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1
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wdkusKd? *syef/
2
&mjynfrh w S w f rf;?
trsKd;om;pmqdk 0PÖausmfxif q&maZmf*sD (1907-1990) 1907
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1912-19
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1920
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1924
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1952-26 1928
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1929
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1930 1931-34
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1934
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3
&mjynfrh w S w f rf;?
1936 1936-38 1938
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1940 1941
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1942
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1946 1947-48
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1948 1950 1951-52
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1952-57
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1955
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1959 1961(arv)
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1965-75
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1967
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1976
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1979
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1981 1987
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4
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1990
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wdkusKd? *syef/
5
&mjynfrh w S w f rf;?
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pmrsufEmS -8odYk 6
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7
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wdkusKd? *syef/
8
&mjynfrh w S w f rf;?
pmrsufEmS -5rS
zdwf+yD; jyKvkyf cJh=uwmyg//0rf;enf;p&m wcku q&m wifrdk;[m uG,fvGefoGm;cJhvkd@ ryg0ifEdkifjcif;ygb/J /q&m armifpGrf;&nf/ q&m OD;0if;azwdk@uawmh q&maZmf*sD &mjynfhyGJ udk qifEaJ$ [majym *g&0jyKzd@k a&muf&dS aecJh yg+yD? ed*;kH csKyftaeeJ@,KQ q&maZmf*sD &mjynfh txdr;f trSwf *g&0jyKyGJ}uD;udk pnfpnfum;um; crf;crf;em; em; jzpfatmif tzufzufrS wwfEikd o f r# 0dik ;f 0ef; ulnD yHyh ;kd ay;cJ=h uwJh pmaytzGJ t h pnf;rsm;/ pmaycspjf rwfE;kd olrsm;/ wdik ;f &if;om; nDtudak rmifErS vly*k Kd~ vf tm; vHk;tm; txl;av;pm;pGm aus;Zl;wifa=umif; q&m aZmf*sD &mjynfhyGJjzpfajrmufa&;aumfrwD udk,fpm;rSwf wrf;wif ajym=um;vdkufygw,f cifAsm;// //
wdkusKd? *syef/
9
&mjynfrh w S w f rf;?
q&maZmf*sD &mjynfhyGJodkU jynfwiG ;f rSay;ydUk aom trSmpum;rsm;
wdkusKd? *syef/
10
&mjynfrh w S w f rf;?
q&myg&*l 'Dae@ usaemfw@kd x&dw'f g;a[mfw,frmS q&maZmf*st D xdr;f trSwyf GJ pmwrf;zwfyv GJ yk w f ,fæaemf? tJ'u D kd usaemfomG ;+yD;awmh {nfo h nftjzpfe@J oGm;+yD;awmh wufa&mufw,faemf? +yD;awmhæ tJ'D tcrf;tem;+yD;awmh MRTV-3 qdw k mu usaemfu h kd Interview vkyw f ,faemf? tJ'D tcrf;tem;eJ@ywfouf+yD;awmh usaemf ajymvmcJw h hJ æ tJ'gub kd J usaemf tck orD;wd@k tcrf;tem; twGuf ajymr,faemf? rSwx f m;yg? tJ'aD wmh vGecf w hJ hJ (8) ESp/f (10) ESpf avmufu jzpfvrd rhf ,faemf? q&maZmf*s&D @J uG,v f eG w f hJ 'kw, d ESp/f ESpEf pS af jrmuf b,frmS usi;f yovJqakd wmh q&maZmf*s&D @J ZmwdjzpfwhJ zsmyHrk mS usi;f yw,f æaemfæ tJ'D tcrf;tem;udk usaemfw@kd ukd zdww f t hJ wGuf usaemfw@kd a&mufomG ;w,f? a&mufomG ;awmh tJ'D tcrf;tem;rSm ajymcJhwJhpum; tck jyef+yD;awmh owd&w,fæaemf? 'Dae@u MRTV-3 u Interview vkyaf wmhvyJ J tJ'D ta=umif;udb k J ajymjyw,f? tck orD;wd@k ukd *syefrmS q&maZmf*s&D @J txdr;f trSwyf GJ usi;f yr,f qdak wmh tJ'D ta=umif;udb k J jyef+yD;awmh ajymjyr,f? rSwx f m;ygaemf? usaemfw@kd a&mufomG ;awmh tcrf;tem; usi;f yae+yD? usi;f yawmh usaemfu h v kd J wdu k w f eG ;f awmh usaemf x+yD;awmh ajym&w,f? ajymawmh bmajymwmvJqakd wmh q&maZmf*sD txdr;f trSwyf u JG kd zsmyHòk r@ æ cifAsm;wd@k u usi;f yjyKvkyw f m aumif;ygw,f/ usaemfw@kd jrefrmpum; qd&k ;kd wck&w dS ,f/ “&Gmbk&m; &Gmom; r=unf!b kd ;l “qdw k hJ pum;qd&k ;kd &Sw d ,f? 'gayrJh tJ'q D &kd ;kd pum;udk cifAsm;wd@k qef@usi+f yD;awmh ZmwdjzpfwhJ zsmyHrk mS q&maZmf*syD u J G kd usif;yjyKvkyfwm aumif;ygw,f? od@k aomfvnf; q&maZmf*s[ D m cifAsm;wd@k zsmyHòk r@u uGu+f yD;awmh ydik w f yhJ *k Kd~ vf r[kwb f ;l / q&maZmf*s[ D m wdik ;f jynf/ Edik if u H ydik w f hJ yk*Kd~ vfjzpfw,fv@kd ? usaemf Oyrmwck ajymvmw,f æ a0vig;[m acsmif;xJrmS v$wf xm;vd@k &&dS if æ bmvJ æ acgi;f 0ifu, dk q f ef@ rjzpfEikd b f ;l vd@k / tJ'D acsmif;[m ol@ae&m r[kwb f ;l vd@k aemf æ a0 vig;&Jh ae&mu b,frmS vJqakd wmh yifv,frmS vd@k / yifv,frmS v$w&f r,fv@kd /yifv,frmS v$wx f m;wJh tcgrmS a0vig;[m acgif;0ifudk,fqef@ jzpfw,faemf/ æ ol@ae&mol jyef+yD;awmh a&mufoGm;w,f? tJ'D twdkif;yJ æ q&maZmf*sDudk cifAsm;wdk@ zsmyHkòr@e,fu txdrf;trSwfyGJ usif;yðyvkyfwm aumif; ygw,f? od@k aomfvnf;yJ a0vig;udk acsmif;xJrmS v$w+f yD;awmhxm;vd@k b,fjzpfrvJ/tJ'aD wmh a0vig;&Jh ae&m[m yifv,frmS &So d vdyk J q&maZmf*su D kd ydik w f mu Edik if u H ydik w f ,f/ q&maZmf*sD txdr;f trSwyf u JG kd Edik if u H vky&f r,fv@kd tJ'gukd usaemf ajymjycJw h ,f? wdkusKd? *syef/
11
&mjynfrh w S w f rf;?
tJ'Dawmh aemufydkif;rSm usaemf ajymxm;cJhwJh twdkif;yJ/ q&maZmf*sD&Jh y&dowfawG/ pma&;q&mawG pmay0goem&Siaf wGu q&maZmf*s&D hJ &mjynfEh pS u f kd usi;f yzd@k apmifah ew,f? apmifah eawmh tcka&mufvm+yD aemf æ tckusaemfw@kd 'DrmS x&dw'f g;a[mfw,frmS 'Dae@yJ q&maZmf*s&D hJ txdr;f trSwyf JG usi;f y+yD;awmh pmwrf;zwf yGaJ wGvyk w f ,f/ tJ'D tcrf;tem;ygyJ usaemfvnf;a&mufcw hJ ,faemf/ zsmyHrk mS vnf;yJ t}uD;tus,f tcrf;tem; usif;yðyvkyfr,f/ tJ'Dawmh usaemfajymcsifwmu usaemfwdk@apmifhaewm æapmifhaecJhwJh q&maZmf*sD &mjynfhjynfwGif; rSm a0vig;v$wv f u kd o f vdk q&maZmf*sD &mjynfah e@ukd 'Dae@/ 'D&uf/ 'DvrSm usi;f yae=uovdk orD;wd@k ae&mu vnf;yJ pmay0goem&SifawG usaemfwdk@ jrefrmEdkifiHu pma&;q&maZmf*sD&Jh txdrf;trSwfudk usif;yðyvkyfw,f qdkawmh odyf+yD;awmh 0rf;omtm;& jzpfw,f/ orD;wdk@&Jhvkyfief;[m a0vig;udk yifv,fxJrSmv$wfwJhtwdkif;yJ q&maZmf*sDudk EdkifiHutydkifjzpfwhJ txdrf;trSwfawG vkyfwht J jyif EdkifiHjcm;u æaemf tJ'Du todtrSwfðy+yD; awmh q&maZmf*sD&hJ &mjynfh txdrf;trSwfyu GJ dk usif;yjyKvkyfwm[m tifrwef vkyfoifhvkyfxdkufwht J vkyfjzpf w,fqdkwJh ta=umif;udk usaemfajymjyygw,f? ?
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12
&mjynfrh w S w f rf;?
q&m '*kew f m&m? q&maZmf*so D nf 1930 0ef;usiu f jrefrmacwfay:pmay tv,facwfac:&rnfqakd om xdu k mvu pwifI rif;ok0%fEiS t hf wl acwfprf;pmayudk q&m}u;D OD;azarmifwif rde@f =um;onft h wkid ;f pwifacgi;f aqmifI aqmif&u G f aomol wa,mufjzpfonf[k od&ygonf? acwfprf;pmayqdkonfrSm acwfudkprf;oyf =unhfaomtaejzifh tqef;topf pmayqef;opfr_w&yfudk wDxGifjcif;[laom t"dyg,f&Sdonf[lI q&mOD;azarmifwif. acwfprf;yHkjyifwGif trSmpm a&;cJhonfudk rSwfrdae ygonf? xdt k cgu acwfay:pmaywGif 0wÎKrsm;/ uAsmrsm; ay:aygucf ahJ omfvnf; *EW0ifpmay. t&dyrf sm; v$r;f rd;k v#uf &Sad omtcgwiG f q&maZmf*sD acwfprf;pmaytrnfjzifh acwfay:pmayw&yfukd pwifa&;om; zG@J EG@J cJo h nf[k em;vnf xm;ygonf? q&maZmf*s. D tqdt k & ydawmufyef;[laom uAsmonf acwfprf;pmay od@k r[kwf acwfprf;uAsm. tp[l I ajymqdo k nfudk owd&rdygonf? qufvufIvnf; q&maZmf*so D nf wuUov kd pf m=unfw h u kd w f iG f aqmif&u G &f if; wuUov kd w f iG f pmayESiyhf wfoufI *E<0ifpmayESihf acwfay:pmay qufpyfrt _ a=umif;yg&adS om rde@f cGe;f rsm;ajyma[m onfudk awG@&Sd&ygonf? acwfay:pmay. orkdif;udk a&;rnfqdkv#if q&maZmf*sDonf acwfprf;pmay[laom tuef@/ pmaytcef; wcef;udk acgi;f aqmifjyKvyk o f nf[k em;vnfygonf? xd@k a=umifh usaemfw@kd onf q&maZmf*s. D ESpw f &myGw J iG f q&m aZmf*s. D tzG@J tEG@J rsm;udk owd&&if; acwfay:pmay. v_y&f mS ;r_w&yftjzpf owd& aerda=umif;udk ajymvdyk g onf?
wdkusKd? *syef/
13
&mjynfrh w S w f rf;?
aA'gwyGihf =u,fwyGihf q&maZmf*sD c&rf;jymwifh aA'gyiG v fh #if {&m0wDjrpf0u|ef;ay: a=u;rHkjyifr rSefom;uGJp cufr$mpD;qif; ar#m&f if; cwf&if; jzwfoef;&if;vJ rwfrwful;cwf b,folrSwfovJ/ rcGrJ uGJ &J&'J \e ynm&Siæ f ? {&m0wD eDjyma&mifpyf xif[yfjzpfwnf acwfprf;pmay topfzefwD; a&qefwdk;&SJ b,folrSwfovJ? 0J*,ufxJ tHcJrmef[kef zsmyHkjrpfrS aA'gyGifh =u,fwyGifhv#if aumif;uifxufrS òy;ysuf0if;y jrpfraA'g aygif;pyfvmonf uAsmq&m. &kyfyHkv$m? ?
wdkusKd? *syef/
14
&mjynfrh w S w f rf;?
tarvlxak ':trm “ q&mawmfemrnf}uD;awG trsm;}uD;&Sdw,f/ olwdk@awGu cdkifcdkifrmrm pmawGzGJ@xm;cJh=uwm? 'ga=umifh rdk@vdk@ tarwdk@ArmpmayavmurSm tJ'Dq&mawmf}uD;awG&Jh vuf&mawGeJ@ tcdkiftrm wnfaqmufvmcJh+yD;awmh tckaemufyikd ;f usawmh q&maZmf*sw D @kd vdk q&mrif;ok0%fw@kd vdk ay:vmw,f? ay:vmawmhvnf; olw@kd udk csex f m;cJv h @kd rjzpfb;l æ aemf/ bmjzpfv@kd vJqakd wmh olw@kd u 'DacwfrmS acwfumvtavsmuf ay:ayguw f hJ uAsmrSm olw@kd ut vkyfvkyfxm;=uwm/ v$rf;rdk;xm;=uwm/ 'ga=umifhrdk@ q&maZmf*sDudk tck&mjynfhyGJ usif;yr,fqdkawmh taru 0rf; omw,f? q&mhaus;Zl;awG 'dk@tay:rSm trsm;}uD;&SdwmyJvdk@ qdk+yD;awmhh æaemf/ wcg &Sifr[m&Xom&wdk@ &Sifr[m oDv0Howd@k p+y;D awmh wnfaqmufcw hJ hJ ArmhuAsm[m ordik ;f a=umif;[m aemufO;D yknwd@k eJ@ tifrwefcikd cf ef@+y;D awmh tdajEN&vmw,f/ tJ'Daemufwcg æ aemf/ aZmf*sDwdk@/ rif;ok0%fwdk@qdk&if vli,fawG ay:vmw,f/ ay:vmawmh olwdk@'DacwfrSm olwdk@csefxm;cJhvdk@rjzpfbl;uG,fhæ aemf? olw@kd &Jh æ'D æuAsmrSm vkyaf qmifcsu/f tm;xkwcf suaf wGu enf;wmrS r[kwyf /J vli,fawGu aemufyikd ;f vli,fawGu olw@kd [mawGukd rypfy,fEikd b f ;l / arhrxm;Edik b f ;l / cserf xm;Edik b f ;l / tJ'aD wmh tck uAsm taqmuft ODay:rSm q&mwd@k æaemufyikd ;f quf+y;D awmh wnfaqmufcw hJ mawGukd od+y;D / jrif+y;D awmh q&maZmf*sD &mjynfyh JG vkyrf ,f qdkawmh taru 0rf;omaew,f? q&maZmf*su D av æ tareJ@odyf ruGmbl;aemf/ olu toufw&mqdk æ q&maZmf*su D av tareJ@odyf uGmwm r[kwb f ;l uG/ taru toufu;kd q,fausm/f olu toufw&mqdak wmhæ q,fEpS af vmuf uGm=uwm/ tJ'Dawmh q&mwdk@uAsmawG &SdaewmeJ@ tarwdk@ vlvm;ajrmufwmeJ@ twlwlvdkyJ &Sdw,f? tJ'rD mS q&muav æiguxifwmæ/ ol@udk uAsmq&myJv@kd xifwm/ b,f[w k rf mS wke;f æ/ olu tr,f æ bmomjyefawG bmawGvnf; vkyaf o;w,fawmh æ/ olvyk w f hJ bmomjyefpmtkyf tarwtkyf zwfb;l w,f?tJ'D awmh olu pmayrSm wu,f 0goemygwhJ olu;kd vd@k atmufarhrw d ,f? “ (wqufwnf;rSmyJ jynfya&muf jrefrmEdkifiHol/EdkifiHom;awGtwGuf q&mr}uD; vlxka':trmu tck v d k qH k ; rpum; ajym=um;cJ h y gw,f ? ) “ a=omf æ 'DrmS ArmawG qdw k muav æ qH;k rpum; ajym&r,fq&kd ifawmh æ oifo h ifjh rwfjrwf nDnn D w G f nGwaf evd@k taru rSmcsiw f ,f/ bmjzpfv@kd vnf;qdak wmh æ 'd@k Armu ody+f y;D awmh [d'k if;rjzpfb;l / uGw J wfw,fv@kd æ aemf/ tJ'Dawmh olrsm;EdkifiHrSmqdk ydk+yD;awmh æonf;cH+yD;/wa,mufudkwa,muf onf;cH+yD;awmh ae=uuG,fvdk@ æaemf/ Armh*% k f b,fawmhrmS rysuaf peJ@ / 'gyJ tarolw@kd udk ajymcsiw f ,fu, G f æ”
wdkusKd? *syef/
15
&mjynfrh w S w f rf;?
q&maZmf*sD &mjynfhyGJodkU jynfyrS ay;ydUk aom o0PfvmT rsm;
wdkusKd? *syef/
16
&mjynfrh w S w f rf;?
trsKd ;om;pmqdak wmf}u;D wyg;jzpfwhJ q&maZmf*s[ D m jrefrmpmayavmu&J@r;D ±_;wefaqmifjzpf ygw,f?q&m[m ol@ oufwrf;wav#mufrmS *d% k ;f *%pGJ uif;&Si;f pGmeJ@jrefrmpmayavmuwd;k wuf&m wd;k wufa=umif;udo k m wpdu k rf wfrwf aqmif&u G cf v hJ @kd pmayAdrmefq/k trsKd ;om;pmayqk/ 0Àausmx f if bG@J /oD&yd scH sb D @JG pwJh *k%x f ;l / bG@J x;l awGe@J acwftqufquf cs;D jri‡ hf ajrm‡ ufpm;cHc&hJ wJh ynm&Siw f yg;vnf; jzpfygw,f? q&m aZmf*sv D kd aus;Zl;}uD;wJh ynm&Sif pmqdak wmf}uD;wyg;udk ol@&ŒJ ESpw f &mjynfh arG;ae@rmS yl aZmf *k%ðf ycGihf &wm[m xl;uJwhJ r*Fvmwyg;yg? q&maZmf*s&D ŒJ jrifjh rwfwhJ *k%o f u d mQ eJ@twdik ;f rod }u;D rm;wJh aus;Zl;awGukd vuf&dS jrefrmppft pd;k &u todtrSwf rðy±Ho k mru/ aus;Zl; odwwfoal wGu usi;f y=uwJh q&maZmf*sD ESpw f &mjynfh arG; ae@yJG ysupf ;D &m ysupf ;D a=umif;udk }uHaqmifcyhJ gw,f? 'Dvyk &f yf[m jrefrmpmayeJ@ jrefrmwrsKd ;om;vH;k &JŒ *k%o f u d mQ udk ndK‡ ;EGr;f apwJh tr*Fvm vky&f yf jzpfygw,f? jrefrmjynfrmS r*Fvm w&m;omv#if xGe;f um; wnfw+hH yD;/ tr*Fvm w&m;awG jrefjref xuf xuf csKyf+ird ;f Edik yf gapvd@k q&maZmf*s&D ŒJ &mjynfyh rJG mS qkreG af umif; awmif;vdu k yf gw,f?
armifarmifjrifh jrefrmowif;or*~
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17
&mjynfrh w S w f rf;?
jrefrmhtrskKd;om;pmqkd}uD; q&maZmf*sD (OD;odef;[ef). &mjynfh tcrf;tem;okd@ jrefrmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;rsm;'Drdku&ufwpfwyfOD;. *g&0jyKrS w f w rf ; v$ m / acwfqef;pmayudk OD;aqmifcJholwOD;vnf;jzpf jrefrmhpmayavmu. rD;&SL;wefaqmifvnf;jzpfaom q&maZmf*sD. &mjynfh tcrf;tem;rsm;udk jynfwGif;jynfywGif usif;yae=uygonf? TonfrmS q&m. vli,fausmif;om;b0/ pmayv_y&f mS ;r_b0/ "avh¶;dk &m/ ,Ofaus;r_EiS /hf jrefrmpmay zG@H ðzd;&Sio f ef wnfwahH &;}udK;yrf;r_rsm; tygt0if trsK;d om;vGwaf jrmufa&;ESihf 'Dru dk a&pDa&;wk@d twGuf uk, d u f sK;d pGef@tepfemcH aqmif&GufcJhr_rsm;tm; q&m.wynfhom;ajr;rsm;u ¶kdusKd; ylaZmfae=ujcif; jzpfonf? xd@k jyif tzdEydS cf jH ynforl sm;bufrS tpOfxm0& &yfwnfI trSew f &m;tay: &J0@H wnf=unfpmG ckcu H m uG,fay;cJh=uaom q&m}uD;ocifukd,fawmfr_dif;/ q&m}uD;aZmf*sD/ q&m}uD;rif;ok0%fwkd@. trsdK;om;jynfol w&yfv;Hk tay: xm;&So d nfh pdwaf pwemum;}uD;rm;r_/ ±d;k om;ajzmifrh wfrE_ iS hf q&mwd@k . wdik ;f jynfEiS v hf rl sKd ;tay: tvkyt f auGs;jyKcJrh p_ onfh *k%yf 'k rf sm;rSmvnf; ,ae@ q&m. arG;ae@ (100)rSonf xm0pOf wnfw@H aernfjzpf a=umif; xyfavmif; uAsnf;wifvdkuf=ujcif;vnf; jzpfonf? ppftm%m&Sirf sm;. xdr;f csKyf uef@owfrr_ sm;a=umifh q&m. &mjynfah rG;ae@yu JG kd vGwv f yfpmG txifu& usi;f y jyKvkycf iG hf r&&Scd =hJ uyg? Tonfuyif jrefrmEdik if . H yuwd vuf&dS tajctaeqd;k udk jyqdak ejcif;yifjzpfonf? xd@k a=umifh rdrw d @kd jrefrmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;rsm; 'Dru kd &ufwpfwyfO;D -ru'w (ausmif;om; wyfrawmf)tygt0if wynfo h m;ajr;rsm; tm;vH;k taejzifh q&m. b0/ pmay ESihf vrf;n$ecf surf sm;udk pHerlem xm;v#uf vuf&Sd tajctaeqdk;atmufrS vGwfajrmufEdkifa&;twGuf tm;oGef}udK;yrf;aqmif&GufoGm;rnfjzpf a=umif; av;eufwnf=unfpmG cH0ef *wdjyKtyfygonf? ppftm%m&Sifpepfrkcs usqkH;&rnf? 'Drkdua&pDawmfvSefa&;rkcs atmif&rnf? A[kdaumfrwD jrefrmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&mausmifom;rsm;'Drkdu&ufwpfwyfOD;- ru'w (ausmif;om;wyfrawmf) &ufp?JG 2007ckEpS /f {+yDv 19&uf? wdkusKd? *syef/
18
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trsKd;om;pmqkd}uD; q&maZmf*sD.arG;ae@ ESpf (100)jynfhokd@ ay;ykd@onfh o0%fv$m 2007-{+yD-26? tcrf;tem; usi;f ya&;aumfrwDEiS hf tcrf;tem;jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf 0kid ;f 0ef;yHyh ;dk ay;=uaom rdwaf qGrsm;ESihf tcrf;tem;ok@d wufa&mufaom rdwaf qGrsm;/ a[majymay;onfh q&marmifprG ;f &nf/ q&mOD;0if;azESihf tzG@J 0ifrsm;ok@d æ To0%fvm$ ukd æ opPmawmfveS af &;pmaytiftm;pku v_u d v f JS av;eufpmG ay;yk@d vu dk yf gonf? (1) ArmjynftrsK;d om;pmqkd q&m}uD;aZmf*sD arG;ae@ ESpw f &mjynfyh u JG dk usi;f y&ef pDpOf=u/ 0kid ;f 0ef; aqmif&u G af y;=uolrsm; tm;vk;H ukd txl;aus;Zl;wifygonf? *k%v f nf; ,kyl gonf?
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jrif;+cH+rdK@e,f/ uefqifah wmif±mG / (7) OD;teuf t}uD;qH;k / 1937 ckEpS /f azaz:0g&v D (17) &ufae@/ 0dZm… / ynma&; 'Dyvdrk m/ pm=unfw h u kd yf nm'Dyvdrk m/ ausmif;q&m/ ordik ;f -jynfo@l ew D -d jrefrmpm oif±;kd tzG@J 0if/ jrefrmpmoif&;kd vufaxmuf/ XmecGrJ LS ; (pm=unfw h u kd )f / &efuek /f wuUov kd pf m=unfw h u kd yf nmXme jyifyuxduESiphf mppf/ ynmwefaqmifynma&;r*~Zif; twdik yf ifct H ,f'w D mtzG@J 0if/ 1953 ckEpS f - rE aW v; txu (1) ausmif;om;or*~pmapmifrmS uAsm pwifa&;/ 1959 ckEpS f / rE aW v;wuUov kd f ESpyf wfvnf r*~Zif;aumfrwD twGi;f a&;rSL;/ 1957-59 ausmif;om;or*~tr_aqmif/ 1961-62 rE aW v;wuUov kd f uavmif±iS t f oif; twGi;f a&;rSL;? 1962-2002 (jrefrmjynfwGif;) txufjrefrmEdik if H pma&;q&mtoif; tvkyt f r_aqmif/ (wGzJ uftwGi;f a&;rSL;) vlxo k wif;pm/ ±SL@r0/ aiGwm&D/ rd;k a0/ pmay*sme,f/ aomif;ajymif;axGvm/ jrm;ewfarmif/ a&$0wfrekS /f rE aW v;*sme,f/ jALwD pwhpJ me,fZif;awGrmS uAsmeJ@pmaya0zefpmrsm; a&;ol? jrefrmh±;kd &m vlxak w; pkaqmif;ol/ ayyk&ydu k f pkaqmif;ol/ 2002 ESifh aemufydkif; (jrefrmjynfy) 2002-Ed0k ifbm- e,fomvefEikd if /H trRpf wm'rfjrdK@/ av'ifwuUov kd /f tm&Spmay ES;D aESmzvS,yf rJG mS pmwrf;zwf? 2003-(1) tdik t f 0kd gwuUov kd pf ma&;om;r_ tpDtpOf zJv;kd &Spf (3)v/ (2) eDb&mpwmjrdK@/ KHN tEkynmpcef;0if/ (3) 0g&iS w f efwuUov kd /f FBC ESpv f nfy/JG pmwef;zwf/ 2004-2005 ajrmuftv D ED KGd ufwuUov kd /f Center for Burma Studies rSmokawoD/
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