robotics

7.51

Integration and synergies among these making technologies not known today

6.92

Artificial Intelligence

6.81

Artificial General Intelligence

6.47

Retraining unable to keep up with accelerating technological changes

6.43

3D/4D Printing

6.14

Other Factors

5.54

Drones

5.35

Nanotechnology

5.19

Synthetic Biology

4.66

Figure 8: Average Rating of Technologies Likely to Replace Rather than Create More Jobs by 2050 22

everyone makes themselves useful in one or another way. The unemployed” will have a base income and social security provided by the working industry. EDUCATION The lower educated have little urge to learn. They have social security and they contribute to society in another way, so they also have satisfaction in their tasks. It’s also impossible to fight against automation, it’s inevitable. Automation reduces production costs in such matter; it’s not beneficial to use people. Meanwhile the highly educated continue to develop themselves in their specialization areas. After years of growth, the increase in highly educated students has stagnated. (fig. 10)The educational system did not change a lot. Though the students have more freedom to choose an area of their interest, and determine the timeframe in which they want to study. They can also determine which learning environment they prefer themselves: knowledge is offered in learning groups, libraries, at the workplace (hospital, town hall, knowledge institution). The only big difference is the online learning communities, which makes it possible to teach the necessary knowledge online, and have an international communication system between students. Past decades have proved that intensive collaboration between different countries and organizations is paying off and makes it possible to belong to the world top. By their extensive training, students are: creative, flexible and enterprising.

Highly Educated Students 160000

Number of Students

140000 120000 Hoger Onderwijs Nederland

100000 80000 60000

Wetenschappelijk Onderwijs Nederland

40000

Aantal Studenten Saxxion/UT

20000

00/01 02/03 04/05 06/07 08/09 10/11 12/13 14/15

Figure 10: Stagnating number of students by 2040

SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES By changing the definition of employment, lots of leisure time will be created for the lower educated. There is a growth in new jobs in leisure, recreation, and health care industries. This time will be spent on activities that valuably contribute to the society. Examples are increase in participatory democracies, protecting the environment, promoting research and creativity, and awareness of the social responsibility of all to all. There are fewer jobs available for the lower educated, but they have a growing work ethic and motivation to contribute to society. Some sort of self-employment that is stimulated by organizing grass roots for example. Basic income and social security bring social stability, satisfaction doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t include income, but a contribution to the community. By creating social security, the creativity of the target group is enlarged to tackle local problems. A visualization of the scenario can be found below (fig. 11).

Figure 11: Scenario 3 Visualization

CHOSEN SCENARIO The different scenarios created are: Fragmentation of Europe, Work as Fulfillment and the Knowledge Wars. The Fragmentation of Europe assumes that the society is dominated by the market and there are a lot of highly educated people. Work as Fulfillment assumes that the society is also market dominated but this time there are a lot of lower educated people. Knowledge Wars is the scenario where there are a lot of highly educated people and the society is mainly state dominated. The scenario â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Knowledge Warsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; is the scenario that will be used to create a future plan for the TAA. The idea that someone gets selected for a start-up or company based on their knowledge sounds very interesting. This scenario also allows for start-ups to get started quite easily because of the funds supplied by the government. This scenario also better suits the actor which is the province of Overijssel. This scenario allows the province of Overijssel to really make a difference within the province. All of the actions will be directed via Europe and the province of Overijssel has the executive power. GOALS OF THE AREA To make the TAA a successful area some goals are set to achieve this. The area has to be specialized in the Nano-/Advanced Material Sector. This is in line with the research done by the University of Twente and the Mesa+ institute. The area has to become an area that attracts people. It has to attract highly educated students for the talent pools in the high tech sector. It has to be attractive for people to settle their start-up at the TAA creating employment. The TAA also has to attract big firms to support the start-ups and even collaborating with the start-ups. This attraction has to improve the high-tech employment in Twente, keeping the highly educated students in the Twente area rather than moving to the western part of the Netherlands. Openness is important for the start-ups to communicate with other start-ups and big firms. Each startup has to have its own show floor to show their research and to see what other start-ups are doing. Even students and other people visiting the area can see what they are doing. This openness leads to a higher level of communication eventually leading to better research and growing start-ups. It is important for these start-ups to conduct their research or even test different aspects of their research. That is why there has to be some kind of testing facilities to do so. Some kind of convention center is needed to attract the big firms that are not located in the TAA. This convention center shall be used for the start-ups to present their ideas alongside other start-ups. The big firms are invited to attend these conventions to look for new ideas and research. These big firms are then able to support and collaborate with the start-ups. The airstrip can play a vital role in the attendance of these big firms. The big firms can be flown in from all over the world making it easier to attend these conventions. The centre building will not be a convention centre in its daily use. These conventions are not being held every day. The most of the time the centre building has to be a knowledge center where all of the employees of start-ups can gather and exchange their knowledge. When all of these goals are fulfilled the main goal can be achieved. This main goal is that the TAA can compete on world level in the field of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials. Competing with other countries for more research and development investments. Eventually leading to being a world leader in this field and placing the Netherlands and Europe on the world map. 25

ROLE OF THE ACTORS (INCL. MAIN ACTOR) IN THE FUTURE In 2040 the world looks different then these days. The National Government has largely disappeared and the European Union has taken over most of her tasks. The local governments, the provinces, are the main executive power. Concerning the TAA, the military has lost his power on this area. The area is a booming business park which is easy accessible. Mobility is mainly controlled by the province of Overijssel (busses and monorails) and the European Union (highways and railways). The TAA is a booming business center specially designed for nanotechnology and advanced materials start-ups. It gets her starting companies and students from a big talent pool created by the mega universities in the Netherlands, for example, the University of Eastern Netherlands. As described later in the report, the province of Overijssel and the European Union are working together inside of the TAA. The TAA is a business park in which nanotechnology and advanced materials start-ups can settle and grow. The province of Overijssel will be a driving force in the TAA concerning the growth of the start-ups. The European Union is headed above the province of Overijssel. Overijssel has to ensure that the decisions made by the EU are implemented in her own area. The province will play a role as a local actor in a global player. WHAT MAKES TAA UNIQUE? One thing that makes the TAA so unique is that it’s a widespread area. About 480 hectares of space is available. Another unique feature of the TAA is its long runway. The length of the runway is quite unique for such a small airport, the length of the runway allows for relatively big airplanes to land and take off. If the safety zones on either end of the runway are reinforced even larger planes can land and take off from the TAA. The area consists of more than just the runway. The remaining space is still large enough for things such as entrepreneurship, living and recreation. The TAA is located between the tree big cities of Enschede, Hengelo and Oldenzaal. Contributing to the five million people living within a radius of 70 kilometers from the TAA. Since Enschede is located near the TAA the University of Twente is also located near the TAA. This means that there are some highly educated people nearby. Sadly the most of these highly educated people are moving to the western part of the Netherlands after graduation. The Twente Area has lots of unique and protected natural areas. With a great diversity of flora and fauna. The TAA is located between four nature areas: the Lonnekermeer, Hof Espelo, ‘t Holthuis and the Lonnekerberg. The Lonnekermeer and Hof Espelo areas are characterized by their estates and wide open fields. The areas of Lonnekerberg and ‘t Holthuis are more rural areas with creeks, fields and woods created by nature in many years.

Figure 12: Natural Areas36 The area also has a high historic value. The airport played an important role during the Second World War as ´Fliegerhorst´ for the Luftwaffe. It is also possible to find more remains of the Second World War in the surrounding area. Even after Second World War the Airbase Twente does not lack history. Several old F-16 shelter, hangers and other remains of the former use can be found. It is possible to provide a new meaning for these historical elements, to enhance the interesting and rich history of the area. WHY WOULD COMPANIES SETTLE IN THE TWENTE AREA? Why is the Twente Airport Area such an interesting area to build a Nanotechnology Center? There are many other possibilities to establish an international research center anywhere in the country. What makes Twente unique compared to the rest of the Netherlands? There is one field where Twente excels compared to the Netherlands and even the world. The University of Twente is specialized in Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials. This is due to research done by the University of Twente and institutes such as Mesa+. Students from this region have lots of knowledge and innovative ideas, they are able to create new start-ups. However the majority of graduated students are leaving Twente to go to the western part of the Netherlands. For these start-ups to succeed they have to be located in a place where collaboration and openness are stimulated. If these start-ups need equipment for their research these required resources (machines for example) should be easily accessed. The TAA, in the center of Twente, offers a large space for this Nanotechnology Center. The natural environment offers a unique possibility to support high quality sustainable employment. Besides, the area offers a unique chance to combine the Nanotechnology research with nature. This is one of the main inspirations for the design. Connectivity also is an important aspect. The area is located between the cities Enschede, Hengelo and Oldenzaal so it could be an area that connects the three cities to make it a unity comparable to the ‘Randstad’ in the western part of the Netherlands. The highway north of the area makes the area more accessible for visitors coming from every part of the Netherlands and even Germany. The unique runway may feature a possibility to increase connectivity and it can even be used to be internationally accessible.

BRAINSTORM In the scenario Knowledge Wars a quite realistic scenario of the world in 2040 has been sketched. But thereâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a missing factor to make the design more attractive. A brainstorm session/research on three different factors: mobility, architecture and nanotechnology applications (fig. 13), brought the solution to make the ideas for the area (and the project) more interesting.

Figure 13: Brainstorm Interesting Future Development NANOTECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS Investigation has been done to different applications that could be interesting for the TAA design. These applications can be found in the image above. From the investigation it can be concluded that there may be a future for living/growing materials with the help of Nano manufacturing in a very far future (not in 25 years). There will be existing materials with added properties such as self healing materials, different coatings (solar cells, heat reflective, CO2 absorbing coating, etc) and extremely light and strong materials that will be used in construction. There may also be a future for flexible (elastic) and strong building materials to create a new way of designing buildings. It is possible to use nanotechnology in such a way that it improves the efficiency of windmills by generating electricity from heat dissipation. This can also be used on solar cells, that even the heat caused by reflection is harvested and converted to some form of energy. The nanotechnology can also greatly reduce the costs of solar cells and make them highly efficient. Maybe these solar cells can even be installed as a coating on windows or other materials to make a building even more energy efficient. 28

Nanophotonic material is a material which can be used as a coating. The use of this nanophotonic material is that it radiates heat back into space as infrared radiation, cooling buildings without having to use electricity to run air conditions units. The mobility can benefit from Nanotechnology. For instance it can make the production of fuels from raw materials much more efficient. Therefore improving the efficiency of fuel cells and reducing their costs. Nanotechnology may even help capturing carbon dioxide with a type of coating. For example the exhaust of a car is coated with that material it will reduce the carbon dioxide emissions quite a bit. Nanotechnology can also be used to build houses with lighter materials. Employing materials made from carbon nanotubes reducing the weight. Another application is aerogel, a material that has a very low density but has very good mechanical properties. This means that the thickness of for example the wall of a house can be reduced to one third the original thickness. Using nanotechnology in fabrics is another use. For instance it can be used to make water and stain resistant fabrics. Some fabrics filled with nanoparticles can even conduct electricity or it could change its color. This can then be used for a whole new type of high-resolution displays. MOBILITY Transport in- and outside the Twente Airport Area is very important. How do people transport themselves to the TAA and how do they transport themselves inside the area? A choice has been made to make the whole area car free. The reason is the strong bond between the TAA and the natural environment. The location must be reachable by car of course, but inside the area there are no cars. There is only a possibility for personal vehicles such as segways, hover boards, etc. A new way of travelling in the TAA is necessary to cover the large distances. ARCHITECTURE Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s interesting to look at the way buildings grow to go with the development of the start-ups. Thereby the buildings must accommodate/improve connectivity and positive competition between the start-ups and bigger firms. The area has a strong bond with nature that must return in the building and infrastructure of the area. Positive competition and connection must be clear in the way office spaces/buildings are designed.

THE PLAN â&#x20AC;&#x201C; HOW DOES IT WORK?

Figure 14: Sketch of the plan In the sketch above (fig. 14), the initial idea is explained broadly. It started with some key elements like openness, connectedness, naturally and organically shaped. Thereâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s been tried to create one whole between architecture and nature. This nature is coming back in the design in multiple ways. First of all, the design has this simple and open exterior, due to the transparency the green environment will be visible all through the building (fig. 15). When placed in the area, all the buildings together will look like a naturally - from the ground emerged - business center (like a petri dish). Due to the dynamic umbrella-shaped roof, the buildings can change appearance. If the amount of work and success grows, the building will follow this trend as well. Lastly, this simplistic design offers a lot of opportunities (and challenges) regarding the implementation of nanotechnology and advanced materials.

Figure 15: The architecture in a natural environment

TWENTE AIRPORT AREA LAYOUT The Twente Airport Area is a nursery for start-ups specialized in Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials. The area can be compared with a petri dish where bacteria are grown. The center is the place where the bacteria samples are placed and grow out, fantastic structures and large colonies are the result (fig. 16). Colonies can cooperate to grow even harder and compete for growth space in different areas. This so called multi-colonial community, bacterial social intelligence is usually used for cooperation between colonies of different species. For example, each colony develops its own expertise in performing specific tasks for the benefit of the entire community, and they all coordinate the work done. This is the whole idea of the Twente Airport Area. In the center the small start-ups emerge, as their â&#x20AC;&#x153;foodâ&#x20AC;? supply increases they start to grow up to bigger firms. The idea of nursery on a petri dish served as inspiration for the TAA layout. The area will therefore, from now on, be called NIAT:

-The Nano Incubation Area Twente-

Figure 16: The petri-dish infrastructure

TWENTE AIRPORT AREAS The existing Twente Airport Area can be divided in three subareas; the airport, business and leisure. The three areas will be treated below: AIRPORT The airport consist of the 3km long air strip with the existing/rebuild control tower (fig. 17). To store airplanes from business visitors and leisure flight clubs, a few hangars are needed. The hangars will be built in the area near the airstrip. So travelling distance will be short and the airport is compact. The airstrip splits the area in half. Therefore a connection between the two parts is necessary.

Figure 17: The control tower (left) and the runway (right) - Runway - Few hangars - Control Tower BUSINESS The business center is the area that will be designed. It consists out of a large center with the company buildings around it. The bunkers are spread around the area and will be used as work spaces. The technology and machines will be available for t he companies in the area. Connectivity to the working space is really important for the small start ups. - NIAT Center - Company Buildings - Work Space in F16-shelters (fig. 18)

Figure 18: The F16-shelter (left) and a hangar (right) 32

LEISURE Due to the preservation of nature the NIAT environment is a very smart, but green area. The natural environment of the NIAT displays the green image of the area; thereby it offers lots of opportunities for leisure activities such as walking or cycling. There also needs to be a place for hotels and restaurants to offer their services to foreign visitors. There are some â&#x20AC;&#x153;historicâ&#x20AC;? buildings such as hangars in the area that could be rebuilt to facilitate hotels or restaurants for visiting guests. (Historic Value)

Figure 19: The natural environment (left) and the inside of a hangar (right) - Restaurants (in central building or rebuild hangars) (fig. 19) - Hotel (other building) - Nature Area (all over the area) (fig. 19)

THE NIAT CENTER The main building of the former Twente Airport Area is placed in the center of it. This center forms a real iconic image for the area with its huge size and the organic shapes. The center isn’t only an iconic building, it also adds value to the environment. The center fulfills many functionalities, these will be stated below. First of all the building includes a great conference center which is available for the many offices and startups located in the area. People from all over the world are able to easily reach this location. Monorails make it possible for the nearby environment to get to the center. For businessmen and researchers from other countries, the area is accessible by (private) plane. Furthermore the building provides a restaurant and many public facilities like toilets, showers, dress rooms etc. These are available for the employees of the area. Besides the center-building is the center of the mobility in the area as well. The monorail divides in three different directions towards the main cities in the region. Lastly, the building also has its own terrace on the roof. The terrace can be used as a lounge-spot and from here, it is possible to oversee the whole area. DESIGN The design of the center-building (fig. 20) arose from the idea that it unites three directions. It forms the ultimate center of the whole area and it aggregates the three main cities: Oldenzaal, Hengelo and Enschede in one strong heart. The three branches of the building are therefore coming together in the core. The coming-together of the branches forms a symbol for the pooling of expertise. In this way a metaphor for the powerful knowledge center is created. Despite the fact that the building exists of these different branches, it forms one powerful whole, just like the area. Furthermore the building has an ‘open’ exterior. This is not only because the core exists of glass, but also because the hull has an open structure. This open- branched exoskeleton stands symbol for the three cities and is the fundament of the whole, that keeps the building together. Lastly the building exists of organic shapes so it doesn’t look out of place.

Figure 20: The design of the center-building

TECHNICAL ELABORATION The architecture of the office buildings is quite interesting (fig. 21). As said the buildings are able to grow with the success of the start-ups. This demands new materials created with the nanotechnology research. These extremely strong, light and flexible materials are definitely interesting to implement in the building design. By building the offices with nanomaterials the area actually uses products that come from the area. This makes it a really interesting area where nanotechnology can be found everywhere. All the different components will be treated in the chapters below.

Figure 21: The design of the office building ROOF: The roof of the building is constructed out of a lightweight metal that has been coated with a Nano Solar Cell Coating. The roof consists out of different filaments to make the roof change shape (fig. 22). The shape of the roof changes by adding floors for office space. This â&#x20AC;&#x153;mutationâ&#x20AC;? is comparable with the unfolding of a flower. By unfolding the roof a bigger area will be lit. This means more energy can be generated. The folding roofs also are a bit like a forest where trees fight for the most sunlight. These buildings will be placed in a certain area where they compete with each other for space.

Figure 22: The design of the office building

OUTER LAYER: To be able to grow with the folding roof, the outer layer of the building has to be flexible. The outer layer is therefore made out of extremely elastic material to reshape with the folding roof. The material is transparent to create openness in the area. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Competingâ&#x20AC;? companies and visitors must be triggered by other companiesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; ideas and improvements. The transparent outer layer therefore forms a secretion for the showcase area/floor. Companies can present their work in this area by projecting information on the outer skin, build stands or small test facilities (fig. 23). The building is accessible via the outer layer; the doors are made from transparent electro stimulated polymer that changes shape when a voltage is applied.

Figure 24: Building design from the inside INNER LAYER: The inner layer separates the showcase and work floor (fig. 23). The inner layer is also transparent to create a nice view from the work floor. The inner layer is made out of a special type of glass named smart glass. The light transmission properties are altered when voltage, light or heat is applied. A form of privacy is possible by changing the transparency of the glass. Projections such as logos and small advertisements are also possible on the inner layer.

OFFICE SPACE: The office spaces are free to furnish for the different companies. More office space will be added if a company grows. This makes a division in different departments also possible. As said, the office spaces can be separated from the outer world by transparent glass. The office spaces can be placed next to each other (fig. 25) to improve collaboration and communication between different companies. The Province of Overijssel has a role in dividing and clustering the offices in the area.

Figure 25: Clustered buildings

GROWTH IN LEVELS

Figure 26: Growing in the levels The area will be divided in three levels: start-ups, small firms and big firms (fig. 26).The graduated students start at level 1 and are able to grow their building to a small two story building. This may take several years (2-3) for small start-ups. Due to the growth it is possible to employ more people and divide your company in different departments. There is a limit on the space and number of employed people for every company in the first level. If they reach this limit and are judged they can continue to level2. The level 2 building office space provides more space and has a larger showcase area. In level 2 it is also possible to add a third floor. The procedure is exactly the same as on level 1, despite the scale. Level 2 adds significantly more space for the showroom and building office space. It may take several years (79) for companies to grow out of level 2. The bigger firms are located in the third level. Their buildings consist of the three story level 2 buildings combined with smaller, multiple, level 1 buildings. If the big firms are expanding, a new building will be added. These smaller buildings can act as departments or working stations. FACILITIES AND ROLE OF THE AIRSTRIP The airstrip was what the TAA actually was all about. Without the airstrip the Twente Airport Area wouldn’t ever have existed. The runaway is, at the same time, very iconic and a valuable piece of heritage for the region. That’s why the decision have been made to not erase this important subject. Besides this airstrip shows that the region is connected to the rest of the world. The airport is also of symbolic value: ‘we are not afraid to shoot for the world and see what’s out there and to compete with them’. And besides the symbolic and iconic value, the landing strip also can keep its original function and still be an addition for the area in 2040. Because the NIAT is now a knowledge center with different specializations and the conference center, businessmen and visitors are willing to visit the area. They are willing to see what makes the area so special and different from the rest of the world. The airstrip can still be used sensible in this way.

FINAL AREA OVERVIEW In figure 27 the final area overview can be seen. The area is divided in the three different levels and is separated by the runway. The NIAT Center is build in the middle of the area. The smaller level 1 buildings surround the NIAT Center in a closed packed formation. There is an estimated place for 15-20 level 1 buildings. Mesa+ delivered 50 start-ups in 15 years. Thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s about three start-ups per year. If they stay in level one for 3-4 years, there are ca. 15 places needed with an additional back- up space for more start-ups. The level 2 buildings can be found in the second layer. There are also several buildings on the other side of the runway (close to the workspaces). The Twente Airport Area already has existing F16-shelter that offers different possibilities. In this case the shelters will serve as work space with the necessary research and manufacturing equipment. The companies in the area are free to use these facilities. The level 1 companies will make use of the workspaces at the long strip on the right side of the area. Figure 27: The Area Overview

COMPETITION BETWEEN THE ENTERPRISES ESTABLISHED COMPANIES The goals of the NIAT in the future is providing a work and developing place for nanotechnology and advanced materials bases start-up companies. Most of these companies will be established out of a talent pool which the big universities in the Netherlands provide, like the University of Eastern Netherlands. The companies will be working in the same branch and will be occupied with the same technologies. This can cause competition as well as good opportunities to cooperate. These effects challenge enterprises to become better. INTERNAL COMPETITION The competition can be divided into two kinds; internal and external. Internal competition happens inside the NIAT and challenges enterprises to become better. External competition can be describes as the position the NIAT has in the world of nanotechnology development. The internal competition is stimulated by the buildings in which the companies are settled. The area consists out of three levels which represent different stadiums of the development of a company. Level one is the stage where companies are when they just started. Level three is the highest level in which fully grown enterprises are located. The quicker a company develops itself, the quicker it grows to higher levels. Inside a level, a company has his own building in the shape of a mushroom. In the trunk, offices are located. Around the trunk room is available for presentation of the work of the company. They can use this room to present their development. With a jury-based system the work and presentation gets judged and the building can grow if the company gets good ratings. Because space inside a level is limited, there is a race between the established companies. This encourages companies to develop themselves as quick as possible. The more space you have as a company, the more attention you can attract to yourself. As stated, the room around the trunk of the building can be used as a presentation room. Companies can see the other companies presenting their newest findings and successes. In this way a competition can occur in which companies want to become bigger than the other companies. Especially since these companies are working in the same field of work. Another possibility is that companies tend to compete in such a way that others lose and get bankrupt. This can be seen as a negative effect which needs to be avoided, although, it is part of the ‘natural’ environment in which they exist; ‘survival of the fittest’. INTERNAL COOPERATION All of the companies located at the NIAT are nanotechnology or advanced material based. They work in the same work field. Besides the competition it cause, cooperation between the companies can occur. The NIAT gives a lot of inside into the companies, what they are working on and how well they are performing. Walking through this environment inspires employees. The approachable presentation 40

rooms are accessible to talk with employees from other enterprises. They can inspire each other and set up different projects in which they cooperate. If a company is planning on working together with another company from the start of a certain level, they can be placed next to each other. As neighbors an indoor walkway can be created between the buildings. Thus, the cooperation becomes visible and even more approachable for these companies. Another big cooperation opportunity comes from the conference hall located in the center of the NIAT. The hall offers a place for big companies outside of the NIAT to organize their conferences and retreats. For the start-ups this is a good opportunity to show their work, since the employees of the big firms can see their presentation rooms and walk through it. This can lead to collaborative projects between the start-ups and the bigger companies. JURY SYSTEM Inside the NIAT a jury-based system is created which decides how well companies are performing. The jury decides if a company is doing good enough to grow inside of the level or even move to the next level. Initially, they wonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t decrease to a lower level. But when they are really perform badly and the need for room inside of that level is big, it is possible for companies to move down one level. The jury consists out of experts from big European nanotechnology enterprises, like MESA+, the University of Eastern Netherlands, and a representative of the province of Overijssel. The province has a large control in the jury, since it is guided by the European Union, which has the main overview concerning the global competition. In this manner, the European Union can have influence in the development of the nanotechnology which happens on their ground. Indirectly they are able to let companies grow if they see a big role for them on global scale. EXTERNAL COMPETITION Globally, the NIAT plays a big role inside nanotechnology development. It is THE European location for nanotechnology enterprises, especially starting enterprises. Because the place is special developed for nanotechnology and advanced materials start-ups, with laboratories, accessible presentation rooms, a conference center in which big parties can visit, and a lot of opportunities to work together with other companies, the NIAT is a attractive location for nanotechnology and advanced materials based startups. The way the system is built, the European Union can have a good influence in the nanotechnology technologies which are developed. They can have a good overview in the worlds market and help the enterprises develop themselves quicker. The NIAT gives enterprises a save and promising environment to grow.

ECOSYSTEM IN THE AREA

Figure 28: The design of the center building ECOSYSTEM The design of the mushroom-shaped offices in combination with the area’s center are forming one open whole. During the design development, the environment’s nature and historical properties have been kept in mind. The buildings shouldn’t block or breach the environment, instead of that, there must become a co-operation between nature and architecture. That’s why there’s been chosen to keep the term of ‘openness’ central (figure 28). Due to openness in the building’s design, transparency is guaranteed. This initial idea of openness and transparency has been derived from exhibition floors. These are places where companies show what they are doing, they show their development and in this way, they can motivate and inspire their environment. Furthermore, the openness in combination with a common center might create a feeling of togetherness. This might increase the urge to cooperate and at the same time to compete with big world-wide firms. There’s already been mentioned that nature is very valuable to the area and needs to be preserved. That’s also why the buildings should guarantee a peaceful concurrency with the area. This has been tried to achieve to reject conventional ways of energy production and to stimulate the nature-friendly energy resources. One way of achieving this, is by the flexible solar panels on the roofs of the offices. Because of their flexibility in size, the solar panel’s area is also variable. The bigger your firm gets, the larger the roof surface will become. In this way, the energy-production is always in proportion with the size of the firm.

MOBILITY Because the area is so widespread and at the moment quite remote, the infrastructure has been redesigned to make the area more accessible. Travelling at the Twente Airport Area is only possible by car at the moment. There are barely any walking and cycling paths in the area. There are several interesting infrastructure possibilities due to the three big cities and the surrounding highways that will be elaborated below. The NIAT is a natural area where the environment is important. Therefore the choice has been made to make the area car free in the future.

Figure 29: Mobility Layout In figure 29 above, the complete layout of the Nano Incubation Area Twente can be seen. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s not worked out in detail, but it must give a brief idea of the NIAT infrastructure. ARRIVAL: The use of public transport has increased and special railways from the three surrounding cities have been constructed. Their end destination is the edge of the NIAT. Another arrival possibility is by car. The visitors park their cars at the edge of the NIAT and use public transport to reach their destination inside the area. INSIDE NIAT: The Nano Incubation Area Twente is car free. This means visitors transport themselves with public transport such as the monorail, by foot, bike or segways/hover boards. 43

MONORAIL (FIG. 30):

Figure 30: Mobility Layout Figure 30: The monorail at the TAA center Due to the car free zone, a new way of transportation in the area has been designed. A monorail lets the visitors travel long distances within the area. 1. A monorail has been constructed on the outer ring of the NIAT. The railway is connected to the three train stations. 2. A network that emerges from the NIAT center to the three train stations. On each level the monorail splits in both directions to make a connection to the different spots. The branch design is inspired by the petri dish bacterial growth. OTHER TRANSPORT POSSIBILITIES (FIG. 31): There are of course many other ways of transportation in the area. Walking and the use of segways/hover boards are especially suitable for the shorter distances. Cycle highways are constructed from every city to the NIAT Inside the area there are only 2 paths, one for walking and the other for bicycles, segways and other small personal transportation units.

Figure 31: Other transport possibilities

START-UP EXAMPLES CURRENT EXISTING START-UPS For the design of the NIAT, the focus is aimed at nanotechnology and advanced materials start-ups. At the moment, MESA+ has led to 50 start-ups since the foundation of the institute in 199926. Continuing this development in a linear way, MESA+ is good for 128 start-up enterprises in 2040. This is an average of 3 per year. A lot of the start-ups develop themselves very well. They mainly focus on nanotechnology and advanced materials based products. Examples are: Eurekite, Ostendum, Solmates, Mylife Technologies, Medspray and Nanomi.

Injectable products for medical benefit

Simple and efficacious aerosols & sprays28

Patch for drug delivery though the skin

Next generation thin films30

Ceramic, light and flexible material31

Lab-on-a-chip portable biosensor32

One of these start-ups is Ostendum. In cooperation with the University of Twente, health insurance Achmea, High Tech Factory, NIKOS and Kennispark they develop with lab-on-a-chip technology highly sensitive portable biosensors for the detection of bacteria, viruses, yeasts and biomarkers. Ostendum started out of a PhD research project at the University of Twente in 200833, with the help of UT International Ventures. In last years they have had a lot of interest of hospitals, laboratories and multinationals. In 2011 they won the Young Technology Award34 and in 2013 the Technology Innovation Leadership Award from Frost & Sullivan35. Ostendum develops a system which analyses human fluids, such as blood, urine, saliva and milk, and makes a diagnosis about a certain disease within minutes. With current techniques this would take days or weeks. By placing some fluid into the machine, the antibody-analyte binding process is followed in real-time by the detector. They do not only detect the presence of the analyte but also the concentration. They can make an accurate read-out of the concentration of antigens, bacteria, of viruses in the fluid samples. Start-ups like Ostendum are great examples of what kind of start-ups can be located at the NIAT. They are located in Twente and develop themselves very well. 45

CONCLUSION Based on the trends investigated three scenarios were composed. These scenarios are possible outcomes for the society in the year of 2040. The scenario Knowledge Wars was the most interesting scenario to find a future solution for the Twente Airport Area. In a state dominated society money is no longer the goal to strive for. Self-development is the important factor, it is all about status in the way you strive to get the best. The Nanotechnology is an important factor in the Twente area due to the research done by the Mesa+ institute located in the University of Twente. To keep the students in Twente an area has been developed to give opportunities to these young and innovative students with new and refreshing ideas. It is now possible to answer the question stated in the beginning. What opportunities does the Twente Airport Area provide for sustainable quality employment? With the NIAT area it is possible for start-ups to get started quite easily. The NIAT also provides for a place where the top of the line students can be selected to work. These selections can make it possible for the students to get the most out of themselves. Due to the Nanotechnology already present in the area, each start-up or building can be self-dependent based on the Nano solar cell coating on the roof of these buildings. The high quality employment is reached due to the competition inside the NIAT. Each start-up strives to be the best but not at the expense of each other. By showing their work, each start-up can also help each other or get inspired by the work another start-up is doing. In conclusion we can state that this plan is a viable plan for the TAA in 2040. Keeping the highly educated students in the Twente area it is possible to compete with the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Randstadâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; in the western part of the Netherlands and even compete on a world level in the Nanotechnology and advanced materials.

REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

15.

http://www.databanktwente.nl/demografie-bevolkingsomvang.html http://www.kennispunttwente.nl/cijfers-trends/cijfers-trends-enschede/115-wmo-voorzieningen-2/228-5-bevolkingprognose http://www.twenteindex.nl/53-demografie/107-migratie-naar-levensfase http://www.cbs.nl/nl-NL/menu/themas/bevolking/publicaties/artikelen/archief/2014/2014-4056-wm.htm http://www.oecd.org/netherlands/36217610.pdf http://www.tubantia.nl/regio/enschede/student-hoeft-niet-meer-zo-nodig-direct-na-studie-weg-uit-twente1.5043297 http://www.sax.nu/nieuws/676606/enschede-populair-maar-niet-na-de-studie http://www.cpb.nl/publicatie/macro-economische-verkenning-mev-2016 http://www.cbs.nl/nl-NL/menu/themas/onderwijs/cijfers/kerncijfers/2012-onderwijs-dashboard-grafiek18.htm http://www.onderwijsincijfers.nl/kengetallen/sectoroverstijgend/nederlands-onderwijsstelsel/opleidingsniveau-vande-bevolking# http://www.nistep.go.jp/achiev/ftx/eng/rep097e/pdf/rep097e14.pdf http://www.researchgate.net/publication/257494386_The_Industry's_View_on_Automation_in_Manufacturing http://www.oecd.org/netherlands/36217610.pdf https://books.google.nl/books?id=vG8BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA204&lpg=PA204&dq=delphi+study+robotics&source=bl&ots=k2EZdijBu3&sig=rVZI7F4RWg oeo5DDIYALHk3LeLU&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAGoVChMIwqDp1_LsxwIVoqZyCh1I0AJ4#v=onepage&q=del phi%20study%20robotics&f=false http://www.millennium-project.org/millennium/Future-WorkTechnology_2050.pdf

16. http://themasites.pbl.nl/balansvandeleefomgeving/2014/natuur/draagvlak-voor-natuur-en-natuurbeleid 17. http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?VW=T&DM=SLNL&PA=80066NED&D1=a&D2=a&HD=0905250841&HDR=T&STB=G1 18. http://www.nu.nl/economie/3361552/investeren-in-innovatie-oplossing-economische-crisis.html 19. http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Innovation_statistics 20. http://www.workingprogress.nu/strategie-en-arbeid/49-opinie/29-zijn-startups-de-nieuwe-banenmotoren 21. http://www.kvk.nl/download/Bedrijvenoverzicht%202014_tcm109-401000.pdf 22. http://twenteindex.nl/33-spin-offs-ut-en-saxion/19-twente-start-ups 23. http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?VW=T&DM=SLNL&PA=71405ned 24. http://www.cbs.nl/nl-NL/menu/themas/verkeer-vervoer/publicaties/artikelen/archief/2015/meer-personenautosminder-vrachtvoertuigen.htm 25. http://empaction.leukeleu.nl/media/uploads/files/Blik_op_de_personenmobiliteit_KIM-rapport.pdf 26. http://issuu.com/utwente/docs/geschiedenis-ut, p169. 27. http://www.nanomi.com/ 28. http://www.medspray.nl/ 29. http://www.mylifetechnologies.nl/ 30. http://www.solmates.nl/ 31. http://www.eurekite.com/ 32. http://www.ostendum.com/index.html 33. www.utnieuws.nl/sites/default/files/pdf/UT-Nieuws-09-05-28.pdf 34. https://www.werkenbijdeloitte.nl/blog/deloitte/ostendum-wint-young-technology-award-2011.html 35. http://www.nanonextnl.nl/frost-a-sullivan-award-for-ostendum-one-of-the-nanonextnl-partners/ 36. http://www.landschapoverijssel.nl/natuurgebieden

ANNEX A1: DEMOGRAPHY

1. 2. 3. 4.

http://www.twenteindex.nl/53-demografie/107-migratie-naar-levensfase http://www.databanktwente.nl/demografie-bevolkingsomvang.html http://trendbureauoverijssel.nl/site/download/NXb4MSLt26xU?type=open http://www.kennispunttwente.nl/cijfers-trends/cijfers-trends-enschede/115-wmo-voorzieningen-2/228-5-bevolking-prognose

A2: ECONOMY

http://www.cpb.nl/publicatie/macro-economische-verkenning-mev-2016

A3: EDUCATION

Totaal hoger opgeleiden 8000 6000 4000 2000

0 1995 1. 2.

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020

2025

2030

2035

2040

2045

http://www.cbs.nl/nl-NL/menu/themas/onderwijs/cijfers/kerncijfers/2012-onderwijs-dashboard-grafiek18.htm http://www.onderwijsincijfers.nl/kengetallen/sectoroverstijgend/nederlands-onderwijsstelsel/opleidingsniveau-van-de-bevolking#

A4: EMPLOYMENT 10 % People working in HighTech Sector 8

% People Working In HighTech Sector Overijssel Linear (% People working in High-Tech Sector)

Expon. (% People working in High-Tech Sector)

Log. (% People working in High-Tech Sector)

Linear (% People Working In High-Tech Sector Overijssel)

Expon. (% People Working In High-Tech Sector Overijssel) -2

1. 2. 3. 4.

http://www.nistep.go.jp/achiev/ftx/eng/rep097e/pdf/rep097e14.pdf http://www.researchgate.net/publication/257494386_The_Industry's_View_on_Automation_in_Manufacturing http://www.oecd.org/netherlands/36217610.pdf https://books.google.nl/books?id=vG8BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA204&lpg=PA204&dq=delphi+study+robotics&source=bl&ots=k2EZdijBu3&sig=rVZI7F4RWgoeo5DDIYALH k3LeLU&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAGoVChMIwqDp1_LsxwIVoqZyCh1I0AJ4#v=onepage&q=delphi%20study%20robotics&f= false http://www.millennium-project.org/millennium/Future-WorkTechnology_2050.pdf

A5: GROWTH HIGH TECH SECTOR

http://www.nistep.go.jp/achiev/ftx/eng/rep097e/pdf/rep097e14.pdf http://www.researchgate.net/publication/257494386_The_Industry's_View_on_Automation_in_Manufacturing http://www.oecd.org/netherlands/36217610.pdf https://books.google.nl/books?id=vG8BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA204&lpg=PA204&dq=delphi+study+robotics&source=bl&ots=k2EZdijBu3&sig=rVZI7F4RWgoeo5DDIYALHk3LeLU&hl =nl&sa=X&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAGoVChMIwqDp1_LsxwIVoqZyCh1I0AJ4#v=onepage&q=delphi%20study%20robotics&f=false

A6: IMPORTANCE OF NATURE

http://themasites.pbl.nl/balansvandeleefomgeving/2014/natuur/draagvlak-voor-natuur-en-natuurbeleid

A7: INNOVATIVE COMPANIES

Percentage of innovators in research population 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?VW=T&DM=SLNL&PA=80066NED&D1=a&D2=a&HD=090525-0841&HDR=T&STB=G1 http://www.nu.nl/economie/3361552/investeren-in-innovatie-oplossing-economische-crisis.html http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Innovation_statistics

A8: START-UPS

1. 2. 3.

http://www.workingprogress.nu/strategie-en-arbeid/49-opinie/29-zijn-startups-de-nieuwe-banenmotoren http://www.kvk.nl/download/Bedrijvenoverzicht%202014_tcm109-401000.pdf http://twenteindex.nl/33-spin-offs-ut-en-saxion/19-twente-start-ups

A9: TRANSPORT

1. 2. 3.

http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?VW=T&DM=SLNL&PA=71405ned http://www.cbs.nl/nl-NL/menu/themas/verkeer-vervoer/publicaties/artikelen/archief/2015/meer-personenautos-mindervrachtvoertuigen.htm http://empaction.leukeleu.nl/media/uploads/files/Blik_op_de_personenmobiliteit_KIM-rapport.pdf

A10: SCENARIO (FROM STUDENT TO START-UP) Scenario Robert Loersch Robert has always been a hardworking and motivated student. He left high school one year earlier than he was supposed to. After that, he proceeded studying his passion at the University of North-East Holland. Robert was always fascinated by the fact that everything on earth existed of even smaller ‘ingredients’ as he calls it. Robert is studying nanotechnology and since the day his mother gave him his first microscope for his 6th birthday, he can’t stay away from the science. People in his direct environment never understood his passion and that’s why Robert thought that he just had a weird passion. But when Robert started studying at the University of North-East Holland, a new world opened up to him. The MESA+ institute is an institute within the University of North-East Holland, MESA+ is the world leading institute on the field of nanotechnology. For Robert this institute was the place for him to learn even more about nanotechnology. He realized he wasn’t the only one with this predilection for nanotechnology. Here he met many fellow students who were just like him. But this didn’t only count for nanotechnology: He was also associated with students from advanced technologies, high-end materials and so on. The fact that all motivated students with their passions were all placed under one roof actually stimulated Robert even more. A real competition between students emerged and they all wanted to proof that they dominated their passion. Picture of Mike (left) and Robert (right)

Thanks to this innovated concept of universities, real talent pools were created. This competition between students wasn’t only useful for the students and the universities themselves, but also for external companies. By means of global selection procedures the best students in the field could be selected and picked by startups or existing companies to contribute to the society. And this is exactly what happened to Robert. Even in the fierce competition within the university he maintained one of the best and innovative students. That’s why the startup company ‘Big in Small’ asked Robert for an invitation talk. Robert was quite surprised when he found out that the owner of that company was just 4 years older than he was.

Mike, the owner of ‘Big in Small’ just turned 26 years old and he ran this company for half a year now. Just like Robert Mike studied at the University of North-East Holland. With the help of the MESA+ institute he was able to start his own company. The company had some breakthroughs on the subject and had much more innovative ideas, that’s why Mike received funds from the state. The state saw opportunities in their ideas and thinks that the society could be improved by their developments. ‘Big in Small’ is located in the Twente Airport Area, this is also the place where Robert has its invitation talk. Robert is really amazed by this area, just by walking through the different start-ups he can easily see what these companies are doing. Each company has its own building with room to display their work. The start-ups are located in the middle of the area while the bigger companies are located at the edge of the area. Robert feels that the entire area is highly developed. He easily finds the ‘Big in Small’ company because its name is projected on the building. The building was recently upgraded from a level 1 stage 1 to a level 1 stage 2 because of some groundbreaking research done by ‘Big in Small’. Robert is greeted by Mike and they go to the second level for the interview. Mark easily changes the opacity of the glass of the second level so they can have a more private conversation. Mark tells Robert that he has been following Robert for quite some time now and wants to make him a job offer. Now that the company has expanded they need more ‘nano-experts’ for their research. Robert is the perfect man for the job and takes the offer to come and work for Mike in ‘Big in Small’. In a couple of years Robert became one of the leading employees in the company and the startup slowly turned to a well-established Nano-company. The company had to find a new location to carry out their work. They moved from the center of the Twente Airport Area to the border, next to another great firm. Other developments included connection with external companies outside the Twente Airport Area and even outside The Netherlands. ‘Big in Small’ started working with companies in Germany, France and Italy. In this way, the collaboration was actually able to compete with the top of the world on the existing topics. Mike and Robert were no longer working for the money. Status and acknowledgement in their field of profession became much more important. Quite a section of the profits they earned were returned to the state. These government revenues were used to maintain the lower levels of society and guarantee social insurance and health for the whole society. In this way a balance in society is assured and everybody is stimulated to make their contributions.