Various Authors, Myint Myint Pyan Pyi Way Way Myin Tat Linnyone

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&if;ES;D aecJo h nfrmS =um+y?D olw@kd .pmrsm;/ txl;ojzifh 0wÎKrsm;udk tv,fwef; ausmif;om;b0rSmyif pwifzwfczhJ ;l onf? olw@kd pmtkyrf sm;rS ay;or# pdw"f mwf tawG;tac:rsm;udkum; tjynfht0&,lEdkifcJhonfawmh r[kwf? t&G,fu vnf; i,fao;onf? yHyh ;kd rnfo h rl sm;&Sad eI rjywfrvyf qdo k vdu k m; zwfjzpf cJo h nf? u|eaf wmfw@kd +rKd @rmS tud}k u;D rsm;ozG,jf zpfaom ausmif;om;or*~ acgi;f aqmifrsm;u u|efawmfwdk@ ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf pm=unfhwkdufaxmif ay;xm;onf? pmtkyrf sm;vnf; awmfawmfpo kH nf? vif;,ke*f sme,f tygt0if wuUov kd Ef pS yf wfvnfr*~Zif;rsm;ESihf wm&mr*~Zif;a[mif;rsm;vnf; &So d nf? xdpk Ofuyif Aef;armfwifatmifqakd om trnfukd &ifE;DS aecJo h nf? txuf w ef ; ausmif ; om;jzpf v maomtcg pmzwf t m;yd k aumif;vmonf? tawG;tac:qdik &f m av;eufonfh pmrsm;udyk if }udK;pm; zwf&_vmrdonf? rodonfrsm;udk eD;pyf&mausmif;om; acgif;aqmifrsm;xH ar;onf? u|efawmfwdk@acwfu ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;rSm pm tvGezf wfonf? txl;ojzifh vuf0pJ mayrsm;udk tzwfrsm;=uonf? q&mAef; armfwifatmif. 0wÎKrsm;xJrS Zmwfvu kd rf sm;udv k nf; tm;us twk,=l u onf? u|eaf wmfonfvnf; q&mAef;armfwifatmiftygt0if wd;k wufaom pma&;q&m}u;D rsm;. 0wÎKrsm;xJrS r[kwrf cH rSe&f mudk vkyw f wfaom Zmwf aumifrsm;. pdw"f mwfukd wjznf;jznf; tm;usvmonf? qif;&Jom; eif;jym; rsm;bufrS &yfwnfum rw&m;r_ukd ckcq H ef@usijf cif;tm; vl@*% k f odumQ tjzpf oabmayguv f mcJo h nf? txufwef;ausmif;om; vlysKd aygut f &G,af v;jzpf onfw h ikd f tay:,H tjyiftqif t0wftpm; tvStyudk odyt f m&Hk rjyKrd awmh? ay:yvif&yS v f uf&n S f tjzL vnfuwH;k / oJawm 0rf;wGi;f xGuf zsiyf ifeD wdu k yf /kH av;q,fcsnv f ckH snu f u G w f ;kH avmufqv kd #if vHak vmufae+yD? acgi;f uvnf; uwH;k qHawmuf/ cHzk ed yf/ um;wm,mzdeyfp;D um ausmif;wuf&onf udv k nf; *k%if ,fonf[k rxifr?d r[kwrf cH rSe&f mvky0f ahH om pdw"f mwf&dS a&;om t"du[k oabmayguv f mum rdru d , kd u f , kd f ,H=k unfrv _ nf; wd;k vm cJhonf? q&mAef;armfwifatmiftygt0if wd;k wufaom pma&;q&m }uD;rsm;. pmrsm;udt k zwfrsm;vmaomtcg xdq k &m}uD;rsm;rSm u|eaf wmf. tm&Hk yH&k yd x f rJ mS pHjyrsm;jzpfvm=uonf? olw@kd tm; awG@q&kH if;ES;D vdpk w d /f olw@kd . uef@ul vufvn S hf oif=um;ay;r_ukd cH,v l pkd w d rf sm;vnf; ude;f atmif;vmcJh onf? xdpk Ofurl u|eaf wmfq h ENrmS pdwu f ;l tdyrf ufr#om jzpfco hJ nf? ,ckrl tdyrf ufonf wu,fb h 0jzpfvmcJ&h av+yD? 12

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avhusichf ef;) vkycf sed ?f pma&;pmzwfcsed ?f ae@v,fem&D0ufcef@ arS;puftem; ,lcsed /f naecif; vrf;av#mufxu G cf sed /f nae (6) em&DrS (9) em&Davmuftxd &Jabmfrsm;ESihf pum;0dik ;f zG@G cJ sed f ponfjzifh wae@wmv_y&f mS ;r_ukd pepfwus jzwf oef;avh&Sdonf? u|e;f ay:wGif q&m 0wÎ&m;rysuv f yk o f nfh tvkyrf sm;teuf eH&u H yfowif;pma&;jcif;vnf; ygonf? yifv,f c&kEiS hf a,mufomG ;rsm;udk rD;zkw&f mrS&aom xH;k jzifh ajrjzLawmifv h yk o f nf? yDuif;/ bDbpD /D AGt D akd t/ jrefrmh toHponfh toHvi$ Xhf mersm;rS xl;jcm;onfo h wif;rsm;udk owif; oH;k oyf csuEf iS t hf wl xrif;pm;aqmiftwGi;f &Sd oH;k xyfom; oifyek ;f }u;D ay:wGif pepf wus aumfvcH I JG a&;onf? u|e;f oufwrf;wav#muf q&m.eH&u H yf owif; pmudk u|eaf wmfw@kd tav;xm; zwfc&hJ onf? a&mufav&mt&yfwiG f jzpf onfeh nf;jzifh tvif;a&mifay;wwfonfh pma&;q&m/ owif; pmq&mayyJ? q&mjroef;wifu h tde*f ,f. 'l;&if;od@k acsycsuf (Anti During) usr;f &if;}u;D udk bmomjyefaecsed /f q&m Aef;armfwifatmifuvnf; tde*f ,f. obm0tEkyËdavmr (Dialect of Nature) trnfjzifh bmomjyefaea=umif; od&onf? q&monf ol,=kH unf&m rmhupf 0f g'tbd"rRmudo k m ydik Ef ikd pf mG avhvmxm;onfr[kw?f bmoma&;t& ESpjf cif; c&pf,mef0ef;usirf S }u;D jyif; vmcJhaomq&monf Ak'<tbd"rRmudkvnf; twGif;usus avhvmxm; oljzpfa=umif; ud, k af wG@}uKH rS odvu kd &f awmhonf? wae@ q&mhtyd &f mod@k u|ef awmfa&mufomG ;onf? q&mESihf awmfveS af &;orm;}uD; v,form;tzd;k tdk tb=uifw@kd aqG;aEG;ae=uonf? aqG;aEG;onft h a=umif;t&mrSm Ak'< tbd "rRmESiyhf wfoufaom &ky/f pdw/f apwodu/f edAmŠ ef? Ak'< tbd"rRmESihf ywfouf aom q&m.jyefveS af qG;aEG;csurf sm;udk =um;&aomtcg u|eaf wmf wtHw h =ojzpf&onf? vuf00J g'pD ma&;q&m}uD;wOD;u Ak'< tbd"rRmESiyhf wfoufI Tr# ajcajcjrpfjrpf avhvmEdik o f nfukd rxifrw S b f J odvu dk &f aoma=umifh tHh=o&jcif;jzpfonf? u|eaf wmfwOD;csi;f t&qdv k #if rdr, d =kH unf&m rmhupf 0f g'udo k m vufvSrf;rDor# avhvmcJhonf? tjcm;t,l0g'wckudk A[kokwtjzpfyif avhvm&aumif;rSe;f rod? txl;ojzifh bmoma&;qdik &f m pmay/ tbd"rRm rsm;udk avhvmv#if rdrd todik ;f t0dik ;f rS &Jabmfrsm;. txiftjrifao;r_ukd cH&avrvm;[kyif pd;k &drrf ad o;onf/? q&m. tbd"rRmqdik &f m bufprHk u _ kd awG@vu kd &f aomtcg u|eaf wmf. “tbd"rRmqif;&Jjcif;” twGuf ud, k u hf , kd f ud, k f jyefoem;rdawmhonf?

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(ok H ; ) nae (6)em&DrS (9) em&Davmufxd q&mhtyd &f mteD;wGif pka0; usi;f yvsu&f adS om ouf}u;D pum;/oufi,f=um; pum;0dik ;f uvnf; u|eaf wmf wd@k twGuf tzd;k rjzwfEikd ?f &Jabmfi,frsm;odvo kd nfh ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk q&mESihf tefu,f}uD; ocifcifatmifu 'kid cf &H iS ;f jyonf? wd@k Armocif acwfO;D rS Edik if aH &;tjzpftysu/f tawG@t}uKrH sm;udk tefu,f}uD;ocifcifatmifu vk;H aphywfaph &Si;f jywwfonf? vk;H aphywfaph jzpfaoma=umifv h nf; tefu,f}u;D . &Si;f jycsurf sm;rSm wnESirhf +y;D wwf? ok;H av; ig; n tcef;qufrsm; jzpfavh&o dS nf? xdak e&mwGif tvsO;f oifI h rSww f rf;tjzpfuseaf p&ef tefu,f }uD;. tawG@t}uKHukd azmufonfcscsiyf gonf? tefu,f}u;D tzrf;rcH&cifujzpfonf? wae@wiG f vrf;av#muf &mrS tdro f @kd jyefvmonf? b,fvufwiG f qDcsuf acguq f x JG yk /f nmvufu wkwaf umuf axmufI av#mufvmonf? olEiS rhf suEf mS csi;f qdik rf S a*gu±f u kd f xGuv f maom Adv k af e0if; ,mOfwef;ESihf wae&mwGif wd;k onf? tefu,f}u;D udk jrifoGm;aom Adkvfae0if;u vufjyE_wfqufonf? tefu,f}uD;uvnf; wkwaf umufuikd x f m;aom nmvufukd jyefajr‡mufjyvdu k o f nf? Adv k af e0if; um;vGe+f y;D aemuf um;wpif;xd;k &yfum ppfom;ESpaf ,mufu tefu,f}u;D udk um;ay:qGJwifoGm;onf? a*gufuGif;a&mufrS tusdK;ta=umif;&Sif;jyojzifh Adv k af e0if;u ac:awG@onf? “'DaumifawG ocifcifatmifukd rodv@kd ac:vmwmyg? udprP &Sd ygb;l ? c%ae um;eJ@ jyefy@kd cikd ;f r,f? rif;wd@k rSww f m;=uuG — 'g ocif cifatmif yJ? wdkif;jynfvGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJrSm olwdk@vnf; ygcJh=uwmaygh? t,ltq rwlv@kd om &efoal wGvkd jzpfae=uwm? uGejf rLepfawGom awmrcdb k J tm%m& tpd;k &jzpfae&if ocifcifatmifu 0ef}u;D awG bmawGjzpfaer,fh yk*Kd~ vfuG -” [k teD;wGi&f yfaeaom ppfAv kd t f m; Adv k af e0if;u ajymonf? tultnD vdu k ajym&efEiS hf yk*Kd~ vfa&;t& ulnED ikd yf gonf[v k nf; tefu,f}u;D tm; ajymonf? tefu,f}u;D u Adv k af e0if;. yk*Kd~ vfa&;tultnD urf;vSr;f vmr_ukd tvdrmR eJ@ jiif;y,fvdkufonf/? “tefu,f}u;D udk 'DaumifawG bmvd@k um;ay:qGw J ifomG ;=u wmvJ” [k u|eaf wmfu ar;rdonf?

“Adv k af e0if;u vufjyawmhvnf; u|eaf wmfuvnf;J vufjyef 15

jywmyJ As? 'gayrJh wkwu f ikd x f m;wJv h ufe@J jyvdu k af wmh rif;owdxm; qd+k y;D wkwaf jrm‡ ufjyvdu k o f vdk jzpfomG ;w,fxifyg&@J Asm” [k ajym&if; tefu,f}u;D u w[m; [m; &,fonf/ “trSeu f uGejf rLepfawG awmxJa&mufuek af tmif ol@val wG uyJ vkyw f mAs? +y;D awmh olu, kd w f ikd u f yJ uGejf rLepf tjyKww f u kd af &;vkyaf ewm? olajymyHku uGefjrLepfuyJ tvkyfr&Sdtvkyf&Sm awmckdwJhtaygufrsdK;? 'Dvl@ tusiu hf 'Dtwdik ;f yJ? aowJt h xd aysmufrmS r[kwb f ;l æ ” [k tefu,f}u;D u ol@pum;udk tqH;k owfonf? q&mAef;armfwifatmifuawmh rmhupf 0f g'tbd"rRm/ Armjynf vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ/ jynfwGif;ppfw&m;cH/ jynfwGif; +idrf;csrf;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_ tawG@t}uHK/ ygvrD ef'rD u kd a&pD. oabmobm0/ Armjynf ppftm%m&Sif pepf. ordik ;f Zpfjrpf ponfh Edik if aH &;jy\emrsm;ESihf owif;pmavmu/ pmay avmurS t,ltqa&; wdu k yf rJG sm;ta=umif; &Jabmfrsm; odvo kd nfh jy\em tvdu k f aqG;aEG;jywwfonf? owdxm;rdoavmuf q&monf ta=umif;t&mwpfckudk &Si;f jy&mwGif ta=umif;t&m. ZpfjrpfEiS hf twdwo f rdik ;f jzpfpOfukd ypPKy`ef tcdik f trmtxda&mufatmif yHak zmfjyonf? ypPKy`ef tcdik t f rmudk cGjJ crf;onf? +y;D rS xdt k a=umif;t&m. tem*wf tvm;tvmudk cef@reS ;f jyonf? q&m. pifjrifah [majymyGrJ sm;udk u|eaf wmfem;raxmifz;l yg? q&m. xdik 0f ikd ;f aqG;aEG; yGrJ sm;rSmrl av;raeyJ pdw0f ifpm;zG,jf zpfygonf? q&monf ol@u, kd af &;ud, k w f meSiyhf wfoufIum; ajymcJvS onf? od@k aomf wcgwiG f ol@ZeD;tay: q&m.rSwcf suu f kd trSwrf xif =um; cJ&h zl;onf? rnfo@kd ta=umif;wdu fk q f ikd I f xdo k @kd ajymvdu k o f nfuu kd m; rrSwf rdawmh? “usaemfZh eD;u avmu"Hukd cHEikd &f nf&adS eyg+y?D *syefawmfveS af &; umvuvnf; ol@udk u&if&Gmav;wpf&GmrSm tyfxm;cJh&zl;w,f? u&if oifwdkif;0wf/ 0ufpm&Sm/ 0ufpmau|;/ qefzGyfarmif;axmif; tvkyfawGudk wu,fh u&iftrsKd ;orD; wpfa,mufvv kd yk &f if; jzwfoef;cJ&h wm? tcuftcJ awGukd &ifqikd Ef ikd w f hJ ol@tpGr;f owWu d kd usaemf pdwcf sygw,f æ”[k q&mu ajymonf? xd@k a=umifyh if æ “u|eaf wmfb h 0rSm “twW”qdv k @kd rcifO;D udk cspw f hJ tcspw f pfcyk &J ydS gw,fAsm”[k ruG,v f eG rf D O'ge;f usL;cJjh cif; jzpfayvdrrfh nf? wcgwiG f q&mh uavmiftrnfEiS yhf wfoufI u|eaf wmf pyfpk rdonf?

16

“ Aef;armfwifatmifqakd wmh tawmfrsm;rsm;u usaemfu h kd Aef; armfom;vd@k xifae=uwm? trSef usaemfZh mwdu yJc;l As? i,fpOfu rdbawGe@J twl e,f wum ajymif;a&G@aexdik &f if;eJ@ Aef;armfuakd &mufomG ;wm? Aef;armfrmS ausmif; om;b0eJ@ eH&HuyfpmapmifawGa&;=uawmh uavmiftrnfwyf&mrSm wifatmifu ESpaf ,mufjzpfaew,f? 'ge@J ausmif;tkyq f &m}u;D u usaemfu h kd rif;u Aef;armfukd t&ifa&mufawmh a&S@u Aef;armfwyfvu kd af ygu h mG vd@k ajym wmeJ@ tJ'u D p Aef;armf wifatmif jzpfomG ;wmæ”[k q&mu &Si;f jyonf? tefu,f}uD; ocifcifatmifa&m/ q&mAef;armfwifatmifyg rSw^f m%faumif;&mwGif xl;jcm;onf[k xifygonf? q,fcEk pS af ygi;f tawmf =um=umjzpfaom e,fcs@J qef@usiaf &;/ zufqpfqef@usiaf &; wdu k yf u JG mv tjzpf tysurf sm;udyk if ae@p/JG &ufpEJG iS hf ca&aphwiG ;f us jyefajymjyEdik =f uonf? xdk@a=umifhyif ociftzdk;tdkESifh q&mAef;armfwifatmiftm; ouf&dS ordik ;f pmtky}f uD;rsm;[kyif u|eaf wmf owfrw S v f u kd rf o d nf? (av;) u|eaf wmfEiS ahf wG@csed w f iG f q&mhtouf (50)&Sad e+y?D t&yfajcmuf aycef@jrifah omfvnf; &Snu f ikd ;f udik ;f r[kw?f vrf;av#mufv#if acgi;f rwf/ &ifziG hf av#mufwwfonf? rsufvHk;rsufcHk;aumif;aumif;/ vlyHkacsmacsmjzpfonf? 'ga=umifv h nf; t&G,af umif;pOfu &ky&f iS &f u kd &f ef urf;vSr;f jcif;cH&wm jzpfrnf? touf 50 t&G,t f xd av;wdik pf ifbm;udk u|r;f usipf mG upm;Edik q f yJ if/ u|ef awmfw@kd taqmifa&S@u av;wdik pf ifbm;wGif q&mupm;aeonfukd wcgawG@ zl;onf? or&d;k us upm;enf;omru/ bm;wef;ay:wGif uif;+r;D aumuf axmif um a&S@jyef/ aemufjyef u|r;f ESpyf wfo;kH ywfyif ypfI upm;onf? touf vnf;}uD;vm+yDjzpfI tarmcHEdkifyHkum; r&? i,fpOfu vufa0S@xdk;cJhojzifh tHomG ;rsm;um;r&Sad wmh? tHuyf wyfxm;&+yD? ppfom;}u;D yrm usm;usm;vsm;vsm;&Sad omq&monf wa,m xd;k jyefawmhvnf; tzd/ tazgh tyGwt f owf/ bd;k jyef pyfaxGEiS hf yd&cd |EJ @JG aewwf onf? odk@aomf =um=umem;axmifcGifhum;r&yg? “wa,m rudkifwm=um awmh vufawGu vdkovdk r&awmhbl;As?” [kqdkum wa,mjym;av;udk tomt,mjyefcsxm;wwfjrJ? q&mESihf awG@z;l olwikd ;f wxyfwnf;wlaomtjrifrmS q&m. vlrq _ ufqaH &; odraf rG@rj_ zpfonf? wlom;t&G,f &Jabmfi,fav;rsm;udyk if cifAsm;ESi/hf u|eaf wmfEiS ahf jymonf? rnfonft h cgrS tay:pD;u qufqaH vhr&S/d 17

igoid gwwf vkyaf vhr&S?d &Jabmfi,ftcsKd @u owdvufvw G jf yif;jyif;xefxef a0zefvmv#ifyif av;av;pm;pm; em;axmifum nifnifomom wkH@jyef wwfjrJ? q&m.xdx k ;l jcm;csuaf =umifyh if q&mESiphf um;ajym&rnfukd r=um c% wGef@qkwfqkwf jzpfcJh&onf? q&mjroef;wifhESifhusawmh taeeD;+yD; txdtawG@ ydrk sm;aoma=umifv h m;rod/ pum;ajym&onfrmS ydI k vGwv f yf ovdk cHpm;&.? q&mjroef;wifEh iS u hf twlae twGrJ sm;onfh wlEiS Ohf ;D av;vd?k q&mAef;armfwifatmifEiS u hf sawmh ud, k t fh ay:cspcf ifaEG;axG;rSe;f odygvsuf tvdv k akd e&if; &Sed ;f aerdonfh b}u;D / ba'G;vd?k odk@aomf q&m. vlr_qufqHa&;aysmhaysmif;r_rSm e,fedrdwf &So d nf? tkypf ;kd olvw l ef;pm;ESihf ywfoufvmv#iu f m; pma&;&mwGijf zpfap/ xdawG@ajymqd&k mwGijf zpfap jywfom;onf? wcgwiG f u|e;f tusO;f pcef;od@k a&mufvmaom axmifrif;}u;D OD;+ird ;f vdi_ f (xifonf) u yk*K~ v d af &;t& ac: aw@Gaom vl}uD;wpfOD;pESpfOD;pxJwGif q&mvnf; ygonf? yk*~dKvfa&;t& tultnDvykd gu ajymyg&ef axmifrif;}uD;OD;+idr;f vdi_ u f q&mhtm;urf;vSr;f onf/ q&mu ol@wOD;csi;f yk*Kd~ vfa&;udpu P kd bmrSrajym? “usaemfh yk*Kd~ vaf &;udpP bmrSajymp&mr&Syd gb;l / cifAsm;wd@k tpd;k & eJ@ yufoufv@kd awmh ajymcsiw f ,f? cifAsm;wd@k tpd;k &[m awmfawmfw&m;rJh wJt h pd;k &yJ? tjypfrw hJ v hJ al wGukd zrf;+y;D u|e;f ay:rSm ud, k x f u l , kd x f tusO;f cs xm;w,f? q,fah jcmuf q,fch eG f t&G,f ausmifom;av;awGawmifygw,f? tjypf&w dS ,fv@kd ,lq&if wdik ;f odjynfoad =unm+y;D ±H;k wifw&m;pGaJ yg?h tckawmh vlord cH0b hH J 'Du|e;f av;ay:rSm cd;k +y;D EdyS pf ufaew,f? axmiftcGit hf a&;vnf; tjynft h 0 ray;bl;? ajym&&ifowdrW &Sw d hJ rde;f r&Smtpd;k &yJ ” [kajymcJh a=umif; q&mjyefajymjyonfukd rSwrf ad eonf? (ig;) q&mhy&kH yd u f akd zmf&mwGif Tpkwcf suu f av; wcsuv f nf; wd@k vdu k zf @kd vrkd nf[u k |eaf wmfxifygonf? u|eaf wmfw@kd u|e;f od@k tyd@k ccH &hJ aom 1969 ckumvonf w&kwf jynfuGefjrLepfygwDtwGif; ,Ofaus;r_awmfvSefa&; rkefwdkif;}uD; ar$aeonfh umv? ygwAD [du k kd tajrmufEiS hf cGi;f =u[laom awmfvo J }H u;D wke[ f nf;yJw h if aeonfu h mv? xdrk ek w f ikd ;f ESiahf wmfvo J }H uD;onf u|eaf wmfw@kd ygwu D v kd nf; jyif;pGm&dkufcwfvmcJhonf? u|ef;ay:&dSaxmifwGif;ygwDonfvnf; a&Smifv$J Ir&cJ?h 18

xdrk ek w f ikd ;f }u;D .'%fukd u|e;f ygwaD umfrwDacgi;f aqmif}u;D rsm; tv,ftvwf acgi;f aqmifrsm;/atmufajc ygw0D ifEiS hf ygwv D v kd m;olrsm;ygrusef rwlonfh twdkif;twmrsm;t& &ifqdkifcJh=u&onf? q&mAef;armfwifatmifvnf; xdrkd ek w f ikd ;f ab;rS rvGwcf ?hJ wcsed u f q&m. vl}udKufrsm; ausm=f um;aom “+rdKif” 0wWK}uD;onfyif &efov l w l ef;pm;ESihf aphpyfa&;vrf;pOf. jy,k*w f pfck tjzpf tcsLd @u yHak zmf=uonf? acwfa[mif; tcspo f cD si;f }u;D udk nnf;rdonfh q&m jroef;wifo h nfvnf; rvGw?f ae@pOf aexdik rf b _ 0 twGi;f rS omrefupd P av;onf tawG;tac:udp}P uD;jzpfvmwwfonf? tzG@J tpnf;ESihf vly*k Kd~ vf t=um; csed cf iG v f #mr#r_ rSm o[Zmwrjzpfcsiaf wmh? xdu k mvrsm;twGi;f u ygwt D odik ;f t0dik ;f twGi;f ae@pOfaexdik rf _ rStp bHkoabmudkxdef;odrf;&ef }udK;yrf;=uonf? yrmtm;jzifh aq;vdyf aomufolrsm;twGuf aq;ayghvdyf/ yGwfc|ef;rsm;udk bHkpepfjzifhpkpnf;um ae@pOfcw JG rf;jzifh a0onf? pm;aomuf&mwGiv f nf; yef;uef cGuaf ,muf ZGe;f ponfw@kd ukd xrif;pm;aqmifrmS yif pkxm;onf? pm;csed u f srS toD;oD;,lum oHk;pGJonf? xdkumvrsdL;wGif q&mAef;armfwifatmifu ZGef;/ yef;uef/ rwfcGufrsm;udk oD;oef@cGJIoHk;onf? pm;aomuf+yD;v#if tdyfaqmifrSmyif oD;oef@ord ;f onf? Tonfukd &Jabmfi,ftcsKd @utjrifr=unf=u? oD;oef@ qefonf? &JabmfxEk iS u hf if;uGmonf[k ,lq=uonf? q&mESiahf wG@qu kH m wdu k ±f u kd f a0zefjcif; &Srd &Su d u kd m; u|eaf wmfrod? xdt k oHAvHrsm;udk =um;&/ jrif&zef rsm;aomtcg u|efawmfpdwfqif;&Jonf? q&mhtwGufvnf; pdwfraumif;jzpf&onf? udk,fwdkif q&mESifh awG@qHkaqG;aEG;vdkaomfvnf; tm;empdwaf =umifh wk@H qikd ;f aeonf? trSew f u,fvnf;f Tudpo P nf Edik if H a&;tawG;tac:udp}P uD;r[kw?f tav;teuf aqG;aEG;p&m[kyif u|eaf wmf rxif? od@k qo kd jzifh bHu k pd u P kd vspv f sL±_jcif; r[kwyf g? bHEk iS yhf *k v ~ u d tjcm;udpP qufpyfr_ csed cf iG n f m‡ rr#[k ,lqrdjcif; omjzpfonf? aemufq;kH wGiq f &mhtay: axmufxm;pmemaompdwu f q&mESiahf wG@q&kH ef u|eaf wmftm; wGe;f yd@k vu kd f onf? w&ufwGif q&mhxHoGm;I tusdK;ta=umif;udk tm;ememESifhyif ajymjyar;jref;rdonf? u|efawmfhpum;udk em;axmifae&if; ta0;qDodk@ q&mai;=unfah eonf? q&mhrsuEf mS ay:rS a0'em&dyf r_eaf &;a&;udk u|eaf wmf owdjyKvdu k rf o d nf? “ &Jabmfa&æ usaemhrf mS u wDbaD &m*g&adS ew,fAs? yef;uefcu G f a,mufawGukd trsm;eJ@a&moH;k &if usaemfah &m*g wjcm;&JabmfawGukd ul;rSm pd;k &drrf w d ,f? tJ'gukd qifjcif+y;D oD;oD;oef@oef@o;kH &wmyg” q&m.&Si;f jycsuaf =umifu h |eaf wmf&h ifrmS vdu _ cf eJjzpfomG ;onf? 0rf; 19

enf;jcif;vm;/ 0rf;omjcif;vm; u|eaf wmf rcGjJ cm;wwf? ESpcf v k ;kH jzpfEikd zf , G f &So d nf? u|e;f ygwaD umfrwDonf ppftpd;k &. zdEydS rf t _ m; tpmiwfcw H u kd f yGJrsm;jzifh wkH@jyefqifE$J&if; ygwDwGif;nDnGwfa&;/ tusOf;om;xknDnGwfa&; twGuf trSew f u,fyif }udK;yrf;cJyh gonf? od@k &mwGif rkew f ikd ;f xefaeaom aumif;uif,w H iG f yso H ef;aeaom iSuw f tkyt f m; wuGw J jym;rjzpfatmif xde;f odr;f apmihaf &Smuf&onfrmS xifoavmufrvG,v f yS g? (ajcmuf ) “*k%o f u d mQ &Srd S *k%o f u d mQ xde;f odr;f r_&w dS ,f? *k%o f u d mQ r&S&d if *k%o f d uQmxde;f odr;f r_qw kd mvnf; r&SEd ikd b f ;l ? uGejf rLepfawGrmS uGejf rLepf*% k f odumQ &Sw d ,f? uGejf rLepfreS &f if uGejf rLepf*% k o f u d mQ udk xde;f odr;f zd@k wm0ef&dS w,f” uG,v f eG o f mG ;cJ+h yDjzpfaom rsLd ;qufa[mif;&Jabmf}uD; &Jabmf jrwfrif; oGefoifchaJ om pum;wcGef;jzpfygonf? q&m Aef;armfwifatmif ta=umif;awG;vdu k o f nft h cg xdo k eG o f ifcsupf um;wcGe;f u|eaf wmft h awG; wGif tvdv k kd ay:vmygonf? rSeyf gonf? q&monf ol wefz;kd xm;&m *k%o f u d mQ udk odpw d f &Spd mG xde;f odr;f Edik pf rG ;f &So d jl zpfygonf? wckv;kH t&ajymv#if tzdEydS cf H jynfow l @kd . *k%o f u d mQ // wckcsi;f t&ajymv#if Aef;armfwifatmif.*k%o f u d mQ ? q&monf tawG;wrsKd ; tajymwrsKd ;/ tajymwrsK;d tvkyf wrsKd ; vkyaf vh&o dS rl [kwyf g? ol@b0wav#muf tawG;/ tajym/ tvkyf wxyf wnf;usatmif }uKd ;pm;cJo h /l tzdEydS cf jH ynforl sm;awG;ovd/k ajymovd/k vkyo f vdk wxyfwnf;usatmif oDvapmifo h /l tusiphf &%&So d [ l k u|eaf wmf,=kH unfyg onf? ol@b0wav#mufvHk; ol@uavmif ol@tawG;tac:wdk@jzifh jynfob l ufr&S yfum zdEydS o f v l w l ef;pm;tm; tqufrjywf wdu k yf 0JG ifcyhJ gonf? jynfo@l tay: b,ftcgrS opPmrazmufc?hJ &efox l H b,ftcgurS 'l;axmuf tnhHrcHcJh? u|e;f tusO;f cHb0rSmvnf; tusO;f om;xktusKd ;pD;yGm;twGuf &ufav;q,f tpmiwfcH wdu k yf }JG u;D wGif a&S@q;kH rS yg0ifco hJ nf? &ufav; q,fEiS hf atmify&JG cJah oma=umifh &ufav;q,fwu kd yf [ JG k ac:ae=uaomfvnf; wdu k f yGpJ pOfu &ufav;q,fEiS hf atmify&JG vdrrhf nf[k rnforl S tmrcHEikd rf nfr[kw?f 20

a,bk,s cef@reS ;f wGucf surf r_ sm; &So d nfw h ikd f cef@reS ;f xm;onfxufvnf; ydEk ikd f .? atmifycJG o H nftxd rdrd touf&iS f use&f pfvrd rhf nf[v k nf; rnforl S r ajymEdik ?f jynfo@l *k%o f u d mQ / uGejf rLepf*% k o f u d mQ / rdryd *k K~ v d w f pfO;D csi;f *k%o f d uQmudk xde;f odr;f &ef oHEXdM mef&o dS rl sm;om yg0ifqifEEJ$ ikd af om wdu k yf rJG sLd ;jzpfonf? touf 50 t&G,f q&monf vli,f&aJ bmfrsm;ESihf &ifaygif wef;um &ufav;q,f tpmiwfcw H u kd yf }JG u;D wGif &J0w hH nf=unfpmG yg0ifjcif; jzifh olwefz;kd xm; jrwfE;kd aom *k%o f u d mQ udk xde;f odr;f cJyh gonf? (ckESpf) 53 &uftpmiwfcw H u kd yf }JG u;D rSm i&Ju|e;f tm; t+y;D owfacsre_ ;f vdu k o f nfw h u kd yf }JG uD;jzpfonf? xdw k u kd yf }JG uD;twGi;f uGejf rLepfygw0D if &Jabmf (8)OD; toufay;vSLcJ&h onf? ppftpd;k &u Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;tm;vH;k tm; jynfrod@k jyefac:cJ&h onf? od@k &mwGif jynfawmfjyefc&D;onfvnf; yef;cif;vrf; awmh r[kwcf ?hJ oabFmtqif; use;f rma&;qdyu f rf;rSp+y;D tif;pdef axmifA;l 0 txd yHpk rH xdik af &;wdu k yf u JG kd wdu k =f u&jyefonf? yHpk rH xdik o f rl sm;udk apmiftyk u f m qJq&kd u kd Ef u S =f uonf? t+yKd +yKd tvJvJ aoG;oH&&J EJ iS ?hf “t=urf;zufr_ ætvdrk &Sæ d tvdrk &S”d “ppftpd;k &æ usq;kH ygapæusq;kH ygap” tif;pdeaf xmifA;l 0rS t±k%Of ;D wdu k yf rJG mS &du k o f /H ESuo f /H aºu; a=umforH sm;ESihf nHyu G o f mG ;awmhonf?

1972 ckEpS /f rwfv axmifrS vGwcf sed t f xd u|eaf wmf taqmif od@k ra&mufawmh? tvHw k u kd t f ygt0if wdu k cf ef;rsm; twGi;f Yom oHo&m vnfaecJh&onf? axmifrv S w G +f y;D 1974 ckEpS w f iG f u|eaf wmf&efuek o f @kd wacguf a&mufjzpfonf? qif;&Jaom &Jabmfrdom;pkrsm;twGuf ygvmaom u|ef awmf, h mxGuf i±kwo f ;D ajcmuftw d }f u;D udk wnf;cdt k rd &f iS f &Jabmf}u;D xH tyf vdu k o f nf? &Jabmfrsm;/ rdwaf qGrsm;tm; wtdr0f if/ wtdrx f u G f oGm;awG@ onf? q&mAef;armfwifatmifudkum; u|efawmfpm;yGJxdk; vkyfulaeaom tdr&f iS f &Jabmf}u;D . yvufazmif;vufzuf&nfqikd af v;wGif em&D0uf avmuf om pum;ajymcGi&hf vdu k o f nf? aemufw}udrf q&mESiahf wG@&ef pdwu f ;l &Sd aomfvnf; ta&;ay:udpaP y:vmojzifh rawG@Eikd af wmhyg? xd&k ufu awG@qjkH cif; onf q&mESiu hf |eaf wmf. aemufq;kH awG@jcif;vnf; jzpfonf? &efuek o f @kd vnf; 21

aemufxyf ra&mufEikd af wmh?

1978 q&muG,v f eG cf sed w f iG rf l u|eaf wmfoyl ek 0f &rf;ajy;b0od@k a&muf aecJ+h yD? ,ckqv kd #if q&muG,v f eG cf o hJ nfrmS ESpaf ygi;f (30)wdik cf yhJ g+yD? q&m. touf&iS pf Ofb0onf tprStqH;k wdik f tzdEydS cf H jynfow l @kd twGuf wdu k yf 0JG if&if; ud, k u f sLd ;pGe@f tepfemcHrw _ @kd jzifh tom;usaeaom b0jzpfygonf? }u;D jrwfpmG touf&iS I f *k%af jrmufpmG aoqH;k cJah omb0 jzpfygonf? u|efawmfwdk@onf wdkufyGJ0ifol&Jaumif;rsm;/ wkdufyGJ0ifpmay acgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm; usq;kH uG,v f eG +f yD;aemuf ‚wd@k tm; *k%jf yK O'ge;f usL; avh&=dS uygonf? trSeyf if rysurf uGuf vky=f u&rnfw h m0efvnf; jzpfygonf? odk@&mwGif olwdk@touf&SifpOfurl olwdk@.wckvHk;qdkif&m tm;aumif;csuf rsm;udk r=umc% arhavsmx h m;wwf=uygonf? olw@kd . wpdww f ydik ;f tm;enf; csurf sm;udu k m; rarhravsm-h pmzG@J Zmcs@J wwf=uygonf? Tenf;jzifh olw@kd . pdwt f m; emusiq f if;&JapcJyh gonf? TonfrmS a=uuG0J rf;enf;zG,&f m oifcef; pm[k u|eaf wmfxifygonf? wu,fawmh u|efawmfwdk@tm;vHk; tºuif;rJhoef@pifolrsm; r[kw=f uyg? tºuif;rJh oef@pifo[ l I l vnf; r&SEd ikd yf g? jrifjh rifyh su H m/ a0;a0; jrifEikd pf rG ;f &Sad om iSub f &k ifvif;,kerf sm;onfyif uHraumif; ta=umif; rvSpmG yif =uufrw0wfpm tedrw hf iG yf s&H onft h cgrsKd ; &Sw d wfygonf? euf±i_d ;f jymarSmif aom[if;vif;jyifrS udk,fydkiftvif;aqmif =u,fwm&mrsm;onfyif t a=umif;tm;avsmpf mG ta&mifredS af zsm&h onft h jzpfrsKd ; }uKH &onfom jzpfonf? u|efawmfwdk@onf udk,fydkiftvif;aqmif=u,fwm&mrsm;/ jrifjh rifyh sI H a0;a0;jrifEikd af om iSub f &k if vif;,kerf sm;. *k%af jymifpmG aoqH;k r_uo kd mru ‚wd@k . touf&iS pf Of }u;D jrwfru _ ykd g toufxif&mS ; &Sad ecsed f rSmyif todrw S jf yKoifyh gonf? olw@kd . wpdww f ydik ;f c|w, f iG ;f csurf sm;tm; pmempdwjf zifh =uifempGm jyKpu k o k oif=h uygonf? Tenf;jzifh olw@kd tay: jrwfE;kd wefz;kd xm;a=umif; olw@kd raoqH;k rDuyif jyooifyh gonf? rnfo@kd jzpfap twdww f csed u f u|eaf wmfw@kd .iSub f &k if vif;,kef }u;D q&mAef;armfwifatmiftay: 0pDu/H raemuHw@kd jzifh uHjyKrSm;cJ=h uzl;aom &Jabmfrsm;(xdpk Ofu &Jabmfi,frsm;)/ rdwaf qGrsm;uvnf; olw@kd .trSm;rsm;udk 0efcsc=hJ u+yD;yg+yD? xdt k wGuv f nf; om"kac:&rnfjzpfygonf? u|eaf wmfwpfO;D csi;f t&qd&k ygrl q&mAef;armfwifatmif uG,f vGejf cif; tESpo f ;kH q,fjynfh txdr;f trSwt f jzpf opPmwdik f qkawmif;jcif; tr_wck jyKcsiyf gonf?

22

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avmuygv "rRapmifhewfæ oifhtm;wkdifwnfI ig opPmqdktHhæ?

ig-onf q&mAef;armfwifatmif ouf&x dS if&mS ;&Spd OOf uvnf; ol.touf&SifpOf }uD;jrwfr_udk todtrSwfjyKwefzdk;xm;cJh ygonf ? igh q&m- *k%fajymifpGm uG,fvGef+yD;aemufwGifvnf; ol. pdwf"mwfaumif;arGudk qufcH&ef oEMÏmefcscJhygonf?

TrS e f a omopP m pum;a=umif h - q&mpuf q k y f & G H & S m aom jynfwGif;ppfESifhtwl ppftm%m&Sifpepf tjrefusqHk;I q&mvdkvm; awmifhwaom jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;ESifhwuG jynfolwdk@. 'Drdkua&pD ta&;awmfyHk}uD; atmif jrifygapownf;? ? +rwfE;kd

23

&uf 40 wku d yf t JG wGi;f rS vif;,ke}f uD; &Jabmfpkd;cspf (jyef v nf o wd & csuf r sm;)

jynfawmfneG @f oabFmæ twlvmcJ=h uolawGuvGv J @dk awG@vu dk &f wJh olwidk ;f [m rsuf ESmpdr;f csn;f jzpfaeygw,f? ok@d aomf tm;vk;H uawmh b0wlawGyg? rsuEf mS pdr;f awGq&dk ayr,fh trsm;pk[m &if;ES;D +y;D om;qk&d ifvnf; rrSm;jyefygb;l ? emrnf =um;zl;wmvnf; &Srd ,f? owif;pum;eJ@ ol@ta=umif; uk, d t hf a=umif; tjyef tvSef odae=uwmvnf; &Sw d ,f? ckawmh wa,mufuw dk a,muf wpkuw dk pk tuJcwfvsuyf J &S=d uw,f? uk, d t hf csi;f csi;f xifjrifcsuf wk;d wk;d ay;=u/ vlprd ;f rsm;ukd todtrSwjf yK[ef vSr;f +yKH;jyvdu k =f ueJ@ *emr+idrjf zpfae=uwmawmh trSeyf g? =umyg+y?D vGecf w hJ hJ ESpf 30-avmufu tjzpftysuyf g? twdtus ajym&&ifawmh 1969-ck azazmf0g&D v (12) &uftvGe/f noef;acgiaf usm/f ae&mu jynfawmfneG @f oabFm atmufxyf 0rf;Aku d yf idk ;f ærSmyg?

24

tm;vkH;u txkyftykd;av;awGukd,fpDeJ@/ t0wftpm;&,f/ pmtkyaf wG&,fæwcsK@d usawmh aq;0g;eJ@ pm;p&mav;tenf;tyg; xnfx h m;wJh vufqw JG efqmuav;awG&,fætvGeq f ;Hk ygvS 2 xkyf 3 xkyyf gy?J 'gawmif olw@dk u ajymvku d =f uao;w,f? “woufv;Hk xm;rSmrk@d ”wJæ h 'ga=umifh xifyg&@J ? zrf;pOfu ygvmwJh ypPn;f av;awGe@J ESp&f n S f vrsm; tusO;f csc&H pOf tdru f rSmzwfwhJ pmtkyaf wGyg wcsK@d u &vmcJ=h uw,f? usef;rma&;qdyfurf;ukd neufoef;acgif tif;pdefaxmifu xGufvmwJh [D;Ekd;um;}uD;awG wpD;+yD;wpD; xkd;qkdufwmeJ@ wa,mufpD uk, d t hf xkyu f dk qGw J efwmqG/J yk;d wefwmyk;d +yD; qdycf aH y:uwqifh oabFmay: wuf=u&w,f? ab;ESpb f ufrmS G-3 aoewfu, dk pf eD @J ppfom;awG tjynfh pDwef;ae=uw,f? 'D uk, d &f aH wmf *k%jf yKwyfz@JG udk jzwfav#mufpOf/ wGb J uf axmifrmS ydwaf vSmifcx H m;&vk@d csnahf ewm&,f/ 0efxyk 0f efy;dk awG o,fy;dk xm;& wm&,f/ &moDOwkuvnf; at;pufxu Hk siaf ewm&,fa=umifh vlu ajcvSr;f rrSecf si?f twufrmS wcsu, f idk +f y;D ab;bufa&mufomG ;vku d /f uk, d &f aH wmfrsm; u G-3 ukd jym;vku d u f yf+y;D wGe;f xkwv f u dk ef @J oabFmay: ',D;',kid f a&muf oGm;ygawmhw,f? jzpfpOfwckv;Hk rSm em;csed rf &/ qufwu dk v f v dk ydk if oabFm 0rf;AkdufxJ tqif;ckdif;jyefygw,f? avSum;u ESpfpif;/ [kdbuf'Dbuf ,SOf vsuyf g? qif;csiw f b hJ ufu qif;vk@d &ygw,f? av;æig;vSr;f vSr;f qif;vku d w f meJ@ atmufrSmawG@&wJh jrifuGif;uæ blwm±kH oabFmqdyfrSm jrif&wwfwJh twkid ;f ygy?J ae&mawG a&G;xkid =f u&wJh tcsed af v;rSm ajymp&m&Sw d m ajym=u/ tajctaeukd wGuq f =ueJ@ &Sad e=uw,f? &if;ES;D &m pkae=u[ef&w dS hJ v_yv f y_ &f &G G jrifuiG ;f xJrmS ol@udk vSr;f jrifvu dk &f w,f? rwfwwf&yfvsuo f m;æa&S@rmS vnf; txkyu f av; ESpx f yk f ok;H xkyef @J / ab;rSmawmh rsurf eS x f x l l t&yfysyyf sy/f cyf ydefydefu wa,mufæ ukd,fvkH;ukd,fxnf wkwfwkwfckdifckdifeJ@ vl}uD;u wa,mufæ ol @ uk d a wmh csuf c sif ; yJ rS w f r d v k d u f y gw,f ? Oy"d ± k y f u vJ wcgawG@zl;&if ar@r&wJh ±kyfrsKd;æt&yf&Snf&Snf/ rsufckH;xlxl/ qGJaqmif r_ & S d w J h rsuf E S m usæ[ef y ef u ,Of a us;+yD ; td a jEN & S d w J h tajymtqk d tvk y f t &S m ;æ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf AkdvfrSL;csKyfa[mif; ausmfaZm&,f/ yrnwrS ocifat;ausmf&,f/ ol&,fæu|efawmfwkd@+rdK@ukd a&mufvmzl;w,f? u|efawmfwkd@u {nfhcH&wJh ausmif;om;awGyg? t&yf tarmif; aumif; =uolcsn;f jzpfv@dk trSwx f ifxif jzpfc&hJ mu ckvdk awG@awG@csi;f 25

rSwfrdjcif;vnf; jzpfEkdifygw,f? vlyk*~KdvftaeeJ@uvnf; b,fvkdrS arhrjzpf Ekid w f o hJ ?l xkdacwfu wkd;wufwJh vli,fawG[m ol@pmawGukdzwf/ ol@ ZmwfaumifawGudk t±l;trl; pGv J ef;tm;us/ ol@tbd"rRmukd vufc/H awmfveS f a&;orm;jzpfcsiw f hJ tmvsawG ay:aygu/f ol@awmfveS af &;pdw"f mwfudk twk ,l&mu awmfveS af &;orm; jzpf=uwm renf;vSygb;l ? 'Dvedk @J ckyJ =unfah v? u|efawmfukd,fwkdif awmfvSefa&;orm; olykefausmif;om;tjzpf/ axmif tqifq h ifh ajymif;cJ&h mu jynfawmfneG @f oabFmay: wufc&hJ +yDaum? olw@dk o;Hk a,muf[m avSum;ay:u a&S@qifah emufqifh qif;vm wJh u|efawmfwkd@ukd pdwf0ifwpm; =unfh+yD; pum;ajymae=u[ef &Sdygw,f? atmufa&mufv@dk c%=umawmh t&if;ES;D qk;H &Jabmf ukad tmifabmf qif;cs vmygw,f? olu“ANæa&æavSum; ESppf if;ukd a&mufawmh cifAsm; b,favS um; u qif;oGm;rSe;f rodvu dk b f ;l ? 'ge@J eH=um;axmuf+y;D qif;vmwm tawmf yJ? cifAsm;&Sw d hJ tcef;ukd wku d ±f u dk af &mufvmw,f? aysmv f u dk w f m”wJ?h “[kwfuJhæcifAsm; b,favSum;u qif;qif; 'Dtcef;xJ a&mufrmS ygy?J aemufwcef;rSmvJ avSum; ESppf if;&Sw d myJAs” vk@d toHwoH xGufvmygw,f? ab;rSm&SdwJh rsufESmpdrf; vli,fwa,muf&J@ &if;&if;ESD;ESD; 0ifajymvku d w f hJ toHyg? ol@udk aoaocsmcsm =unfv h u dk af wmh tom;nKdnKd/ t&yfjrifjh rif/h cyfo, G o f , G /f cyfuspu f spef @J cifrifz, G &f m rsuEf mS xm;&Si?f “u|eaf wmhef mrnf cspaf qG? jynfu Auoausmif;om;yg” vk@d wqufwnf; ol@u, dk o f l rdwq f ufawmhrS yifv,fu;l oabFmrpD;zl;wJh tnm om; u|efawmfwkd@wawG tm;&yg;& &,farmrd=uygawmhw,f? olodor# vufnK‡ ;d xk;d rdwq f ufjyvk@d OD;wifatmifab;em;u yk*K~ v d Ef pS Of ;D rSm wa,mufu OD;jroef;wif/h aemufwa,mufu KT OD;ausmw f ifrh eS ;f odvu dk &f jyefygw,f? rEWav;axmifu ajymif;vmol u|eaf wmfw@dk ausmif;om;vli,fwoku d [ f m wc%csi;f tif;pdeaf xmif vlcaH usmif;om;awGe@J tjyeftvSerf w d q f uf/ tjyef tvSef &if;ES;D oGm;=uygawmhw,f? r=umvku d yf g? OD;wifatmifw@dk aemufem;u vlwa,muf ae&if; xkid &f if;u vJusomG ;ygw,f? olu uwku d u f ±ku d f vSn=hf unfv h u dk +f yD;‘tk’d qkdwJh u±k%moHwcsuf xGufvmygw,f? 0kdif;tkH=unfhvmwJh vlav;ig; a,mufudk ab;z,fay;zk@d arwWm&yfcw H hJ OD;jroef;wif&h @J jymtuftuf toH ukv d nf; yxrqk;H t}urd t f jzpf =um;vdu k &f jyefygw,f? vlem avaumif; av oef@&atmif ab;vlawGuvJ tvku d w f od ab;ukd &SaJ y;=uygw,f? xm; 26

wmu ukew f ifwt hJ cef;/ vlawGuvnf; ¹ywfoyd af ew,f? av0ifayguaf wGu vnf; ydwx f m;wmrk@d teH@toufu raumif;/ v_id ;f a=umifh oabFmu v_y/f axmifxw J u dk x f J ESp&f n S v f rsm; aecJ&h ol/ uk, d cf u H se;f rma&; raumif;ol/ t ouf}u;D wJh olawGtzk@d odycf EH idk &f nf r&S=d uyg? vJomG ;olrmS rvny rS OD;xGe;f =unf jzpfygw,f? tom;ta&u 0gazsmah eygw,f? wa,mufwcGe;f ajym=u qkd=u&if; vli,fwcsKd@ avSum;ay: ajy;wuf+yD; axmiftm%mykdifawGukd ta=umif;=um;&ygw,f? csucf si;f vkd axmifq&m0ef a'guw f mazpdef vku d f vm+yD; jyKpkay;vk@d oufomoGm;ygw,f? ukdukdu|ef; &efuek ef @J qdk rkid (f 300) ausmf a0;owJ?h jynfawmfneG @f oabFm eJ@q&dk if 36 em&D=umatmif ckwaf rmif;&w,fqydk ?J tvsm;u (7) rkid /f teHu (3) rkid f us,o f wJ?h oabFmay:rSmwif &&Sv d u kd w f hJ A[kow k awGyg? aemufwae@ azazmf0g&(D 13) &uf eHeufpmukad wmh txufxyf wuf+y;D tokwv f u dk f pm;&ygw,f? wku d w f u dk q f idk q f idk f a&'D,u dk a':vSa&$&@J pENuEd &M D oDcsi;f oHudk =um;vku d &f w,f? r_id w f o hJ al wG r_id u f ek =f uwmayg?h (14) &uf naeapmif;tcsed af vmufrmS u|e;f ukd uyfrad eyg+yD? wn 'DrmS wif tdy+f y;D (15) &uf eHeuf a&mufrS Landing Craft ac:wJh urf; wufa&,mOfwpD; oabFmem; uyfvmygw,f? aexGufwmukd =unfh+yD; oabFma&mufwahJ e&mukd cef@reS ;f vk@d &vku d yf g+yD? u|e;f &J@ taemufawmif bufrmS yg? urf;wufa&,mOfe@J xde;f odr;f cH tusO;f om;awGudk tokwcf +JG yD; ykd@ay;ygw,f? t&m&Sd t&mcHeJ@ tr_xrf;wcsKd@uawmh aeADarmfawmfbkwf uav;eJ@ ul;=uygw,f? urf;wufa&,mOfu uke;f ay:txd wifay;wmr[kw?f rvSr;f rurf;rSm &yfygw,f? avu +idr+f idr/f a&u =unf=unfqadk wmh atmufajc =urf;jyifukdawmif jywfjywfom;om; jrifae&w,f? cyfwdrfwdrf xif+yD; txkyaf wG qGq J if;vdu k w f meJ@ ‘[ku d ’f ceJ jzpfomG ;rdw,f? a&u cg;v,fausmf ausmfavmuf eufaewmukd;? 'Da&twuf v_dif;tdtduvnf; &Sdaeawmh wuk, d v f ;Hk ukd &$eJ pfomG ;ygawmhw,f? vlpw Hk meJ@ urf;pyfoaJ omifay:rSm xde;f odr;f (pkpak ygi;f 233 a,muf) awG wef;pDay;&+yD; ppfa&;jyovkd b,fnmn‡d=u&ygw,f? tkypf ;dk ole@J ttkypf ;dk cH/ zdEydS o f el @J tzdEydS cf H tjyeftvSef wa,mufuw dk a,muf 27

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ZmwfaumifawGxu J b,foel @J rsm; wlygvrd ?hf 'guydk J pdw0f ifpm;aerdygw,f? u|eaf wmf&h @J a&pkt d xkyaf v;awGuv dk nf; ukad tmifabmfw@dk / ukn d eG @f acgiw f @dk ulqo JG mG ;+yrD @dk vG,t f w d f uav; wvk;H avmufe@J rsuaf phupm;&if; aygah ygyh g;yg; vku d v f mrdygw,f? vif;,ke}f u;D tay:rSm txl; tm±kpH u dk f =unfEh idk cf yhJ gw,f? ol b,fvdk v_y&f mS ;aeovJ-ayg?h vli,fwOD;&J@ ol&aJ umif; uk;d uG,cf sipf w d f t&if;cHa=umifyh J xifyg&@J ? urf;wuf,mOfay:u qif;pæurf;pyfay:ta&muf/ olu ywf0ef;usiu f dk vSnyhf wf=unfv h u dk w f ,f? wcg yifv,fbufvn S v hf u dk u f m avnif;oef@oef@udk &ift}Hk uD; armufvmatmif &SLoGi;f jyefxw k f vkyaf eyg yaum? tusO;f pcef;vm;/ avnif;pcef;vm; ol cGjJ cm;odyrHk &awmh? ol@æZmwfaumifuawmh Zmwfaumify?J b,fZmwfaumifrsm; ygvrd ?hf ol@txkyaf v; olq+JG yD; at;at;aq;aq; pum;ajym&if; vltyk x f J pD;arsmaewJhol@ukd reD;ra0;uae u|efawmfu ole@J ol@ZmwfaumifawGudk csed x f ;dk =unfh aerdw,f? aumfzcD g;cg;aomuf&if; okawoevkyif ef;xJ jrKyfaewJh a'guw f ma&csr;f vm;? v,form;olyek }f u;D i=oavvm;? a&ajrqk;H apawmhrS ygarmuQxeG ;f vif;vm;? b0ukd a&pkeaf r#m+y;D wcgw&H a,mif,rf;+y;D cspo f u l dk wrf;wwwfwJh ygarmuQtkef;ausmfrsm;vm;? jynfawmfom cifcifOD;xJu b,foæ l xm;yg? ‘ol’yJvm;?

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Zmwfvrf;awG ZmwfaumifawG rsm;jym;vGe;f awmh a&m,Suf &_yaf xG;aeygw,f? [kv d el @J wlE;dk Ek;d / 'Dvel @J wlovkv d dk ,wdjywf tajzray;Ekid f jzpfaerdygw,f? wjznf;jznf;eJ@æpcef;xJ r0ifrD auseyfavmufwhJ Zmwfaumif a&G;cs,rf _ +yD;jywfomG ;cJw h ,f? [kwyf gw,f? ol[m ‘òrif’&J@ cspo f l owif; pmq&m ‘ukw d ifO;D ’ &,fyg?

(3) oHql;}uKd;txyfxyfxJu ukd,fxlukd,fxpcef;æ ppfwyfbm;wkdufykH taqmif 12 aqmif&Sdygw,f? awmif bufjcrf; ajrmufbufjcrf; 6-vk;H wef;pD cGx J m; +y;D yxrawmh tm%mykid af wGu olw@dk }uKu d o f vkd vlcx JG m;wm jzpfw,f? ta&S@bufxyd rf mS zk}d u;D ESpzf edk @J wv JG suf xrif;pm;cef;&Sdygw,f? r=umvku d yf g? usex f ed ;f odr;f awGu vltrsm;qk;H ygw}D uD;rsm; jzpfwJh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ tvHeDygwDwkd@ukd zkdwzkdpD ay;xm;cJhw,f? rvnyzkd woD;yk*v ~ zkd pojzifh zkt d oD;oD; ay:vmygw,f? taqmifawGudk vnf; Auy-u 5 aqmif/ tvHeu D - 3 aqmif/ rvnyu- 1 aqmif/ usew f mu woD;yk*v ~ awGtwGuef @J ypPn;f xm;wJt h cef;/ aq;cef; ponf cGv J u dk =f uygw,f?

Akv d t f ek ;f armif/ q&m &m*se/f OD;wifatmifw@dk u taqmif 4/ OD;jroef;tygt0if u|efawmfwkd@u taqmifeHygwf (9) qkdawmh awmif bufajrmufbuf wef;aevk@d oHq;l }uKd;awG=um;u [kb d uf'b D uf v_y&f mS ;r_udk jrifae=u&ygw,f? a&muf+y;D aemufwae@ a&wyfpcef;buf ajymif; qku d x f m;wJh oabFmay:u &dumQ awG o,fcsay;zkd @ tvkyq f idk ;f wqkid ;f ukd um;eJ@ac:oGm; ygw,f? ‘pcef;wae&m’vkd@ pma&;xm;wJh tdwfawG/ ykH;awG/ txkyfawG cs=u&w,f? um;eJ@o,fvm+y;D tusO;f Xme *kad 'gix f J xnfah y;&w,f? &dumQ ukd tJ'rD mS xkw&f wm jzpfw,f? qefusawmh pDru H ed ;f &S&d dS cyfapmapmuwnf;u }uKdy@dk xm; yg 30

w,f? xm;wJhae&mu u|ef;tv,fykdif; &Jpcef;em;rSmyg? u|efawmfwkd@ a&mufawmh qefu f a[mif;ae±krH u yk;d xk;d avmufuu dk f tqifah wmif a&muf aeyg+yD? 'Dtwkid ;f jcif,v l @dk vnf; &w,f? qefaumif;csn;f vkcd si&f if uk, d hf bmom jymoef@,v l @dk ckid ;f ygw,f? Ekid if aH &;orm;awGudk tcsed yf rdk ay;csiv f @dk wrif tuGucf s pDpOfxm;wmyg? tyGe;f tyJrh cHEidk w f meJ@ ‘qefoef@’qk+d y;D tvkyf tzG@J wzG@J xkwaf y;&ygw,f? &dumQ pau;u wae@ wusycf EJG e_ ;f yg? 'DtxJu oabFmc Ekwyf gao;w,f? ykyd v dk #v H #H pm;csi&f if uk, d b hf mom pku d pf m;qkv d @dk awmif,mtvkyfqkdif;wqkdif;/ a&tqkdif;/ xif;tqkdif;/ zkdtqkdif; ponf cGv J u dk =f u&awmh vl}u;D awG&,f/ ruse;f rmolawG&,fyJ useyf gawmhw,f? uk, d hf bmom ig;zrf;/ c±kiyk /f ausmufcarmufcmG / tke;f oD;aumuf/ tke;f yif wuf& wmawGvnf; &Sw d ,f? vdyzf rf; vdyOf &Sm&wmvnf; &Sw d ,f? 'guadk wmh ykrH eS f r[kww f hJ &SmazGa&;tzG@J v@dk qkyd gr,f?

OD;wifatmifu touf(50) ykid ;f rk@d tvkyq f idk ;f xJ rxnfyh g?

OD;jroef;u (40) ausmf jzpfygw,f? ol@uv dk nf; u|eaf wmfw@dk u rxnfch siyf g? 'gayrJh olu ZGwfvkdufygw,f? ola&G;wmuvnf; vkyf&if vkyfoavmuf yifyef;wJh xif;tqkid ;f yg? tifrwefrm/ tifrwefjrifh vk;H ywftifrwef}uD;wJh opfeyD if}uD;awGudk a&cJcw JG hJ v$rsK;d eJ@ vS&J / jzwf&/ ayguq f ed ef @J cG&J wJt h vky/f ol@uadk wmh rsm;aomtm;jzifh v$qw JG ahJ e&mrSm xm;=uygw,f? tvkyq f idk ;f awGudk 0g'gawGu vku d +f yD; }uD;=uyfygw,f? 'gayrJh b,fvrdk S xde;f r&wm&,f/ jynfraxmifawGwek ;f u olw@dk vyk cf w hJ hJ &mZ0if aºu; awGtwGuf aoG;vef@aewm&,f/ olw@dk u, dk w f idk u f vnf; a&jcm;ajrjcm; rSm rwufºuwm&,fa=umifh aemufyidk ;f rvku d =f uawmhyg? a&mufprSm pdwf0ifpm;p&m taumif;qkH;tvkyfu yifv,f qif;+y;D a&csK;d &jcif; jzpfygw,f? wcgcsK;d wem&D/ wokwf vl(30) ukd 0g'gtapmifeh @J xkwyf gw,f? Al;0oHq;l }uKd; wHcg;a&S@rmS vl(30) jynfah tmif wef;pDapmif=h u&yg w,f? trsm;pku xkwaf y;xm;wJh vefuw G w f D abmif;bDav;awGe@J vufxrJ mS oHacsmif;&Sn/f wkw&f n S /f uk, d w f idk v f ufjzpf rSed ;f / vSH pwmawGe@J a[;0g; atmfae =uykrH mS tmz&du awmwGi;f om; Zl;vl;ppfonfrsm; ppfxu G rf ,fyh pHk rH sK;d ayguaf e ygw,f? jrif&olrsm; &ifemp&muawmh wef;pD&yfaeolawGxrJ mS axmif wGi;f n‡O;f yef;ESyd pf ufrr_ sm;a=umifh xifuse&f pfwhJ t&_;d awG/ tpif;awG/ trm &Gwaf wGudk xif;ceJ uGi;f ceJ awG@=u&jcif;yg? tif;pdeaf xmif tusO;f om;rsm; u ykdcH&ygw,f? u|efawmfwkd@taqmifu ukdvSaz/ wyf=uyf}uD; jrwfaqG/ taqmif(4) rS uko d uf0if;wk@d uadk wmh &if;vJ &if;ES;D / teD;uyfvJ ae&awmh 31

rsufpdxJu cktcsdefxd raysmuf/ wifyg;&if;uae aygif ajcovkH;&if;txd wef;pDaewJh }udr&f mawG[m jrifraumif;yg?

Al;wHcg; zGiv hf u dk w f meJ@ a[;ceJ atmfvu dk =f uum vli,fawGu a&S@rS ajy;=uygw,f? wem&DtwGi;f tcsed u f dk tusK;d &Spd mG tok;H csjcif;yg? ygvm wJh vufeufu&d , d mawGe@J 'Da&us ay:vmwJh ausmufw;Hk ausmufcaJ wGudk aumfxw k v f eS af vSm=u/ awG@or#xu J pm;aumif;r,fh a&owW0gi,fawGudk zrf;=u aumuf=uygw,f? vl}u;D awGuawmh urf;pyfrmS tanmif;ajy vrf; av#mufaewwf=uw,f? tapmqkH; a&xJqif;olu OD;jroef;? tcsdefaph wJt h xd a&xJu wufrvmawmhyg? rsupf rd e_ o f jl zpfv@dk cyfa0;a0;xd rul;/ urf;pyfwav#muf acguw f @Hk acgujf yef ul;aeygawmhw,f? wcsKd@u cyfvSrf;vSrf;&Sd tkdemqpfoabFm}uD;qD ul;oGm;+yD; oabFmay:wufum vkt d yfwhJ oHwo dk pH / oHacsmif;wk&d n S /f oHjym;/ a=u;jym; rsm;ukd jzKw=f u cGm=uygw,f? vko d avmuf&wmeJ@ azmifuav;ay: wifqu JG m jyefu;l vmwwf=uygw,f? ,lI rukeEf idk yf g? vl}u;D wcsK@d u a&mifpcHk ±kcv HG v S aS wG aumufavh&ydS gw,f? vli,fwcsK@d u tked mqpfoabFmay:rS a&xJ 'kid Af ifx;dk qif;olu qif;ygw,f? 'DvkdtcsdefrSm u|efawmfwkd@&J@ vif;,kef}uD;uaum bmawG vkyaf ew,f xifygovJ? a&mufprSm vrf;av#mufygr,f? aemuf touf&LS avhusichf ef; vkyyf gr,f? +yD;awmhrS ykq;dk ukd cg;awmif;usKu d u f m oJ j yif a y: aZmuf x k d ; rk d ; ar#mf tk e f ; yif p k d u f a evk d u f y gawmh w ,f ? apmapmykid ;f &ufawGrmS vufEpS zf uf cyfcscJ saJ xmuf+y;D pku d yf gw,f? aemufyidk ;f yk d u |rf ; usif v mawmh tpP a &;0ef } uD ; csKyf bif * l & D , H e nf ; vk d @ ac:wJ h vuf0g;ESpfzuf,Suf aemufaphukd xdef;+yD; pkdufygw,f? t&yfu&Snfawmh wu,fu h dk tke;f yif}uD;yg? u|eaf wmfw@dk a&Smif&r,fh ae&m ESpaf e&m &Syd gw,f? wae&mu oltek ;f yif pku d w f ahJ e&m/ ajctºurSm avwku d v f u dk v f @dk &&dS if oJre_ af wG ol@rsuEf mS ajy;uyfrmS pk;d vk@d ? aemufwae&mu ykq d ;dk ygw,f? tcsed af phcge;D vlw+yKH}uD; a&xJqif;=uwJt h cg O=ooHray; bmray;/ rsupf rd e_ rf e_ ef @J vludk 0ifaqmifh wwf wJh OD;jroef; a&ul;wJh urf;pyfae&m? urf;pyfqadk yr,fv h l cg;avmuf eufwm uvm;?

(4) igf;ydwkdufyGJu|eaf wmfw@dk rmS eHeufpmukd yJ[if;eJ@ ig;yd? naepmukd pnfow G f Al;rsm; jzpf=uwJh trJom; pm;csipf m;/ 'grrS [kwf toD;Al;uko d m pm;=u&ygw,f? 'guvnf; ae@pOf&m&Sirf [kw/f enf;enf;-enf;enf; qef@pm;vk@d ae@pOfpm;Ekid jf cif; 32

jzpfygw,f? =umvmawmh teH@uydk if rcHcsiaf wmhyg? 'gayrJh yxrqk;H &ifqidk &f wJh jy\emu ig;ydysurf sm; xkwaf y;wJh udpP jzpfygw,f? 'gudk xde;f odr;f (tusO;f om;) tm;vk;H u wnDwnf; vuf rcH=uyg? use;f rma&;eJ@ rnDnw G b f ;l / vJay;&r,fv@dk awmif;qkw d mukd tm %mykid af wGu y,fcsygw,f? olw@dk vnf; 'Dig;yd pm;aewmyJv@dk r[kwrf [wf ta=umif;jy=uw,f? 'Dvedk @J (5) &uf=um ig;ydwu dk yf JG ay:vmcJjh cif; jzpfw,f? aoG;wk;d prf;wku d yf /JG yGOJ ;D xGuw f u dk yf rJG @dk ta&;}uD;ygw,f? yxrtokwrf mS ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwrD S q&m &m*sef OD;aqmif yg0ifw,f? (2) &uf=umawmh em;jy\em&Sw d hJ q&m &m*sef vk;H 0em;xkid ;f oGm;ygawmhw,f? (3) &uft=umrSm 'kw, d tokwf wku d yf JG quf0ifygw,f?

(5) &ufa&mufawmh au|;wJih g;yd use;f rma&;eJ@ nDnw G rf _ &§dS r&Sd q&m0efudk jy=unfyh gw,f? a'guw f mazpdeu f “pm;rjzpfb;l ” qk;H jzwfwmeJ@ wku d yf EJG idk f vkdufygw,f? ig;ydaumif;awG tpm;xk;d ay;vmygw,f? vGwv f yfciG ahf wGvnf; ykd&vmygw,f? q&m0efukdawmh (6) veJ@ jyefykd@vkduf+yD;/ q&m0eftopf tpm;xk;d yk@d ygw,f? &ckid t f rsK;d om; a'guw f mausmZf 0H if;yg? olvnf; pmempdwf &Sd+yD; oabmaumif;wmrkd@ (3) veJ@ jyeftykd@cH&jyefw,f? ol&J@ qkdprSwfjyK pum;wcGef;uawmh “olwkd@u EkdifiHa&;orm;awG? 'DtxJrSm aemifwae@ b,fol orRwjzpfr,f/ b,fo0l ef}u;D csKyfjzpfr,f/ ajymEkid w f mrS r[kwb f ”J wJ?h wwd,ajrmuf q&m0efa'guw f moef;atmifuadk wmh tm%m ykid af wG t}uKduaf wG@omG ;ygw,f? olu tm%mykid af wG tvku d s qufqyH g w,f? aq;ac|wmvGe;f / [efa&;jyvGe;f vd@k ‘rsupf u d dk +z/J vufuq dk /JG vrf;rsm;rsm; av#muf/ a&ukad omuf/ vrf;ol&q J &m0ef’vk@d pmcsK;d cH&olyg? tm%mykid af wGu tok;H wnfw h o hJ q l adk wmh tcsed u f sww hJ idk f jyefrv$waf wmhyg? wESpcf aJG vmuf &Sv d mawmh “usKyfawmh oGm;yg+yAD sm/ Further study (aemufxyf tqifjh rifh bG@J twGu)f rvkyEf idk af wmhygb;l ? 'kuyQ gyAJ sm” vk@d atmfnnf;cJ&h ol jzpfw,f? &uf(40) wkdufyGJuk, d x f u l , dk x f &J@'%fudk u|eaf wmfw@dk wawG b,ftxd cHvu dk f =u&ygovJ? csucf si;f rodomyg? odyt f =um}u;D vnf; rapmifv h u dk &f ? vtcsK@d jzwfoef;vku d w f meJ@ azmfjycsuaf wGu pyg+y?D tvHezD rdk S &Jex D eG ;f pdef wa,muf xif;cGJ&if; tm;jywfarhvJoGm;wm/ tm[m&csKd@wJh usef;rma&; xdckduf+yD; vlxu k pdk ed 0f if;vnf; arharsmoGm;cJw h m/ pojzifh }uKHvm&ygawmhw,f?

33

u|eaf wmfw@dk u &Jabmfped 0f if;ukd jynfryk@d +y;D aq;ukay;yg? ray;&if tpmiwfcH qENjy&vdrrhf ,fv@dk &mZoHay;+yD; jyifqifygw,f? 'DawmhrS jynfr jyefy@dk ay; cJyh gw,f? yk@d oifah omol trsm;tjym; useaf o;aomfvnf; yk@d ray;yg? aemuf ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwrD S ukx d eG ;f &Sed w f a,muf urf;yg;,HawGt=um; ausmuf carmuf vku d cf mG ae&if; 'Dvid_ ;f ±ku d cf sjcif;cH&um yifv,fxJ arsmyg aoqk;H oGm;jyefygw,f? ukx d eG ;f &Sed &f @J psmyetcrf;tem;rSm ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwu D wifjycsufwckwif+yD; v_H@aqmfygw,f? EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm; tckvkd ao=ua=u=u/ '%f&mtemw& jzpf=u&wm[m uk, d x f u l , dk x f ay:vpD a=umifh jzpfw,f? 'Dvdk rjzpf=u&atmif wku d yf rJG sm; wku d =f u&ygvrd rhf ,f? tqifh (3) qifx h m; wku d zf @dk vkrd ,fxifa=umif;? (1) axmifwiG ;f &ykid cf iG hf wku d yf rJG sm;?

(2) uk, d x f u l , dk x f zsuo f rd ;f a&;wku d yf ?JG (3) u|e;f zsuo f rd ;f a&; wku d yf q JG +dk y;D owf rSwv f u dk af =umif;/ b0wlrsm;jzpfv@dk tzG@J tpnf;aygi;f pkH vufwJG wku d yf JG 0if =uapvkad =umif; pojzifh wifjyvku d yf gw,f?

1971 ckEpS /f aEGO;D ukd a&mufcyhJ g+y?D ESpcf s=D umvmawmh pnfow G Af ;l pm;vm&wJh'%fawGukd xdef;odrf; (tcsKyfom;) rsm; vSdrfhcH&ygawmhw,f? *|r;f 'pfv@dk ac:wJh tom;0ga&m*g pwifjzpfymG ;vmygw,f? a[mwa,muf a[mwa,muf jzpfvmwmyg? b,favmuftom;rJol jzpfygap ol pGu J yf vku d w f meJ@ wuk, d v f ;Hk 0gxed o f mG ;ygawmhw,f? 'DtxJrmS &Jwyfom;a[mif; wa,mufjzpfwhJ &Jew D if+ird ;f uawmh tqk;d qk;H yg? q&m0efuvnf; vkaH vmuf wJh aq;0g;ukor_ ray;awmh ykq d ;dk vmygw,f? wncsr;f oef;acgi, f rH mS ‘om;’ a&æ qkw d hJ toHeuf}u;D woH =um;vdu k &f +y;D &Jew D if+ird ;f toufaysmufomG ; ygawmhw,f? b0wltusO;f om;vnf; jzpf/ uk, d w f idk u f vnf; ppftm%m&Sif ukd wku d zf @dk qk;H jzwf+y;D jzpfaewma=umifh xkn d rSmyJ ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwu D tvHeDygwDukd oGm;aqG;aEG;ygw,f? oabmxm; ar;ygw,f? aemuf uset f zG@J tpnf;awGudk wzG@J csi;f wOD;csi;f vku d af qG;aEG;ygw,f? ygwx D rJ mS awmh &JeDwif+idrf; ruG,fvGefrDuwnf;u v_H@aqmfr_awG vkyfxm;+yD; jzpfygw,f? wkdufyGJwkdufawmhr,fqkdwm odwmeJ@ wkdufyGJ0ifol(u|ef;tokH;tE_ef;t& striker) jzpfvkd a=umif; awmif;qkdr_awG yvkHpD+yD; wufoGm;ygawmhw,f? ygwu D vnf; vla&G;wJt h cg pHcsed (f 3) csuef @J a&G;r,f? (1) Ekid if aH &; &yfwnfcsu?f (2) use;f rma&;? (3) txl;wm0ef r&So d rl sm; [lI jzpfygw,f? u|eaf wmfw@dk tpku (1) }uKduw f phJ cH sed ef @J a&G;yg? (2) tzk;d }uD; ESpaf ,mufryg&? q&m &m*sef ESp&f ufe@J xdcu dk o f mG ;wm oifcef;pm,lyg? (3) u ok;H vk;H ay:vpD (tusK;d ta=umif; ckid v f &Hk r,f? tuef@towfe@J wku d &f r,f?

34

tusK;d tjrwf&&dS r,f) t& wku d w f mjzpf&r,fv@dk wifjyvku d =f uygw,f? 'Dtcg u wkdufyGJ0ifcsifolawG rsm;vSygw,f? tm;vkH;uvnf; atmifbmav rJaygurf mS ukd pdwu f ;l ,Of=uygw,f? ukad tmifabmfq&dk if ‘eHygww f pf rajy; aomfvnf; a&S@q;Hk wef;u ygr,fxif’qkw d hJ oDcsi;f uav;ukd +yKH;ppeJ@ r=um; Ek;d em; oDqadk eygawmhw,f? xkn d u tzG@J tpnf; toD;oD; n‡=d u&mrSm wku d yf aJG wmif;qkcd suf awGuadk wmh cyfjrefjrefe@J oabm wlvu dk =f uygw,f?

1? &Jew D if+ird ;f tavmif;ukd jynfr&Sd ol@ro d m;pkxH jyefy@dk ay;&ef?

2? emwm&Snf a&m*gonfrsm;ukd jynfr jyefy@dk ay;+yD; aq;uk ay;&ef?

3? pnfow G Af ;l rsm;tpm; tom;pkad u|;&ef?

4? w&m;0if xkwaf 0wJh pme,fZif;rsm; zwf&c_ iG jhf yK&ef?

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vlpw Hk meJ@ acgi;f aqmifrsm;u “&Jabmfw@dk udk wku d yf 0JG ifz@dk yxrtokwrf mS a&G;cs,fxm;a=umif;/ 'DwkdufyGJ[m ig;ydwkdufyGJeJ@rwl/ cufcJ&Snf=umrSm jzpfa=umif;/ toufpeG @f wef pGe@f &rSm jzpfv@dk ykid ;f jzwfr&_ -dS r&S’d wOD;pDudk ar;jref;yg w,f? yxrqk;H OD;wifatmifu“wku d o f ifw h hJ tcsed f a&muf+y?D touf pGe@f +yD; wku d yf 0JG ifz@dk toif&h adS =umif;” at;at;aq;aq;yJ tajzay;ygw,f? ol+y;D awmh toHjymtuftufe@J OD;jroef;&J@ rD;yifv,fudk jzwfoef;r,ft h oH? aemuf wa,muf+y;D wa,muf&@J oEMÏd mefcscsurf sm;? aemufqw k rf ,fo h u l awmh wa,mufrS r&S?d ESv;Hk om;wku d yf rJG @dk tm;vk;H u at;aq;wnf+idraf e =uwmukd cHpm;vkdufrdw,f? cH,lcsufoabmxm;ukd ajymjy=uwmawGrSm wcsK@d u wkw d &dk iS ;f &Si;f / wcsK@d u jynfjh ynfph pHk Hk ('DtxJrmS OD;jroef; ygygw,f) csKyf=unfv h u dk &f if ajympum;wkid ;f rSm ,k=H unfcsuef @J tm;rmef tjynfh t0yg aewmukd owdxm;rdw,f? tvif;a&mifvnf; tcef;xJukd 0ifpjyKvmyg+yD? xGef;xm;wJh rSet f rd af v;&J@ tvif;a&mifawmif rSed af zsmv h mwJt h csed rf mS ygwaD q;rSL; ukad t; jrifh toifah zsmx f m;wJh qm;cg;&nfudk wa,mufwcGuf aomufvu dk f =u+y;D uk, d t hf aqmif uk, d jf yefc=hJ uygw,f? wku d yf 0JG ifaewJah e@up+y;D b,forl S pcef;tjyif rxGu=f uawmhyg? xif;awGuv dk nf; vGecf w hJ hJ wywfavmuf u }uKdo,fxm;+y;D ESiyhf g+y?D (2) vpm rSef;o,fxm;wmyg? wku d yf aJG qmifeyH gw(f 1) tjzpf u|eaf wmfw@dk aewJh taqmif(9) ukd a&G;xm;wmjzpfv@dk OD;jroef;/ ukv d aS z/ OD;ode;f jzLeJ@ u|eaf wmfu taqmif rajymif;&awmhyg? usew f o hJ al wGu wjcm;taqmifawGudk cG+J y;D a&$@=u&w,f?

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(9) em&D t csd e f a vmuf r S m axmif t m%myk d i f a wG e J @ twl q&m0efa'guw f m oef;atmif a&mufvmygw,f? olw@dk u “tckvdk tpmiwfcH wku d yf 0JG ifwmrSm rdrw d OD;csi;f &J@ oabmxm; [kw-f r[kw”f vku d af r;ygw,f? tdypf if (4) ck &Sw d t hJ euf OD;wifatmife@J OD;jroef;wk@d tyd pf ifu u|eaf wmfe@J rsuaf pmif;xk;d ta&S@ajrmufbufrmS &Syd gw,f? tm;vk;H [m wdwq f w d +f ird o f uf aeygw,f? 'ga=umifv h nf; olw@dk &@J ajz&Si;f oHudk &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; =um;=u& w,f? vl}u;D awG jzpfwt hJ wkid ;f at;at;aq;aq; wnfwnf+ird +f ird /f ok@d aomf jywfjywfom;om; &Sv d w S hJ olw@dk toH? r&rcsi;f wku d rf ,f qkw d hJ ykid ;f jzwfcsuaf wG ukd =um;wmeJ@ usew f v hJ il ,fyidk ;f u ajymcsiv f eG ;f vk@d v_yv f y_ &f &G G vnfwqef@qef@ jzpfaewmukv d nf; owdxm;rdw,f? awmfveS af &;orm;}u;D awG&@J wku d yf 0JG if oH[m vli,fawGudk tm;jzpfapwmuawmh &Si;f aeygw,f? uk, d u hf dk ar;vm awmhvJ &Sif;&Sif;jywfjywf ajzcsvkdufrdw,f? q&m0efeJ@twl male nurse vk@d ac:wJh a,musmf ;olemjyK wa,mufvnf; ygvmygw,f? “i&Jjynfudk olw@dk wawG bma=umifrh sm; vkv d v dk m;vm; oGm;ae=uygvrd ”hf vk@d rsm; pOf;pm;ae ovm;rod? yxr ol@rsufvkH;rsm;u 0kdif;0kdif;vnfaewmukd jrifvkdufrd+yD; aemufawmh +ird +f y;D awGaeygw,f? q&m0efu wku d yf 0JG ifot l m;vk;H ukd aq;ppf w,f? aygicf sed =f unfw h ,f? +yD;awmh aq;rSww f rf;a&;ygw,f? 'g[m ae@pOf vkyif ef;yg? tkycf sKyfoal wGbufu yxrqk;H vSr;f vmwJh ajcvSr;f uawmh &Jew D if+idr;f tavmif;ukd awmif;jcif; jzpfygw,f? tavmif;ukd jymcs+yD; jyefy@dk ay;r,f? usefwJhawmif;qkdcsufawG txufwifjyxm;w,f? 'D=um;rSm cifAsm;wk@d taeeJ@ wku d yf u JG dk qufwu dk Ef idk w f ,fv@dk ajymvm=uygw,f? 'gudk wku d yf aJG umfrwDu y,fcsvu dk yf gw,f? xrif;zkdrS oHacsmif;acgufoHrsm; r=um;&awmhyg? wpcef;vkH; wdwq f w d +f idro f ufaeygw,f? tm;vk;H &J@ v_y&f mS ;r_[m nifnifomomcsn;f jzpfuek yf gw,f? ajym=uqk=d u&ifvJ wk;d wk;d wdww f w d o f m? &JeDwif+idrf;&J@ acgif;ukd olaewJh eHygwf(7) taqmifeJ@ tvH eDz=dk um; rsuaf pmif;xk;d ajruGuv f yfay:rSm wJx;dk +yD; pifwifxm;ygw,f?

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wkdufyGJ0if&ufawGxJu a0'em yxrywf tpmtdrf&J@ awmif;qkdr_ qENrSvmwJh todt& rsufpdxJrSm xrif;eJ@tom;[if;qDjyefcsuf twH;k }u;D awGcsn;f jrifa,mifaerdw,f? tvSL tdrrf mS csux f m;wJh 0ufom; w',ft;dk csuaf vmufudk wa,mufwnf; ukef atmif pm;ypfcsiaf ew,f? Oykoaf pmifph Ofu cHpm;&wJh qmavmifrw G o f yd rf _ a0'em[m w&ufxufw&uf jyif;xefvmygw,f? t&Sed w f nD;nD; awmuf avmifvm&mrS (7) &ufavmuft&Srd mS txGwt f xdyf a&mufygw,f? rcH r&yfEkdifavmufatmif qmwmyg? tdyfrufxJtxd tpm;taomufawG wwef;vef;vef; vku d yf gvmavh&ydS gw,f? yxrywf a0'emukd pm;csifaomufcsifwJh tmomqENwkd@&J@ awmifw h r_ oDwif;ywfv@dk eHrnfay;csiyf gw,f? 'Dawmifw h r_[m 'kw, d ywf tpykid ;f &ufawGtxd (pkpak ygi;f 10 &ufcef@) ay:aewmyg? qmwmawmh trSefyJaygh? 'gayrJh 'D=um;xJrSm u|efawmfwkd@wawG awmfveS w f o hJ &l aJ umif; tmZmenfawG&@J t a=umif; jyKpkcsuaf wGudk avhvm aeEkid cf =hJ uw,f? pmorm;ayorm;jzpfwhJ olw@dk EpS af ,muf[m at;aq;+idrf oufpGmae&if; pmawGzwfae=uwmvnf; jrifae&w,f? q&m&m*sef&J@ tawG@t}uKH a=umifh u|eaf wmfw@dk u vl}u;D awGjzpfwhJ pmorm; ayorm; olw@dk ESpaf ,muftwGuf ykpd ;dk &drrf =d uw,f? ykt d av;xm;=uw,f? 'gudk olw@dk u ody*f ±kxm;yHrk &? wku d yf rJG mS ESv;kH rwkef &ifrckeb f J pepfwus yg0ifqifEaJ$ e=uwm uko d m awG@&w,f? olw@dk [m qD;oGm;cef;vkyx f m;wJh pwkcd ef;bufudk jznf; jznf;csi;f xav#mufvmwwf=uw,f? pwkcd ef;u u|eaf wmfah jc&if;bufrmS &Sdwmrkd@ olwdk@tygt0if tpmiwfcHol tm;vHk;&J@ tajctae cGeftm;Av userf useu f dk u|eaf wmfu jrifae&w,f? olw@dk udk pwkcd ef;eJ@ eD;wJah e&mrSm rxm;=uwm rSm;ovm;yJvkd@ awG;rdwmvnf;&Sdw,f? 'gayrJh teH@uawmh oufomEkid yf gw,f? 'gawmif vlenf;wJh tcef;rk@d ? pwkcd ef;txGurf mS awmh yxrqH;k awG@&wJh u|eaf wmfu h adk &m usef stiker rsm;ukyd g +yKH ;jy E_wq f ufwwf=uw,f? rsm;aomtm;jzifah wmh jyKpkol &Jabmf awGeJ@ wcgw&Htysif;ajyatmif vma&mufpum;pjrnfajymwwf=uwJh &JabmfawGe@J tcsed u f ek =f uwmyg? 'gayrJh jyKpko&l aJ bmfawGa&m tjyif&aJ bmfawG a&m striker tcsi;f csi;f yg cHpm;ae=u&wJh a0'emta=umif; “a,mif”vk@d rS pum;rpyfr=d u? 'gudk jyefpOf;pm;=unfah wmh ajymp&mrvkw d u hJ pd ?P striker &J@ 38

rmeukdxdckdufapr,fh udpPvkd@ tvkdvkdcH,lxm;=uovm; rodyg? 'DtxJu u|eaf wmfu wOD;csi;f taeeJ@ xkwrf ajymaomfvnf; pk;d &draf ewJu h pd P wckawmh &Syd gw,f? txl;ojzifh OD;wifatmifrmS tpmtdraf &m*g&w dS ,fv@dk =um;zl;xm; avawmh 'D'%fa=umifh ykcd &H rvm; qdw k hJ pk;d &drpf w d yf g? &Snfvsm;vSwhJae@wmawGukd wae@+yD;wae@ jzwfoef;ae=u& ygw,f? b,folawG tdyf&may:vSJaeae xl;xl;jcm;jcm; &JabmfatmifxD wa,mufuawmh tv,ftal =um wrHwvif;vrf;twkid ;f wzsyzf syef @J vrf; av#mufaeavh&Sdygw,f? tdyf&may:vSJaecsdef tenf;qHk;vlyg? 'D=um;xJ a&'D,o dk wif;awG ulzrf;ayaewwfygao;w,f? xrif;touf (7) &ufqkdwJh yxrywf +yD;qHk;csdefrSm wkdufyGJ aumfrwDu wku d yf t JG &Sed &f a&; tm;opfavmif;a&;twGuf jyifqif=uygw,f? tvm;wl tkypf ;dk olrsm;bufuvnf; ajcvSr;f opfrsm; pwifvrS ;f vmygw,f? axmifrif;}uD; OD;+idr;f v_id f &efuek u f qif;csvmygw,f? zdEydS af &;udprP mS xH;k pH twkdif; olwkd@u ±kduf&wJh wkwftqifhomyg? &efukefaxmufvSrf;a&;&,f/ u|ef;ay:&Sda&wyfu wm0ef&SdolawG&,f n‡dE_dif;+yD;ay;wJhtrdef@ukd olwkd@u taumiftxnf azmf&jcif;om jzpfygw,f? 'kw, d ywf (8) &ufajrmufae@ tavmif;vkyGJ 'kw, d tokwf wku d yf 0JG ifr,fo h l (30) [m qm;cg;awGaomuf+y;D taqmifeyH gwf (10) wku d yf aJG qmif (2) rSm ae &m,lvu dk =f uyg+y?D u|eaf wmfw@dk &JabmfawGxu J vl}u;D ykid ;f taeeJ@ OD;cifarmifjrif/h OD;wif&w D @dk yg0ifvmygw,f? wjcm; xif&mS ;ol ausmif;om;rsm;xJrS uk^d m%f0if;/ ukv d =S unf/ zk;d oHacsmif;/ ukad tmifabmf/ uko d uf0if;/ ukn d eG @f acgif polw@dk udk rSwrf ad eygw,f? ppfwyfrS ukt d ek ;f armf/ wyf=uyf}uD;jrwfaqG/ wyf=uyf}uD;wif0if;wk@d ygygw,f? vky±f ;dk vkypf Of aºu;a=umforH sm;wkid +f yD;wJah emuf r=umvku d yf g axmifrif;}uD; OD;+idr;f v_id af cgi;f aqmifwhJ axmiftr_xrf;awG[m tavmif;eJ@ teD;qHk;wHcg;aygufjzpfwJh pcef;ta&S@awmifbufaxmifh aemufab;wHcg; aygufrSm jzef@+yD;ae&m,lygw,f? yxrqHk; tavmif;ukd awmif;ygw,f? u|eaf wmfw@dk u ray;yg? 'Dawmh wHcg;ukzd iG +hf y;D twif; 0ifvyk gawmhw,f? olw@dk rSm tiftm; (100) cef@&adS vawmh tqkid ;f eJ@ tvSnu hf s 0ifvw k mukd }u}hH uchH H awmifhxm;&ygw,f? olwkd@u tm;ukefoHk;wJhtcg u|efawmfwkd@bufu rEkid rf eif;jzpf+y;D 'kw, d tokwf wku d yf 0JG ifoal wGyg 0ifwm;&ygw,f? tjyef 39

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40

jyKpka&; wm0ef,x l m;wJh &JabmfawG[m tifrwef yifyef;=uyg w,f? wGaJ c: a&csKd ;ay;±Ho k mru oef@&iS ;f a&;vkyaf y;/ t0wfawGukd pk+y;D jyKwf av#maf y;wmvnf; vky&f ygw,f? pum;pjrnf xkid af jymay;&wmuawmh t+rJ wrf;tvkyfyg? aemufykdif;a&mufwJhtcg vrf;av#mufcsif&if wGJav#muf ay;&ygw,f? olw@dk wawG[m tajymif;tvJawGudk t+rw J rf; ar#mv f ifx h m; &+y;D vla&mpdwyf g “owd” taetxm;rSm &Sad e=u&ygw,f? wku d yf 0JG ifoal wG uawmh ab;rSm &JabmfawG&adS ewmrk@d pdwu f dk wajzmifw h nf; xm;+y;D wku d v f @dk &yg w,f? (e0wacwf/ etzacwfrmS awmh 'DtcGiahf &;rsKd ;awmif ray;yg? ykq d ;dk ygw,f? E_id ;f ,SO=f unf&h if rqvacwfu twkta,mif qk&d , S v f pf rsuEf mS zH;k pGyx f m;wJah cwf/ 'Dacwfusawmh ajymifajymifwif;wif; ppftyk cf sKyfa&; bDv;l acgi;f aqmif;xm;wJah cwfayuk;d ?) 'kw, d tokw0f ifwt hJ csed rf mS jyKpkot l aeeJ@ ajcEkid v f ufEidk &f ydS g ao; w,f? striker awGuvnf; tcsKd @upd aP wGrmS uk, d x f u l , dk x f vkyEf ikd w f hJ taetxm;yg? 'gayrJh wwd,tokwf 0ifvmwJt h csed u f sawmh jyKpkcrH ,fh olu rsm;/ jyKpkolOD;a&u enf;oGm;yg+yD? t&yfom;pum;eJ@ ajym&&if b,folrS ‘racsmif’yg? tbk;d }u;D rsm;vnf; tbk;d }u;D rsm;tavsmuf tdyaf &;ysux f m;vk@d rsuw f iG ;f awGu a[mufyuf? 'kw, d tywfrmS vnf; striker rsm;tzk@d qmavmifrw G o f yd jf cif; 'D*&Du usroGm;? 'gayrJh wrf;wr_ trsdK;tpm;rSmawmh jcm;em;oGm;yg+yD? qDjyef[if;awGudk rawmifw h awmhyg? rke@f awG/ aygirf ek @f / udwrf ek @f / xk;d rke@f / [mv0g/ ua&u&mrS rke@f jym;ovuftxd acguq f /JG rke@f [if;cg;/ =umZH}u;D csuv f nf; pm;csiyf gw,f? aemuf+y;D EGm;Ek@d csKd csKd qkv d nf; wyH;k avmufudk wa,mufwnf;eJ@ ukerf ,fxifaeygw,f? wwd,tywf wwd,tokwftaeeJ@ aemufxyf (47) a,muf wkdufyGJ 0ifvmygw,f? wwd,tokwu f dk taqmifeyH gwf (8) rSm xm;+y;D / ykw d o hJ al wGudk tvHeaD qmifjzpfwhJ taqmifeyH gwf (7) rSm xm;ygw,f? wku d yf 0JG ifoOl ;D a&[m xde;f odr;f OD;a&&J@ w0ufe;D yg; jzpfvmcJyh g+yD? u|eaf wmfw@dk tzG@J tpnf;taeeJ@ ajym&&if stiker OD;a&u ykrd sm;aeygw,f? tcktcsdeftxd tm%mykdifawGbufuvnf; cyfat;at;? u|eaf wmfw@dk bufuvnf; t&Sed rf eS rf eS ef @J csw D ufaeqJ? stiker awG&@J aygicf sed f awGuawmh waygi+f y;D waygif avsmu h svmaeygw,f? pdw"f mwf bufrmS awmh awmifwufc&D;ukd wxpf+yD;wxpf wufvSrf;ae=uovkd cHpm;rdygw,f?

41

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wl;aewm”vk@d ajymygw,f? wvavmuf&adS wmh qD;xoGm;&rSmawmif cGet f m;r&Sad wmhyg? 'gha=umifh pnfoGyfAl;cGHawGukd ajc&if;rSm xm;ay;&ygw,f? ayguf+yD;wmeJ@ jyKpkou l oGm;oGe/f zDEidk af &eJ@ aq;+y;D jyefxm;ygw,f? qk;d wmu vlemawG[m tm±Hk cHpm;r_oyd x f ufjrufvmvk@d vm;/ cHEidk &f nfr&Sad wmhwma=umifv h m;rod/ a&eHqeD @H / tom;Al;eH@/ zDEidk ef @H pwmawGudk rcHEidk =f ujcif;jzpfygw,f? tm;odyf enf;vm+yDr@dk q&m0efvmwJt h cgrmS vnf; b,forl S aygix f rcsed =f uawmhyg? pm;csiaf omufcsipf w d v f nf; w,fr&Sad wmhyg? ok@d aomf b,foal wG b,fvjdk zpf aeae &Jabmfatmifxw D a,mufuawmh wGo J rl ygbJ vrf;av#mufI aumif;qJ yg?

rSwaf usmufwifyJG tm%mykid af wGu u|eaf wmfw@dk awmif;qkcd suf (5) csurf mS yx rtcsufukd t=urf;zuf ajz&Sif;vkduf+yD;wJhaemuf tajctaeukd apmifh =unfch yhJ gw,f? pcef;xk&@J wpnf;wvH;k xJ qifu h q J ifu h J wku d yf 0JG ifvmr_rsm; awG@vm+y;D wJah emuf usef awmif;qkcd suf (3) csuu f v dk nf; cGijhf yKr,ft h a=umif; ajymvmygw,f? ok@d aomf eHygwf (5) tcsujf zpfwhJ tdref @J pma&;om; qufo, G f cGiu hf adk wmh ray;Ekid [ f k wif;cHygw,f? u|eaf wmfw@dk bufuvnf; eHygwf (5) tcsu[ f m ta&;}u;D wJh Ekid if aH &; awmif;qkcd sujf zpfv@dk av#mrh ay;Ekid yf g? ukdukd;u|ef;rSm u|efawmfwkd@ukd xm;wJh pcef;tjyif aemuf xyfpcef; (2) ckvnf; aqmufxm;+y;D jzpfygw,f? u|eaf wmfw@dk taeeJ@ xm; &mae/ au|;wmpm;/ ckid ;f wmvkyaf y;vk@d olw@dk &@J uk, d x f u l , dk x f ay:vpD atmif jrifomG ;&if aemufxyfEidk if aH &;tusO;f om;awG a[mwokwf a[mwokwf yk@d ygvrd Ohf ;D r,f? tcsut f vufawG jynfph v kH mwJt h cg rdrw d @dk &J@ om;r,m;awGyg tyk@d c&H Ekid yf gao;w,f? “pcef;wae&m”vk@d v#Kd @0u S f eHrnfay;xm;wJh ae&mrSm ae+y;D jynfoal wGe@J tqufjzwfcaH e&wmukd u|eaf wmfw@dk rvkv d m;yg? 'ga=umifh eHygwf (5) tcsu[ f m ta&;}u;D ygw,f? aemuf+y;D olw@dk &@J ay: vpD ratmifjrif a&;[mvnf; u|eaf wmfw@dk twGuf orkid ;f ay;wm0efyg? wpcef;vH;k twGuf wm0ef,l acgi;f aqmifaewJh wku d yf aJG umf rwD rSm tzG@J tpnf;aygi;f pHu k yg0if=uygw,f? vGwv f yfa&;v_y&f mS ;r_rmS ygco hJ al wG/ jynfwiG ;f ppfrmS jzwfoef;cJ&h olawG/ 'Dru dk a&pDa&; ajray:ajratmuf Ekid if aH &;rSm 45

usifvnfcJholawGjzpfvkd@ tkyfpkd;olawG&J@ txmukd aemausae=uolawGyg? tawG@t}uKH }u;D rm;=uolawGr@kd wku d yf &JG @J tvm;tvm ukv d nf; rSerf eS u f efuef wGucf suEf idk o f al wGvnf; jzpfygw,f? wku d yf 0JG ifwo hJ t l m;vH;k uvnf; uk, d ahf cgi;f aqmifawGtay: ,H=k unfr_ tjynf&h =dS uygw,f? uk, d u f sKd ;pD;yGm;twGuf uk, d &hf J abmfawGudk a&mif;pm;r,fo h rl [kw/f acgi;f aqmifa&m aemufvu dk yf g uk, d yhf gwD uk, d t hf zG@J tpnf;&J@ eHrnfudk npfErG ;f apr,fo h al wG r[kw?f 'gha=umifhvnf; wkdufy0GJ if&wm pdwfajzmifh=uygw,f? wkdufyGJ uawmh Ekid rf mS yg? 'gayrJh t&if;tES;D b,favmufay;&rvJqw dk mawmh u|ef awmfw@dk vnf;rod? acgi;f aqmifawGvnf; ajymEkid yf rkH &? wvavmuft&rSm a&pdrpf rd f csKd ;aerd&mu u|eaf wmf tat; rdovkd jzpfomG ;w,f? a&vnf; aomufv@dk r&/ a&wpuf0ifwmeJ@ t0g&nf tpdr;f &nfawG tHxu G v f mygw,f? wcgtef+y;D wkid ;f vlu tm;ukef arm[ku d f oGm;wwfwmrd@k a&0ifrmS ukyd if a=umufaerdw,f? 'ga=umifh a&ukd tomiHik kH xm;+yD; axG;xkwfae&ygw,f? aygifcsdefvnf; ododomom usvmw,f? aemufyidk ;f jzpf&yfrsm;uawmh 0k;d w0g;om xifuse&f pfyg+yD? aemif olrsm;ajymjyrS &uf (40) tjynfh ae@cif;rSm u|eaf wmf owdvpfoGm;w,f- wJh? tJ'DnrSmyJ axmiftm%mykdifawGu eHygwf (5) awmif;qkcd suu f dk ay;vku d v f @kd wku d yf +JG yD;oGm;w,fv@dk od&w,f? &uf (40) wku d yf +JG y;D wmeJ@ emwm&Snf vlrrmawGudk jynfrjyefy@dk ay;ygw,f? jyefy@dk whJ pm&if;xJrmS u|eaf wmfygayr,fh u|eaf wmfu jiif;vku d v f @dk useaf e&pfcw hJ ,f? pnfoyG Af ;l tpm; tom;pkad wG ay;ygw,f? aemuf oabFm wywfrmS awmh owif;pmawG ygvmw,f? u|eaf wmfw@dk a&;wJph mawGvnf; oabFmu o,fomG ;yg+y?D wku d yf +JG y;D p yg;pyfx+J zx J nfv h u dk w f hJ yxrqH;k *vl;uk@d pf wpuf&@J t&omenf;wl csKd +rdev f u dk w f jhJ zpfjcif;? u|eaf wmf emvefxwm aES;ygw,f? vrf;vnf; av#mufv@dk r&yg? tdy&f mxJ vScJ siv f /JS 'grrS [kwf xkid af ewJt h csed u f rsm;ygw,f? u|eaf wmf pk;d &draf ewJh OD;wifatmifuawmh olaewJt h aqmif (4) uae u|eaf wmfw@dk t aqmif&J@ awmifbuf abmfvDabmuGif;ukd jzwf+yD; ae@pOftdrfomwuf& avawmh tdro f mu qif;vmwmeJ@ u|eaf wmfah b;rSm vmvm xkid w f wfyg w,f? +y;D awmh use;f rma&;tajctaeukd ar;ygw,f? w&ufrmS awmh u|eaf wmfu “'ge@J OD;wifatmif wku d yf &JG uf awGwek ;f u OD;wifatmif&@J *wfpx&dwf (tpmtdrf a&m*g) u bmrsm; xl;xl; jcm;jcm; azmfjyovJ”vk@d ar;rdygw,f? olu tm;&yg;& +yHK;vku d u f m “tJ'D wke;f u bmrS rxl;jcm;bl;? ckrS xl;jcm;ovkv d dk &Sv d mw,f? r&Sad wmhb;l ? aysmuf 46

oGm;ovkv d ydk ”J wJ?h (5) tESpf (20) orkid ;f “vlreS f ae&mrSe”f qkpd um;t&ajym&if 'Dta=umif;awGudk olw@dk a&;oGm;=u&rSmyg? “wcsed cf sed f wcgcgrmS a&;r,f” qkw d hJ oEMÏd mef olw@dk toD;oD; rSm &Sdygvdrfhr,f? pma&;q&mwa,muftzkd@ txl;ojzifh awmfvSefaom pma&;q&mwa,muftzk@d 'gxufaumif;wJh uke=f urf;awG wjcm;ae&mrSm &SmawG@z@dk cJ,Of;w,f r[kwv f m;? vlyk*~dKvfwa,muftaeeJ@ OD;wifatmifukd =unfh=uwJhtcg tuJjzwfwt hJ cg ±_axmifah wG wlcsirf S wl=uygvrd rhf ,f? 'gayrJh vlwef;pm;&yf wnfcsuf&SdwJhol/ azmufjyefwJhtkyfpkd;ol tqufqufukd awmfvSefwJhol/ jynfou l dk tvkyt f au|;jyKwJo h /l jynfo@l pma&;q&m/ aemuf+y;D jynfoal wGu cspfaompma&;q&m qkdwmrSmawmh tjiif;yGm;=ur,f rxifygbl;? 'gukd ol@psmye tcrf;tem;rSm tm;vH;k u jrifawG@c=hJ uyg+yD? olu, G v f eG +f yD; tESpf (20) =umwJt h xdvnf; azmfjycJ=h u yg+y?D wefz;dk qdw k m 'gygy?J ole@J ywfoufv@dk rdrb d mom ed*;kH csKyfxm;wJt h csuf (3) csu&f ydS gw,f?

1? “aooGm;rSjzifh aooGm;olqDu bmrSr&Edkif”qdkwm rSm;w,f?

2? vlwa,muf&@J wefz;dk ukd rSerf eS u f efuef tuJrjzwfEidk cf &hJ if ol@qu D &Ekid w f hJ “wefz;dk ”awG vufvw G f qH;k ±H;_ oGm;wwfw,f?

3? vlwa,mufudk tuJjzwfwt hJ cg tenf;qH;k tESpf (20) avmuf tcsed , f o l ifw h ,fqw dk mawGyJ jzpfygw,f? ?

&Jabmfp;dk cspf

47

+yefra+ymEdik o f rl sm;tay: wzufowfp&D ifcsucf sol wm&mvif ; ,k e f +y;D cJo h nhf Zlvikd v f xkwrf a[oDr*~Zif;/ trSwf 259/ pmrsuEf mS 58 wGiyf g±o dS nhf udOk ;D aqG. tifwmAsL;tcef;udk zwf+y;D ajymcsiaf ompum;rsm; yg;pyfzsm;wGif pkòyHa&muf±Sdvmonf? olu [mopma&;q&m eDudk&Judk tifwmAsL;onhf “eDu&kd EJ iS ahf wG@qjkH cif;/ yxrydik ;f ”qdo k nf. aemufyikd ;f em;wGif “'*kew f m&m/ Aef;armfwifatmif/ =unfat;wd@k &@J pmawG bmvd@k vltrsm;pkqD ys@H E@HS rvmawmh wmvJ”[kar;vdu k o f nf? 'gukd q&meDu&kd u J Tod@k ajzvdu k f onf- “q&ma±$Oa'gi;f u tEkynmeJ@a&;wm/ olw@kd u 0g'wcke@J a&;wm/ tJ'0D g'u 'DacwfrmS usq;kH oGm;wJt h cg olw@kd pmawGvnf; usq;kH oGm;wmyJ”? w,fvnf; jywfom;vSwhJ pD&ifcsuyf gvm;? ol@'pD um;xJuae olt"duxm;aom atmufygtcsuo f ;kH csuf udk owdxm;rdonf?

1? '*kefwm&m/ Aef;armfwifatmif/ =unfat;wdk@&J@ pmawG usq;kH oGm;+yD? 2? olw@kd [m q&ma±$Oa'gi;f vdk tEkynmeJ@a&;wmr[kwb f ;l ? olw@kd [m 0g'wcke@J a&;wm?

3? olw@kd &@J 0g'[mvnf; usq;kH oGm;+y?D tajzu wdusv.

S ? ar;olov d o kd nft h csuu f v kd nf; wdu k ±f u kd f azmfjy&m us.? xdyk *k Kd~ vfo;kH OD;uaum bmrsm;ajymvdyk goenf;? wpf? q&mAef;armfwifatmifu uG,fvGefav+yD? olonf ud, k t fh wGuf yif rnfo@kd r#rumuG,/f rav#muf vJEikd af wmh?

ESp?f q&mr =unfat;u tar&duefwiG f aeonf? ol@tay: 48

ppftpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm;u r=unfonf udkodem;vnfonf? olonf jref rmjynf pmayavmu. t±_yt f &Si;f rsm;wGiv f nf; yg0ifavh±o dS rl [kw?f oH;k ? q&m'*kew f m&muawmh ESppf Ofo@l arG;ae@wiG v f nf;aumif;/ tjcm;yGrJ sm;wGiv f nf;aumif; pmayavmuom;rsm;u ylaZmfonfukd rwwf omyJ vufcaH e&onf? (xdyk al Zmforl sm;xJwiG f q&meDu&kd rJ yg0if[k xifyg onf?) ol@tm; vGecf o hJ nfh vtenf;i,fuyif etztpd;k &u ypfpmo¿mef jzifh pkwpf w k yf yhJ hJ wdu k cf u kd cf o hJ nf? xdpk mrsKd ;udk olacsyavhr±S?d acsycGiv hf nf;r±S?d olonf etzaxmifacsmufxJ r0ifrad tmif owdxm;wwfojl zpfonf?

Tod@k / Tr# wzufowfjzpfaeonhf pmayZmwfcw kH iG f etz u òijd iifol rsm;tm; jywfjywfom;om; pD&ifcsuaf y;&Jonhf q&meD. owWu d kd cs;D usL;rdyg.? etz. tusO;f ±H;k pD&ifenf;rsm;xufyif tusO;f ±H;k ygao;uvm;? wqufwnf; axmufjyvdo k nfrmS AsL;ol udOk ;D aqGonf T t}urd f tifwmAsL;rwdik rf w D vu q&m aqmif;0if;vwfukd AsL;&mwGiv f nf; Tar;cGe;f udyk ifar;cJo h nf? pOf;pm;p&m?

Tpma&;q&moH;k OD;onf tEkynmjzifah &;onfr[kw[ f k q&m eDu&kd u J cdik cf ikd rf mrm ajymxm;onf? wckyJ ar;vdyk gonf? wcsed u f olw@kd oH;k a,muf. a&;enf;om;[efvdk vlEpS o f uf twk,cl &H onhf pma&;[ef&,f vdk@ 'DacwfrSm b,fol@a&;[efrsm;±SdovJ? q&meDudk&J xyfaxmufjyapcsif ygonf? wa,muf axmufjyEdik v f #iyf if vHak vmufygonf? olw@kd zefw;D onhf Zmwfaumifrsm;twdik ;f vdu k +f y;D aexdik u f si}hf uH ol rsm;±So d nfqjkd cif;udak &m q&meDu&kd J odygp? q&m'*kew f m&m. “ar”vdk cyfayghaygheJ@ acwfudkt±GJ@wdkufcJhonhf wuUodkvfausmif;olESifh usLwmrsm;/ q&mr=unfat;. “EGrf;vstdrfjyef”xJu t"duZmwfvdkuftrsdK;orD;udk twk,+l y;D ArmjynfrmS jzpfwnfr_ y"me0g'udk yxrqH;k usio hf ;kH cJw h hJ acwfynm wwftrsKd ;orD;awG/ q&mAef;armfwifatmif&@J 0wˆKawGxu J Zmwfaumif awGvdk (rsm;vGef;vdk@ wckcsif; rajymawmhyg) ðyrlusifh}uHvdk@ cspf&ygonf[k r*~Zif;wGix f w k af &;cJo h nhf pma&;q&mrrsm;? ra0;ao;wJt h wdwrf @kd 'gawGukd odoal wGtrsm;}u;D yg? 'gjzifh 'DZmwfaumifrsKd ;awGukd 'Dordik ;f wacwf armfueG ;f wifcw hJ hJ uavmif±iS }f uD;awG[m tEkynmrygbeJ @J zefw;D cJw h mvm;? erlemwcsKd @xyfajymygO;D rnf? q&mr=unfat;. “n}u;D rif;}u;D / x+y;D xdik af e/ tdy&f mawGvnf;/ a=urGweG @f vyd ”f qdak om wap> ponhu f Asmrsm;. =oZma=umifh &efuek w f uUov kd Ef iS hf rE aW v;wuUov kd w f @kd wiG f xd[ k eftwdik ;f vdu k af &;olrsm; tajrmuftjrm;ay:aygucf yhJ gonf? tcsKd @qv kd #if a,mufsm; yifjzpfvsuEf iS hf trsKd ;orD; uavmif emrnf,u l m xd[ k efrsKd ;/ awG;ac:enf;rsKd ;jzifh 49

vdu k af &;=uonfrsm; ±Scd yhJ gonf? ,cktcg emrnf razmfxw k o f ifah wmh [k xifojzifrh azmfawmhyg? wuUov kd b f ek ;f Edik q f akd om wcsed u f apmifa&trsm;qH;k xkw&f onhf atmifjrifr_ tifrwef&cJah om wuUov kd f ausmif;tkyaf [mif; q&mOD;cif armif wifu h kd rSwrf =d uygvrd rhf nf? olonf pma&;aumif;onf[al om tcsuf tjyif uGejf rLepfqef@usiaf &;rsm; a&;ol[I l vnf; emrnf}u;D ygonf? od@k aomf ol. “bke;f Edik ”f qdak om uavmiftrnfrmS ,ckq&meDu&kd J tqdt k & tEkynm uif;rJph mG jzif/h uGejf rLepf0g'udk tajcðya&;onfqakd om q&mAef;armf wifatmif . Zmwfaumifwaumif. emrnfudk,lxm;jcif;jzpfygonf? Tta=umif; udv k nf; q&mbke;f Edik u f óuw H ikd ;f ajymygonf? olonf q&m Aef;armfwifatmif . tEkynmu zefw;D xm;aom Zmwfaumifemrnfukd ,lxm;jcif;jzpf ygonf?

0g'udk vH;k 0,lrxm;yg? q&m'*kew f m&mhvuf&mESihf ywfoufv@kd uawmh pma&;ol.rdwf aqGwa,mufta=umif;udk ajymjycsiyf gonf? xdrk w d af qGu owif;pm wapmif wGif tm;upm;owif;jzifh ajcvSrf; vSrf;0ifa&mufaepOfjzpfygonf? olu abmhv;kH yGo J wif;rsm;udk a&;&mwGif taemufwikd ;f owif;pmrsm;wGif a&;=u avh±o dS nht f wdik ;f abmhv;kH yGrJ prDawG@&onhf &moDOwktajctae/ avwdu k rf _ tajctaersm;udkvnf; zGJ@EGJ@a&;ygonf? xdktcg tm;upm;owif;rsm;udk rvGww f rf;zwfavh±+dS yD; olEiS v hf nf; vlcsi;f &if;ES;D onhf q&mvlxpk ed 0f if; u “rif;&J@ owif;uvnf;uGm '*kefwm&m&J@pm zwfae&ovdkyJ”[k rSwfcsuf csygonf? qdv k o kd nfrmS '*kew f m&m. tEkynm=oZm[m pme,fZif; avmu wdik ;f udk xd;k azmuf0ifa&mufa=umif;jzpfygonf? xdak cwfu pmav; ayav; a&;wwfcsifonfh vli,fwdkif;vdkvdk '*kefwm&m. a&;[efudk vufwnfh prf;rd=urnfxifonf? q&meDu&kd .

J pGypf cJG su-f r[kwb f ;l - pD&ifcsux f w J iG f olw@kd onf EdkifiHa&; ESifh a&;cJhaoma=umifhjzpfonf qdkaomtcsufvnf; yg±Sdonf? q&mAef;armf wifatmif. pmrsm; ta&mif;&qH;k umvrSm 1960ckEpS rf sm;[k xifygonf? xdpk Ofu olonfapmifa&trsm;qH;k a&mif;&ol wOD;jzpfygonf?

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ol@0g'udk oabmusv@kd awmh [kwrf nfrxifyg? ol@tEkynmudk óuu d v f @kd om tod trSwðf yjcif;jzpf&ygrnf? rnfo@kd yifqakd p ppftm%m±Sirf sm;url ol@ukd róuu d ?f zdEydS o f rl sm; u ol@ukd róuu d ?f q&meDu&kd u J vnf; ol@ukd róuu d ?f ol@pmzwfy&dowfurl ol@ukd a&m/ ol@pmrsm;udak &m b,fr#EpS o f ufav;pm;a=umif; olu, G v f eG pf Ofu }uaH wm ok\efwiG af zmfjycJo h nf? Armjynfordik ;f wGif r±Szd ;l aom tokbrsKd ; tjzpf rSww f rf;wifc&hJ onf? ,ae@tcgArmjynf. pmayavmuwGif pmayavmuom;csi;f azmfjycGifhr&ol/ jzwfawmufydwfyifcH&olawGudk pmemae=ucsdef jzpfonf? ol@pmazmfjycGirhf &/ igph mom azmfjycGi&fh onfq+kd y;D *k%, f =l ucsed rf [kw?f od@k aomf q&meDu&kd u J rl Tonfukd 0rf;om *k%, f jl yae±krH u tqif; (xifrw S +f yD;) bD;wyfI wGe;f ay;vdu k af o;onf? od@k aomf [mopma&;q&mrd@k xifyg&@J / q&meDu&kd .

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