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xdn k u txufwef;ausmif;om;b0rSmyif awG@qckH iG &hf &ef qEN jyif;jycJah om rSw^f m%fy&kH yd x f rJ S ol&aJ umif;}u;D rsm; ESihf wavSwnf;pD;/ wc&D; wnf;oGm;cGi&hf ae+yDjzpfaoma=umifh i&Ju|e;f od@k c&D;ESiaf e&onfh tjzpfuykd if u|eaf wmfarhavsmh aerdco hJ nf? (ESpf) ae@nrjywf toHukefatmf[pfidkaºu;aeaom yifv,fv_dif; acgi;f jzL}u;D rsm; tv,frS txD;useif &Ju|e;f / xdk i&Ju|e;f ay:&Sd oHq;l }uKd ; txyf xyf um&Hxm;onfh ppftm%m&Sif zufqpftusO;f pcef;/ vrdu k n f rsm;wGif {&mr qvku d rf ;D armif;}uD;jzifh r=umc% xd;k =unfv h suf axmifapmifv h +kH cHK a&;rsm;. a'guaf 'gucf yG cf yG f ppfzed yfcmG oH? aoewfusnx f ;kd oH? uif;vSnchf sed ?f pum; wD;wd;k ajymoH? awmifuek ;f xuf uif;wJqrD S em&D oHacsmif;acguo f ?H yifv,furf;OD; opfeyD ift}kd u;D xufqrD S oef;acgi, f H tusn;f wefiu S q f ;kd xd;k oH? u|ef;zufqpftusOf;pcef;wGif q&mAef;armfwifatmifESifh &JabmftcsKd @u taqmif(4)? q&mjroef;wifeh iS hf u|eaf wmfw@kd u taqmif(9)? ppfbm;wdkufo¿mef taqmifESpfaqmifrSm xdyfcsif;qdkifjzpf+yD; a0;vnf; ra0;vS/ tvGeq f ;kH cJwpfypfpmavmufom&Srd nf? trSeaf wmh axmifoq H ;l }udK;0if;twGif;&Sd taqmifESpfaqmifudk tv,frSoHql;}udK;jzifhxyfI uef@ xm;jcif;jzpfonf? q&mAef;armfwifatmifaeonfh tjcrf;bufwiG f taqmif (6)aqmif/ u|eaf wmfw@kd tjcrf;bufwiG v f nf; taqmif(6)aqmif? oHq;l }udK;umxm;aomfvnf; [db k ufonfbuf ul;Edik o f nfh oHq;l }udK;wyf wHcg; wayguf &So d nf? a&mufpuawmh ul;oef;cGirhf &? od@k aomf xdu k ef@owf csurf sm; rSm odyfr=umvdkufyg? [dkbufonfbuf tjyeftvSef ul;oef;=ujcif;jzifh tvdt k avsmuf ysujf y,fomG ;onf? q&mAef;armfwifatmif&&dS m taqmif(4)od@k tcgtm;avsmpf mG u|eaf wmfa&mufjzpfonf? q&mhtyd &f mteD;wGif pka0;avh&adS om ouf}u;D p um; oufi,f=um; pum;0dik ;f wGiv f nf; r=umr=umxdik jf zpfonf? q&mAef;armfwifatmifonfvnf; q&mjroef;wifhenf;wl tcsed u f kd pepfwus toH;k csavh&o dS jl zpfonf? ta&;ay:udp&P cdS sed rf t S y tdy&f m xrStdyf&m0ifcsdeftxd tcsdefZ,m;ESifhtvkyfvkyfonf? reuftdyf&mxcsdef tke;f yifpu kd f avhusichf ef; (tdE, dN a,m*D}u;D rsm;uJo h @kd OD;acgi;f udk =urf;jyifay:od@k aZmufx;kd xm;um ajcESpaf csmif;tm; tay:od@k wnfh rwfpmG axmifxm;onfh 13
avhusichf ef;) vkycf sed ?f pma&;pmzwfcsed ?f ae@v,fem&D0ufcef@ arS;puftem; ,lcsed /f naecif; vrf;av#mufxu G cf sed /f nae (6) em&DrS (9) em&Davmuftxd &Jabmfrsm;ESihf pum;0dik ;f zG@G cJ sed f ponfjzifh wae@wmv_y&f mS ;r_ukd pepfwus jzwf oef;avh&Sdonf? u|e;f ay:wGif q&m 0wÎ&m;rysuv f yk o f nfh tvkyrf sm;teuf eH&u H yfowif;pma&;jcif;vnf; ygonf? yifv,f c&kEiS hf a,mufomG ;rsm;udk rD;zkw&f mrS&aom xH;k jzifh ajrjzLawmifv h yk o f nf? yDuif;/ bDbpD /D AGt D akd t/ jrefrmh toHponfh toHvi$ Xhf mersm;rS xl;jcm;onfo h wif;rsm;udk owif; oH;k oyf csuEf iS t hf wl xrif;pm;aqmiftwGi;f &Sd oH;k xyfom; oifyek ;f }u;D ay:wGif pepf wus aumfvcH I JG a&;onf? u|e;f oufwrf;wav#muf q&m.eH&u H yf owif; pmudk u|eaf wmfw@kd tav;xm; zwfc&hJ onf? a&mufav&mt&yfwiG f jzpf onfeh nf;jzifh tvif;a&mifay;wwfonfh pma&;q&m/ owif; pmq&mayyJ? q&mjroef;wifu h tde*f ,f. 'l;&if;od@k acsycsuf (Anti During) usr;f &if;}u;D udk bmomjyefaecsed /f q&m Aef;armfwifatmifuvnf; tde*f ,f. obm0tEkyËdavmr (Dialect of Nature) trnfjzifh bmomjyefaea=umif; od&onf? q&monf ol,=kH unf&m rmhupf 0f g'tbd"rRmudo k m ydik Ef ikd pf mG avhvmxm;onfr[kw?f bmoma&;t& ESpjf cif; c&pf,mef0ef;usirf S }u;D jyif; vmcJhaomq&monf Ak'<tbd"rRmudkvnf; twGif;usus avhvmxm; oljzpfa=umif; ud, k af wG@}uKH rS odvu kd &f awmhonf? wae@ q&mhtyd &f mod@k u|ef awmfa&mufomG ;onf? q&mESihf awmfveS af &;orm;}uD; v,form;tzd;k tdk tb=uifw@kd aqG;aEG;ae=uonf? aqG;aEG;onft h a=umif;t&mrSm Ak'< tbd "rRmESiyhf wfoufaom &ky/f pdw/f apwodu/f edAmŠ ef? Ak'< tbd"rRmESihf ywfouf aom q&m.jyefveS af qG;aEG;csurf sm;udk =um;&aomtcg u|eaf wmf wtHw h =ojzpf&onf? vuf00J g'pD ma&;q&m}uD;wOD;u Ak'< tbd"rRmESiyhf wfoufI Tr# ajcajcjrpfjrpf avhvmEdik o f nfukd rxifrw S b f J odvu dk &f aoma=umifh tHh=o&jcif;jzpfonf? u|eaf wmfwOD;csi;f t&qdv k #if rdr, d =kH unf&m rmhupf 0f g'udo k m vufvSrf;rDor# avhvmcJhonf? tjcm;t,l0g'wckudk A[kokwtjzpfyif avhvm&aumif;rSe;f rod? txl;ojzifh bmoma&;qdik &f m pmay/ tbd"rRm rsm;udk avhvmv#if rdrd todik ;f t0dik ;f rS &Jabmfrsm;. txiftjrifao;r_ukd cH&avrvm;[kyif pd;k &drrf ad o;onf/? q&m. tbd"rRmqdik &f m bufprHk u _ kd awG@vu kd &f aomtcg u|eaf wmf. “tbd"rRmqif;&Jjcif;” twGuf ud, k u hf , kd f ud, k f jyefoem;rdawmhonf? 14
(ok H ; ) nae (6)em&DrS (9) em&Davmufxd q&mhtyd &f mteD;wGif pka0; usi;f yvsu&f adS om ouf}u;D pum;/oufi,f=um; pum;0dik ;f uvnf; u|eaf wmf wd@k twGuf tzd;k rjzwfEikd ?f &Jabmfi,frsm;odvo kd nfh ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk q&mESihf tefu,f}uD; ocifcifatmifu 'kid cf &H iS ;f jyonf? wd@k Armocif acwfO;D rS Edik if aH &;tjzpftysu/f tawG@t}uKrH sm;udk tefu,f}uD;ocifcifatmifu vk;H aphywfaph &Si;f jywwfonf? vk;H aphywfaph jzpfaoma=umifv h nf; tefu,f}u;D . &Si;f jycsurf sm;rSm wnESirhf +y;D wwf? ok;H av; ig; n tcef;qufrsm; jzpfavh&o dS nf? xdak e&mwGif tvsO;f oifI h rSww f rf;tjzpfuseaf p&ef tefu,f }uD;. tawG@t}uKHukd azmufonfcscsiyf gonf? tefu,f}u;D tzrf;rcH&cifujzpfonf? wae@wiG f vrf;av#muf &mrS tdro f @kd jyefvmonf? b,fvufwiG f qDcsuf acguq f x JG yk /f nmvufu wkwaf umuf axmufI av#mufvmonf? olEiS rhf suEf mS csi;f qdik rf S a*gu±f u kd f xGuv f maom Adv k af e0if; ,mOfwef;ESihf wae&mwGif wd;k onf? tefu,f}u;D udk jrifoGm;aom Adkvfae0if;u vufjyE_wfqufonf? tefu,f}uD;uvnf; wkwaf umufuikd x f m;aom nmvufukd jyefajr‡mufjyvdu k o f nf? Adv k af e0if; um;vGe+f y;D aemuf um;wpif;xd;k &yfum ppfom;ESpaf ,mufu tefu,f}u;D udk um;ay:qGJwifoGm;onf? a*gufuGif;a&mufrS tusdK;ta=umif;&Sif;jyojzifh Adv k af e0if;u ac:awG@onf? “'DaumifawG ocifcifatmifukd rodv@kd ac:vmwmyg? udprP &Sd ygb;l ? c%ae um;eJ@ jyefy@kd cikd ;f r,f? rif;wd@k rSww f m;=uuG — 'g ocif cifatmif yJ? wdkif;jynfvGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJrSm olwdk@vnf; ygcJh=uwmaygh? t,ltq rwlv@kd om &efoal wGvkd jzpfae=uwm? uGejf rLepfawGom awmrcdb k J tm%m& tpd;k &jzpfae&if ocifcifatmifu 0ef}u;D awG bmawGjzpfaer,fh yk*Kd~ vfuG -” [k teD;wGi&f yfaeaom ppfAv kd t f m; Adv k af e0if;u ajymonf? tultnD vdu k ajym&efEiS hf yk*Kd~ vfa&;t& ulnED ikd yf gonf[v k nf; tefu,f}u;D tm; ajymonf? tefu,f}u;D u Adv k af e0if;. yk*Kd~ vfa&;tultnD urf;vSr;f vmr_ukd tvdrmR eJ@ jiif;y,fvdkufonf/? “tefu,f}u;D udk 'DaumifawG bmvd@k um;ay:qGw J ifomG ;=u wmvJ” [k u|eaf wmfu ar;rdonf? “Adv k af e0if;u vufjyawmhvnf; u|eaf wmfuvnf;J vufjyef 15
jywmyJ As? 'gayrJh wkwu f ikd x f m;wJv h ufe@J jyvdu k af wmh rif;owdxm; qd+k y;D wkwaf jrm‡ ufjyvdu k o f vdk jzpfomG ;w,fxifyg&@J Asm” [k ajym&if; tefu,f}u;D u w[m; [m; &,fonf/ “trSeu f uGejf rLepfawG awmxJa&mufuek af tmif ol@val wG uyJ vkyw f mAs? +y;D awmh olu, kd w f ikd u f yJ uGejf rLepf tjyKww f u kd af &;vkyaf ewm? olajymyHku uGefjrLepfuyJ tvkyfr&Sdtvkyf&Sm awmckdwJhtaygufrsdK;? 'Dvl@ tusiu hf 'Dtwdik ;f yJ? aowJt h xd aysmufrmS r[kwb f ;l æ ” [k tefu,f}u;D u ol@pum;udk tqH;k owfonf? q&mAef;armfwifatmifuawmh rmhupf 0f g'tbd"rRm/ Armjynf vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ/ jynfwGif;ppfw&m;cH/ jynfwGif; +idrf;csrf;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_ tawG@t}uHK/ ygvrD ef'rD u kd a&pD. oabmobm0/ Armjynf ppftm%m&Sif pepf. ordik ;f Zpfjrpf ponfh Edik if aH &;jy\emrsm;ESihf owif;pmavmu/ pmay avmurS t,ltqa&; wdu k yf rJG sm;ta=umif; &Jabmfrsm; odvo kd nfh jy\em tvdu k f aqG;aEG;jywwfonf? owdxm;rdoavmuf q&monf ta=umif;t&mwpfckudk &Si;f jy&mwGif ta=umif;t&m. ZpfjrpfEiS hf twdwo f rdik ;f jzpfpOfukd ypPKy`ef tcdik f trmtxda&mufatmif yHak zmfjyonf? ypPKy`ef tcdik t f rmudk cGjJ crf;onf? +y;D rS xdt k a=umif;t&m. tem*wf tvm;tvmudk cef@reS ;f jyonf? q&m. pifjrifah [majymyGrJ sm;udk u|eaf wmfem;raxmifz;l yg? q&m. xdik 0f ikd ;f aqG;aEG; yGrJ sm;rSmrl av;raeyJ pdw0f ifpm;zG,jf zpfygonf? q&monf ol@u, kd af &;ud, k w f meSiyhf wfoufIum; ajymcJvS onf? od@k aomf wcgwiG f ol@ZeD;tay: q&m.rSwcf suu f kd trSwrf xif =um; cJ&h zl;onf? rnfo@kd ta=umif;wdu fk q f ikd I f xdo k @kd ajymvdu k o f nfuu kd m; rrSwf rdawmh? “usaemfZh eD;u avmu"Hukd cHEikd &f nf&adS eyg+y?D *syefawmfveS af &; umvuvnf; ol@udk u&if&Gmav;wpf&GmrSm tyfxm;cJh&zl;w,f? u&if oifwdkif;0wf/ 0ufpm&Sm/ 0ufpmau|;/ qefzGyfarmif;axmif; tvkyfawGudk wu,fh u&iftrsKd ;orD; wpfa,mufvv kd yk &f if; jzwfoef;cJ&h wm? tcuftcJ awGukd &ifqikd Ef ikd w f hJ ol@tpGr;f owWu d kd usaemf pdwcf sygw,f æ”[k q&mu ajymonf? xd@k a=umifyh if æ “u|eaf wmfb h 0rSm “twW”qdv k @kd rcifO;D udk cspw f hJ tcspw f pfcyk &J ydS gw,fAsm”[k ruG,v f eG rf D O'ge;f usL;cJjh cif; jzpfayvdrrfh nf? wcgwiG f q&mh uavmiftrnfEiS yhf wfoufI u|eaf wmf pyfpk rdonf? 16
“ Aef;armfwifatmifqakd wmh tawmfrsm;rsm;u usaemfu h kd Aef; armfom;vd@k xifae=uwm? trSef usaemfZh mwdu yJc;l As? i,fpOfu rdbawGe@J twl e,f wum ajymif;a&G@aexdik &f if;eJ@ Aef;armfuakd &mufomG ;wm? Aef;armfrmS ausmif; om;b0eJ@ eH&HuyfpmapmifawGa&;=uawmh uavmiftrnfwyf&mrSm wifatmifu ESpaf ,mufjzpfaew,f? 'ge@J ausmif;tkyq f &m}u;D u usaemfu h kd rif;u Aef;armfukd t&ifa&mufawmh a&S@u Aef;armfwyfvu kd af ygu h mG vd@k ajym wmeJ@ tJ'u D p Aef;armf wifatmif jzpfomG ;wmæ”[k q&mu &Si;f jyonf? tefu,f}uD; ocifcifatmifa&m/ q&mAef;armfwifatmifyg rSw^f m%faumif;&mwGif xl;jcm;onf[k xifygonf? q,fcEk pS af ygi;f tawmf =um=umjzpfaom e,fcs@J qef@usiaf &;/ zufqpfqef@usiaf &; wdu k yf u JG mv tjzpf tysurf sm;udyk if ae@p/JG &ufpEJG iS hf ca&aphwiG ;f us jyefajymjyEdik =f uonf? xdk@a=umifhyif ociftzdk;tdkESifh q&mAef;armfwifatmiftm; ouf&dS ordik ;f pmtky}f uD;rsm;[kyif u|eaf wmf owfrw S v f u kd rf o d nf? (av;) u|eaf wmfEiS ahf wG@csed w f iG f q&mhtouf (50)&Sad e+y?D t&yfajcmuf aycef@jrifah omfvnf; &Snu f ikd ;f udik ;f r[kw?f vrf;av#mufv#if acgi;f rwf/ &ifziG hf av#mufwwfonf? rsufvHk;rsufcHk;aumif;aumif;/ vlyHkacsmacsmjzpfonf? 'ga=umifv h nf; t&G,af umif;pOfu &ky&f iS &f u kd &f ef urf;vSr;f jcif;cH&wm jzpfrnf? touf 50 t&G,t f xd av;wdik pf ifbm;udk u|r;f usipf mG upm;Edik q f yJ if/ u|ef awmfw@kd taqmifa&S@u av;wdik pf ifbm;wGif q&mupm;aeonfukd wcgawG@ zl;onf? or&d;k us upm;enf;omru/ bm;wef;ay:wGif uif;+r;D aumuf axmif um a&S@jyef/ aemufjyef u|r;f ESpyf wfo;kH ywfyif ypfI upm;onf? touf vnf;}uD;vm+yDjzpfI tarmcHEdkifyHkum; r&? i,fpOfu vufa0S@xdk;cJhojzifh tHomG ;rsm;um;r&Sad wmh? tHuyf wyfxm;&+yD? ppfom;}u;D yrm usm;usm;vsm;vsm;&Sad omq&monf wa,m xd;k jyefawmhvnf; tzd/ tazgh tyGwt f owf/ bd;k jyef pyfaxGEiS hf yd&cd |EJ @JG aewwf onf? odk@aomf =um=umem;axmifcGifhum;r&yg? “wa,m rudkifwm=um awmh vufawGu vdkovdk r&awmhbl;As?” [kqdkum wa,mjym;av;udk tomt,mjyefcsxm;wwfjrJ? q&mESihf awG@z;l olwikd ;f wxyfwnf;wlaomtjrifrmS q&m. vlrq _ ufqaH &; odraf rG@rj_ zpfonf? wlom;t&G,f &Jabmfi,fav;rsm;udyk if cifAsm;ESi/hf u|eaf wmfEiS ahf jymonf? rnfonft h cgrS tay:pD;u qufqaH vhr&S/d 17
igoid gwwf vkyaf vhr&S?d &Jabmfi,ftcsKd @u owdvufvw G jf yif;jyif;xefxef a0zefvmv#ifyif av;av;pm;pm; em;axmifum nifnifomom wkH@jyef wwfjrJ? q&m.xdx k ;l jcm;csuaf =umifyh if q&mESiphf um;ajym&rnfukd r=um c% wGef@qkwfqkwf jzpfcJh&onf? q&mjroef;wifhESifhusawmh taeeD;+yD; txdtawG@ ydrk sm;aoma=umifv h m;rod/ pum;ajym&onfrmS ydI k vGwv f yf ovdk cHpm;&.? q&mjroef;wifEh iS u hf twlae twGrJ sm;onfh wlEiS Ohf ;D av;vd?k q&mAef;armfwifatmifEiS u hf sawmh ud, k t fh ay:cspcf ifaEG;axG;rSe;f odygvsuf tvdv k akd e&if; &Sed ;f aerdonfh b}u;D / ba'G;vd?k odk@aomf q&m. vlr_qufqHa&;aysmhaysmif;r_rSm e,fedrdwf &So d nf? tkypf ;kd olvw l ef;pm;ESihf ywfoufvmv#iu f m; pma&;&mwGijf zpfap/ xdawG@ajymqd&k mwGijf zpfap jywfom;onf? wcgwiG f u|e;f tusO;f pcef;od@k a&mufvmaom axmifrif;}u;D OD;+ird ;f vdi_ f (xifonf) u yk*K~ v d af &;t& ac: aw@Gaom vl}uD;wpfOD;pESpfOD;pxJwGif q&mvnf; ygonf? yk*~dKvfa&;t& tultnDvykd gu ajymyg&ef axmifrif;}uD;OD;+idr;f vdi_ u f q&mhtm;urf;vSr;f onf/ q&mu ol@wOD;csi;f yk*Kd~ vfa&;udpu P kd bmrSrajym? “usaemfh yk*Kd~ vaf &;udpP bmrSajymp&mr&Syd gb;l / cifAsm;wd@k tpd;k & eJ@ yufoufv@kd awmh ajymcsiw f ,f? cifAsm;wd@k tpd;k &[m awmfawmfw&m;rJh wJt h pd;k &yJ? tjypfrw hJ v hJ al wGukd zrf;+y;D u|e;f ay:rSm ud, k x f u l , kd x f tusO;f cs xm;w,f? q,fah jcmuf q,fch eG f t&G,f ausmifom;av;awGawmifygw,f? tjypf&w dS ,fv@kd ,lq&if wdik ;f odjynfoad =unm+y;D ±H;k wifw&m;pGaJ yg?h tckawmh vlord cH0b hH J 'Du|e;f av;ay:rSm cd;k +y;D EdyS pf ufaew,f? axmiftcGit hf a&;vnf; tjynft h 0 ray;bl;? ajym&&ifowdrW &Sw d hJ rde;f r&Smtpd;k &yJ ” [kajymcJh a=umif; q&mjyefajymjyonfukd rSwrf ad eonf? (ig;) q&mhy&kH yd u f akd zmf&mwGif Tpkwcf suu f av; wcsuv f nf; wd@k vdu k zf @kd vrkd nf[u k |eaf wmfxifygonf? u|eaf wmfw@kd u|e;f od@k tyd@k ccH &hJ aom 1969 ckumvonf w&kwf jynfuGefjrLepfygwDtwGif; ,Ofaus;r_awmfvSefa&; rkefwdkif;}uD; ar$aeonfh umv? ygwAD [du k kd tajrmufEiS hf cGi;f =u[laom awmfvo J }H u;D wke[ f nf;yJw h if aeonfu h mv? xdrk ek w f ikd ;f ESiahf wmfvo J }H uD;onf u|eaf wmfw@kd ygwu D v kd nf; jyif;pGm&dkufcwfvmcJhonf? u|ef;ay:&dSaxmifwGif;ygwDonfvnf; a&Smifv$J Ir&cJ?h 18
xdrk ek w f ikd ;f }u;D .'%fukd u|e;f ygwaD umfrwDacgi;f aqmif}u;D rsm; tv,ftvwf acgi;f aqmifrsm;/atmufajc ygw0D ifEiS hf ygwv D v kd m;olrsm;ygrusef rwlonfh twdkif;twmrsm;t& &ifqdkifcJh=u&onf? q&mAef;armfwifatmifvnf; xdrkd ek w f ikd ;f ab;rS rvGwcf ?hJ wcsed u f q&m. vl}udKufrsm; ausm=f um;aom “+rdKif” 0wWK}uD;onfyif &efov l w l ef;pm;ESihf aphpyfa&;vrf;pOf. jy,k*w f pfck tjzpf tcsLd @u yHak zmf=uonf? acwfa[mif; tcspo f cD si;f }u;D udk nnf;rdonfh q&m jroef;wifo h nfvnf; rvGw?f ae@pOf aexdik rf b _ 0 twGi;f rS omrefupd P av;onf tawG;tac:udp}P uD;jzpfvmwwfonf? tzG@J tpnf;ESihf vly*k Kd~ vf t=um; csed cf iG v f #mr#r_ rSm o[Zmwrjzpfcsiaf wmh? xdu k mvrsm;twGi;f u ygwt D odik ;f t0dik ;f twGi;f ae@pOfaexdik rf _ rStp bHkoabmudkxdef;odrf;&ef }udK;yrf;=uonf? yrmtm;jzifh aq;vdyf aomufolrsm;twGuf aq;ayghvdyf/ yGwfc|ef;rsm;udk bHkpepfjzifhpkpnf;um ae@pOfcw JG rf;jzifh a0onf? pm;aomuf&mwGiv f nf; yef;uef cGuaf ,muf ZGe;f ponfw@kd ukd xrif;pm;aqmifrmS yif pkxm;onf? pm;csed u f srS toD;oD;,lum oHk;pGJonf? xdkumvrsdL;wGif q&mAef;armfwifatmifu ZGef;/ yef;uef/ rwfcGufrsm;udk oD;oef@cGJIoHk;onf? pm;aomuf+yD;v#if tdyfaqmifrSmyif oD;oef@ord ;f onf? Tonfukd &Jabmfi,ftcsKd @utjrifr=unf=u? oD;oef@ qefonf? &JabmfxEk iS u hf if;uGmonf[k ,lq=uonf? q&mESiahf wG@qu kH m wdu k ±f u kd f a0zefjcif; &Srd &Su d u kd m; u|eaf wmfrod? xdt k oHAvHrsm;udk =um;&/ jrif&zef rsm;aomtcg u|efawmfpdwfqif;&Jonf? q&mhtwGufvnf; pdwfraumif;jzpf&onf? udk,fwdkif q&mESifh awG@qHkaqG;aEG;vdkaomfvnf; tm;empdwaf =umifh wk@H qikd ;f aeonf? trSew f u,fvnf;f Tudpo P nf Edik if H a&;tawG;tac:udp}P uD;r[kw?f tav;teuf aqG;aEG;p&m[kyif u|eaf wmf rxif? od@k qo kd jzifh bHu k pd u P kd vspv f sL±_jcif; r[kwyf g? bHEk iS yhf *k v ~ u d tjcm;udpP qufpyfr_ csed cf iG n f m‡ rr#[k ,lqrdjcif; omjzpfonf? aemufq;kH wGiq f &mhtay: axmufxm;pmemaompdwu f q&mESiahf wG@q&kH ef u|eaf wmftm; wGe;f yd@k vu kd f onf? w&ufwGif q&mhxHoGm;I tusdK;ta=umif;udk tm;ememESifhyif ajymjyar;jref;rdonf? u|efawmfhpum;udk em;axmifae&if; ta0;qDodk@ q&mai;=unfah eonf? q&mhrsuEf mS ay:rS a0'em&dyf r_eaf &;a&;udk u|eaf wmf owdjyKvdu k rf o d nf? “ &Jabmfa&æ usaemhrf mS u wDbaD &m*g&adS ew,fAs? yef;uefcu G f a,mufawGukd trsm;eJ@a&moH;k &if usaemfah &m*g wjcm;&JabmfawGukd ul;rSm pd;k &drrf w d ,f? tJ'gukd qifjcif+y;D oD;oD;oef@oef@o;kH &wmyg” q&m.&Si;f jycsuaf =umifu h |eaf wmf&h ifrmS vdu _ cf eJjzpfomG ;onf? 0rf; 19
enf;jcif;vm;/ 0rf;omjcif;vm; u|eaf wmf rcGjJ cm;wwf? ESpcf v k ;kH jzpfEikd zf , G f &So d nf? u|e;f ygwaD umfrwDonf ppftpd;k &. zdEydS rf t _ m; tpmiwfcw H u kd f yGJrsm;jzifh wkH@jyefqifE$J&if; ygwDwGif;nDnGwfa&;/ tusOf;om;xknDnGwfa&; twGuf trSew f u,fyif }udK;yrf;cJyh gonf? od@k &mwGif rkew f ikd ;f xefaeaom aumif;uif,w H iG f yso H ef;aeaom iSuw f tkyt f m; wuGw J jym;rjzpfatmif xde;f odr;f apmihaf &Smuf&onfrmS xifoavmufrvG,v f yS g? (ajcmuf ) “*k%o f u d mQ &Srd S *k%o f u d mQ xde;f odr;f r_&w dS ,f? *k%o f u d mQ r&S&d if *k%o f d uQmxde;f odr;f r_qw kd mvnf; r&SEd ikd b f ;l ? uGejf rLepfawGrmS uGejf rLepf*% k f odumQ &Sw d ,f? uGejf rLepfreS &f if uGejf rLepf*% k o f u d mQ udk xde;f odr;f zd@k wm0ef&dS w,f” uG,v f eG o f mG ;cJ+h yDjzpfaom rsLd ;qufa[mif;&Jabmf}uD; &Jabmf jrwfrif; oGefoifchaJ om pum;wcGef;jzpfygonf? q&m Aef;armfwifatmif ta=umif;awG;vdu k o f nft h cg xdo k eG o f ifcsupf um;wcGe;f u|eaf wmft h awG; wGif tvdv k kd ay:vmygonf? rSeyf gonf? q&monf ol wefz;kd xm;&m *k%o f u d mQ udk odpw d f &Spd mG xde;f odr;f Edik pf rG ;f &So d jl zpfygonf? wckv;kH t&ajymv#if tzdEydS cf H jynfow l @kd . *k%o f u d mQ // wckcsi;f t&ajymv#if Aef;armfwifatmif.*k%o f u d mQ ? q&monf tawG;wrsKd ; tajymwrsKd ;/ tajymwrsK;d tvkyf wrsKd ; vkyaf vh&o dS rl [kwyf g? ol@b0wav#muf tawG;/ tajym/ tvkyf wxyf wnf;usatmif }uKd ;pm;cJo h /l tzdEydS cf jH ynforl sm;awG;ovd/k ajymovd/k vkyo f vdk wxyfwnf;usatmif oDvapmifo h /l tusiphf &%&So d [ l k u|eaf wmf,=kH unfyg onf? ol@b0wav#mufvHk; ol@uavmif ol@tawG;tac:wdk@jzifh jynfob l ufr&S yfum zdEydS o f v l w l ef;pm;tm; tqufrjywf wdu k yf 0JG ifcyhJ gonf? jynfo@l tay: b,ftcgrS opPmrazmufc?hJ &efox l H b,ftcgurS 'l;axmuf tnhHrcHcJh? u|e;f tusO;f cHb0rSmvnf; tusO;f om;xktusKd ;pD;yGm;twGuf &ufav;q,f tpmiwfcH wdu k yf }JG u;D wGif a&S@q;kH rS yg0ifco hJ nf? &ufav; q,fEiS hf atmify&JG cJah oma=umifh &ufav;q,fwu kd yf [ JG k ac:ae=uaomfvnf; wdu k f yGpJ pOfu &ufav;q,fEiS hf atmify&JG vdrrhf nf[k rnforl S tmrcHEikd rf nfr[kw?f 20
a,bk,s cef@reS ;f wGucf surf r_ sm; &So d nfw h ikd f cef@reS ;f xm;onfxufvnf; ydEk ikd f .? atmifycJG o H nftxd rdrd touf&iS f use&f pfvrd rhf nf[v k nf; rnforl S r ajymEdik ?f jynfo@l *k%o f u d mQ / uGejf rLepf*% k o f u d mQ / rdryd *k K~ v d w f pfO;D csi;f *k%o f d uQmudk xde;f odr;f &ef oHEXdM mef&o dS rl sm;om yg0ifqifEEJ$ ikd af om wdu k yf rJG sLd ;jzpfonf? touf 50 t&G,f q&monf vli,f&aJ bmfrsm;ESihf &ifaygif wef;um &ufav;q,f tpmiwfcw H u kd yf }JG u;D wGif &J0w hH nf=unfpmG yg0ifjcif; jzifh olwefz;kd xm; jrwfE;kd aom *k%o f u d mQ udk xde;f odr;f cJyh gonf? (ckESpf) 53 &uftpmiwfcw H u kd yf }JG u;D rSm i&Ju|e;f tm; t+y;D owfacsre_ ;f vdu k o f nfw h u kd yf }JG uD;jzpfonf? xdw k u kd yf }JG uD;twGi;f uGejf rLepfygw0D if &Jabmf (8)OD; toufay;vSLcJ&h onf? ppftpd;k &u Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;tm;vH;k tm; jynfrod@k jyefac:cJ&h onf? od@k &mwGif jynfawmfjyefc&D;onfvnf; yef;cif;vrf; awmh r[kwcf ?hJ oabFmtqif; use;f rma&;qdyu f rf;rSp+y;D tif;pdef axmifA;l 0 txd yHpk rH xdik af &;wdu k yf u JG kd wdu k =f u&jyefonf? yHpk rH xdik o f rl sm;udk apmiftyk u f m qJq&kd u kd Ef u S =f uonf? t+yKd +yKd tvJvJ aoG;oH&&J EJ iS ?hf “t=urf;zufr_ ætvdrk &Sæ d tvdrk &S”d “ppftpd;k &æ usq;kH ygapæusq;kH ygap” tif;pdeaf xmifA;l 0rS t±k%Of ;D wdu k yf rJG mS &du k o f /H ESuo f /H aºu; a=umforH sm;ESihf nHyu G o f mG ;awmhonf? 1972 ckEpS /f rwfv axmifrS vGwcf sed t f xd u|eaf wmf taqmif od@k ra&mufawmh? tvHw k u kd t f ygt0if wdu k cf ef;rsm; twGi;f Yom oHo&m vnfaecJh&onf? axmifrv S w G +f y;D 1974 ckEpS w f iG f u|eaf wmf&efuek o f @kd wacguf a&mufjzpfonf? qif;&Jaom &Jabmfrdom;pkrsm;twGuf ygvmaom u|ef awmf, h mxGuf i±kwo f ;D ajcmuftw d }f u;D udk wnf;cdt k rd &f iS f &Jabmf}u;D xH tyf vdu k o f nf? &Jabmfrsm;/ rdwaf qGrsm;tm; wtdr0f if/ wtdrx f u G f oGm;awG@ onf? q&mAef;armfwifatmifudkum; u|efawmfpm;yGJxdk; vkyfulaeaom tdr&f iS f &Jabmf}u;D . yvufazmif;vufzuf&nfqikd af v;wGif em&D0uf avmuf om pum;ajymcGi&hf vdu k o f nf? aemufw}udrf q&mESiahf wG@&ef pdwu f ;l &Sd aomfvnf; ta&;ay:udpaP y:vmojzifh rawG@Eikd af wmhyg? xd&k ufu awG@qjkH cif; onf q&mESiu hf |eaf wmf. aemufq;kH awG@jcif;vnf; jzpfonf? &efuek o f @kd vnf; 21
aemufxyf ra&mufEikd af wmh? 1978 q&muG,v f eG cf sed w f iG rf l u|eaf wmfoyl ek 0f &rf;ajy;b0od@k a&muf aecJ+h yD? ,ckqv kd #if q&muG,v f eG cf o hJ nfrmS ESpaf ygi;f (30)wdik cf yhJ g+yD? q&m. touf&iS pf Ofb0onf tprStqH;k wdik f tzdEydS cf H jynfow l @kd twGuf wdu k yf 0JG if&if; ud, k u f sLd ;pGe@f tepfemcHrw _ @kd jzifh tom;usaeaom b0jzpfygonf? }u;D jrwfpmG touf&iS I f *k%af jrmufpmG aoqH;k cJah omb0 jzpfygonf? u|efawmfwdk@onf wdkufyGJ0ifol&Jaumif;rsm;/ wkdufyGJ0ifpmay acgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm; usq;kH uG,v f eG +f yD;aemuf ‚wd@k tm; *k%jf yK O'ge;f usL; avh&=dS uygonf? trSeyf if rysurf uGuf vky=f u&rnfw h m0efvnf; jzpfygonf? odk@&mwGif olwdk@touf&SifpOfurl olwdk@.wckvHk;qdkif&m tm;aumif;csuf rsm;udk r=umc% arhavsmx h m;wwf=uygonf? olw@kd . wpdww f ydik ;f tm;enf; csurf sm;udu k m; rarhravsm-h pmzG@J Zmcs@J wwf=uygonf? Tenf;jzifh olw@kd . pdwt f m; emusiq f if;&JapcJyh gonf? TonfrmS a=uuG0J rf;enf;zG,&f m oifcef; pm[k u|eaf wmfxifygonf? wu,fawmh u|efawmfwdk@tm;vHk; tºuif;rJhoef@pifolrsm; r[kw=f uyg? tºuif;rJh oef@pifo[ l I l vnf; r&SEd ikd yf g? jrifjh rifyh su H m/ a0;a0; jrifEikd pf rG ;f &Sad om iSub f &k ifvif;,kerf sm;onfyif uHraumif; ta=umif; rvSpmG yif =uufrw0wfpm tedrw hf iG yf s&H onft h cgrsKd ; &Sw d wfygonf? euf±i_d ;f jymarSmif aom[if;vif;jyifrS udk,fydkiftvif;aqmif =u,fwm&mrsm;onfyif t a=umif;tm;avsmpf mG ta&mifredS af zsm&h onft h jzpfrsKd ; }uKH &onfom jzpfonf? u|efawmfwdk@onf udk,fydkiftvif;aqmif=u,fwm&mrsm;/ jrifjh rifyh sI H a0;a0;jrifEikd af om iSub f &k if vif;,kerf sm;. *k%af jymifpmG aoqH;k r_uo kd mru ‚wd@k . touf&iS pf Of }u;D jrwfru _ ykd g toufxif&mS ; &Sad ecsed f rSmyif todrw S jf yKoifyh gonf? olw@kd . wpdww f ydik ;f c|w, f iG ;f csurf sm;tm; pmempdwjf zifh =uifempGm jyKpu k o k oif=h uygonf? Tenf;jzifh olw@kd tay: jrwfE;kd wefz;kd xm;a=umif; olw@kd raoqH;k rDuyif jyooifyh gonf? rnfo@kd jzpfap twdww f csed u f u|eaf wmfw@kd .iSub f &k if vif;,kef }u;D q&mAef;armfwifatmiftay: 0pDu/H raemuHw@kd jzifh uHjyKrSm;cJ=h uzl;aom &Jabmfrsm;(xdpk Ofu &Jabmfi,frsm;)/ rdwaf qGrsm;uvnf; olw@kd .trSm;rsm;udk 0efcsc=hJ u+yD;yg+yD? xdt k wGuv f nf; om"kac:&rnfjzpfygonf? u|eaf wmfwpfO;D csi;f t&qd&k ygrl q&mAef;armfwifatmif uG,f vGejf cif; tESpo f ;kH q,fjynfh txdr;f trSwt f jzpf opPmwdik f qkawmif;jcif; tr_wck jyKcsiyf gonf? 22
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rSwfrdjcif;vnf; jzpfEkdifygw,f? vlyk*~KdvftaeeJ@uvnf; b,fvkdrS arhrjzpf Ekid w f o hJ ?l xkdacwfu wkd;wufwJh vli,fawG[m ol@pmawGukdzwf/ ol@ ZmwfaumifawGudk t±l;trl; pGv J ef;tm;us/ ol@tbd"rRmukd vufc/H awmfveS f a&;orm;jzpfcsiw f hJ tmvsawG ay:aygu/f ol@awmfveS af &;pdw"f mwfudk twk ,l&mu awmfveS af &;orm; jzpf=uwm renf;vSygb;l ? 'Dvedk @J ckyJ =unfah v? u|efawmfukd,fwkdif awmfvSefa&;orm; olykefausmif;om;tjzpf/ axmif tqifq h ifh ajymif;cJ&h mu jynfawmfneG @f oabFmay: wufc&hJ +yDaum? olw@dk o;Hk a,muf[m avSum;ay:u a&S@qifah emufqifh qif;vm wJh u|efawmfwkd@ukd pdwf0ifwpm; =unfh+yD; pum;ajymae=u[ef &Sdygw,f? atmufa&mufv@dk c%=umawmh t&if;ES;D qk;H &Jabmf ukad tmifabmf qif;cs vmygw,f? olu“ANæa&æavSum; ESppf if;ukd a&mufawmh cifAsm; b,favS um; u qif;oGm;rSe;f rodvu dk b f ;l ? 'ge@J eH=um;axmuf+y;D qif;vmwm tawmf yJ? cifAsm;&Sw d hJ tcef;ukd wku d ±f u dk af &mufvmw,f? aysmv f u dk w f m”wJ?h “[kwfuJhæcifAsm; b,favSum;u qif;qif; 'Dtcef;xJ a&mufrmS ygy?J aemufwcef;rSmvJ avSum; ESppf if;&Sw d myJAs” vk@d toHwoH xGufvmygw,f? ab;rSm&SdwJh rsufESmpdrf; vli,fwa,muf&J@ &if;&if;ESD;ESD; 0ifajymvku d w f hJ toHyg? ol@udk aoaocsmcsm =unfv h u dk af wmh tom;nKdnKd/ t&yfjrifjh rif/h cyfo, G o f , G /f cyfuspu f spef @J cifrifz, G &f m rsuEf mS xm;&Si?f “u|eaf wmhef mrnf cspaf qG? jynfu Auoausmif;om;yg” vk@d wqufwnf; ol@u, dk o f l rdwq f ufawmhrS yifv,fu;l oabFmrpD;zl;wJh tnm om; u|efawmfwkd@wawG tm;&yg;& &,farmrd=uygawmhw,f? olodor# vufnK‡ ;d xk;d rdwq f ufjyvk@d OD;wifatmifab;em;u yk*K~ v d Ef pS Of ;D rSm wa,mufu OD;jroef;wif/h aemufwa,mufu KT OD;ausmw f ifrh eS ;f odvu dk &f jyefygw,f? rEWav;axmifu ajymif;vmol u|eaf wmfw@dk ausmif;om;vli,fwoku d [ f m wc%csi;f tif;pdeaf xmif vlcaH usmif;om;awGe@J tjyeftvSerf w d q f uf/ tjyef tvSef &if;ES;D oGm;=uygawmhw,f? r=umvku d yf g? OD;wifatmifw@dk aemufem;u vlwa,muf ae&if; xkid &f if;u vJusomG ;ygw,f? olu uwku d u f ±ku d f vSn=hf unfv h u dk +f yD;‘tk’d qkdwJh u±k%moHwcsuf xGufvmygw,f? 0kdif;tkH=unfhvmwJh vlav;ig; a,mufudk ab;z,fay;zk@d arwWm&yfcw H hJ OD;jroef;wif&h @J jymtuftuf toH ukv d nf; yxrqk;H t}urd t f jzpf =um;vdu k &f jyefygw,f? vlem avaumif; av oef@&atmif ab;vlawGuvJ tvku d w f od ab;ukd &SaJ y;=uygw,f? xm; 26
wmu ukew f ifwt hJ cef;/ vlawGuvnf; ¹ywfoyd af ew,f? av0ifayguaf wGu vnf; ydwx f m;wmrk@d teH@toufu raumif;/ v_id ;f a=umifh oabFmu v_y/f axmifxw J u dk x f J ESp&f n S v f rsm; aecJ&h ol/ uk, d cf u H se;f rma&; raumif;ol/ t ouf}u;D wJh olawGtzk@d odycf EH idk &f nf r&S=d uyg? vJomG ;olrmS rvny rS OD;xGe;f =unf jzpfygw,f? tom;ta&u 0gazsmah eygw,f? wa,mufwcGe;f ajym=u qkd=u&if; vli,fwcsKd@ avSum;ay: ajy;wuf+yD; axmiftm%mykdifawGukd ta=umif;=um;&ygw,f? csucf si;f vkd axmifq&m0ef a'guw f mazpdef vku d f vm+yD; jyKpkay;vk@d oufomoGm;ygw,f? ukdukdu|ef; &efuek ef @J qdk rkid (f 300) ausmf a0;owJ?h jynfawmfneG @f oabFm eJ@q&dk if 36 em&D=umatmif ckwaf rmif;&w,fqydk ?J tvsm;u (7) rkid /f teHu (3) rkid f us,o f wJ?h oabFmay:rSmwif &&Sv d u kd w f hJ A[kow k awGyg? aemufwae@ azazmf0g&(D 13) &uf eHeufpmukad wmh txufxyf wuf+y;D tokwv f u dk f pm;&ygw,f? wku d w f u dk q f idk q f idk f a&'D,u dk a':vSa&$&@J pENuEd &M D oDcsi;f oHudk =um;vku d &f w,f? r_id w f o hJ al wG r_id u f ek =f uwmayg?h (14) &uf naeapmif;tcsed af vmufrmS u|e;f ukd uyfrad eyg+yD? wn 'DrmS wif tdy+f y;D (15) &uf eHeuf a&mufrS Landing Craft ac:wJh urf; wufa&,mOfwpD; oabFmem; uyfvmygw,f? aexGufwmukd =unfh+yD; oabFma&mufwahJ e&mukd cef@reS ;f vk@d &vku d yf g+yD? u|e;f &J@ taemufawmif bufrmS yg? urf;wufa&,mOfe@J xde;f odr;f cH tusO;f om;awGudk tokwcf +JG yD; ykd@ay;ygw,f? t&m&Sd t&mcHeJ@ tr_xrf;wcsKd@uawmh aeADarmfawmfbkwf uav;eJ@ ul;=uygw,f? urf;wufa&,mOfu uke;f ay:txd wifay;wmr[kw?f rvSr;f rurf;rSm &yfygw,f? avu +idr+f idr/f a&u =unf=unfqadk wmh atmufajc =urf;jyifukdawmif jywfjywfom;om; jrifae&w,f? cyfwdrfwdrf xif+yD; txkyaf wG qGq J if;vdu k w f meJ@ ‘[ku d ’f ceJ jzpfomG ;rdw,f? a&u cg;v,fausmf ausmfavmuf eufaewmukd;? 'Da&twuf v_dif;tdtduvnf; &Sdaeawmh wuk, d v f ;Hk ukd &$eJ pfomG ;ygawmhw,f? vlpw Hk meJ@ urf;pyfoaJ omifay:rSm xde;f odr;f (pkpak ygi;f 233 a,muf) awG wef;pDay;&+yD; ppfa&;jyovkd b,fnmn‡d=u&ygw,f? tkypf ;dk ole@J ttkypf ;dk cH/ zdEydS o f el @J tzdEydS cf H tjyeftvSef wa,mufuw dk a,muf 27
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jzpfygw,f? =umvmawmh teH@uydk if rcHcsiaf wmhyg? 'gayrJh yxrqk;H &ifqidk &f wJh jy\emu ig;ydysurf sm; xkwaf y;wJh udpP jzpfygw,f? 'gudk xde;f odr;f (tusO;f om;) tm;vk;H u wnDwnf; vuf rcH=uyg? use;f rma&;eJ@ rnDnw G b f ;l / vJay;&r,fv@dk awmif;qkw d mukd tm %mykid af wGu y,fcsygw,f? olw@dk vnf; 'Dig;yd pm;aewmyJv@dk r[kwrf [wf ta=umif;jy=uw,f? 'Dvedk @J (5) &uf=um ig;ydwu dk yf JG ay:vmcJjh cif; jzpfw,f? aoG;wk;d prf;wku d yf /JG yGOJ ;D xGuw f u dk yf rJG @dk ta&;}uD;ygw,f? yxrtokwrf mS ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwrD S q&m &m*sef OD;aqmif yg0ifw,f? (2) &uf=umawmh em;jy\em&Sw d hJ q&m &m*sef vk;H 0em;xkid ;f oGm;ygawmhw,f? (3) &uft=umrSm 'kw, d tokwf wku d yf JG quf0ifygw,f? (5) &ufa&mufawmh au|;wJih g;yd use;f rma&;eJ@ nDnw G rf _ &§dS r&Sd q&m0efudk jy=unfyh gw,f? a'guw f mazpdeu f “pm;rjzpfb;l ” qk;H jzwfwmeJ@ wku d yf EJG idk f vkdufygw,f? ig;ydaumif;awG tpm;xk;d ay;vmygw,f? vGwv f yfciG ahf wGvnf; ykd&vmygw,f? q&m0efukdawmh (6) veJ@ jyefykd@vkduf+yD;/ q&m0eftopf tpm;xk;d yk@d ygw,f? &ckid t f rsK;d om; a'guw f mausmZf 0H if;yg? olvnf; pmempdwf &Sd+yD; oabmaumif;wmrkd@ (3) veJ@ jyeftykd@cH&jyefw,f? ol&J@ qkdprSwfjyK pum;wcGef;uawmh “olwkd@u EkdifiHa&;orm;awG? 'DtxJrSm aemifwae@ b,fol orRwjzpfr,f/ b,fo0l ef}u;D csKyfjzpfr,f/ ajymEkid w f mrS r[kwb f ”J wJ?h wwd,ajrmuf q&m0efa'guw f moef;atmifuadk wmh tm%m ykid af wG t}uKduaf wG@omG ;ygw,f? olu tm%mykid af wG tvku d s qufqyH g w,f? aq;ac|wmvGe;f / [efa&;jyvGe;f vd@k ‘rsupf u d dk +z/J vufuq dk /JG vrf;rsm;rsm; av#muf/ a&ukad omuf/ vrf;ol&q J &m0ef’vk@d pmcsK;d cH&olyg? tm%mykid af wGu tok;H wnfw h o hJ q l adk wmh tcsed u f sww hJ idk f jyefrv$waf wmhyg? wESpcf aJG vmuf &Sv d mawmh “usKyfawmh oGm;yg+yAD sm/ Further study (aemufxyf tqifjh rifh bG@J twGu)f rvkyEf idk af wmhygb;l ? 'kuyQ gyAJ sm” vk@d atmfnnf;cJ&h ol jzpfw,f? &uf(40) wkdufyGJuk, d x f u l , dk x f &J@'%fudk u|eaf wmfw@dk wawG b,ftxd cHvu dk f =u&ygovJ? csucf si;f rodomyg? odyt f =um}u;D vnf; rapmifv h u dk &f ? vtcsK@d jzwfoef;vku d w f meJ@ azmfjycsuaf wGu pyg+y?D tvHezD rdk S &Jex D eG ;f pdef wa,muf xif;cGJ&if; tm;jywfarhvJoGm;wm/ tm[m&csKd@wJh usef;rma&; xdckduf+yD; vlxu k pdk ed 0f if;vnf; arharsmoGm;cJw h m/ pojzifh }uKHvm&ygawmhw,f? 33
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tusK;d tjrwf&&dS r,f) t& wku d w f mjzpf&r,fv@dk wifjyvku d =f uygw,f? 'Dtcg u wkdufyGJ0ifcsifolawG rsm;vSygw,f? tm;vkH;uvnf; atmifbmav rJaygurf mS ukd pdwu f ;l ,Of=uygw,f? ukad tmifabmfq&dk if ‘eHygww f pf rajy; aomfvnf; a&S@q;Hk wef;u ygr,fxif’qkw d hJ oDcsi;f uav;ukd +yKH;ppeJ@ r=um; Ek;d em; oDqadk eygawmhw,f? xkn d u tzG@J tpnf; toD;oD; n‡=d u&mrSm wku d yf aJG wmif;qkcd suf awGuadk wmh cyfjrefjrefe@J oabm wlvu dk =f uygw,f? 1? &Jew D if+ird ;f tavmif;ukd jynfr&Sd ol@ro d m;pkxH jyefy@dk ay;&ef? 2? emwm&Snf a&m*gonfrsm;ukd jynfr jyefy@dk ay;+yD; aq;uk ay;&ef? 3? pnfow G Af ;l rsm;tpm; tom;pkad u|;&ef? 4? w&m;0if xkwaf 0wJh pme,fZif;rsm; zwf&c_ iG jhf yK&ef? 5? tdrfESifh pma&; qufoG,fcGifhjyK&efæ æ pwJhtcsufawG yg0ifygw,f? wku d yf aJG umfrwDuv dk nf; acsmacsmarmarm zG@J vu dk Ef idk yf gw,f? xpfaewJh jy\emu uGejf rLepfygwt D aeeJ@ tiftm;rsm;rsm; ok;H +y;D wku d cf sif w,f? 'gudk tvHeyD gwu D r}uKduv f yS g? vlenf;enf;eJ@yJ wku d zf @dk tqkjd yKygw,f? &JeD wif+idr;f udpt P ay:u wku d &f wmjzpfv@dk axmufxm;zk@d uvnf; vkjd yefyg w,f? n‡&d if; aps;qpf=u&if;u yxrtokwrf mS vl 90- ausm&f w dS hJ Armjynf uGejf rLepfygwzD rdk S 10-a,muf/ tvHerD S 5-a,muf/ rvnyrS 1-a,muf/ aygi;f 16-a,muf jzpfomG ;ygw,f? aemufw&ufrmS yJ wku d yf JG pjzpfygw,f? eHeufapmapm tvif; a&mifawmif ra&mufvmao;yg? rwfvtwGi;f rSmrk@d tdyv f @dk taumif;qk;H tcsed ?f ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif uk^d m%f0if;wa,muf yxrtokwf wku d yf 0JG if &JabmfawGudk wcef;0ifwcef;xGuf vku d Ef ;d_ aeygw,f? tdyaf ewJ&h aJ bmf&@J jcif axmifxJ vufv#Kd+yD; ajcrav;ukdukdifum v_yfE_d;vkdufwmeJ@ aigufceJ xvkdufvmolcsnf;yg? taqmifwkdif;&J@axmifhwae&mrSm pwkdcef;av;awG &Syd gw,f? uk^d m%f0if;ac:oGm;wmu 8-aqmif&@J pwkcd ef; jzpfygw,f? a&eHqrD ;D tdrf rSed rf edS x f eG ;f xm;wJh pm;yGaJ b;rSm vltcsK@d &adS eygw,f? xdyrf mS tzk;d }uD;(2) a,muf/ ab;rSm at;aq;pGm xkid af ewJh OD;wifatmif? tom;xl rsurf eS x f }l u;D eJ@ OD;jroef;? ukx d if&edS /f &ckid t f rsK;d om;}u;D OD;ode;f jzL/ ukv d aS zæponf? aemufvnf; wOD;pD0ifvm=u&m ausmif;om;awG jzpf=uwJh ukt d ek ;f jrifv h id_ /f Azl;nGe@f / ukad tmif+ird ;f ? aemufq;Hk 0ifvmwmu ukad tmifxeD @J ukzd ek ;f qkad wmh(10) a,muf jynfo h mG ;+yD? 35
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usifvnfcJholawGjzpfvkd@ tkyfpkd;olawG&J@ txmukd aemausae=uolawGyg? tawG@t}uKH }u;D rm;=uolawGr@kd wku d yf &JG @J tvm;tvm ukv d nf; rSerf eS u f efuef wGucf suEf idk o f al wGvnf; jzpfygw,f? wku d yf 0JG ifwo hJ t l m;vH;k uvnf; uk, d ahf cgi;f aqmifawGtay: ,H=k unfr_ tjynf&h =dS uygw,f? uk, d u f sKd ;pD;yGm;twGuf uk, d &hf J abmfawGudk a&mif;pm;r,fo h rl [kw/f acgi;f aqmifa&m aemufvu dk yf g uk, d yhf gwD uk, d t hf zG@J tpnf;&J@ eHrnfudk npfErG ;f apr,fo h al wG r[kw?f 'gha=umifhvnf; wkdufy0GJ if&wm pdwfajzmifh=uygw,f? wkdufyGJ uawmh Ekid rf mS yg? 'gayrJh t&if;tES;D b,favmufay;&rvJqw dk mawmh u|ef awmfw@dk vnf;rod? acgi;f aqmifawGvnf; ajymEkid yf rkH &? wvavmuft&rSm a&pdrpf rd f csKd ;aerd&mu u|eaf wmf tat; rdovkd jzpfomG ;w,f? a&vnf; aomufv@dk r&/ a&wpuf0ifwmeJ@ t0g&nf tpdr;f &nfawG tHxu G v f mygw,f? wcgtef+y;D wkid ;f vlu tm;ukef arm[ku d f oGm;wwfwmrd@k a&0ifrmS ukyd if a=umufaerdw,f? 'ga=umifh a&ukd tomiHik kH xm;+yD; axG;xkwfae&ygw,f? aygifcsdefvnf; ododomom usvmw,f? aemufyidk ;f jzpf&yfrsm;uawmh 0k;d w0g;om xifuse&f pfyg+yD? aemif olrsm;ajymjyrS &uf (40) tjynfh ae@cif;rSm u|eaf wmf owdvpfoGm;w,f- wJh? tJ'DnrSmyJ axmiftm%mykdifawGu eHygwf (5) awmif;qkcd suu f dk ay;vku d v f @kd wku d yf +JG yD;oGm;w,fv@dk od&w,f? &uf (40) wku d yf +JG y;D wmeJ@ emwm&Snf vlrrmawGudk jynfrjyefy@dk ay;ygw,f? jyefy@dk whJ pm&if;xJrmS u|eaf wmfygayr,fh u|eaf wmfu jiif;vku d v f @dk useaf e&pfcw hJ ,f? pnfoyG Af ;l tpm; tom;pkad wG ay;ygw,f? aemuf oabFm wywfrmS awmh owif;pmawG ygvmw,f? u|eaf wmfw@dk a&;wJph mawGvnf; oabFmu o,fomG ;yg+y?D wku d yf +JG y;D p yg;pyfx+J zx J nfv h u dk w f hJ yxrqH;k *vl;uk@d pf wpuf&@J t&omenf;wl csKd +rdev f u dk w f jhJ zpfjcif;? u|eaf wmf emvefxwm aES;ygw,f? vrf;vnf; av#mufv@dk r&yg? tdy&f mxJ vScJ siv f /JS 'grrS [kwf xkid af ewJt h csed u f rsm;ygw,f? u|eaf wmf pk;d &draf ewJh OD;wifatmifuawmh olaewJt h aqmif (4) uae u|eaf wmfw@dk t aqmif&J@ awmifbuf abmfvDabmuGif;ukd jzwf+yD; ae@pOftdrfomwuf& avawmh tdro f mu qif;vmwmeJ@ u|eaf wmfah b;rSm vmvm xkid w f wfyg w,f? +y;D awmh use;f rma&;tajctaeukd ar;ygw,f? w&ufrmS awmh u|eaf wmfu “'ge@J OD;wifatmif wku d yf &JG uf awGwek ;f u OD;wifatmif&@J *wfpx&dwf (tpmtdrf a&m*g) u bmrsm; xl;xl; jcm;jcm; azmfjyovJ”vk@d ar;rdygw,f? olu tm;&yg;& +yHK;vku d u f m “tJ'D wke;f u bmrS rxl;jcm;bl;? ckrS xl;jcm;ovkv d dk &Sv d mw,f? r&Sad wmhb;l ? aysmuf 46
oGm;ovkv d ydk ”J wJ?h (5) tESpf (20) orkid ;f “vlreS f ae&mrSe”f qkpd um;t&ajym&if 'Dta=umif;awGudk olw@dk a&;oGm;=u&rSmyg? “wcsed cf sed f wcgcgrmS a&;r,f” qkw d hJ oEMÏd mef olw@dk toD;oD; rSm &Sdygvdrfhr,f? pma&;q&mwa,muftzkd@ txl;ojzifh awmfvSefaom pma&;q&mwa,muftzk@d 'gxufaumif;wJh uke=f urf;awG wjcm;ae&mrSm &SmawG@z@dk cJ,Of;w,f r[kwv f m;? vlyk*~dKvfwa,muftaeeJ@ OD;wifatmifukd =unfh=uwJhtcg tuJjzwfwt hJ cg ±_axmifah wG wlcsirf S wl=uygvrd rhf ,f? 'gayrJh vlwef;pm;&yf wnfcsuf&SdwJhol/ azmufjyefwJhtkyfpkd;ol tqufqufukd awmfvSefwJhol/ jynfou l dk tvkyt f au|;jyKwJo h /l jynfo@l pma&;q&m/ aemuf+y;D jynfoal wGu cspfaompma&;q&m qkdwmrSmawmh tjiif;yGm;=ur,f rxifygbl;? 'gukd ol@psmye tcrf;tem;rSm tm;vH;k u jrifawG@c=hJ uyg+yD? olu, G v f eG +f yD; tESpf (20) =umwJt h xdvnf; azmfjycJ=h u yg+y?D wefz;dk qdw k m 'gygy?J ole@J ywfoufv@dk rdrb d mom ed*;kH csKyfxm;wJt h csuf (3) csu&f ydS gw,f? 1? “aooGm;rSjzifh aooGm;olqDu bmrSr&Edkif”qdkwm rSm;w,f? 2? vlwa,muf&@J wefz;dk ukd rSerf eS u f efuef tuJrjzwfEidk cf &hJ if ol@qu D &Ekid w f hJ “wefz;dk ”awG vufvw G f qH;k ±H;_ oGm;wwfw,f? 3? vlwa,mufudk tuJjzwfwt hJ cg tenf;qH;k tESpf (20) avmuf tcsed , f o l ifw h ,fqw dk mawGyJ jzpfygw,f? ?
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ppftpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm;u r=unfonf udkodem;vnfonf? olonf jref rmjynf pmayavmu. t±_yt f &Si;f rsm;wGiv f nf; yg0ifavh±o dS rl [kw?f oH;k ? q&m'*kew f m&muawmh ESppf Ofo@l arG;ae@wiG v f nf;aumif;/ tjcm;yGrJ sm;wGiv f nf;aumif; pmayavmuom;rsm;u ylaZmfonfukd rwwf omyJ vufcaH e&onf? (xdyk al Zmforl sm;xJwiG f q&meDu&kd rJ yg0if[k xifyg onf?) ol@tm; vGecf o hJ nfh vtenf;i,fuyif etztpd;k &u ypfpmo¿mef jzifh pkwpf w k yf yhJ hJ wdu k cf u kd cf o hJ nf? xdpk mrsKd ;udk olacsyavhr±S?d acsycGiv hf nf;r±S?d olonf etzaxmifacsmufxJ r0ifrad tmif owdxm;wwfojl zpfonf? Tod@k / Tr# wzufowfjzpfaeonhf pmayZmwfcw kH iG f etz u òijd iifol rsm;tm; jywfjywfom;om; pD&ifcsuaf y;&Jonhf q&meD. owWu d kd cs;D usL;rdyg.? etz. tusO;f ±H;k pD&ifenf;rsm;xufyif tusO;f ±H;k ygao;uvm;? wqufwnf; axmufjyvdo k nfrmS AsL;ol udOk ;D aqGonf T t}urd f tifwmAsL;rwdik rf w D vu q&m aqmif;0if;vwfukd AsL;&mwGiv f nf; Tar;cGe;f udyk ifar;cJo h nf? pOf;pm;p&m? Tpma&;q&moH;k OD;onf tEkynmjzifah &;onfr[kw[ f k q&m eDu&kd u J cdik cf ikd rf mrm ajymxm;onf? wckyJ ar;vdyk gonf? wcsed u f olw@kd oH;k a,muf. a&;enf;om;[efvdk vlEpS o f uf twk,cl &H onhf pma&;[ef&,f vdk@ 'DacwfrSm b,fol@a&;[efrsm;±SdovJ? q&meDudk&J xyfaxmufjyapcsif ygonf? wa,muf axmufjyEdik v f #iyf if vHak vmufygonf? olw@kd zefw;D onhf Zmwfaumifrsm;twdik ;f vdu k +f y;D aexdik u f si}hf uH ol rsm;±So d nfqjkd cif;udak &m q&meDu&kd J odygp? q&m'*kew f m&m. “ar”vdk cyfayghaygheJ@ acwfudkt±GJ@wdkufcJhonhf wuUodkvfausmif;olESifh usLwmrsm;/ q&mr=unfat;. “EGrf;vstdrfjyef”xJu t"duZmwfvdkuftrsdK;orD;udk twk,+l y;D ArmjynfrmS jzpfwnfr_ y"me0g'udk yxrqH;k usio hf ;kH cJw h hJ acwfynm wwftrsKd ;orD;awG/ q&mAef;armfwifatmif&@J 0wˆKawGxu J Zmwfaumif awGvdk (rsm;vGef;vdk@ wckcsif; rajymawmhyg) ðyrlusifh}uHvdk@ cspf&ygonf[k r*~Zif;wGix f w k af &;cJo h nhf pma&;q&mrrsm;? ra0;ao;wJt h wdwrf @kd 'gawGukd odoal wGtrsm;}u;D yg? 'gjzifh 'DZmwfaumifrsKd ;awGukd 'Dordik ;f wacwf armfueG ;f wifcw hJ hJ uavmif±iS }f uD;awG[m tEkynmrygbeJ @J zefw;D cJw h mvm;? erlemwcsKd @xyfajymygO;D rnf? q&mr=unfat;. “n}u;D rif;}u;D / x+y;D xdik af e/ tdy&f mawGvnf;/ a=urGweG @f vyd ”f qdak om wap> ponhu f Asmrsm;. =oZma=umifh &efuek w f uUov kd Ef iS hf rE aW v;wuUov kd w f @kd wiG f xd[ k eftwdik ;f vdu k af &;olrsm; tajrmuftjrm;ay:aygucf yhJ gonf? tcsKd @qv kd #if a,mufsm; yifjzpfvsuEf iS hf trsKd ;orD; uavmif emrnf,u l m xd[ k efrsKd ;/ awG;ac:enf;rsKd ;jzifh 49
vdu k af &;=uonfrsm; ±Scd yhJ gonf? ,cktcg emrnf razmfxw k o f ifah wmh [k xifojzifrh azmfawmhyg? wuUov kd b f ek ;f Edik q f akd om wcsed u f apmifa&trsm;qH;k xkw&f onhf atmifjrifr_ tifrwef&cJah om wuUov kd f ausmif;tkyaf [mif; q&mOD;cif armif wifu h kd rSwrf =d uygvrd rhf nf? olonf pma&;aumif;onf[al om tcsuf tjyif uGejf rLepfqef@usiaf &;rsm; a&;ol[I l vnf; emrnf}u;D ygonf? od@k aomf ol. “bke;f Edik ”f qdak om uavmiftrnfrmS ,ckq&meDu&kd J tqdt k & tEkynm uif;rJph mG jzif/h uGejf rLepf0g'udk tajcðya&;onfqakd om q&mAef;armf wifatmif . Zmwfaumifwaumif. emrnfudk,lxm;jcif;jzpfygonf? Tta=umif; udv k nf; q&mbke;f Edik u f óuw H ikd ;f ajymygonf? olonf q&m Aef;armfwifatmif . tEkynmu zefw;D xm;aom Zmwfaumifemrnfukd ,lxm;jcif;jzpf ygonf? 0g'udk vH;k 0,lrxm;yg? q&m'*kew f m&mhvuf&mESihf ywfoufv@kd uawmh pma&;ol.rdwf aqGwa,mufta=umif;udk ajymjycsiyf gonf? xdrk w d af qGu owif;pm wapmif wGif tm;upm;owif;jzifh ajcvSrf; vSrf;0ifa&mufaepOfjzpfygonf? olu abmhv;kH yGo J wif;rsm;udk a&;&mwGif taemufwikd ;f owif;pmrsm;wGif a&;=u avh±o dS nht f wdik ;f abmhv;kH yGrJ prDawG@&onhf &moDOwktajctae/ avwdu k rf _ tajctaersm;udkvnf; zGJ@EGJ@a&;ygonf? xdktcg tm;upm;owif;rsm;udk rvGww f rf;zwfavh±+dS yD; olEiS v hf nf; vlcsi;f &if;ES;D onhf q&mvlxpk ed 0f if; u “rif;&J@ owif;uvnf;uGm '*kefwm&m&J@pm zwfae&ovdkyJ”[k rSwfcsuf csygonf? qdv k o kd nfrmS '*kew f m&m. tEkynm=oZm[m pme,fZif; avmu wdik ;f udk xd;k azmuf0ifa&mufa=umif;jzpfygonf? xdak cwfu pmav; ayav; a&;wwfcsifonfh vli,fwdkif;vdkvdk '*kefwm&m. a&;[efudk vufwnfh prf;rd=urnfxifonf? q&meDu&kd . J pGypf cJG su-f r[kwb f ;l - pD&ifcsux f w J iG f olw@kd onf EdkifiHa&; ESifh a&;cJhaoma=umifhjzpfonf qdkaomtcsufvnf; yg±Sdonf? q&mAef;armf wifatmif. pmrsm; ta&mif;&qH;k umvrSm 1960ckEpS rf sm;[k xifygonf? xdpk Ofu olonfapmifa&trsm;qH;k a&mif;&ol wOD;jzpfygonf? TwGiaf r;p&m±Sd vmonfrmS Edik if aH &;t,ltq w&yfoufoufu-kd q&meD ud&k aJ jymovd-k tEkynmrygbJ a&;wm tb,fa=umihf Tr# vlóuu d rf sm;& oenf;? wu,fu 1950ckEpS rf sm;ESihf 70ckepS rf sm;wGiv f nf; ol@ukd axmifcsjcif;/ ol@pmrsm;udk ydwyf ifjcif;rsm; r±Scd v hJ #if olonf ta&mif;&qH;k pm&if;wGif ygae rnfrmS aocsmonf? ol@pmtkyw f tkyu f kd (trnfu rr}u;D / xdq k u k kd q&mu r,lcyhJ g) ol@tm; zrf;avh±o dS nhf zqyvtpd;k &u pmayAdrmefqak y;cJo h nfrmS 50
ol@0g'udk oabmusv@kd awmh [kwrf nfrxifyg? ol@tEkynmudk óuu d v f @kd om tod trSwðf yjcif;jzpf&ygrnf? rnfo@kd yifqakd p ppftm%m±Sirf sm;url ol@ukd róuu d ?f zdEydS o f rl sm; u ol@ukd róuu d ?f q&meDu&kd u J vnf; ol@ukd róuu d ?f ol@pmzwfy&dowfurl ol@ukd a&m/ ol@pmrsm;udak &m b,fr#EpS o f ufav;pm;a=umif; olu, G v f eG pf Ofu }uaH wm ok\efwiG af zmfjycJo h nf? Armjynfordik ;f wGif r±Szd ;l aom tokbrsKd ; tjzpf rSww f rf;wifc&hJ onf? ,ae@tcgArmjynf. pmayavmuwGif pmayavmuom;csi;f azmfjycGifhr&ol/ jzwfawmufydwfyifcH&olawGudk pmemae=ucsdef jzpfonf? ol@pmazmfjycGirhf &/ igph mom azmfjycGi&fh onfq+kd y;D *k%, f =l ucsed rf [kw?f od@k aomf q&meDu&kd u J rl Tonfukd 0rf;om *k%, f jl yae±krH u tqif; (xifrw S +f yD;) bD;wyfI wGe;f ay;vdu k af o;onf? od@k aomf [mopma&;q&mrd@k xifyg&@J / q&meDu&kd . J pum;pkxJ wGif [moav;rsm;vnf; awG@vu kd &f onf? wcku q&mr =unfat;udk 0g' twGufa&;ol[k qdkvdkufjcif;jzpfonf? q&mr=unfat;um; ArmjynfrSm Edik if aH &;taoG;ta&mif razmfjyqH;k aom pma&;q&mrsm;teuf xdyu f ygaom yk*Kd~ vfwOD;jzpfygonf? q&mr=unfat;tm; wm&mr*~Zif;wGif ae&may;cJ/h wifay;cJo h nfavmufuo kd modI ola&;aompmrsm;udk q&meDu&kd J zwfz;l [ef rwlyg? xd@k jyif wavmuyJ r*~Zif;wapmifwiG f q&mr=unfat;. pmtkyrf sm; a&mif;aumif;vSa=umif; oHo k yfcsuw f yk'u f kd zwfryd ga=umif; q&meDu&kd u J kd owday;vdyk gonf? aemuf[mowcku q&ma±$Oa'gif;[k oHk;E_ef;vdkufjcif;jzpfyg onf? pma&;olowdxm;rdonfrSm tarvlxka':trmu “a±$Oa'gif;”qdk aom uavmif±iS }f uD;tm; &nf!e$ ;f wdik ;f olac:avh±o dS nht f wkid ;f “OD;av; ode;f ”/ od@k r[kwf “q&m}uD;a±$Oa'gi;f ” [kom &nf!e$ ;f ygonf? pma&;ol odro D rl sm;xJu q&ma±$Oa'gi;f vd@k ac:qd&k nf!e$ ;f ol[I l q&meDu&kd w J OD;om awG@z;l ygonf? tm;vH;k u q&m}uD;[kyif&nf!e$ ;f oH;k pGyJ gonf? pma&;oluu kd yJ [mo^m%fenf;avovm;vnf; rodyg? aemufq;kH taeeJ@awmh q&meDu&kd eJ @J AsL;ol q&mudOk ;D aqGukd omru r*~Zif;wGiaf zmfjyay;ol t,f'w D mcsKyfrif;udyk g atmufyg ar;cGe;f ESpcf k ar;csiyf gonf? tajzudk ud, k [ hf muk, d pf Of;pm;+y;D ud, k ahf cgi;f xJrmS wif xm;&ef jzpfygonf? ArmwrsKd ;om;vH;k aoG;pnf;nD!w G pf mG wdu k yf 0JG if+y;D atmifycJG H cJ=h uonhf *syefawmfveS af &;xJukd ud, k u f sKd ;pGe@f +y;D pHyk pf0ifc=hJ uolrsm;onf q&m 51
}uD;ocifu, kd af wmfri_d ;f ESihf r[maqG (aeol&ed )f wd@k . pmawGuzkd wf+yD; yg0if vmcJ=h uwmvm;/ py,fyifO;D vwfEiS hf jrrsKd ;vGiw f @kd .pmrsm;udk zwf+yD; ygvm =uwmvm;? 7-&ufZlvdkifuae ±Spfav;vHk;txd wdkufyGJrsdK;pHkrSm yg0ifacgif; aqmifc=hJ uolrsm;onf rnfoal wG a&;onhpf mrsm;udk zwf+y;D oufpeG @f }uKd;yrf; aqmif±u G cf =hJ uwmvJ? olw@kd xrJ mS ±kyyf v kH m$ / i=oeJ@ òrdiu f rkd zwfz;l ol b,f ESpaf ,mufrsm; ±Sv d @kd v?J Armjynf.a±S@wGif }uD;rm;onhfta&;awmfyHk}uD;w&yf qifE$J zdk@±Sdaeygao;onf? oufpGef@óud;yrf; aqmif±Guf=u&ygOD;rnf? xdkwdkufyGJrsm; twGuf rnfonhpf mrsm;zwf+y;D yg0if=urnfenf;? vlxu k kd rnfow l @kd . a&;om; csufrsm;ESifh pnf;±Hk;=urnfenf;? q&meDudk&J. a&;om;csufrsm;ESifhvm;? pma&;ol.tjrifwiG rf l q&meDu&kd aJ jymonhf acwfuek o f mG ;+yD/ usq;kH oGm;+yD qdo k rl sm;. pmayrsm;.tcef;udk jyefazmfxw k =f u&ygvrd Ohf ;D rnf?
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