Re-thinking Affordable Government Housing Thesis

HOUSING

THESIS

BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE

SAL SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, AHMEDABAD MAY, 2021

REPORT GUIDED BY Ar. Rachana Desai

Submitted By Niyati Patel

Enrollment No. 163561050046

Contents

Declaration ii Acknowledgment 1 Introduction 2 Aim 3 Objectives 3 Scope of Work 3 Limitations 3 Methodology 3

HISTORY & BACKGROUND

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History 6 Background on Affordable Housing in India 8 Issues in providing Affordable Housing for Urban Poor 10 Main Initiatives 13 Limitations 14 Existing conditions of Affordable Government Housing 16

Concept & Design-Development

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Design� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 65 Site Plan 67 Block Plan (Type-A) 71 Block Plan (Type-B) 89 Unit Plan 111 References 114

CASE STUDIES

� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 19 Tara Housing 21 Sheikh Sarai Housing Complex 25 Aranya Housing 29 Udaan Housing 33 Park-side Retirement Homes 37 SITE � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 45

PMAY � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 53

Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana Scheme (PMAY) 54

Area Statement � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 57 Area Statement 58

Acknowledgment

I would like to take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to Ar. Rachana Desai for her patience, her inputs, informative instructions and support throughout my thesis.

I’d also like to express my gratitude to all of my college professors for their discussions and insightful ideas, all of which have greatly aided the development of this thesis.

I am grateful to my family and friends for their unwavering support and encouragement throughout the course; without them, I would not have been able to complete it.

Introduction

In the national agenda of India, affordable housing is quickly taking center stage. With housing recognized as a fundamental need, governments are discussing means of providing access to affordable housing at every level.

A strong pressure to hold down the costs of these projects are due to the limited supply of funding for affordable housing and the growing demand for it. These pressures, can lead to design decisions that produce short-term cost savings but significantly reduce long-term benefits. A substantial positive effect on both residents and the surrounding community can be achieved by designing quality affordable housing. To uplifts residents, to help support their social connections, to relieve stress, and enhance a sense of safety and belonging, a good design is essential.

In India, there has been an extensive study of the affordable housing sector, which suggests the lack of quality in affordable housing. Architects, planners and builders involved in the provision of housing need to understand that a house is not simply a place to live, but should have a variety of functions. The good quality design must be capable of responding to a range of human needs.

Good quality of affordable housing, should not only represent social and community goals that should goes far beyond the simply providing of shelter, but must also overcome the negative perception of its association with the bulky towers and barren blocks.

To resolve these issues, it is important to examine the current living conditions of affordable housing and to design strategic solutions. It is important to approach housing design with strategies that make the process sensitive to individual needs and provide optimum comfort for them. For the growth of all residents, housing needs to bring a good sense of community life in them.

Aim

This study aims to provide design solutions to existing problems in affordable housing. Improving the quality of the housing by responding to its context and building with its social effects in mind.

Objectives

This thesis will examine the following-

• Spatial organisation of the dwellings.

• Open space Networks

• Socio – cultural aspects

• Movement Patterns

• Social and Physical Fabric

Scope of Work

• Recognizing potential opportunities for development of affordable housing.

• Help strengthening the social and physical fabric of the communities.

Limitations

• This thesis is India centric.

• It will not look into the details of tenants or owner’s income.

• For this thesis affordable housing is that is reasonably priced for the size and quality of space.

Methodology

• To identify issues and problems

• Generating a concept

• Interpretation of design

HISTORY & BACKGROUND

History

1951-1974 – Government as the provider of housing

After independence India had a huge influx of migrants, governments took the front seat and provided them with houses and land on subsidies (Sharma 2018). The land was subdivided and plotted and given so that they can build their own houses. Example – Lajpat Nagar, Delhi.

1974-1989 – Government as the provider of basic services Government as a provider was not able to meet the housing shortage, so new institutes were set up to facilitate housing by other private providers. Due to high migration government started to promote small and medium towns (Sharma 2018). The government came to a realization that they are not able to provide for the housing facilities as they expected, and decided to go for a different approach. They stared to draft regulations – new acts for lands, rent control, etc.

1989-2002 – Government as enabler of housing and basic services

In Mumbai, Slum Development Authority (SDR) was put in place, which developed housing facilities in existing slum area. Thus, came the situation of vertical slums (Sharma 2018). Furthermore, they were not able to continue developing on the site of the slums because of various reasons such as location, vulnerable lands or they were on the land that was meant to be for some other development zone.

2002-2017 – Large Scale Infrastructure Programs

Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) was a massive city-modernization scheme launched by the Government of India under the Ministry of Urban Development. The programme meant to improve the quality of life and infrastructure in the cities. JNNURM aims at creating economically productive, efficient, equitable and responsive Cities by a strategy of upgrading the social and economic infrastructure in cities, provision of Basic Services to Urban Poor (BSUP).

All the housing developments were made private. The schemes of mass housing by private developers started coming up. Government provided enabling environment in the terms of licensing the private developers.

While private owners were developing these kinds of housing, the developing authorities of the states also started providing houses for MIG and HIG categories. The authorities were initially put in place for LIG and EWS housing, and the outcome of these is increased vacant houses.

Background on Affordable Housing in India

The demand for housing in the past decade has increased due to the rapid rise in the urban population. Despite of the several public housing programmes, the shortage remains. According to government estimates, the shortage of housing in 2015 was about 40 million – that includes the homeless, and substandard houses without basic amenities (OECD 2019).

India is projected to have the fastest growing urban population in the coming decades, due to the influx of people migrating from rural to urban areas in search of better life. It is an ever-growing challenge for India to provide adequate and affordable housing.

With the constitute of 95 percent of total housing shortageEconomically Weaker Section (EWS) and Low-Income groups (LIG) are prominent across Urban housing shortage. Other 4.38 percent is estimated because the shortage amongst Middle Income Groups (MIG) (Rekhy and Raheja 2012).

EWS and LIG categories drives the primary Housing shortage. Majority of the housing supply that has been built across India fail to supply for this segment. Private and land developers have excessively invested and targeted, High-Income and upper Mid-Income housing segment because of the upper returns which will be gained. Additionally, the high land costs, building bye laws, licensing norms, delay in project approval and unfavorable banking policies made low-cost housing projects uneconomical for developers

Fig.2. Graph displaying Growth in Urban Population over the decade. (Source - Census of India 2011)

Fig.3. Housing Shortage in Specific Categories. (Source - Report of the Technical Urban Group (TG-12) on Urban Housing Shortage 2012-17, MHUPA, September 2012)

Issues in providing Affordable Housing for Urban Poor

Unavailability of Urban Land

Demand for urban land is triggered by the high population density in the urban areas. There is a need to reevaluate the conceived government regulations that has created and artificial land shortage to push up land prices in India (Rekhy and Raheja 2012). With the limited availability of land and without any government support, it is inviable for the developers to take up affordable housing projects.

Delay in Approvals from Multiple Local Authorities

For the approval of an affordable housing, developers are required to pass the approvals through 150 tables in about 40 departments of central, state governments and municipal corporations (Rekhy and Raheja 2012). 25 to 30 percent of the project cost is increased by the delays in approval (Rekhy and Raheja 2012). To encourage real estate developers to invest in the affordable housing segment, better co-ordination among the multiple authorities in dealing with various permissions/approvals is crucial. At present, for a developer to commence construction after having entered into an agreement for land purchase is two to three years.

Fig.5. Time Consumed in approvals from multiple Local Authorities. (‘Corruption and Transparency in Realty - The Reality’, infrawindow.com)

Lack of Skilled Manpower

The issue of manpower shortage in real estate sector is something India still struggles with. It can have an adverse impact on the delivery and cost of affordable housing projects.

Fig.4. Issues in providing Affordable Housing for Urban Poor. (Source - Author)

Rising Construction Costs

Costing of affordable housing is primarily driven by the cost of construction. Unlike luxurious residential projects, where the costing is heavily guided by the cost of land. Cost of construction in the past decade has gone up to 80% (Rekhy and Raheja 2012). With ascending material costs and labor costs, private developers alone may not be able to deliver affordable housing to the market.

Cost Heads 2010 2011 change (%)

Cement (cost per bag) 200 270 35%

Labour (cost per day) 250 325 30%

Table.1. Construction Costs Over Decades. (Source - Achieving Sustainable Growth in Reality, KPMG–CREDAI, 2011)

Financing constraints for Low - Income groups

Financing Constraints for Low-Income Groups-the households falling under LIG and EWS category find it difficult to secure formal housing finance due to the current financing mechanism in the country that is tilted towards servicing the MIG & above segments (KPMG-CREDAI 2011). Low-income groups whose income may vary with crop seasons, or is below the threshold to ensure repayment are not financially served by the commercial banks or any other traditional means of housing finance.

Main Initiatives

• 1952: Subsidized Housing Scheme for Industrial Workers and Economically Weaker Sections

• 1954: Low Income Housing Scheme

• 1956: Subsidized Housing Scheme for Plantation Workers

• 1956: Slum Clearance and Improvement Scheme

• 1959: Middle Income Group (MIG) Housing Scheme

• 1959: Rental Housing for State Government Employees

• 1959: Village Housing Projects Scheme

• 1959: Land Acquisition and Development Scheme

• 1961: Rent Control Act

• 1970: Housing and Urban Development Corporation (HUDCO) established

• 1971: Provision of House Sites of Houseless Workers in Rural Areas

• 1972: Environmental Improvement of Urban Slums

• 1977: Housing Development Finance Corporation (HDFC) established

• 1980: Sites and Services Scheme

• 1981: Scheme of Urban Low-Cost Sanitation for Liberation of Scavengers

• 1985: Indira Awas Yojana

• 1986: Urban Basic Services Scheme (UBS)

• 1987: National Housing Bank (NHB) established

• 1990: Building Materials and Technology Promotion Council (BMTPC) replaces NBO

• 1990: Night Shelter Scheme for Pavement Dwellers

• 1990: Nehru Rozgar Yojana’s Scheme of Housing and Shelter Upgradation (SHASHU)

• 1990-01: Urban Basic Services for the Poor (UBSP)

• 1996: National Slum Development Program (NSDP)

• 1998: 2 Million Housing Program

• 2001: Vahniki Ambedkar Aawas Yojana

• 2005: JNNURM

• 2007: National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy (NUHHP)

• 2010: Rajiv Avas Yojna (RAY)

• 2010: Basie Services to the Urban Poor (BSUP)

• 2015: Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojna (PMAY)

Fig.6. Loans provided by the banks in each Housing Categories. (Source - Report on Trend and Progress of Housing in India, National Housing Bank, 2011; KPMG in India analysis)

• 2015: Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) (Hingorani 2017)

Limitations

• A purely subsidy-driven approach was a strain on the treasury.

• Due to the lack of funds and poor implementation the rate of construction lagged demand.

• Due to insufficient resettlement of evictees, there was a net destruction of housing stock.

• Housing provided by the government were often un-affordable or locationally unsuitable to the beneficiaries.

• A large portion of homes were pocketed by MIG/HIGs.

• Most states failed to accumulate proper land for the urban poor.

• No community participation in project design or execution.

• Acceptance of private, illegal, but affordable, well-located housing grew among the beneficiaries.

• The main beneficiaries of public housing expenditure were the government employees. Despite efforts towards incorporation, programs remained uneven.

• Limited progress on assembling land for the poor.

• Community participation was limited, particularly under JNNURM and PMAY.

(Hingorani 2017)

Existing conditions of Affordable Government Housing

Both quantitative and qualitative parameters of residential unit accounts for the quality of housing like their immediate context, and the needs of the beneficiaries. The quantitative parameters of housing quality refer primarily to objective structural, material, social and economic constituents of housing products or outcomes that can be measured and that result from the performance of the housing sector. Factors such as the ‘comfort’ or ‘quality of life’ that are afforded by different dwelling types, lifestyles, and the preferences and expectations of the inhabitants are perceived as the qualitative parameters on housing.

Spatial Organization and Open spaces

De-centralized network of green spaces does not remain maintained which results in dead spaces.

Ventilation and Lighting

Fig.7. Decentralized and Dead Open Spaces in Site Layout. (Source - Author)

Many government houses lack in proper ventilation of the housing blocks which results in dead and dark passages.

Fig.8. Narrow and Long passages with lack of Light and Ventilation. (Source - Author)

Fig.9. Diagrams showcasing well-lit and dark areas in units. (SourceAuthor)

With minimum or small windows, the individual houses themselves lack proper lighting and ventilation.

Social and Physical Fabric

Fig.10. Typical Elevation of a Affordable Government Housing. (SourceAuthor)

Due to the lack of maintenance and dead façade the dwellings are often considered as untidy and creates negative perspective of the community.

Conclusion:

The success of these policies depends on three key outcomes:

1�

Ensuring decent quality of housing:

For the beneficiaries to actually move into the housing the quality of housing is extremely important. Demand of such schemes is to create quality housing at low cost which poses a challenge for developers. Major issues in these low-quality houses are water leakages, improper sanitation etc. While medium quality fulfills basic needs still lacks in providing proper daylighting and ventilation. As the quality of the housing decides the acceptance rate, creating poor quality housing leads to inefficient outcomes for the scheme. Resulting in abandonment of housing and beneficiaries returning to live in slums.

2� Ensuring identification of beneficiaries:

There are a large number of houses in India that are allocated based on a random draw. This means that the beneficiaries cannot have any say in where their houses are located. There will eventually be a time when, for a lack of livelihood opportunities, the beneficiaries will be forced to move out of the house and live on the streets. While allocating a house, it is imperative that an analysis of the earning opportunities that can be found in the nearby area be performed.

CASE STUDIES

Tara Housing

Location – Delhi

Area – 14800 sq.m.

Year – 1978

Total Units - 160

Architect – Charles Correa

The concept of low-rise high density housing reflects the vernacular form that was popular in India in 1970’s is applied in the Tara Apartments.

Fig.12. Tara Housing - Site Plan indicating Green areas and other Aminities. (Source - https://www.ravindrabhan.com/tara)

The units are arranged similar to the row houses. The central street is developed as multipurpose landscape spine that serves as a major circulation area, community space, children’s play area and visual green affecting the micro-climate.

Th organization is functional; due to lack of active usage along the South East and South periphery the areas leave an impression of neglected spaces. The central space overlooked by the units that makes the space more usable.

The buildings turn its back on the street to prevent noise, dust, from the high flow of vehicles. Being stacked as a row, big overhangs all these gives building an Indian character.

Fig.11. Amphitheater and Housing Blocks of Tara Housing. (Source - https://fuckyeahbrutalism.tumblr.com/post/53690547943/ tara-group-housing-new-delhi-india-1978

To form a terrace for each family, the units are stacked in two decks with upper ones stepped back. In the hot dry climate of North India this configuration resulted in a central area which allows the units to shade each other. The central common area is landscaped with trees and running water were proposed along with trees so as to humidify and cool the dry winds. However, it is not executed.

Fig.13. Tara Housing - Blocks offseted to create terraces. (Source - https://identityhousing.wordpress. com/2009/12/03/charles-correa-tara-group-housingdelhi-1975-1978/)

offsets and massing. (Source - https://www.scribd.com/ presentation/418683372/FINAL-TARA-Copy-pptx)

Fig.14. Tara Housing -

Fig.15. Tara Housing - Section showing ventilation and visual connectivity. (Source - https://identityhousing.wordpress.com/2009/12/03/charles-correatara-group-housing-delhi-1975-1978/

Fig.17. Tara Housing - Unit Plans and sections indicating active zones. (Source - https://identityhousing.wordpress. com/2009/12/03/charles-correa-tara-group-housing-delhi-1975-1978/)

Area of 2BHK - 84sq.m.

Area of 3BHK - 130sq.m.

In response to the climatic conditions and to achieve the desired visual character there is hierarchy of open spaces due to the alteration in the planes. Open terraces are protected by pergola and big overhangs.

Fig.18. Tara Housing - Spatial Organization of 3BHK modules. (Source - https://identityhousing. wordpress.com/2009/12/03/charles-correa-taragroup-housing-delhi-1975-1978/)

(source - https://www.ravindrabhan.com/tara)

Image showing

Fig.16. Tara Housing - Central Spine used for various aminities.

Fig.19. Sheikh Sarai Complex - Inner Courtyard. (Source - http://paradisebackyard.blogspot.com/2012/11/raj-rewal.html)

Sheikh Sarai Housing Complex

Location – Delhi

Area – 38,200 sq.m. Year – 1982

Total Units - 550

Architect – Raj Rewal

The design is inspired from historical cities like Udaipur and Jaisalmer, by the density of the town and close relationship between open and closed spaces.

Fig.20. Sheikh Sarai Complex - Site Plan indicating open and green areas. (Source - https://rajrewal.in/portfolio/sheikh-sarai-housing-new-delhi/)

Narrow shaded pedestrian pathways are the central spine of the layout. Which follows the vernacular methods of creating shade and cross ventilation. An important aspect of this scheme is the pattern of interrelated squares of an inward space have been created. To encourage and to serve different community activities the scale of the various squares has been adjusted accordingly.

Units are grouped around courtyard. Each unit has some kind of terrace for essential activities of Indian domestic life. Ground floor and first floor units are more spacious with two bedrooms, while second and third floor consists of single bedroom. The peripheral roads are connected to parking squares.

Fig.21. Sheikh Sarai Complex - Open areas in housing clusters (Sourcehttps://rajrewal.in/portfolio/sheikh-sarai-housing-new-delhi/)

Fig.22. Sheikh Sarai Complex - Plan and Section showing green areas, light penetration, ventilation and visual connectivity. (Source - https://rajrewal.in/portfolio/sheikh-sarai-housing-new-delhi/)

Fig.23. Sheikh Sarai Comlex - Inner Courtyard. (Source - https://rajrewal.in/portfolio/sheikh-sarai-housing-new-delhi/)

Aranya Housing

Location – Indore, Madhya Pradesh

Area – 8,66,027 sq.m. Year – 1988

Total Units - 6550

Architect – B. V. Doshi

In order to meet the acute shortage of housing for economically weaker section (EWS) of the society. This township was planned for using site and service approach.

The designing of the township was done in 5 levels; Township Level, Sector Level, Cluster/ Street Level, Dwelling Unit Level, Service Core. The orientation of the major infrastructure network and the overall spatial organization are determined by topography of the area.

The dwellings are organized in six sectors are is designed around a central spine comprising the business district. The plan is diagonally bisected by linear green spaces. This project that implicates a strong cooperation between the architect, the public services and the inhabitants.

Fig.24. Aranya Housing - Aerial View. (Source - https://bharanisri-gr.medium.com/housing-where-the-people-know-better5b4bd578ff89)

Fig.25. Aranya Housing - Site Plan indicating Zoning.(Source - https://architectonicanalysisetsacaranya.wordpress.com/)

The main design goal:

• Promote connection through cluster of human scale.

• Provide an individual character to the house.

• Create functional and aesthetically pleasing street environment.

• Spaces for social and religious activities.

• Promote income generation at cluster level.

• Amenities and utilities to every street.

• Have regard for pedestrian.

• Optimize cluster patterns for economic activities and easy access.

Fig.26.

(Source - https://www.bdcnetwork.com/ balkrishna-doshi-named-2018-pritzker-laureate)

Fig.27. Aranya Housing - Options for devloping Units and their elevation. (Source - https://architexturez.net/doc/az-cf-166248)

Fig.28. Aranya Housing - Plan showing green areas, light penetration, ventilation and visual connectivity. (Source - https://architectonicanalysisetsacaranya.wordpress.com/)

Fig.29. Aranya Housing - Community Engagement. (Source - https://www.ai-architect.com/competition-win-tickets-to-the-royal-academys-27th-annual-architecture-lecture/)

Aranya Housing - Street devploped such that community engagement is elevated

Fig.30. Udan Housing - Vertical connectivity and Common Areas. (Source - https://architecturelive.in/low-cost-housing-sameep-padora-and-associates/)

Udaan Housing

Location – Mumbai, Maharastra Area – 19,770 sq.m.

Year – 2017

Total Units - 522

Architect – Sameep Padora

The approach explores the flexibility available in the clever repetition of a module. For the large service sector population.

Fig.31. Udan Housing - Site Plan indicating Road Networks, Built-up and Green Areas. (Source - https://architecturelive.in/ low-cost-housing-sameep-padora-and-associates/)

For the large service sector population, the approach explores the flexibility available in the clever repetition of a module.Rather than consolidating the 10% amenity into the de-facto club house disconnected from daily use, the design integrated it as a series of dispersed common social programs throughout the building.

The chance of these being maintained well were also much higher since residents would pass by these on a regular day to day basis.The design addresses the climate using the staggered corridors to have cross ventilation through each unit and vertically ventilate the community/corridor areas. By this strategy of staggering the corridors will generate a stack effect cooling through the sloping roof over the circulation zone.

Four Variant Designs

1. 1 RK

2. 1 BHK

3. Mezzanine Unit

4. Live/Work Unit

• With a minimum area of 300sq. ft. permutations suiting the fluid requirements of users combined to form variations in unit/ module.

• To foster a sense of community spaces like a ration shop, a gym, a gathering space that have been built into the design.

• When the family scales up in size and economics the individual unit are scalable by joining to the adjacent units.

Fig.32. Udan Housing - Standard Devloper’s Practice and Proposed Concept. (Source - https://architecturelive.in/low-cost-housing-sameep-padora-and-associates/)

Fig.33. Udan Housing - Unit plans and Isometric Views showing Day-light Penetration and Air Circulation in Units. (Sourcehttps://architecturelive.in/low-cost-housing-sameep-padora-and-associates/)

Fig.34. Udan Housing - Section indicating Day-light Penetration, Visual-connectivity and Air Circulation. (Source - https://architecturelive.in/low-cost-housing-sameep-padora-and-associates/)

Fig.35. Udan Housing - In a Housig Block Void used as a connector through common Areas. (Source - https://architecturelive.in/ low-cost-housing-sameep-padora-and-associates/)

Fig.36. Park-side Retirement Housing - Volumetric Configuration. (Source - https://www.archdaily.com/901829/parkside-retirement-homes-mindspace)

Parkside Retirement Homes

Location – Banglore, Karnataka Area –8,793.47 sq.m. Year – 2018

Total Units - 156

Architect – MindSpace Architects

Podium level houses common activities like common dining and kitchen along with landscaped areas and water bodies.

Fig.37. Park-side Retirement Housing - Plan indicating 1BHK, 2BHK, Activity Areas and Terraces. (Source - https://www.archdaily. com/901829/parkside-retirement-homes-mindspace)

Atrium skylight is specifically designed keeping in mind to bring in the eastern light and to avoid glare. Animated shadows on wall surfaces further brightens the space.

To visually scale down the ten-floor façade, overlapping double height volumes are emphasized in the facade is with colors

Each of the floors has one activity center which is visually connected across different levels through a central atrium with a skylight.

Fig.38. Park-side Retirement Housing - Section showing distribution of activities. (Source - https://www.archdaily.com/901829/ parkside-retirement-homes-mindspace)

Fig.39. Park-side Retirement Housing - Section indicating Day-light Penetration, Visual-connectivity and Air Circulation. (Sourcehttps://www.archdaily.com/901829/parkside-retirement-homes-mindspace)

Fig.40. Park-side Retirement Housing - Image showing distribution of activities. (Source - https://www. archdaily.com/901829/parkside-retirement-homes-mindspace)

Tara Housing

Spatial Orgonization Volumetric Orgonization Circulation & Green Spaces Character of Open Spaces

Aranya Housing Udaan Housing Parkside Retirement Homes

Table.2. CaseStudies Inferences - comparing spatial organization, volumetric organization circulation, green area and character of space. (Source - Author)

Seikh Sarai Housing

Area Calculation of Case Studies

For the purpose of achieving a high-quality house, areas different case studies have been analyzed in order to understand the proportion and ratio of both the internal and external spaces within the home.

Case Studies Space Types Area of Space Area of Opening

Tara Housing Kitchen 06 sq.m 2.30 sq.m

Living Room 10 sq.m 5.46 sq.m

Bedroom-1 10 sq.m 5.46 sq.m Bedroom-2 07 sq.m 2.00 sq.m Bedroom-3 12 sq.m 5.00 sq.m

Sheikh Sarai Housing Kitchen 05 sq.m 1.00 sq.m

Living Room (2BHK+G) 25 sq.m 2.84 sq.m

Case Studies Site Area Built-up Area Open Area

Tara Housing 14,800 sq.m 3,330 sq.m 11,470 sq.m

Sheikh Sarai Housing 38,200 sq.m 12,740 sq.m 25,460 sq.m

Aranya Housing 8,66,027 sq.m 5,71,577 sq.m 2,68,468 sq.m

Udaan Housing 19,770 sq.m 8,791 sq.m 10,979 sq.m

ParkSide Homes 8,793 sq.m 4453 sq.m 4340 sq.m

Case Studies Floor Area Circulation Area Common Area

Tara Housing 1,030 sq.m 210 sq.m -

Sheikh Sarai Housing 180 sq.m 24 sq.m -

Aranya Housing - - -

Udaan Housing 2,150 sq.m 359.76 sq.m 262.87 sq.m

ParkSide Homes 2,453 sq.m 634.85 sq.m 491 sq.m

Table.4. CaseStudies Inferences - comparing Area per Floor, Circulation per Floor and Common Area per Floor.

Case Studies Unit Type Unit Area Open Areas/ Trerrace

Tara Housing

2BHK 90 sq.m 10 sq.m

3BHK 135 sq.m 10 sq.m

Sheikh Sarai Housing 2BHK+Garage 80 sq.m 12 sq.m

2BHK 52 sq.m 18 sq.m

1BHK 45 sq.m 8 sq.m

1RK 22 sq.m 10 sq.m

Aranya Housing - - -

Udaan Housing Mezzenine 40 sq.m 5 sq.m

1BHK 32q.m 5 sq.m

1RK 21 sq.m 5 sq.m

Work Unit 21 sq.m 8 sq.m

ParkSide Homes

1BHK 60 sq.m 10 sq.m

2BHK 80 sq.m 20 sq.m

Table.5. CaseStudies Inferences - comparing Unit Area and Open Area/Terrace Area in a Unit.

Living Room(2BHK) 20 sq.m 2.64 sq.m Living Room(1BHK) 30 sq.m 5.28 sq.m Living Room(1RK) 15 sq.m 2.16 sq.m Bedroom-1 10 sq.m 1.70 sq.m Bedroom-2 10 sq.m 1.4 0sq.m

Aranya Housing - -

Udaan Housing Kitchen 07 sq.m 1.30 sq.m

Living Room 12 sq.m 3.80 sq.m Bedroom-1 10 sq.m 5.60 sq.m Mezzenine 12 sq.mWork Unit 13 sq.m 2.70 sq.m

ParkSide Homes Kitchen 10 sq.m 1.00 sq.m Living Room 22 sq.m 5.25 sq.m Bedroom-1 12 sq.m 3.12 sq.m Bedroom-2 15 sq.m 1.56 sq.m

Table.6. CaseStudies Inferences - comparing Area of a Space in Unit to the Area of Opening.

Table.3. CaseStudies Inferences - comparing Site Ares, Built-up Area and Open Area.

Site –

The site is located in Science City, Ahmedabad. Located in a residential area, it is an existing site of the Affordable Government Housing Scheme.

As the site is surrounded by residential housing schemes, it is beneficial to propose housing for the Economically Weaker Section (EWS), who are in need of livelihood opportunities such as house-helping sweeping, small-scale shopkeepers, auto drivers, etc.

Site Analysis

Fig.43.

Fig.41. Site Plan with Context. (Source - Author)

Fig.42. Diagram indicating Sun-path, wind directions and Green Areas. (Source - Author)

Diagram indicating Site and Surrounding Landmarks. (Source - Author)

Fig.44. Diagram indicating distance between site and nearest Public Transport Medium. (Source - Author)

Fig.46. Diagram indicating Site and Zoning of the Surrounding Area. (Source - Author)

Fig.45. Diagram indicating Site and Surrounding Road Networks. (Source - Author)

Exising Site Areas

Plot Area 10,899 sq.m

Permiseble F.S.I 3 Provided Parking 7,104.6 sq.m Total Built-Up Area 34,358.4 sq.m No. of Units 630 No. of Floors Hollow Plinth+ 7 Floors Area per Floor 824.40 sq.m Area of Circulation per Floor 114.88 sq.m Unit Area 35 sq.m

Open Area in Units 1.7 sq.m Kitchen 3.4 sq.m Area of Opening(Kitchen) 0.9 sq.m Living Room 8.9 sq.m Area of Opening(Living Room) 1 sq.m Bedroom 8.4 sq.m Area of Opening(Bedroom) 1.44 sq.m

Table.7. Existing Area Calculations of the existing Affordable Housing Site.

Fig.47. Diagram indicating noise disturbance in site due to Railway Track nearby. (Source - Author)

Fig.48. Site Plan of existing Affordable Government Housing. (Source - Author)

Fig.49. Block Plan of the existing Affordable Government Housing. (Source - Author)

PMAY

Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana Scheme (PMAY)

A Credit Linked Subsidy Scheme (CLSS) introduced by the Central Government - The Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY). It is an initiative designed to provide ‘Housing for All’ of the Urban society by the end of the year 2022. The categories included are EWS (Economically Weaker Section), LIG (Low Income Group), MIG (Middle Income Group). The eligible applicants will be provided with home loan interest subsidy on purchase / construction / extension / improvement of their home under this Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana.

This initiative will see two central nodal agencies - Housing & Urban Development Corporation (HUDCO) and National Housing Bank (NHB) directing subsidy to the lending institutions, which in turn will help the eligible applicants to benefit from the subsidy.

Key Features and Benefits

Interest subsidy on residential property loan for EWS/LIG households is introduced by The Central Government of India from June 17, 2015.

Under PMAY, candidates who have an annual income of up to Rs. 3 Lakhs and up to Rs. 6 lakh can apply for a loan and benefit from this subsidy. With a condition that - the beneficiary family should not own any other pucca house in any part of India.

Criteria

Particulars EWS LIG

Woman Ownership/Coownership Mandatory for new acquisition Not Mandatory

Quality of House/Flat Construction

Basic Civic Infrastructure (water, sanitation, sewerage, road, electricity etc.)

National Building Code, BIS Codes and as per NDMA Guidelines adopted

National Building Code, BIS Codes and as per NDMA Guidelines adopted

Compulsory Compulsory

Table.8. Criteria for the beneficiaries of PMAY. (Source - https://pmay-urban.gov.in/about)

Fig.50. Features of PMAY(U) (Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojna - Urban). (Source- https://pmay-urban.gov.in/about)

Area Statement

Area Statement

Site Area - 10,899 sq.m

Permissible F.S.I - 3

Functions No. of Units Area per Unit Total Area

Play Ground 1 206 sq.m 206 sq.m

Community Garden 1 219 sq.m 219 sq.m

Amphitheatre 3 40 120 sq.m

Cycling Track 1 -Parking 332 12.5 sq.m 4,150 sq.m

Skating Ring 1 160 sq.m 160 sq.m Roads & Others - - 2,736 sq.m

Total 10,899 sq.m

Table.9. Area Statement - Functions at Site Level.

Functions No. of Units Area per Unit Total Area

1BHK+Shop 6 52 sq.m 312 sq.m

1BHK 300 35 sq.m 10,500 sq.m

2BHK 300 52 sq.m 15,600 sq.m

Total 26,412 sq.m

Table.10. Area Statement - Area of various Unit Types.

Functions No. of Units Area per Unit Total Area

Common Area - - 43.50 sq.m

Circulation Area - - 128.83 sq.m

1BHK 2 35 sq.m 70.00 sq.m

2BHK 4 52 sq.m 208.00 sq.m

Total - - 450.33 sq.m

Table.11. Area Statement - Functions and their Areas at Floor Level.

Functions No. of Units Area per Unit Total Area

1BHK

Living Room 1 9.62 sq.m 9.62 sq.m Kitchen 1 4.40 sq.m 4.40 sq.m Bedroom 1 8.70 sq.m 8.70 sq.m Open/Terrace 1 5.12 sq.m 5.12 sq.m Bathroom/Toilet 1 3.75 sq.m 3.75 sq.m

Total 31.59 sq.m

2BHK

Living Room 1 9.62 sq.m 9.62 sq.m Kitchen 1 4.40 sq.m 4.40 sq.m Bedroom-1 1 8.70 sq.m 8.70 sq.m Bedroom-2 1 9.66 sq.m 9.66 sq.m Open/Terrace 1 4.60 sq.m 4.60 sq.m Bathroom/Toilet 2 3.75 sq.m 7.50 sq.m

Total 44.48 sq.m

1BHK+Shop

Living Room 1 9.62 sq.m 9.62 sq.m Kitchen 1 4.40 sq.m 4.40 sq.m Bedroom-1 1 8.70 sq.m 8.70 sq.m Shop 1 9.66 sq.m 9.66 sq.m Open/Terrace 1 4.60 sq.m 4.60 sq.m Bathroom/Toilet 2 3.75 sq.m 7.50 sq.m

Total 48.48 sq.m

Table.12. Area Statement - Area s of Functions at Unit Level

Functions No. of Units Area per Unit Total Area

1BKH 300 35 sq.m 10,500 sq.m

2BHK 300 52 sq.m 15,600 sq.m

1BHK+Shop 6 52 sq.m 312 sq.m Circulation - - 13,527 sq.m Common Area - - 4,567.5 sq.m

Total 44,506 sq.m

Table.13. Area Statement - Total Built-up Area.

Concept & DesignDevelopment

Fig.51. Schematic Section showing proper air circulation and visual connectivity throughout the block. (Source - Author)

Fig.53. Schematic Iso showing free Ground for Communal Activities. (Source - Author)

Fig.52. Schematic plan indicating hierarchy of Common Spaces throughout the cluster and Site. (Source - Author)

Fig.54. Schematic Plan showing Centralized Community Area with Visual Connectivity. (Source - Author)

Fig.55. Diagram showcasing Components of the design. (Source - Author)

Design

Site Plan

The site is located in Science City, Ahmedabad, Gujart. It brings togather 630 houses in 10,899 sq.m of area. All the common plots are centrally located for the ease of access to all the residents. Aminities such as amphitheatre, play area, cycing track are provided to encourage interactions between the members of the community.

Fig.56. Design - Amphitheater Detail. (Source - Author)

Fig.58. Design - Detail of the Common Area at Site Level. (Source - Author)

Fig.57. Design - Illustration representing

- Author)

Fig.59. Design - 3D Vizulization of the Site. (Source - Author)

the charecter of Cycle/Jogging Track. (Source

Block Plan (Type-A)

The distinctiveness of the design lies in reinterpreting the idea of a single common space. Instead of placing all the activities in single place, they distributed across the floor for easy access and to have a lively atmosphere and encourage interaction across the building. Each of the floors has one activity centre which is visually connected across different floors through a central open space.

Fig.60. Ground Floor Plan of a Typical Type A Block. (Source - Author)

Ground Floor Plan

Ground Floor Plan

Ground Floor Plan

Ground Floor Plan with 1BHK+Shop

Ground Floor Plan with 1BHK+Shop

Ground Floor Plan with 1BHK+Shop

Fig.61. Ground Floor Plan of a Typical Type A Block with Shops. (Source - Author)

Fig.62. Illustration indicating a Community Kitchen Garden. (Source - Author)

Fig.63. 1st and 15th Floor Plan (for Block A) (Source - Author)

1st & 15th Floor Plan

1st & 15th Floor Plan

1st & 15th Floor Plan

Fig.65. Illustration showing a Common Area that consists of a Shallow Pool. (Source - Author)

2nd Floor Plan

2nd Floor Plan

2nd Floor Plan

Fig.64. 2nd Floor Plan (for Block A) (Source - Author)

Fig.66. 3rd Floor Plan (for Block A) (Source - Author)

3rd Floor Plan

1st & 15th Floor Plan

3rd Floor Plan

Fig.68. A Common Gathering Area. (Source - Author)

4nd Floor Plan

2nd Floor Plan

4nd Floor Plan

Fig.67. 4th Floor Plan (for Block A) (Source - Author)

Fig.69. 5th Floor Plan (for Block A) (Source - Author)

5th Floor Plan

5th Floor Plan

1st & 15th Floor Plan

Fig.71. 7th Floor Plan (for Block A) (Source - Author)

7th Floor Plan

7th Floor Plan

1st & 15th Floor Plan

8th Floor Plan

6th Floor Plan

6th Floor Plan

2nd Floor Plan

Fig.70. 6th Floor Plan (for Block A) (Source - Author)

8th Floor Plan

2nd Floor Plan

Fig.72. 8th Floor Plan (for Block A) (Source - Author)

Fig.73. 9th Floor Plan (for Block A) (Source - Author)

9th Floor Plan

1st & 15th Floor Plan

9th Floor Plan

Fig.75. A Common Gathering Area. (Source - Author)

10th Floor Plan

2nd Floor Plan

10th Floor Plan

Fig.74. 10th Floor Plan (for Block - A) (Source - Author)

Fig.76. 11th Floor Plan (for Block A) (Source - Author)

11th Floor Plan

1st & 15th Floor Plan

11th Floor Plan

Fig.78. A Common Gathering Area. (Source - Author)

12th Floor Plan

2nd Floor Plan

12th Floor Plan

Fig.77. 12th Floor Plan (for Block - A) (Source - Author)

Fig.79. 13th Floor Plan (for Block A) (Source - Author)

13th Floor Plan

1st & 15th Floor Plan

13th Floor Plan

Fig.81. A Common Gathering Area. (Source - Author)

14th Floor Plan

2nd Floor Plan

14th Floor Plan

Fig.80. 14th Floor Plan (for Block - A) (Source - Author)

Fig.82.

Fig.83.

Horizontal Section (for Block - A) (Source - Author)

Vertical Section (for Block - A) (Source - Author)

Fig.84. All Side Elevation (for Block - A) (Source - Author)

Fig.85. A Common Gathering Area. (Source - Author)

Fig.86. A Common Gathering Area. (Source - Author)

Unit Plan

Units are designed to be naturally ventilated and well-lit. All type of units are clubed togather in the same block to create rich social fabric through mixed user groups.

2BHK (According to PMAY - LIG-I)

1BHK (According to PMAY - EWS)

Total Area - 38 sq.m.

Area - 27.5 sq.m

Fig.87. Unit Plans of 1BHK, 2BHK and 1BHK + Shop Module (Source - Author)

Total Area - 55 sq.m. Carpet Area - 43.8 sq.m Living Room 3.7 2.6m

Kitchen 2.2 2.0m

1BHK+Shop (According to PMAY - LIG-I)

Total Area - 55 sq.m.

Area - 43.8 sq.m

Fig.88. Isometric view of a Typical 1BHK Module. (Source - Author)

Fig.89. Isometric view of a Typical 2BHK Module. (Source - Author)

Refrences

Hingorani, Pritika. 2017. Revisiting Low-Income Housing A review of Policies and Perspective. Mysore: Indian Institute for Human Settlement.

KPMG-CREDAI. 2011. Achieving Sustainable Growth in Reality. KPMG.

Michelle Hindman, Olivia Lu-Hill, Sean Murphy, Sneha Rao, Yash Shah, Zeqi Zhu. 2015. “Addressing Slum Redevelopment Issues in India.”

Mittal, Gaurav. 2014 . “A Short History of Housing Polices in Independent India.” November 14.

OECD. 2019. Housing for all . OECD Library.

Rekhy, Richard, and Navin Raheja. 2012. Bridging the Urban Housing Shortage in India. KPMG India.

Sharma, Madhubharti. 2018. “Evolution of Policy and Impact of the Housing Market.” FA Seminar: Architecture| Response-Ibility| Housing. Ahmedabad.

List of Tables

Table.1. Construction Costs Over Decades. (Source - Achieving Sustainable Growth in Reality, KPMG–CREDAI, 2011) 12

Table.2. CaseStudies Inferences - comparing spatial organization, volumetric organization , circulation, green area and character of space. (Source - Author) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Table.3. CaseStudies Inferences - comparing Site Ares, Built-up Area and Open Area. 42

Table.4. CaseStudies Inferences - comparing Area per Floor, Circulation per Floor and Common Area per Floor. 42

Table.5. CaseStudies Inferences - comparing Unit Area and Open Area/Terrace Area in a Unit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42

Table.6. CaseStudies Inferences - comparing Area of a Space in Unit to the Area of Opening. 43

Table.7. Existing Area Calculations of the existing Affordable Housing Site. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Table.8. Criteria for the beneficiaries of PMAY. (Source - https://pmay-urban.gov.in/about) . . . . .54

Table.9. Area Statement - Functions at Site Level. 58

Table.10. Area Statement - Area of various Unit Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58

Table.11. Area Statement - Functions and their Areas at Floor Level. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Table.12. Area Statement - Area s of Functions at Unit Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59

Table.13. Area Statement - Total Built-up Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59

List of Figures

Fig.1. Timeline indicating evolution of Government Housing. (Source - Author) 6 Fig.2. . Graph displaying Growth in Urban Population over the decade. (Source - Census of India 2011) 8

Fig.3. . Housing Shortage in Specific Categories. (Source - Report of the Technical Urban Group (TG-12) on Urban Housing Shortage 2012-17, MHUPA, September 2012) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Fig.4. Issues in providing Affordable Housing for Urban Poor. (Source - Author) 10 Fig.5. . Time Consumed in approvals from multiple Local Authorities. (‘Corruption and Transparency in Realty - The Reality’, infrawindow.com) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Fig.6. Loans provided by the banks in each Housing Categories. (Source - Report on Trend and Progress of Housing in India, National Housing Bank, 2011; KPMG in India analysis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

Fig.7. . Decentralized and Dead Open Spaces in Site Layout. (Source - Author) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Fig.8. . Narrow and Long passages with lack of Light and Ventilation. (Source - Author) 16 Fig.9. . Diagrams showcasing well-lit and dark areas in units. (Source - Author) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Fig.10. Typical Elevation of a Affordable Government Housing. (Source - Author) 17 Fig.11. Amphitheater and Housing Blocks of Tara Housing. (Source - https://fuckyeahbrutalism.tumblr. com/post/53690547943/tara-group-housing-new-delhi-india-1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Fig.12. Tara Housing - Site Plan indicating Green areas and other Aminities. (Source - https://www. ravindrabhan.com/tara) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Fig.14. Tara Housing - Image showing offsets and massing. (Source - https://www.scribd.com/ presentation/418683372/FINAL-TARA-Copy-pptx) 22 Fig.16. Tara Housing - Central Spine used for various aminities.(source - https://www.ravindrabhan. com/tara) 22 Fig.15. Tara Housing - Section showing ventilation and visual connectivity.(Source - https:// identityhousing.wordpress.com/2009/12/03/charles-correa-tara-group-housing-delhi-1975-1978/ . . . . . .22 Fig.13. Tara Housing - Blocks offseted to create terraces. (Source - https://identityhousing.wordpress. com/2009/12/03/charles-correa-tara-group-housing-delhi-1975-1978/) 22

Fig.17. Tara Housing - Unit Plans and sections indicating active zones. (Source - https:// identityhousing.wordpress.com/2009/12/03/charles-correa-tara-group-housing-delhi-1975-1978/) 23 Fig.18. Tara Housing - Spatial Organization of 3BHK modules. (Source - https://identityhousing. wordpress.com/2009/12/03/charles-correa-tara-group-housing-delhi-1975-1978/) 23 Fig.19. Sheikh Sarai Complex - Inner Courtyard. (Source - http://paradisebackyard.blogspot. com/2012/11/raj-rewal.html). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Fig.20. Sheikh Sarai Complex - Site Plan indicating open and green areas. (Source - https://rajrewal. in/portfolio/sheikh-sarai-housing-new-delhi/) 25

Fig.22. Sheikh Sarai Complex - Plan and Section showing green areas, light penetration, ventilation and visual connectivity. (Source - https://rajrewal.in/portfolio/sheikh-sarai-housing-new-delhi/) 26

Fig.21. Sheikh Sarai Complex - Open areas in housing clusters (Source - https://rajrewal.in/portfolio/ sheikh-sarai-housing-new-delhi/) 26

Fig.23. Sheikh Sarai Comlex - Inner Courtyard. (Source - https://rajrewal.in/portfolio/sheikh-saraihousing-new-delhi/) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Fig.24. Aranya Housing - Aerial View. (Source - https://bharanisri-gr.medium.com/housing-where-thepeople-know-better-5b4bd578ff89) 28

Fig.25. Aranya Housing - Site Plan indicating Zoning.(Source - https://architectonicanalysisetsacaranya. wordpress.com/) 29

Fig.26. Aranya Housing - Street devploped such that community engagement is elevated (Sourcehttps://www.bdcnetwork.com/balkrishna-doshi-named-2018-pritzker-laureate) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Fig.27. Aranya Housing - Options for devloping Units and their elevation. (Source - https:// architexturez.net/doc/az-cf-166248) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Fig.28. Aranya Housing - Plan showing green areas, light penetration, ventilation and visual connectivity. (Source - https://architectonicanalysisetsacaranya.wordpress.com/) 31

Fig.29. Aranya Housing - Community Engagement. (Source - https://www.ai-architect.com/competition-

win-tickets-to-the-royal-academys-27th-annual-architecture-lecture/) 31

Fig.30. Udan Housing - Vertical connectivity and Common Areas. (Source - https://architecturelive.in/ low-cost-housing-sameep-padora-and-associates/) 32

Fig.31. Udan Housing - Site Plan indicating Road Networks, Built-up and Green Areas. (Sourcehttps://architecturelive.in/low-cost-housing-sameep-padora-and-associates/) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Fig.33. Udan Housing - Unit plans and Isometric Views showing Day-light Penetration and Air Circulation in Units. (Source - https://architecturelive.in/low-cost-housing-sameep-padora-and-associates/) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Fig.32. Udan Housing - Standard Devloper’s Practice and Proposed Concept. (Source - https:// architecturelive.in/low-cost-housing-sameep-padora-and-associates/) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34

Fig.34. Udan Housing - Section indicating Day-light Penetration, Visual-connectivity and Air Circulation. (Source - https://architecturelive.in/low-cost-housing-sameep-padora-and-associates/) 35

Fig.35. Udan Housing - In a Housig Block Void used as a connector through common Areas. (Sourcehttps://architecturelive.in/low-cost-housing-sameep-padora-and-associates/) 35

Fig.36. Park-side Retirement Housing - Volumetric Configuration. (Source - https://www.archdaily. com/901829/parkside-retirement-homes-mindspace) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Fig.37. Park-side Retirement Housing - Plan indicating 1BHK, 2BHK, Activity Areas and Terraces. (Source - https://www.archdaily.com/901829/parkside-retirement-homes-mindspace) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37

Fig.38. Park-side Retirement Housing - Section showing distribution of activities. (Source - https:// www.archdaily.com/901829/parkside-retirement-homes-mindspace) 38

Fig.39. Park-side Retirement Housing - Section indicating Day-light Penetration, Visual-connectivity and Air Circulation. (Source - https://www.archdaily.com/901829/parkside-retirement-homes-mindspace) 38

Fig.40. Park-side Retirement Housing - Image showing distribution of activities. (Source - https://www. archdaily.com/901829/parkside-retirement-homes-mindspace) 39

Fig.41. Site Plan with Context. (Source - Author) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Fig.42. Diagram indicating Sun-path, wind directions and Green Areas. (Source - Author) 47

Fig.43. Diagram indicating Site and Surrounding Landmarks. (Source - Author) 47

Fig.44. Diagram indicating distance between site and nearest Public Transport Medium. (SourceAuthor) 48

Fig.45. Diagram indicating Site and Surrounding Road Networks. (Source - Author) 48

Fig.46. Diagram indicating Site and Zoning of the Surrounding Area. (Source - Author) . . . . . . . . . . . .49

Fig.47. Diagram indicating noise disturbance in site due to Railway Track nearby. (Source - Author) 50

Fig.48. Site Plan of existing Affordable Government Housing. (Source - Author) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Fig.49. Block Plan of the existing Affordable Government Housing. (Source - Author) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51

Fig.50. Features of PMAY(U) (Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojna - Urban). (Source- https://pmay-urban.gov. in/about) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Fig.51. Diagram showcasing Components of the design. (Source - Author) 62

Fig.52. Schematic Section showing proper air circulation and visual connectivity throughout the block. (Source - Author) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Fig.53. Schematic plan indicating hierarchy of Common Spaces throughout the cluster and Site. (Source - Author) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Fig.54. Schematic Iso showing free Ground for Communal Activities. (Source - Author) . . . . . . . . . . . .65

Fig.55. Schematic Plan showing Centralized Community Area with Visual Connectivity. (SourceAuthor) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Fig.56. Design - Site Plan (Source - Author) 68

Fig.57. Design - Amphitheater Detail. (Source - Author) 69

Fig.58. Design - Illustration representing the charecter of Cycle/Jogging Track. (Source - Author) . . .70

Fig.59. Design - Detail of the Common Area at Site Level. (Source - Author) 71

Fig.60. Design - 3D Vizulization of the Site. (Source - Author) 71

Fig.61. Unit Plans of 1BHK, 2BHK and 1BHK + Shop Module (Source - Author) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Fig.62. Isometric view of a Typical 1BHK Module. (Source - Author) 73

Fig.63. Isometric view of a Typical 2BHK Module. (Source - Author) 73

Fig.64. Ground Floor Plan of a Typical Type A Block. (Source - Author) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

Fig.65. Ground Floor Plan of a Typical Type A Block with Shops. (Source - Author) 74

Fig.66. Illustration indicating a Community Kitchen Garden. (Source - Author) 75

Fig.67. 1st and 15th Floor Plan (for Block A) (Source - Author) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

Fig.68. 2nd Floor Plan (for Block A) (Source - Author) 76 Fig.69. Illustration showing a Common Area that consists of a Shallow Pool. (Source - Author) . . . . . .77 Fig.70. 3rd Floor Plan (for Block A) (Source - Author) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Fig.71. 4th Floor Plan (for Block A) (Source - Author) 78 Fig.72. A Common Gathering Area. (Source - Author) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Fig.73. 5th Floor Plan (for Block A) (Source - Author) 80 Fig.74. 6th Floor Plan (for Block A) (Source - Author) 80 Fig.75. 7th Floor Plan (for Block A) (Source - Author) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Fig.76. 8th Floor Plan (for Block A) (Source - Author) 81 Fig.77. 9th Floor Plan (for Block A) (Source - Author) 82 Fig.78. 10th Floor Plan (for Block - A) (Source - Author) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Fig.79. A Common Gathering Area. (Source - Author) 83 Fig.80. 11th Floor Plan (for Block A) (Source - Author) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Fig.81. 12th Floor Plan (for Block - A) (Source - Author) 84 Fig.82. A Common Gathering Area. (Source - Author) 85 Fig.83. 13th Floor Plan (for Block A) (Source - Author) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Fig.84. 14th Floor Plan (for Block - A) (Source - Author) 86 Fig.85. A Common Gathering Area. (Source - Author) 87 Fig.86. Horizontal Section (for Block - A) (Source - Author) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Fig.87. Vertical Section (for Block - A) (Source - Author) 89 Fig.88. All Side Elevation (for Block - A) (Source - Author) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Fig.89. Ground Floor Plan (for Block - B) (Source - Author) 92 Fig.90. 1st Floor Plan (for Block - B) (Source - Author) 94 Fig.91. 2nd Floor Plan (for Block - B) (Source - Author) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Fig.92. 3rd Floor Plan (for Block - B) (Source - Author) 96 Fig.93. 4th Floor Plan (for Block - B) (Source - Author) 96 Fig.94. A Common Gathering Area. (Source - Author) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

Fig.95. A Common Gathering Area. (Source - Author) 99 Fig.96. 5th Floor Plan (for Block - B) (Source - Author) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Fig.97. 6th Floor Plan (for Block - B) (Source - Author) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

Fig.98. 7th Floor Plan (for Block - B) (Source - Author) 102 Fig.99. 8th Floor Plan (for Block - B) (Source - Author) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

Fig.100. 9th Floor Plan (for Block - B) (Source - Author) 104 Fig.101. 10th Floor Plan (for Block - B) (Source - Author) 104

Fig.102. 11th Floor Plan (for Block - B) (Source - Author) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Fig.103. 12th Floor Plan (for Block - B) (Source - Author) 106

Fig.104. 13th Floor Plan (for Block - B) (Source - Author) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

Fig.105. 14th Floor Plan (for Block - B) (Source - Author) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

Fig.106. Horizontal Section (for Block - B) (Source - Author) 110

Fig.107. All Side Elevation (for Block - B) (Source - Author) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112