Unnatural Selection: (wild)life in the urban island [Full Essay Draft] by Nina Wang

UNNATURAL SELECTION:

(WILD)LIFE IN THE URBAN ISLAND AND INTERSPECIES CONFLICTS OF DESIRE, CITIZENSHIP AND AGENCY NINA ZHUORAN WANG ARCH692 THESIS RESEARCH + DESIGN I THESIS FOLIO DECEMBER 17, 2018

TABLE OF CONTENTS

THESIS DESIGN PROPOSAL / SYLLABUS (REVISED PROJECT THREE): ABSTRACT KEYWORDS INTRODUCTION

3 5 6 6

DESIRES FOR CONTROL FRICTIONS FUTURE LANDSCAPES OBJECTIVES METHODOLOGY EVALUATION SCHEDULE APPENDIX:

12 13 16 16 17

PROJECT ONE: MATTERS OF CONCERN

HUMAN-ANIMAL CONFLICTS SCOPE MAP PROJECT TWO: EXPERIMENTS IN DESIGN METHOD

MIYAJIMA TIMELINE MIYAJIMA SECTION (SOME) WORDS OF CONCERN PROJECT FOUR: THESIS DESIGN PILOT

HUMAN-ANIMAL CONFLICTS SCOPE MAP REVISED MIYAJIMA AXONOMETRIC LIST OF FIGURES:

REFERENCES:

ILLUSTRATED THESIS PROPOSAL / SYLLABUS (REVISED PROJECT THREE)

OUT OF PLACE?

Left; Figure 1: Wild Red Junglefowl-Chicken hybrids infiltrating a grocery store parking lot, picking bits of left over food and trash fragments from shopping carts on Big Island, Hawaii.

Top right; Figure 2: A feral cow drinking from the fountain of an urban temple in Lantau, Hong Kong.

Figure 3: Free-roaming Sika Deer break into vending machines and rummage through packages in Miyajima, Japan.

ABSTRACT

Free-roaming deer are breaking into community vending machines. Wild cattle drink and bathe in city splash pads and religious fountains. Feral chickens flood shoppers as they load groceries in the Walmart parking lot. This isn’t a bizarre apocalyptic novel - this is here, and this is now. Increasing planetary and ecosystem imbalance has resulted in landscapes of interspecies frictions and chaos. The culprit at the root of these absurd human-non-human relationships is the way in which dominant Western culture forcibly catalogues ‘non-human nature’ into rigid binary categories - whether they are perceived as wild or domesticated, useful or destructive, beneficial or problematic - based on their commodifiable value to the human species. This careless overgeneralization and abstraction of the animal kingdom - a population of 7 million wildly diverse species - while giving superior emphasis to the homo sapien species truly speaks to our entrenched sense of self-importance and systemic dismissal of other values and subjectivities. This categorization of ‘Culture’ and ‘Society’ versus the commodifiable ‘less-than-human other’ draws parallels to inter-human divisions and power struggles, including racism, sexism, classism, colonialism, and slavery. The urgency of both types of injustices, both human-nature, and inter-human, is that they can no longer be accepted. In the current age of globalization and rapid urbanization, the fight for diminishing land and resources has exacerbated these contentions in humananimal relationships. The health of biodiversity and ecosystems on ‘remote’ islands no longer depend on geographic factors such as land isolation and island mass - more than anything else, they are transformed by land use development, economic activity, and tourism. The increasing explosion of these urban ecosystems in moments of frictions are blurring the rigid boundaries which we draw for ‘Nature’ and ‘Society’. At the risk of continuing this precarious trajectory into total collapse, we must change the way in which we know nature, and reimagine different ways of thinking about our role in the world that we live in. By exploring the intersection of urban ecology, island biogeography, and posthumanist studies, this thesis aims to challenge the preconceived and deep-rooted ideas of the ‘animal’ and tell the stories of the other perspectives occupy the same earth we share.

KEYWORDS Animals, urban ecology, urban wildlife, ferality, urban citizenship, zöogeography, more-than-human geography, human-animal relations, transspecies urban theory, ethology, animal agency, animal emotional geography, critical animal geography, island biogeography, nissology

INTRODUCTION This thesis is structured in three parts. 1. DESIRE FOR CONTROL [UNNATURAL SELECTION] gives context to the normative, universal understandings of animal geographies prevalent in the western eurocentric sphere and the effect of this on human-animal relationships in our shared landscapes. 2. FRICTIONS identifies and examines the particular conflicts and misunderstandings of human-animal relationships on three urban islands, each shaped by a different initial human desire to manipulate the fauna landscape. 3. FUTURES explores some potential alternative ways in which we can view, understand, and design these urban island landscapes to become more flexible, regenerative, and inclusive for all inhabitants, human or non-human.

1. DESIRE FOR CONTROL SPECIESISM, ANTHROPOCENTRISM, AND HUMAN EXCEPTIONALISM Since the cradle of civilization, we’ve always been designing for our own human survival, comfort, convenience, and overall benefit. This is deeply ingrained into our way of life and our way of thinking in the pervasive eurocentric perspective of colonization and domination. From this self-serving bias, we have populated our world with inherent ideas of speciesism1, anthropocentrism, and human exceptionalism, in which humans are deemed either the only beings that matter, or the beings that matter the most. In particular, this is clearly reflected in the act of architectural design - we choose to filter and magnify or suppress certain characteristics of a site, based on what we as humans believe is good or bad, useful or troublesome, interesting or meaningless, and how it serves us. Historically, we’ve used both policy and actions, such as urban design principles, wildlife management guidelines, pest control services, culling, exiling, importing, segregating, domesticating, preserving, containing, restraining, and modifying, as well as physical built form, such as architectural gestures, landscape gestures, gates, walls, zoos, aquariums, farms, cow tunnels, and electric fences, as means of manipulating the fauna landscape (refer to figures on following page).

1 See interview with Dr. Richard Ryder regarding speciesism in The Superior Human? prod. Dr Jenia Meng, dir. Samuel McAnallen, perf. Dr Bernard Rollin, Gary Yourofsky, Dr Richard Ryder, Dr Steven Best. Narrated by Dr Nick Gylaw. (Ultraventus, 2012), DVD, April 1, 2012, accessed November 8, 2018, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mqT82oGeax0

Facing, top: Figure 4: Food web of aquatic living things in the Canadian North. Facing, bottom left: Figure 5: Food web of agriculture. Facing, bottom right: Figure 6: Food web of living things. Classic food webs in agriculture and ecology examines nature and living beings through the lens of energy transfer and material resources, often placing humans at the top of the food web unquestioningly.

Figure 7: Underground cow tunnels, New York.

Figure 8: Asian Black Bear enclosure, Katowice Zoo. September 2008.

Figure 9: Visitors get up close to sharks, sawfish, sea turtles and more in the 97-metre-long underwater viewing tunnel at Ripleyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Aquarium of Canada in Toronto

ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM AS METHOD OF CONTROL

Figure 10: Hamster wheel

Figure 13: Chicken barn, South Shore, Milwaukee.

Figure 11: Electric fence.

Figure 12: Wildlife crossing, Banff, Canada.

Figure 14: Pigeon spikes by Pest Solutions Environmental Services 7

Figure 15: Enclosed dog park, Sepulveda, Los Angeles.

THE PITFALL OF BINARY CATEGORIZATION We routinely and subconsciously classify non-human beings into categories which judge their usefulness to us as a species. As Anna Tsing quotes from Michel Foucault’s Order of Things, the act of categorization can produce incredibly absurd results: “This book first arose out of a passage in [Jorge Luis] Borges, out of the laughter that shattered, as I read the passage, all the familiar landmarks of my thought—our thought that bears the stamp of our age and our geography—breaking up all the ordered surfaces and all the planes with which we are accustomed to tame the wild profusion of existing things, and continuing long afterwards to disturb and threaten with collapse our age-old distinction between the Same and the Other. This passage quotes a ‘certain Chinese encyclopaedia’ in which it is written that ‘animals are divided into:

DOMESTICATED

WILD

COMMODITY

PURITY

(a) belonging to the Emperor, (b) embalmed, (c) tame, (d) suckling pigs, (e) sirens, (f) fabulous, (g) stray dogs, (h) included in the present classification, (i) frenzied, (j) innumerable, (k) drawn with a very fine camelhair brush, (l) et cetera, (m) having just broken the water pitcher, (n) that from a long way off look like flies’. In the wonderment of this taxonomy, the thing we apprehend in one great leap, the thing that, by means of the fable, is demonstrated as the exotic charm of another system of thought, is the limitation of our own, the stark impossibility of thinking that.”1 The farcical categories displayed here are easily to ridicule in hindsight, but invokes the question: what other haphazard and nonsensical labels have we put on to animal species? Just as Anna Tsing’s ethnographic work explores the many binaries which are forced upon the vegetation of the Indonesian landscape2, so too do we box-sort animal life forms as either natural or cultural, wild or domesticated, of utility and of nuisance. These rigid generalizations make it difficult for us to understand the life forms which exist between the gaps or within the overlaps of these mutually exclusive constructed binaries. We are at a loss as to how we should interact with feral animals3, who were once ‘of humans’ but are now neither wild nor domesticated. We have difficulty mitigating our interactions and outlooks on animals of the city, who are neither our pets nor free spirits roaming in exotic wilderness. By abstracting and generalizing animals into these groups, we dismiss the varied nuances and subjectivities that exist between species, social groups, and individual animals, erase these important distinctions arising from individual circumstances, and ignore the vast networks of interconnectivity between all living beings. The dangers of this automatic and deep-rooted abstraction and generalization manifests in an overabundance of historical events of disaster, in which both humans and non-humans suffer due to the self-serving desires and biased actions of human will. In this subsection, we will examine historical instances where the realities and outcomes of human intervention, based on human desires, bring forth unforeseen and catastrophic consequences, including: the namesake Cobra Effect during the British colonial rule in India and the similar rat effect during the French colonial rule in Vietnam, China’s failed Four Pests Campaign under Mao’s Great Leap Forward, and the invited invasion of racoons in Japan at the hands of a popular anthropomorphic cartoon show. While these are some of the most well-known moments of failure and speak to humankind’s choosy and temperamental outlook on their interactions with nature and animal life, many more cases exist in between the everyday human-animal interactions around us.

UTILITY

While we must acknowledge the ease of categorizations and they limited usefulness in thinking and communications, perhaps we can begin to reimagine categories that are flexible, mergeable, expandible, fluid, and adaptable, to accommodate when new ideas don’t fit into existing categories, and when old ideas (inevitably) change through time and recontextualizations.

1 Michel Foucault, “Preface: Order of Things,” in The Order of Things (New York, NY: Pantheon, 1970), xv. 2 Anna Lowenhaupt. Tsing, Friction: An Ethnography of Global Connection (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005). 3 For detailed analysis on the human perception of feral cats, see Lauren E. Van Patter and Alice J. Hovorka, “’Of Place’ or ‘Of People’: Exploring the Animal Spaces and Beastly Places of Feral Cats in Southern Ontario,” Social & Cultural Geography 19, no. 2 (2018): , accessed November 7, 2018, doi:10.10 80/14649365.2016.1275754.

NUISANCE

Figure 16: The constructed rigid binaries reduce the ‘animal’ into a mere object, and leave no room for individuality or nuance.

‘They don’t belong in the city; they are a danger to our wellbeing.’

ANIMALS AS PESTS ‘They don’t belong in the city; they are unhygenic.’

ANIMALS AS WILDERNESS

‘They belong where they are found - in the exotic, pristine nature outside of the city, not to be touched.’

ANIMALS AS WILDERNESS

‘Our city is for the rational, moral, and intelligent. There’s no place in society for the uncivilized.’

PARASITIC USEFUL DELICIOUS SOOTHING OBEDIENT ANNOYING UNSANITARY DANGEROUS AGGRESSIVE ABUNDANT MACHINE-LIKE UNINTELLIGENT UNTAMED BRUTE PURE IMMACULATE SERVANT UNCULTURED VULGAR PRIMITIVE PROFITABLE AFFECTIONATE CUTE SLY DIRTY DIM DULL THICK LABOURER LOUD UNRESTRAINED INVASIVE DISEASED CHEAP NUISANCE REVERED 9

ANIMALS?

ANIMALS AS CRIMINALS

WHAT ARE

NOT OF THE CITY

OF THE CITY** **Terms and conditions apply.

ANIMALS AS TOOLS ‘They can have a place in the city - as long as they work for us unconditionally.’

ANIMALS AS COMPANIONS ‘They can have a place in our homes - as long as they are obedient.’

Figure 17: The ways in which we perceive animals, and their role in our cities.

THE FIGHT FOR IS(LAND)S This thesis selects three urban islands across the globe as sites of analysis. On each island, the story begins with humankind’s desire to control the fauna landscape for their personal gain. Due to contemporary globalization and unprecedented rates of urbanization, the human-introduced animal species are finding their habitats either in ruins, or overtaken by human developments. The fight for diminishing land and resources has exacerbated the frictions and collapse in human-animal relationships. The health of biodiversity and ecosystems on ‘remote’ islands no longer depend on geographic factors such as land isolation and island mass1 - more than anything else, they are transformed by land use development, economic activity, and mass tourism. These islands, as isolated microcosms, display the clear crystallizations of the human desire to dominate nature, and all the ways in which reality rarely turns out as imagined.

A BRIEF HISTORY OF ANIMAL GEOGRAPHIES Historically, many cultures have lived in harmony with animal nature. Research shows that traditional Far-East, Indian, Greek, and many indigenous cultures have higher reverence to other life forms than Abrahamic religions, such as Islam, Judaism, and Christianity2. Western philosophy has largely focused on justifying human exceptionalism with rationalism as the defining difference, from the works of Plato, to Aquinas, Aristotle, Descarte, Kant, and beyond. This notion is pervasive in the eurocentric sphere, in which the desire to dominate lands and their ‘subhuman’ peoples and resources is intensely prominent (see the British, French, and Spanish colonial rule). This historical perception of animal nature as resource and utility serves as the backdrop for animal geographies moving into the recent centuries. The first half of the twentieth century’s animal geographies focused on either Zoogeography, rooted in physical geography, zoology, and ecology, or a culturally oriented geography of animals, focused on animal domestication3. By mid-century, these main frameworks were replaced by a new cultural geography, which focused on the connections between political-economic structures, poverty and marginalization, and environmental degradation in rural developing world settings, and political ecology, which focused on the social construction of urban landscapes4. With the passage of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 in the US, the perspective became one of preservation. By the 1990s, the larger social context generated scores of radical new organizations advocating on behalf of animals (PETA, Greenpeace, etc). The beginnings of critical animal geography arose out of the desire to investigate ‘how notions of animality came to inform concepts of “human” identity’5. Animals became ‘agents provocateurs’ for thinking by, and about, ourselves6. There was a shift to a cultural geography approach in which animals, as examples of ‘nature’, are defined and adapted as symbols of an ‘otherness’ within our own cultural spacings and placings7. Due to the rapid urban expansion lead to the mixing of human and animal inhabitants within the city centre - this ‘otherness’ that exists ‘out of place’ in our urban habitat means we must now either redefine the ‘city’, redefine ‘wilderness’ or accept animals as citizens of the city8. Critical social theorists began to draw attention to a wider range of subjects and subjectivities, leading to ideas of nature as agent. In the recent two decades, animal geographies have become an increasingly present and innovative field with interdisciplinary connections. Stage setting publications emerged: Environment and Planning D: Society and Space’s ‘Bringin the Animals Back In’ of 1995 criticized animals as mere signifiers of human endeavour and meaning, and ‘Society and Animals’ of 1998 explored the complex nexus of spatial relations between people and animals and acknowledged animal agency and the way that that agency is differentially constructed or understood in time and place. Progressive, compendiums addressing animal identity and subjectivity appeared, including Animal Geographies: Place, Politics, and Identity in the Nature-Culture Borderlands in 1998, Animal Spaces, Beastly Places: New Geographies of Human-Animal Relations in 2000, and Placing Animals: An Introduction to the Geography of Human-Animal Relationships in 2010. Two recent key texts serve to inform of the scope and history of this increasingly present field of study: Buller’s Animal Geographies I, 20139 (which outlines the ontological and epistemological scope of animal geographies), and Hovorka’s Animal Geographies I: Globalization and Decolonization, 201610 (which outlines 1 For a complete taxonomy of the types of islands and their significance, see Robert J. Whittaker and Josö Maröa. Fernöndez-Palacios, Island Biogeography: Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010). Also see the Urban Island Studies journal and Island Studies Journal for more contextual writing and exemplar cases of the relevancy of islands and their urban socio-cultural significance. 2 Ming and McAnallen, 2012. 3 Jennifer Wolch, “Anima Urbis,” Progress in Human Geography 26, no. 6 (2002): , doi:10.1191/0309132502ph400oa. 4 Ibid. 5 Emel J, Wilbert C and Wolch J, “Animal geographies,” Society and Animals 10, no. 4 (2002), 406–412. 6 Whatmore S, Hybrid Geographies, London: SAGE, 2002. 7 Buller, 2013. 8 Paraphrased from Richard Leakey’s famous response to Jane Goodall’s observations of chimpanzee tool use, as mentioned in Buller, 2013. 9 See Henry Buller, “Animal Geographies I,” Progress in Human Geography 38, no. 2 (2013): , doi:10.1177/0309132513479295. 10 See Alice J. Hovorka, “Animal Geographies I: Globalizing and Decolonizing,” Progress in Human Geography 41, no. 3 (2017): , doi:10.1177/0309132516646291.

an extensive list of contemporary animal geographers around the world). The shedding of light on trans-species relationships has brought forth complex and highly fertile cross-disciplinary discourse, into literary studies, cultural theory, anthropology, biopolitics, politics, sociology, history, philosophy, the arts, the humanities, film studies and more; each field is enjoying their own successive ‘animal turns’11. Through these interconnected works, ‘new’ animal geographies draws upon schools of thought include feminism, Marxism, and poststructuralism, challenging the idea of individual human will, the juxtaposition of the ‘self and other’, the notion of ‘becoming animal’12. These key conceptual referentials have been extended socio-sciences including postcolonialism, hybridity, actor networks, non-representational theory, ethology, and posthumanism thought in general13. Through all this, the presence and significance of contemporary animal geographies cannot be denied. While historically, fields of study (such as animal sciences/animal agrarian studies, geo-biology, political ecology, environmental preservation, wilderness tourism, zoogeography)14 categorize animals as food, utility, resource, of natural preservation status, pest, or companion, few studies have examined animals in the gaps between these categories, or as individuals with subjectivity and identity. In recent years, with the rise of critical animal geographies and authors such as Gillespie and Collard15, and Carter and Charles16, we are beginning to see more focus on challenging the universal system of value and power in the realm of animal geographies. There is also an emergence architectural design concepts which begin to challenge the boundaries between human and the non-human animal nature, from offices and designers such as Gediminas + Nomeda Urbonas, Francois Roche (R&Sie), and Joyce Hwang. However, there is still work to be done yet. Government policies and general societal values still do not address or support the subjectivities of their animal inhabitants. Predominant understandings and pedagogical approaches towards animal geographies is still one of clear-cut binaries of nature versus culture. For example, one Winter 2017 course syllabus from Animal Geographies GEO 2156B at Western University, Canada, reveals the focus still on wildlife preservation versus animal domestication, and nothing of the messiness that is the human-animal landscape that exists around and in between these narrow notions. The next section of this thesis, Frictions, hopes to bring these important questions to the forefront of the general public’s awareness. While historically, fields of study (such as animal sciences/animal agrarian studies, geo-biology, political ecology, environmental preservation, wilderness tourism, zoogeography) categorize animals as food, utility, resource, of natural preservation status, pest, or companion, few studies have examined animals in the gaps between these categories, or as individuals with subjectivity and identity. In recent years, with the rise of critical animal geographies and authors such as Gillespie and Collard, and Carter and Charles, we are beginning to see more focus on challenging the universal system of value and power in the realm of animal geographies. There is also an emergence architectural design concepts which begin to challenge the boundaries between human and the non-human animal nature, from offices and designers such as Gediminas + Nomeda Urbonas, Francois Roche (R&Sie), and Joyce Hwang/Ants of the Prarie. However, there is still work to be done yet. Government policies and general societal values still do not address or support the subjectivities of their animal inhabitants. Predominant understandings and pedagogical approaches towards animal geographies is still one of clear-cut binaries of nature versus culture. For example, one Winter 2017 course syllabus from Animal Geographies GEO 2156B17 at Western University, Canada, reveals the focus still on wildlife preservation versus animal domestication, and nothing of the messiness that is the human-animal landscape that exists around and in between these narrow notions. The next section of this thesis, FRICTIONS, hopes to bring these important questions to the forefront of the general public’s awareness.

11 Wheeler W and Williams L, “The Animals Turn,” New Frontiers no. 76 (2012), 5–7. 12 Buller, 2013. 13 Ibid. 14 Jennifer Wolch, “Anima Urbis,” Progress in Human Geography 26, no. 6 (2002): , doi:10.1191/0309132502ph400oa. 15 See Rosemary-Claire Collard and Kathryn Gillespie, Critical Animal Geographies (Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2015). 16 See Bob Carter, Human and Other Animals: Critical Perspectives (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011). 17 See Dr. Tony Weis. “Animal Geographies.” Syllabus, Western University, London, 2017.

Figure 18: Book Cover of Charlotte’s Web by E. B. White, Illustrated by Garth Williams (1952).

The recent prominence in pop culture works discussing racism through speciesism, including blockbusters such as 2016’s Zootopia and 2018’s Isle of Dogs, highlight the relevancy and urgency of the underlying power struggles and normalized domination of the ‘less-than-human other’. It’s worth noting that novels and films depicting such subjects have been published before (see E. B. White’s Charlotte’s Web, 1952) - but only as fairytales for children.

Figure 19: Movie poster of Zootopia, directed by Byron Howard, Rich Moore (2016).

Figure 20: Movie poster of Isle of Dogs, directed by Wes Anderson (2018).

2. FRICTIONS

OBJECTIVES

[Refer to Project 4 for Scope Map of human desires/perceiptions of animals] Animals as Machines - Agriculture, Pest Control, Lab Subjects - Lantau Cattle Animals as Material Resource - Food, Wealth - Hawaiian Red Junglefowl Animals as Figures of Reverence - Wilderness Conservation, Spirituality - Miyajima Deer Animals as Companions Animals as Pests

Even with the current trajectory of critical animal geographies increasingly moving into the spotlight of academic research, it is clear that there are still various gaps, including some of which Wolch highlights1, in the way in which we strive to understand human-animal relationships. In particular, studies and writings are frequently produced at the macro and generalizing scale, with little overlap or networking of the different fields of studies and lenses in which we should analyse the relationship. It is in these gaps and zones of overlap and greyness in which this thesis operates. Primarily, this work aims to challenge these clear cut categories of nature versus wild, and the idea of universal objectivity and the over-generalization/abstraction of an entire kingdom of living things by bringing to surface contextual nuances, individual subjectivity, and identity, through examples of granular, micro-scale interactions which vary with each instance and circumstance.

In this section, we will examine three unique case study sites, and explore the different types of built environments that cause and, in turn, arise from, particular human-animal encounters and relationships.

Secondly, this thesis strives to underscore the interconnectivity, messiness, and nuance across the interactions of species through time, as there is presently a lack of comprehensive documentation of the complexities of the changing attitudes and practices towards animals and patterns of animal-human interactions over time, in regards to the evolution of the particular local cultures, networks, and environment.

The recent rapid urban expansion across major cities throughout the world has lead to the mixing of human and animal inhabitants within the city centre. The uncomfortable existence of this ‘otherness’ living ‘out of place’ in our urban habitat means we must now either redefine the ‘city’, redefine ‘wilderness’ or accept animals as citizens of the city. Who are these traditionally silenced voices and perspectives? What are they trying to say? How can we arbitrate between the varied and conflicting subjectivities that inhabit the city? Is it at all possible to reach a fair or agreeable distribution of space and occupation through design and the way in which we approach placemaking in the city?

Thirdly, even as the field of critical animal geographies begins to become more prominent in the academic landscape, the seminal ideas aren’t transferring readily into the policies of urban cities, nor the minds of the general public who dominate these spaces. As Anna Tsing writes, these gaps are zones which are “uninteresting, invisible, and sometimes illegitimate”2, for readers who are conditioned to thinking only in human terms and with human stakes. Thesis thesis aims to challenge these human terms and stakes, and provoke the reader to set aside their preconceived normative understandings of animals, and entertain/explore this possibility of a different way of knowing and understanding.

Case Study 1: Sika Deer in Miyajima, Japan Case Study 2: Wild Mua in Kauai, Hawaii Case Study 3: Wild Cattle in Lantau, Hong Kong Documentation/Analysis: Historical to present shifts in perception of nature/animals Spatial needs and Behaviours of human and non-human species Spatial networks overlaid (identify areas of frictions) Differing interpretations of landscape/built form; misunderstandings

In trying to add to this field of works, this thesis focuses on the uncovering and analysis of the granular-scale, everyday interactions between humans and animals in various insular settings, in order to extract and highlight the conflicting desires between humans and animals who share the same habitat and the way that these interlocked desires, actions, and consequences play out historically, as a way to explore the concepts of hierarchy, speciesism, desire, authority and control, citizenship, identity, and agency as it applies to our normative notions of society and city building and dwelling. This thesis aims to explore, through six unique island case studies, why historically, human acts of control on the fauna landscape (such as culling, exiling, importing, segregating, domesticating, preserving, containing, restraining, modifying, and ranking) has frequently resulted in unforeseen and detrimental results to both the humans and the animals in question. This thesis uses more-than-human studies as the framework through which we can begin to unpack the scale and impact of the anthropocene and all the political baggage this epoch comes with.

3. FUTURES: How can we design interfaces of increased understanding/mutual communication between human and non-human beings? In what ways can these spatial relations and sites be more flexible, temporal, and forgiving to all inhabitants? How can we undergo constant reflection and renewal?

The studies aims to introduce this discourse in an accessible and evocative way for the everyday citizens of the city, via graphic novel style drawings and writings which attempt to appeal to the viewer’s sense of curiosity, imagination, and empathy. The work aims to be critical, yet approachable; digestible, yet provocative. Planometric and axonometric drawings are used in complement to the key notion of challenging our preconceived hierarchies, as these types of drawings do not hierarchize space or spatial occupation (all figures appear at the same scale) and create a sense of relationships that is different to perspective drawings which align more naturally (and perhaps a bit more thoughtlessly) with our personal experiences and perspectives. Speculative, poetic writings3 aim to be accessible to non-academics and to serve as a physical reminder that language and thought, and by extension, our actions, are strongly and deeply shaped by our narrow personal experiences and perspectives. With this, the thesis aims to begin to decolonize our environment in an accessible way for all who may come across animals in their daily lives.

Having identified the commodification of animals in ecotourism and the distorted portrayal of animals in social media, we may begin to think about how to design interfaces of increased understanding and mutual communication. In realizing the rigidity of our normalized understandings, we can begin to rethink these sites and relationship to be more flexible and forgiving. In acknowledging the staticity of these site despite drastic ecological, economical, and technological changes, we can learn to actively use tentacular thinking, and constantly reflect and renew the relationships of the site. In this section, we will explore some alternative ways of understanding animals, and our role in nature.

1 Jennifer Wolch, “Anima Urbis,” Progress in Human Geography 26, no. 6 (2002): , doi:10.1191/0309132502ph400oa. 2 Tsing, 2005. 3 Writings on speculation of animal speech inspired by Kristiandi Tanumihardja, “Cit..Cit..Door...Krekek” (2005) (1994), in Friction: An Ethnography of Global Connection.

METHODOLOGY

the way humans do...”3 In doing this, I hope to give some subjectivity and agency to the animal perspective. While the depicted animal subjectivities are speculative, they serve to spark an important conversation, in which there is a prominent acceptance that the other perspective exists.

The research will be performed through the posthumanist lens; through critical observation and critical questioning, I hope to address the non-human animal perspectives, identities, individualities, and agencies. The method of research will take form primarily in the secondary observation of a collection of islands of intense human-animal conflicts, through the analysis of historical and contemporary anecdotal qualitative data sources. Staying true to the focus on storytelling and uncovering of hidden narratives, this aims to capture the historical complexity of human-animal relationships on these islands by examining the vestiges found in historical art and poetry, including ukiyo-e (traditional Japanese woodblock art) which served both as a cultural craft and as a historical diary of meteorological, spiritual, cultural, and political conditions. In the contemporary context, the thesis examines the everyday interactions between human and animal inhabitants, as shown by anecdotal qualitative data. Rather than rigid, controlled experiments, this thesis focuses on examining the organic, spontaneous, daily encounters. This includes the analysis of personal experiences and narratives shared online and on social media, such as Google Street Views, traveller blogs, traveller video blogs, other online diaries, restaurant and attraction reviews and ratings on platforms such as Tripadvisor and Yelp, traveller and local photos and videos, and traveller live streams on both Youtube and Instagram. In this project, qualitative research is not only legitimate, but crucial, as emotions, perceptions, perspectives, and narratives are all hard to define and exemplify using quantitative data. Potential for funding for site visits will offer additional opportunity to engage in personal interaction, action based research, and more detailed and extensive in-person documentation and interviews.

The basis of the graphic stories are drawing in planometric and axonometric manners - methods of drawings which give equal hierarchical importance to all subjects, and do not diminish individual object scales based on its location and distance relative to the viewer (as a perspective drawing would). Conceptually, this challenges the ‘natural structural order’ in which we physically perceive the world - the notion that that which is closer (both physically, and biologically) to us, is larger, clearer, and thus more relevant. Lastly, Words of Concern is an ongoing compilation of words which represent the elements found in the urban built form in an island setting, and their definitions (the attitudes which are cast upon them). The human version is our anthropo-normative view, one of utility to us, and the animal version on the reverse is a speculative imagination on the fauna perspective of these architectural and landscape elements. While this is somewhat tongue-in-cheek, and I don’t claim to know what or how these animals may think or feel, my hope is that this artefact, in addition to the rest of this body of thesis work, may serve as a physical reminder that language and thought, and by extension, our actions, are strongly and deeply shaped by our narrow personal experiences and perspectives.

For each exemplar case study from the sample three categories, I will explore the landscape from a posthumanist urbanism point of view, with both the human and non-human species’ occupation in mind:: -public space -waste/matter/body transportation -infrastructure -spatial order -spatial hierarchy -corridors -what are the patterns, structures, typologies, rituals? For examples, in Miyajima: [Refer to draft figure on following pages] Spatial and temporal needs and behaviours of the deer vs humans (overlay these two matrices - also showing the lack of true understanding between these two matrices; reference Shared Lines, Waterfront Toronto diagram) Habitat area requirements/typologies Familial/social structure Diaspora/migration/commute Birth/Gestation/aging/life timeline Food source/survival methods Depict the different characters of humans and deer (a mother, a child, a father, a monk, a ranger, a shop owner, a touristö); try to interpret and showcase the identity of the inhabitants, both human and non-human What subtle or not-so-subtle xenophobic or dividing ways of seeing and dealing with the deer are there in Miyajima? How do these reflect xenophobia and racism, classism, sexism between humans of power and marginalized humans? How do we colonize, dominate, and commodify these ‘less-than-human others’, whether they be human or non-human? Emphasize the reality and urgency of these harmful ways of believing and living. The device of communication takes form in graphic stories - ö la Chris Ware (Jimmy Corrigan, the Smartest Kid on Earth and Building Stories), Drawing Architecture Studio (A Little Bit of Beijing1), and Caitlin Major (Manfred the Man2) - as a storytelling device to evoke emotional connection and a deeper understand of the subject matter, rather than esoteric texts which prompt easy dismissal from the general public (non-theorists and non-academics). The material aims to form an emotional investment and engagement in the material and concept with the viewer, and appeals to empathy, curiosity, imagination, and wonder - all of which are important emotions critical in beginning to challenge our inherent anthropocentric, self-serving biases and decolonizing the urban landscape (and further, the entire earth) as the ‘place of humans’. As Masson describes, “animals have a past, a story, a biographyö each is a unique somebody, not a disposable something. Think of the many implications: animals have mothers and fathers, often siblings, friendships, a childhood, youth, maturity. They go through life cycles much 1 2

See Han Li and Yan Hu, A Little Bit of Beijing: 798 (China: Tongji University Press, 2017). See Major, Caitlin, and Kelly Bastow. Manfred the Man: A Graphic Novel. Quirk Books, 2018.

3 Tom Regan and Jeffery Moussaieff. Masson, “Foreword,” in Empty Cages: Facing the Challenge of Animal Rights (Blue Ridge Summit: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2005).

9.8 m2 Minimum bedroom size per O.B.C.

2.7 Ha (2,700 m2)

30 m2 Urban studio apartment 320 m2 Suburban 4-bedroom house

11.74 Ha (11,740 m2)

7.7 Ha (7,700 m2)

BOUNDARY DEFINITIONS:

-Urine markings (scent) -Thrashed ground (visual, tactile) -Antler scratchings on trees (visual, tactile) -Antler/hoof fights (tactile)

-Walls, fences, gates, locks, stairs (physical separation) -Alarm systems (aural) -Police, neighbourhood watch (societal /mutual monitoring)

LIVING QUARTER NECESSITIES:

-Deep forest condition (protection from elements, predators) -Disturbed forest edge (more sun, more plant nutrition) -Proximity to water and mineral source

-Walls, roof, floor (protection from the elements) -Natural sunlight -Natural ventilation -Food and water source not necessary in living space; these resources are outsource from other local or international locations.

1.7 m 0.9 m shoulder height Non-territorial male home area territorial male home area (min.) Territorial male home area (max.)

Figure 21: Comparison of human and Sika Deer spatial needs and behaviours.

FAMILIAL STRUCTURE:

Male harems with up to one buck per twelve hinds. Non-heterosexual partners not known.

Predominantly monogamous and heterosexual, with small percentage of polygamous and non-heterosexual partnerings.

MATING METHOD:

buckâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s cry-like whistling.

Verbal communication, gift giving, physical interaction, etc.

MATING SEASON:

September-October Gestation period: 224 days.

MATING SEASON:

Not limited by season. Gestation period: 9 months.

MATURITY: 16-18 months.

MATURITY:

CROSS-SPECIES BREEDING:

Sexual maturity around 10 years for females, 11 years for males. Legal age of majority is 18 years in most juristictions, but can range from 15-21 years.

LIFESPAN:

CROSS-SPECIES BREEDING:

possible for Sika Deer bucks to breed with Red Deer hinds.

max. 26 years in captivity, 16 years in wild; avg. 15 years.

Frowned upon in most human societies. Possibility not known.

LIFESPAN:

max. 120 years, avg. 79

Figure 22: Comparison of human and Sika Deer social structure and life timelines.

EVALUATION The objectives of this thesis can be measured through direct comparisons of this work in relation to existing bodies of works in contemporary animal geographies. Do the case studies offer insight into the messiness of in-between species, who are neither wild not domesticated, and who occupy neither the realm of the human home nor the exotic wilderness?

JANUARY-APRIL (TRD II): Fieldwork - where, when, how? Case Study 1 Deer in Miyajima, Japan Research (2 weeks) Production (2 weeks) completed, but further potential (1 week for additions/revisions)

Does the work shed light of the existence of different voices and subjectivities, in an evocative and empathetic way? Further, does the work address the granular, individual scale that is often missing in the broad seminal studies?

Case Study 2 Research (2 weeks) Production (visuals and writing) (2 weeks) Case Study 3 Research (2 weeks) Production (visuals and writing) (2 weeks)

Are the analyses and depictions more detailed and more accessible compared to the existing esoteric literature?

[Mandatory essay due by the end of TRD II]

Do the drawings add a different layer of understanding or invoke additional questions than the current published writings and conferences do not?

MAY - AUGUST (M3):

Do the drawings and writings question the categorization of animal species into useful and nuisance, and the perspective from which nature this is judged?

Do these drawings and writings challenge the normative concepts of human-animal interactions? Is the audience is receptive to considering the implications of animal individuality and subjectivity? The answers to the above questions will provide good indicators of the success of this thesis. The evaluation will be a frequent, on-going process throughout the next 8 months.

TAship ARCH225 Landscape Final writing edits (1 week) Assemblage of all sections and formatting (1 week) Citations, annotations, list of figures, other front and back matter (2 weeks)

POTENTIAL CONFERENCES AND JOURNAL SUBMISSIONS: Dec 10,2018 - Themes due March 4, 2019 - Abstracts due July 17-19, 2019 - Conference in Sydney, Australia https://www.westernsydney.edu.au/ssap/ssap/events/7th_international_and_interdisciplinary_emotional_geographies_conference,_17-19_july_2019 Jan 7, 2019 - Abstract due http://classics.utoronto.ca/cfp-classics-in-the-anthropocene/

SCHEDULE DECEMBER (HOLIDAY BREAK): -Studying research methods, ethnography, qualitative research, writing, and data visualization (general thesis frameworks) (2 week) -Contextual literature review Donna Haraway - Chthulucene Anna Tsing - Friction Bruno Latour Jason Moore - Capitalism in the Web of Life Naomi Klein - This Changes Everything Elizabeth Kolbert - The Sixth Extinction -Preliminary case study explorations and analyses: Miyajima Deer (Dec 19 - 21) Kauai Chickens (Dec 22 - 24) Lantau Cattle (Dec 25 - 27)

Due Around March 2019? Unclear if this is still ongoing? http://www.animalgeography.org/student-paper-competitions.html June 11-August 21, 2019 - 10 week potential Japan site visit and documentation via Mitacs funding Before visiting, hash out methods and expectations: How might this site visit and documentation inform and influence the work that Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve already produced? What new insights? Does it mean that I have to redo everything that Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve already done? For this site only? For all chosen sites? What strategies and methods might I use on-site, and how will it differ or contribute to my current methods and findings? Aug 28 - 30 - https://www.rgs.org/research/annual-international-conference/ Minding Animals 5th Conference - 2021 https://www.mindinganimals.com/conferences/mac5/ Island Studies Journal: https://www.islandstudies.ca/guidelines_instructions.html Urban Islands Journal: http://www.urbanislandstudies.org/authorguidelines.html

APPENDIX:

PROJECT ONE: MATTERS OF CONCERN

BARRO COLORADO ISLAND OBERSERVED MUTATIONS

OOSTVAARDERSPLASSEN POLITICAL TENSIONS

NEED FOR COMPANIONSHIP

FL UE

ATIO

TIC

MES DO

ED M L/

EV AC UA TI

M AN HU OL

N CO

LT U

POLITICS / MILITARY POWER PE

I AT RT

ARC

ESE

REWILDING/PRESERVATION

RASCAL THE RACOON

IC R

SPECIES DEMISE (LACK OF RESOURCES/FOOD)

TOURISM

NTIF

Oostvaardersplassen

CHERNOBYL

AGRICULTURE

SCIE

MIYAJIMA

Tragedy

-The

CE AC

“[...] they rarely discussed the biggest issue of all. This issue is that creation of larger land for real conservation requires reducing the area currently used for agriculture and industrial development. This costs money. And this is perhaps the largest compromise that the Dutch Ministries and Staatsbosbeheer are not willing to make. It might be more honest to change the status of “nature reserve” to “wild” biological farm for the only apex predators left – humans.”

CAPITALISM/ECONOMICS

ECOTOURISM

OKUNOSHIMA (RABBITS)

OKUNOSHIMA

MIYAJIMA (DEER)

SPECIES DEMISE (LACK OF RESOURCES/FOOD)

AOSHIMA (CATS)

JAPANESE ISLANDS WITH POPULOUS FERAL ANIMALS (NOT EXHAUSTIVE LIST)

AOSHIMA

ECOTOURISM ECOSYSTEM ILLNESS/INFECTION (SPREAD OF DISEASES TO OTHERS IE RABIES)

PROPERTY DESTRUCTION

SPECIES HYPERPOPULATION (LACK OF PREDATORS/NEUTERING) ECOTOURISM

NATIVE HABITAT NATURALIZED HABITAT

DEMOGRAPHIC SHIFT

-”... with the Silka deer eating the tree saplings and effectively damaging forest growth... just know that this is nature at work. Nature. Yes, the deer population is growing large because there is a lot of food and no predators... but as the population grows, it will soon run out of food to eat. Deer will die, and the forest will achieve equilibrium again. The tipping point for the deer just hasn’t happened yet. Nature will figure this one out. Maybe the deer will grow thumbs and wear pants so it can carry pocket change it can use in the vending machines?” -Andrew Joseph, Oh Deer! Large Population Devastating Japan Forests

INTENT/DRIVING FACTOR RESULT/CONSEQUENCE

STRUCTURAL DAMAGE/LOSS OF HERITAGE

PROPERTY DESTRUCTION

Figure 23: Map of human desires to control the fauna landscape.

Figure 24: Timeline of human and non-human factors shaping the deer population and shifting perspectives of Sika Deer in Miyajima through time. 20

PROJECT TWO: EXPERIMENTS IN DESIGN METHOD

Figure 25: Section of Human-Deer interactions and frictions in Miyajima.

? this wasn’t here yesterday?

(?)

habitat

(?)

an engineered path designed for motorized vehicles to travel on with speed and efficiency.

road

person who visits non-local places, particularly for personal pleasure and to escape one’s own familiar habitat.

tourist

truck salt giver.

vzv

landscape

fence bay

suprise humming machine.

(?)

slurping place.

bicycle

nature watercourse

good hiding spot for cold days. sometimes will have snacks in the back room.

...

bridge lookout

dark, foodless place full of competitors.

shrine

... forest

smells good. some times they don’t want to share and yell at me.

...

nice stone to lean again while taking a nap.

monument forest

an area where lots of tourists put down their street food snacks to take photos.

trash

... monument lookout

...

a shady spot to nap under on sunny days.

...

... bridge

...

unwanted material, usually products that are no longer useful or the unsuable remains or byproducts of something.

death machine.

...

trash

a large motorized vehicle, typically used for transporting goods or materials. an engineered structure carrying a path of travel over an obstacle, typically rivers, railroads, or highways. a designated or informal area from which significant views can be seen. usually directed at the landscape. usually from high vantage point. a structure erected to commemorate a significant person, place, or event. a physical symbol and reminder. a large, undisturbed area covered primarily with trees and other vegetation.

a recessed coastal body of water that directly connects to a larger main body of water, such as an ocean. usually a place of panoroamic skyline. see lookout.

bay

an engineered channel through which a stream runs.

watercourse

truck

...

a sacred place associated with divinity, typically demarcated via a contructed object or building.

...

shrine

(?)

the death strip between the mountains and the place where people come out of.

nature

road

(?)

a (usually) kinetic vehicle composed of two wheels, propelled via pedaling steered via handlebars by the user. an environmentally conscious alternative to driving.

landscape

bicycle

(?)

provider of sweets.

habitat

23 tourist

fence

a built structure intended to enclose a particular area, either to mark a boundary, control access, or prevent escape.

vzv

b r r r r - b r r r r r br-br-br-br-br-br-br b a a a a - b a a a a meeeeewwwww meeeeewwwww

I don’t pretend to know what animals think. (Honestly, most of the time, I don’t even know what humans think) But, I do wonder...

( s o m e ) w o r d s o f c o n c e r n

? Figure 26: Human versus Deer interpretation of island built forms.

PROJECT FOUR: DESIGN THESIS PILOT

MOUNT MISEN

535m elevation; highest point on Miyajima Island; spiritual outlook.

MIYAMA PRIMEVAL FOREST NATURE RESERVE

Virgin forests (preserved native species)

PROTECTION

MITARAI RIVER WATER SOURCE Sika Deer Seasonal Migration Sika Deer Daily Migration

ITSUKUSHIMA SHRINE

UNESCO World Heritage site designation; One of three historically canonical 'Views of Japan'; Special Places of Scenic Beauty designation; Special Historic Sites designation Spiritual customs dictate pregnant, terminally ill, and elderly persons should remove themselves from the island.

SHIRAITO RIVER OMOTO RIVER

Sika Deer Daily Migration

MIYAJIMAGUCHI FERRY TERMINAL

ITSUKUSHIMA FLOATING TORII GATE

SETONAIKAI NATIONAL PARK

Originally built in the sea to welcome spiritual pilgrims arriving by boat, the torii today sees more than 5 million tourists per year.

All of Miyajima and surrounding waters are within park designation

MINERAL SOURCE V

MIYAJIMA FERRY TERMINAL

TOURISM ZONE FOOD SOURCE

Human Daily Migration

The only access point to Miyajima island. 2 service lines (JR Connected Ferry, Matsudai Kisen); 10 minutes trip, service every 15 minutes

Figure 28: Human versus deer perception and occupation of Miyajima Island.

From Hiroshima Airport: Shuttle bus for JR Hiroshima Station (48min); Sanyo line from JR Hiroshima Station to JR Miyajimaguchi.

From Iwakuni Kintaikyo Airport: Shuttle bus to JR Iwakuni Station (12 min); Sanyo line from JR Iwakuni Station to JR Miyajimaguchi (23 min).

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Wild Red Junglefowl-Chicken hybrids infiltrating a grocery store parking lot, picking bits of left over food and trash fragments from shopping carts on Big Island, Hawaii. Source: by author.

Figure 14: Pigeon spikes by Pest Solutions Environmental Services Source: Pest Solutions Environmental Services Accessed December 17, 2018 https://www.pestsolutions.co.uk/pest-control-service/pest-bird-control/bird-deterrents/bird-spikes

Figure 2: A feral cow drinking from the fountain of an urban temple in Lantau, Hong Kong. Source: by author.

Figure 15: Enclosed dog park, Sepulveda, Los Angeles. Source: Losdogs.com http://losdogs.com/sepulveda-basin/

Figure 3: Free-roaming Sika Deer break into vending machines and rummage through packages in Miyajima, Japan. Source: by author.

Figure 16: The constructed rigid binaries reduce the ‘animal’ into a mere object, and leave no room for individuality or nuance Source: by author..

Figure 4: Food web of aquatic living things in the Canadian North. Source: Darnis, Görald, et al. “Current state and trends in Canadian Arctic marine ecosystems: II. Heterotrophic food web, pelagic-benthic coupling, and biodiversity.” Climatic Change1 (2012): 179-205.

Figure 17: The ways in which we perceive animals, and their role in our cities. Source: by author.

Figure 5: Food web of agriculture. Source: Gordon King, 01-2351/2 Course Notes, University of Guelph, Animal Biosciences Department Accessed online December 16, 2018. http://animalbiosciences.uoguelph.ca/~gking/Ag_2350/agecol.htm

Figure 18: Book Cover of Charlotte’s Web by E. B. White, Illustrated by Garth Williams (1952). Figure 19: Movie poster of Zootopia, directed by Byron Howard, Rich Moore (2016).

Figure 6: Food web of living things. Source: Basic Concepts in Environment, Agriculture and Natural Resources Management: An Information Kit (International Institute for Rural Reconstruction (IIRR)) Accessed via The World Environment Library, December 16, 2018. http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off-0envl--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20about---00-0-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&cl=CL1.1&d=HASH0192c760fbf07f7d6fa34cb8.2.3

Figure 20: Movie poster of Isle of Dogs, directed by Wes Anderson (2018). Figure 21: Comparison of human and Sika Deer spatial needs and behaviours. Source: by author. Figure 22: Comparison of human and Sika Deer social structure and life timelines. Source: by author.

Figure 7: Underground cow tunnels, New York. Source: New York Public Library Accessed online, December 17, 2018. http://digital.nypl.org/mmpco/searchresultsK.cfm?&trg=3&strucID=577821&dstart=1&NUM=0&title=The%20Manhattan%20abattoir.&keyword=manhattan%20abattoir

Figure 23: Map of human desires to control the fauna landscape. Source: by author. Figure 24: Timeline of human and non-human factors shaping the deer population and shifting perspectives of Sika Deer in Miyajima through time. Source: by author.

Figure 8: Asian Black Bear enclosure, Katowice Zoo. September 2008. Source: posted by user Maguari via Zoochat.com Accessed online, December 17, 2018. https://www.zoochat.com/community/media/asian-black-bear-enclosure-at-katowice-zoo-sept-2008.16102/

Figure 25: Section of Human-Deer interactions and frictions in Miyajima. Source: by author.

Figure 9: Visitors get up close to sharks, sawfish, sea turtles and more in the 97-metre-long underwater viewing tunnel at Ripley’s Aquarium of Canada in Toronto Source: Ripley’s Aquarium Accessed via CNN

Figure 26: Human versus Deer interpretation of island built forms. Source: by author.

Figure 10: Hamster wheel. Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fd8vl5LJoM8

Figure 27: Revised map of human desires to control the fauna landscape, and the shifting perspectives of invasive/nuisance species through time. Source: by author.

Figure 11: Electric fence. Source: https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/Agriculture-Protect-vegetable-farm-Electric-fence_60217586681.html

Figure 28: Human versus deer perception and occupation of Miyajima Island. Source: by author.

Figure 12: Wildlife crossing, Banff, Canada. Source: Conservation Corridor? Figure 13: Chicken barn, South Shore, Milwaukee. Source: Jack Orton, in ‘Scramble for a Living’ Accessed December 17, 2018. http://archive.jsonline.com/news/wisconsin/38283949.html/

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Hays, Jeffrey. “DEER, SEROW AND WILD BOARS IN JAPAN: CHARACTERISTICS, BEHAVIOR AND ATTACKS.” Facts and Details. January 2013. Accessed September 26, 2018. http://factsanddetails.com/japan/cat26/sub164/item889.html. Conference Proceedings: Ohtaishi, N., K. Kaji, and T. Mano. Proceedings of the Deer and Bear Forum, Hokkaido 1990: Coexistence of Large Mammals and Humans, 1 September, Sapporo, Japan, Hokkaido Forum of the Symposium Wildlife Conservation INTECOL 90: The Management of the Deer and Bear in the World and the Course of Future Management of Sika Deer and Brown Bear in Hokkaido, Japan. Sapporo: Wildlife Information Center, 1990. Google Photos (user uploaded): Collver, Joe. Fukuya Shokudou. Itsukushima. In Google. September 2014. Accessed October 16, 2018. https://www. google.ca/maps/place/Fukuya+Shokudou/@34.3006143,132.3215626,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m8!1e2!3m6!1sAF1QipNuDE9jWaB9gbd2PyR5ohVa0WrX5lmjRAZmy5uI!2e10!3e12!6shttps:%2F%2Flh5.googleusercontent.com%2Fp%2FAF1QipNuDE9jWaB9gbd2PyR5ohVa0WrX5lmjRAZmy5uI%3Dw203-h129-k-no!7i4000!8i2547!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x9e834e398f6c892c!8m2!3d34.3006143!4d132.3215625 Deer standing on the door mat outside of a local restaurant, peering into the glass doors.

Historical Artworks and Poetry: Inoue, Yasuji. Kyodo Risshi No Motoi (Instruction in the Fundamentals of Success). Late 1880s. Asia, British Museum, Not on Display. Accessed October 12, 2018. http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details. aspx?objectId=3071823&partId=1 Utagawa, Kokunimasa. Ladies and Deer, Miyajima. 1892. Accessed October 12, 2018. http://www.jaodb.com/db/ItemDetail. asp?item=35516 Books: Li, Han, and Yan Hu. A Little Bit of Beijing: 798. China: Tongji University Press, Luminocity., 2017. Li, Han, and Yan Hu. A Little Bit of Beijing: Nanluoguxiang. China: Tongji University Press, Luminocity., 2017. Li, Han, and Yan Hu. A Little Bit of Beijing: Sanlitun. Shanghai: Tongji University Press, Luminocity., 2017.

Hiroshima Prefecture. Itsukushima. In Google. July 2011. Accessed October 16, 2018. https://www.google.ca/maps/place/ Fukuya+Shokudou/@34.3006169,132.3214623,3a,75y,307.03h,86.45t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1sywOP1zSwdvWx0PBqTcXkNg!2e0!7i13312!8i6656!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x9e834e398f6c892c!8m2!3d34.3006143!4d132.3215625 Streetview of many deer resting across of a local restaurant, even though it’s closed and boarded up with metal screens for the day. Why is this restaurant so popular for the deer?

Regan, Tom, and Jeffery Moussaieff. Masson. “Foreword.” In Empty Cages: Facing the Challenge of Animal Rights. Blue Ridge Summit: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2005. Whittaker, Robert J., and Josö Maröa. Fernöndez-Palacios. Island Biogeography: Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.

ö. Fukuya Shokudou. Itsukushima. In Google. May 2017. Accessed October 16, 2018. https://www.google.ca/maps/place/ Fukuya+Shokudou/@34.3006143,132.3215626,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m8!1e2!3m6!1sAF1QipObWtoSIjv6Lb3CjnUIPmftS3L6MnTjvcc-HY7r!2e10!3e12!6shttps:%2F%2Flh5.googleusercontent.com%2Fp%2FAF1QipObWtoSIjv6Lb3CjnUIPmftS3L6MnTjvcc-HY7r%3Dw203-h114-k-no!7i3840!8i2160!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x9e834e398f6c892c!8m2!3d34.3006143! 4d132.3215625 View from inside the restaurant to the glass entrance doors. A deer is sitting (napping?) on the doormat, just beyond the doors.

Foucault, Michel. “Preface.” In The Order of Things, Xv. New York, NY: Pantheon, 1970. Tsing, Anna, Heather Swanson, Elaine Gan, and Nils Bubandt, eds. Arts of Living on a Damaged Planet: Ghosts of the Anthropocene. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2017. Collard, Rosemary-Claire, and Kathryn Gillespie, eds. Critical Animal Geographies: Politics, Intersections, and Hierarchies in a Multispecies World. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2015.

ö. ö. Itsukushima. In Google. June 2018. Accessed October 16, 2018. https://www.google.ca/maps/@34.3014194 ,132.3216151,3a,75y,39.29h,94.67t/data=!3m8!1e1!3m6!1sAF1QipO2ZBajOt4Ne8fXjHmYHQokr45mx6exBKY1g-w8!2e10!3e11!6shttps://lh5.googleusercontent.com/p/AF1QipO2ZBajOt4Ne8fXjHmYHQokr45mx6exBKY1gw8=w203-h100-k-no-pi-0-ya175.19904-ro-0-fo100!7i5376!8i2688.

Carter, Bob. Human and Other Animals: Critical Perspectives. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. Geer, Alexandra Van Der. Evolution of Island Mammals: Adaptation and Extinction of Placental Mammals on Islands. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. Tsing, Anna. “A History of Weediness.” In Friction: An Ethnography of Global Connection, 171-203. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005.

Deer roaming freely in the open square of the Memorial Park. Inc., Google. Hiroshima Prefecture. Itsukushima. In Google. July 2011. Accessed October 16, 2018. https://www.google.ca/maps/@34.2974079,132.3192865,3a,75y,22.6h,90.27t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1secSLfwaKPbmoPn0MKMvnXQ!2e0!7i13312!8i6656. Google Street View of deer resting under the foot of monuments at the Stone Torii Gate of Itsukushima.

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Hatoyama, A. Fukuya Shokudou. Itsukushima. In Google. March 2013. Accessed October 16, 2018. https://www.google. ca/maps/place/Fukuya+Shokudou/@34.3006143,132.3215626,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m8!1e2!3m6!1sAF1QipMJ0xUpRuQpDQM9mi9P9rqTJBgDFotoMiv433Fq!2e10!3e12!6shttps:%2F%2Flh5.googleusercontent.com%2Fp%2FAF1QipMJ0xUpRuQpDQM9mi9P9rqTJBgDFotoMiv433Fq%3Dw203-h152-k-no!7i4000!8i3000!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x9e834e398f6c892c!8m2!3d34.3006143!4d132.3215625 A deer stands off against a woman, between the landscaped park and the shops, under a fabric canopy that stretches over the entire width of the street. Hiroshima’s Miyajima Island Stroll W/ Extra Deer. Performed by Only in Japan * GO. Hiroshima’s Miyajima Island Stroll W/ Extra Deer. 2017. Accessed October 16, 2018. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ykDFI6zgTY. Government Website/Publication: Miyajima (Deer): “History of Miyajima.” Itsukushima Shrine | Sightseeing Spots | Miyajima Tourist Association. Accessed September 25, 2018. http://www.miyajima.or.jp/english/history/miyajimahistory.html United Nations. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Bureau of The World Heritage Committee. Reports on the State of Conservation of Properties Inscribed on the World Heritage List. 2001. Oostvaardersplassen: European Environment Agency. “De Oostvaardersplassen.” European Environment Agency. Accessed September 17, 2018. http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/sites/NL940003. Journals:

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Wolch, Jennifer. “Anima Urbis.” Progress in Human Geography 26, no. 6 (2002): 721-42. Accessed November 3, 2018. doi:10.1191/0309132502ph400oa. Provides a history of animal geographies and the shifting attitudes towards the role of animals in urban societies, while suggesting further research goals to help re-animate the city by connecting the study of nature-society to urban geography.

Dr. Tony Weis. “Animal Geographies,” (Syllabus, Western University, London, 2017). Theses: Gunawan, Sarah. Synanthropic Suburbia. Master’s thesis, University of Waterloo, 2015. Guo, Emily. No Man’s Land: The American Military Landscape as the New American Park. Master’s thesis, University of Waterloo, 2018. Websites: Miyajima (Deer): “Recent Earthquakes Near Miyajima, Hiroshima, Japan.” Earthquake Track. Accessed September 25, 2018. https://www. earthquaketrack.com/jp-11-miyajima/recent.

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Barnes, Gina L. “Origins of the Japanese Islands: The New “Big Picture”.” Japan Review, no. 15 (2003): 3-50. Accessed September 25, 2018. https://www-jstor-org.proxy.lib.uwaterloo.ca/stable/25791268?read-now=1&seq=1#page_scan_ tab_contents. Sundberg, Juanita. “Decolonizing Posthumanist Geographies.” Cultural Geographies 21, no. 1 (2013): 33-47. doi:10.1177/1474474013486067. Newspaper Article: Miyajima (Deer): Chavez, Amy. “Oh Deer, What Can the Matter Be?” The Japan Times, October 21, 2006. Accessed September 17, 2018. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/community/2006/10/21/our-lives/oh-deer-what-can-the-matter-be/#.W6BKIi3Mwk8. Fifield, Anna. “Japan’s Famous Nara Deer Are Being Culled.” Washington Post, August 1, 2017. Accessed September 17, 2018. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/08/01/oh-deer-naras-famous-four-legged-creaturesare-being-culled/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.aafaf27a395e. Shamsian, Jacob. “Why Hundreds of Deer Live Peacefully alongside Humans on an Island in Japan.” INSIDER. July 20, 2016. Accessed September 25, 2018. https://www.thisisinsider.com/japanese-deer-island-deer-miyajima-nara-park-shinto-2016-7. Shamsian, Jacob. “Why Hundreds of Deer Live Peacefully alongside Humans on an Island in Japan.” Business Insider UK, July 20, 2016. Accessed September 17, 2018. http://uk.businessinsider.com/japanese-deer-island-deer-miyajima-narapark-shinto-2016-7/#now-they-just-live-without-worry-14. Okunoshima (Rabbit): Coldwell, Will. “Rabbit Island: A Japanese Holiday Resort for Bunnies.” The Guardian, June 2, 2014. Accessed September 17, 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2014/jun/02/rabbit-island-okunoshima-japan-holiday-resort-bunnies. Johnston, Eric. “Okunoshima: Poison Gas past Belies Isle’s Bucolic Serenity.” The Japan Times, August 11, 2005. Accessed September 17, 2018. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2005/08/11/national/okunoshima-poison-gas-past-belies-isles-bucolic-serenity/#.W6BKhS3Mwk9. Oostvaardersplassen: “Five Arrested at Nature Reserve as Dispute over Starving Animals Intensifies.” DutchNews.nl, April 1, 2018. Accessed September 17, 2018. https://www.dutchnews.nl/news/2018/04/five-arrested-in-protests-at-nature-reserve-as-dispute-over-starving-animals-intensifies/. Kolbert, Elizabeth. “Recall of the Wild.” New Yorker. December 24, 2012. Accessed September 17, 2018. https://www.

I GOT ATTACKED BY DEER (Miyajima Island). Performed by Lost LeBlanc. I GOT ATTACKED BY DEER (Miyajima Island). 2015. Accessed October 16, 2018. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RovYLM-UrtM&pbjreload=10. Japan (Racoons): ö1ö. Directed by Hiroshi Saito and Seiji Endo. Japan, 1977. Television. January 2, 1977. Accessed September 17, 2018. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ZxLZMtFLA0&feature=youtu.be. The Superior Human? Produced by Dr Jenia Meng. Directed by Samuel McAnallen. Performed by Dr Bernard Rollin, Gary Yourofsky, Dr Richard Ryder, Dr Steven Best. Narrated by Dr Nick Gylaw. Ultraventus, 2012. DVD. April 1, 2012. Accessed November 8, 2018. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mqT82oGeax0.