Various Authors, Manifesto of the Communist Party by Myanmar Books

uGefjrLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf; MANIFEST O MANIFESTO

OF THE COMMUNIST P AR TY PAR ART KARL MARX AND

FREDERICK ENGELS

A[k0d g'jzef@csad &;Xme

ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD

um;vfrmhupf /f z&uf'&pfted *f ,f

uGef=rLepfygwDajunmpmwrf;

wwd,t}udrfyHkESdyfxkwfa0=cif; 2008 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv

A[dk0g'jzef@csda&;Xme ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD

um;vfrmhufpf

z&uf'&pf tdef*,f

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

um;vf rmhupf f / z&uf'&pf tde*f ,f uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf; wdkif;jynftm;vHk;&Sd ypPnf;rJhrsm; aoG;pnf;=uavmh ! “Tpmwrf;onf urBmhtjrifopfudk ^m%fynmxufjrufpGmESifh &Si;f vif;pGm azmfjyxm;ayonf? ‚urBmt h jrifonf vlra_ &;b0 e,fy,f yg tusK;H 0ifonfh pG+J rJcikd rf maom ±ky0f g'jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_qikd &f m bufaygi;f pHktusqHk;ESifh euf±_dif;aomoif=um;csufjzpfonfh tEkyËdavmr/ vlwef; pm;wd k u f y G J o abmw&m;/opf v G i f a om uG e f j rLepf v l @ tzG J @ tpnf ; udkzefwD;ol/ ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. ordkif;qdkif&mawmfvSefaom tcef;ESifh ywfoufonfh oabmw&m; jzpfayonf?” vDeif “rmhupf Ef iS hf tde*f ,fw@kd onf olw@kd . a=unmpmwrf;jzifh acwf wacwfudk zefwD;vdkufay.?” pwmvif

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

yxr ykHESdyfjcif;/ 1948 ckESpf 'kwd, ykHESdyfjcif;/ 1977 ckESpf wwd,ykHESdyfjcif;/2008 ckESpf

KARL MARX and FREDERICK ENGELS MANIFESTO OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY

Armbmomjyef

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

wwd , t}ud r f y k H E d S y f j cif ; trS m ( 1 ) ‘a=unmpmwrf;’ ESpf(160) wif;wif; jynhfcJh+yD? ‘a=unmpmwrf;’ [m rmhupf &f @J ypPn;f rJah wmfveS af &;usr;f jzpfonf? ESp(f 160) twGi;f rSm acwfumvESihf vku d af vsmnDpmG rmhupf 0f g'ukd wk;d cs@J chJ =uygonf? rmhufpfukd,fwkdif wkd;csJ@cJhwm&Sdovkd tdef*,f/ vDeif/ armfpDwkef;wkd@ uvnf; acwfESifhtrDjzpfatmif wkd;csJ@cJhygonf? ,ckvnf; 21 &mpk acwfESifhtnD wkd;csJ@ae=uygonf? wkd;csJ@wmrvkyfv#if rmhufpf0g'. ouf0ifv_yf&Sm;r_ &yfoGm;+yD; w&m;aojzpfoGm;vdrfhrnf? rdrdwkd@vkyf &rnfrSm bmawGukd 21 &mpkacwfESifhtnDjzpfatmif wkd;csJ@rvJ qkdwmukd pOf;pm;awG;ac:zkd@ jzpfygonf? (2) rmhufpf/ tdef*,fwkd@ a&;cJhonfh ‘a=unmpmwrf;’wGif e,fcsJ@ qef@ usifa&;/ ukdvkdeD0g'qef@usifa&; pmwa=umif;/ pmwykd'fr# rygcJhyg? olwkd@ ouf&Sdxif&Sm;&SdcJhpOfu a=unmpmwrf;a&;pOfu e,fcsJ@pepf &Sad eyg+yD? ukv d edk u D |ejf yKr_vnf; &Sad eyg+yD? “t*Fvyd -f Arm yxrppfy”JG jzpf+yD;yg+yD? &ckid Ef iS hf weoFm&D ukv d edk eD ,fajr jzpfaeyg+yD? w±kwjf ynfrmS bdef;ppfyGJjzpf+yD; a[mifaumif ukdvkdeD jzpfoGm;yg+yD? tdENd, uawmh 3

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

wjynfvkH; ukdvdkeD jzpfaeyg+yD? bma=umifh rmhupf /f tde*f ,fw@dk u a=unmpmwrf;rSm xnfh ra&;cJhovJ? u|efawmfhpOf;pm;csufrSm rmhufpf/ tdef*,fwkd@ t"du tm±kHa&mufaeonfrSm t*Fvef/ jyifopf/ *smr%D/ tar&dum;wGif wòyifwnf; ‘ypPnf;rJh qkd&S,fvpf awmfvSefa&;’ vkyfzkd@yJ tm±kH pl;pkdufxm;vkd@ jzpfonf? xkdwkdif;jynf (4) jynfwGif qkd&S,fvpf awmfvSefa&; atmifjrifygu urBmwckvkH;onfvnf; wEG,fiif wpifyg qk&d , S v f pfvrf;a=umif;ay: a&mufomG ;rSm jzpfonf? t&if; &Sifpepf (*vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;) vrf;a=umif; vkH;0&yfwef@oGm;rSm jzpfonf? 'gah =umifh tukid ;f tcufudk csKd ifraeawmhbJ yifpnfucdk sKid zf @dk rmhufpf/ tdef*,fwkd@ vkH;yef;cJh=uwm[k ,lqygonf? (1871) ckESpfa&mufawmh *smr%D/ jyifopf ppfjzpfonf? yJ&pfbt Hk zG@J awmfveS af &; ±_;H edro hf mG ;onf? 'DaemufrmS awmh rmhupf /f tdef*,fwkd@. a&;om;csufrsm;wGif e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;/ ukdvkdeD 0g'qef@usifa&;awG ygvmcJh+yD? 'g[m rmhufpf0g'ukd acwfESifhtnD wkd;csJ@jcif;[k qkd&ygrnf? rmhufpf/ tdef*,fwkd@ uG,fvGef+yD;aemuf vDeifu rmhufpf 0g'ukd acwfESifhtnD wkd;csJ@cJhonf? yxrurBmppfjzpfawmh vDeifu e,fcs@J pepfudk y,fy,fe,fe,f tajccHusus qef@usicf o hJ nf? e,fcs@J tcsif;csif; ppfwkdufaewmukd csufaumif;,l+yD; ‘atmufwkdbm qkd &S,v f pf awmfveS af &;’ vkyo f nf? rmhupf /f tde*f ,fw@dk ar#mrf eS ;f cJo h nfh a&S@wef;a&muf wkid ;f jynf (4) jynfu wòyifeuf awmfveS af &; vkyaf &; enf;emukd pGe@f y,fvu dk o f nf? tajctaeay;v#if acwfaemufusae onfh wkid ;f jynfwjynfwnf;uyif ‘qk&d , S v f pf awmfveS af &;’ atmif jrifatmifvkyfEkdifonfqkdwmukd vufawG@ vkyfjyvkdufonf? +yD;awmh wwd,tifwmae&Sife,f (uGefjrLepf tifwm ae&Sife,f) axmifonf? ukdvkdeDwkdif;jynfawGrSm uGefjrLepfygwDawG tv#Kdv#Kd ay:onf? 'g[m rmhufpf0g'ukd acwfESifhtnD wkd;csJ@jcif; 4

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

a=umifh &vmonfh toD;tyGirhf sm; jzpfonf? ‘qkAd , D uf’ uGejf rLepfu trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ukd tm;wufoa&m axmufcH tm;ay;cJhIvnf; vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyGJ0if tiftm;pkrsm;. pdwfcs& aom obm0r[mrdwf jzpfvmcJhonf? e,fcsJ@tcsif;csif; ppfwkdufaevkd@yJ 'kwd,urBmppftwGif;rSm armfpw D ek ;f tawG;tac: a&S@aqmifrE_ iS hf w±kwjf ynfawmfveS af &; tm; }uD;vm+yD; atmifjrifcJhwm jzpfonf? d urBmppf +yD;onfah emufrpS +yD; ,cktcsed t f xd e,fcs@J tcsi;f csi;f ( 3 )'kw, ppfrjzpfawmhyg? ppfrjzpf±rHk u olw@dk tcsi;f csi;f uGejf rLepfqef@usiaf &; twGuf pnf;vkH;rdaeonf? tar&duefukd acgif;aqmifwifxm;=u onf? wcsKd@u vkdvkdcsifcsif acgif;aqmifwifonf? (Oyrm t*Fvdyf) wcsK@d u rwwfomvk@d acgi;f aqmif wifonf? (Oyrm jyifopf/ *smr%D) bmyJjzpfjzpf acgi;f aqmifawmh wnDwnGww f nf; wifxm;onf? ol wkd@wawG uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;rSm nDnGwf=uonf? TtjzpfreS u f dk owdrjyKbJ/ xnfrh pOf;pm;bJ qkAd , D uf uGejf rL epfu “wEkid if w H nf;rSm qk&d , S v f pfpepfu uGejf rLepfpepfo@dk csw D ufEidk f onf / csD w uf r nf ” [k vk y f v k d u f o nf ? w±k w f j ynf y gwD u vnf ; tm;usrcH “ckev f m$ ;csw D ufa&;” vkyo f nf? c±l;&Suu f qkv d #if “rif;wk@d ukd ajrjr‡Kyfo+*õK[fypfr,f” txd ajymonf? aemufq;Hk awmh o+*õK[f cH&wmu qkdAD,uf jzpfoGm;onf? w±kwfjynfygwDuawmh 1970 jynfhvGefESpfawGuwnf;u wjznf;jznf; aemufqkwfvkd@ oufomoGm;onf? jzpfpOftus,fukd ra&;awmhyg? &Jabmfrsm;uk, d w f idk yf J avhvm=uapcsio f nf? tck wifjy csifwmuæ e,fcsJ@tcsif;csif; ppfjzpfaewkef;uvkyfvkd@ atmifjrifcJh wmukd (w&m;ao,l+yD;) e,fcsJ@tcsif;csif; pnf;vkH;rdaecsdefrSm vkyf v#if ESmacgif;usnfayG@awG@wwfonf? &efol0kdif;0kdif;vnfaecsdefrSm qkd&S,fvpfwkdif;jynfrsm;t 5

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

wGif; pnf;vkH;nDnGwfa&;ukd }uH@ckdifap&rnf? rdrdwkdif;jynfrS jynfol vlxk. pm;0wfaea&;ukd wqifhcsif; jr‡ifhwifay;ae&rnf? rmhupf 0f g'ukd acwfEiS t hf nD wk;d cs@J ae&rnf? 21 &mpkwiG f ‘21 &mpk rmhupf 0f g'’ ukd ykaH zmfEidk =f u&rnf? acwfEiS t hf nD rwk;d cs@J Eidk f v#if w&m;aotrSm;/ qENpGJtrSm; jzpfvdrfhrnf? æ[lI jzpfygonf? (4) 21 &mpk.xl;jcm;csufrSm e,fcsJ@tiftm;pktm;vkH;u tar&duefukd wnDwnGwfwnf; acgif;aqmifwifxm;onf? AkdvfvkyfcGifhay;xm; onf? tar&duefuvnf; 21 &mpkudk tar&duef&mpk jzpfap&rnfq+dk yD; wkdif;jynfi,frsm; (txl;ojzifh waumifºuuf txD;usefjzpfaeonfh EkdifiHi,frsm;) ukd &ef&Smaeonf? 15 &mpkrS 19 &mpktxd vkyfcJhonfh e,fcsJ@pepfa[mif;ukd jyefvyk v f @dk r&rSe;f tar&duefu odonf? 'ga=umifyh J “vGwv f yfrE_ iS hf 'Drkdua&pD” ukd wa=umfa=umfvkyfum e,fcsJ@aewm jzpfonf? tmz*efepPwefESifh tD&wfukd apmifh=unfh&ygrnf? olwkd@u e,fcsJ@pepfopfESifh ukdvkdeD0g'opf. pHerlemjzpfvmvdrfhrnf? (5) w±kwyf gwu D w±kwv f uQ%m&So d nfh ‘y%mr qk&d , S v f pftqif’h ukd vkyfaeonf? 'g[m ol@w±kwfjynftajctaet& vkyfaeonfh ‘21 &mpk rmhufpf0g'’ }uHqcsuf[k xifygonf? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD uvnf; Armjynftajctaet& 21 &mpk rmhufpf0g'ukd vkyfaeyg onf? w±kwfjynfygwDu tm%m&ygwD jzpfonf? ArmjynfygwDu ajratmuf twkduftcH ygwDjzpfonf? taetxm;csif; rwlwmukd owdjyKyg? ArmjynfygwDu tdENd,uGefjrLepfygwDrsm;ESifhyif rwlyg? olw@dk u ‘w&m;0if’ ygwaD wGjzpfonf? CPI (M) qkv d #if Arm jynf avmuf vlOD;a&rsm;=uonfh jynfe,f (2) ckwGif tm%m&aewm jzpfonf? olwkd@pOf;pm;ovkd/ olwkd@vkyfovkd rdrdwkd@ vkdufvkyfcsifvkd@ rjzpfyg? 6

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

(6)

vDeifu ‘t&if;&Sifpepf. tjrifhqkH;tqifhjzpfaom e,fcsJ@pepf’ usrf;ukd 20 &mpku a&;cJhovkd 21 &mpkwGifvnf; 21 &mpkwGif wnf&Sdonfh ‘e,fcsJ@pepfopf’ta=umif; jyKpkoifhygonf? rmhufpf/ tdef*,fwkd@/ vDeifwkd@acwfu pmtkyfwtkyf jyKpkrnfqkdv#if pm =unfhwkdufukd ukd,fwkdifoGm;+yD; rSwfpkxkwf&onf? +yD;rS a&;&onf? ,ae@acwfwGif uGefysLwm wvkH;&Sd+yD; tifwmeufcsdwfqufEkdifv#if xkid &f mrx tdrrf mS ae&if; pmtkyjf yKpkEidk yf gonf? Ekid if jH cm;a&muf ygwD 0ifrsm;/ ygwDvkdvm;olrsm;/ ygwDy rmhufpf0g'Drsm;ukd 21 &mpkwGif wnf&Sdonfh e,fcsJ@pepfopfta=umif;/ *vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;t a=umif;up+yD; tawG;tac: t,ltq [lor#ukd avhvmqef;ppf aom pmapmifpmwrf;awG a&;=uapcsifonf? (Auy) A[kdokaw oeXmeu 21 pmpOfwiG f (ok@d r[kw)f vk;H csi;f pmtkyt f jzpf xkwaf 0 ay;zkd@ tpDtpOf &Sdygonf? rsm;rsm; avhvmpl;prf;+yD; okawoepmwrf;rsm; a&;=u apcsifonf? ,ae@acwfwGif uGefjrLepfygwD0ifwkdif; ukd,fhwkdif;jynf tajctaet& uk, d v hf rf;uk, d x f iG u f m uk, d w hf m0ef uk, d , f +l yD; ‘qkd &S,fvpfavmuokd@’ csDwufaeygonf? u|efawmfwkd@ygwDuvnf; ukd,fhtm;ukd,fukd; 21 &mpk rmhufpf0g'ukd &SmazG=u&ygrnf? ( 7 ) uGejf rLepfw@dk . aemufq;Hk &nfreS ;f csurf mS vlvcl si;f aoG;pkyrf _ uif; pifaom/ vlwef; pm;r&Sad om uGejf rLepfv@l tzG@J tpnf; xlaxmif&ef jzpfonf? Ekid if w H umh tawG@ t}uKHawGt&qkv d #if tawmf=um=um &mpkEpS Ef iS chf s+D yD; tcsed , f l csw D uf& rnfch &D; jzpfonf? pdw&f n S &f rnf? ZG&J &dS rnf? om;pOfajr;quf csw D uf&rnfrmS aocsmygonf? pdwaf vm vkd@ rjzpfyg? qENpGJtrSm; usL;vGefv#if a&S@rwufbJ aemufqkwf& zk@d yJ jzpfvrd rhf nf? rdrw d @dk tjzpfuydk J jyefo;Hk oyf=uapcsio f nf? vuf0J aoGzaD &;rSm;vku d /f vuf,maoGzaD &;rSm;vku d f rSm;aecJI h aemufq;Hk uwkwftxd aemufqkwfae&onf? aemufqkwfae&csdefrSm xkd;ppfqifzkd@csnf; wzGzG ajymaevkd@ 7

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

rjzpfyg? rdrw d @dk aemufq f w k af e&jcif;ukv d nf; “b,forl jyK rdrrd ”_ jzpfa=umif; &J&J vufcHvkdufyg? ( 8 ) EkdifiHwum uGefjrLepfv_yf&Sm;r_ tajctaeukdvnf; ajymcsifonf? yxr/ 'kwd,/ wwd, tifwmae&Sife,frsm; zGJ@cJh=uonf? wwd, tifwmae&Sife,fukd rdrdbmom zsufodrf;cJhwm (1943) ckESpfuqkdawmh tifwmae&Sief ,f r&Sw d m (65) ESpf &S+d yD? tckawmh b,fygwu D rS (w&m; 0if) pwkwˆtifwmae&Sife,fzGJ@zkd@ rajym=uyg? ajymaewmu xa&mf puD*kd%f;0if tpkuav;rsm;yJ jzpfonf? olwkd@uawmh pwkwˆ tifwm ae&Sife,fzGJ@zkd@/ t&if;&Sifpepfukd taxGaxGxkd;ppfqifzkd@ ajymae=uonf? tajymyJ&Sdonf? tvkyfr&Sdyg? tifwmae&Sife,ftzGJ@csKyfqkdwm a&S@aqmiftawG;tac:&SdrS zGJ@vkd@&wm jzpfonf? vlxktajccH&Sdonfh ygwDrsm;u oabmwl+yD;zGJ@rS &wmjzpfonf? yxrtifwmae&Sife,f/ 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,fukd rmhufpf0g'a&S@aqmifr_ESifh zGJ@wm jzpfonf? wwd,tifwmae&Sife,fukd vDeif0g' a&S@aqmifwm jzpfonf? pwkwt ˆ ifwmae&Sief ,fudk b,f‘0g'’ ESifh a&S@aqmif=urSmvJ? ( 9 ) aemuffqkH;wifjycsifwmu a=unmpmwrf;ukd rdrdwkd@ awmfvSefa&; vufawG@jzifh aygif;pyf+yD; avhvm=uzkd@ jzpfonf? a=unmpmwrf;. tESpfukd,l/ tumukd y,f=uzkd@ jzpfonf? rmhufpf/ tdef*,fwkd@acwfueJ@ tckacwf rwlawmhwmukd owdjyK&rnf? rD;&xm;acwfESifh tck usnf qef&xm;acwf/ *sufav,mOfysH}uD;rsm;acwf rwlEkdifyg? ‘tvkyform;rsm;wGif wkdif;jynfr&Sd’qkdwmukdaum rnfokd@ em; vnf=urvJ? e,fcsJ@pepf}uD;pkd;aeaomacwf/ *vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif; acwfwiG f ‘tvkyo f rm;rsm;wGif wkid ;f jynfr&S’d vkyaf evk@d &rvm;? rmhupf f wkd@a&;cJhwmu ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;onf OD;pGmyxr EkdifiHa&;tkyfpkd;r_ukd &,l&r,f/ trsKd;om;acgif;aqmif vlwef;pm;tjzpf jr‡ifhwif&r,fvkd@ qko d nf? 'gu olw@dk &@J urBmah wmfveS af &;tjrift& ajymaejcif; jzpfonf? rdrdwkd@u tckacwft& wkd;csJ@pOf;pm;&vdrfhrnf? Auy u jynfcspf0g' 8

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

vrf;pOf vkyaf ejcif;onf tvkyo f rm;(ypPn;f rJ)h rsm;wGif wkid ;f jynf&o dS nf/ xkdwkdif;jynfukd cspf&rnf[k ajymaejcif; jzpfonf? a=unmpmwrf;ukd aemufwzef avhvm=uyg? 21 &mpk vuf awG@ESifh aygif;pyfpOf;pm;=uyg[k wkdufwGef;ygonf? ? 2008 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv?

&Jabmf=uifarmif taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; A[kpd nf;±k;H a&;aumfrwD ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

trS m pum; uGejf rLepfygwaD =unmpmwrf; pmtkyu f kd ArmjynfueG jf rLepf ygwD u ArmvdkyHkESdyfxkwfa0cJhwm cktcgeJ@ygqdk&if ESpf}udrf&Sdyg+yD? yxrOD;qH;k taeeJ@ pmtky&f @J emrnfe@J ywfouf+yD; &Si;f jyvdyk gw,f? ArmjynfrSm uGefjrLepfrsm;eJ@ vuf0Jpmayavhvmolrsm; todkif;t0dkif; twGif; 'Dpmtkyfudk vG,fvG,feJ@wdkwdk “uGefjrLepfa=unmpmwrf;” vdk@ ac:cJ=h uw,f? wu,fh emrnft&if;u “uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;” jzpfw,f? ,cifu ArmjynfrmS xkwaf 0cJw h hJ “uGejf rLepfa=unmpmwrf;” eJ@ tckxw k af 0wJh “uGejf rLepfygwaD =unmpmwrf;” ESpcf pk vH;k [m twlwyl J jzpfygw,f? 1947 ckEpS u f vef'efòr@rmS usi;f ycJw h hJ “+Adwo d #tifyg,mtwGi;f &Sd uGefjrLepfygwDrsm;uGefz&ifh” rSm qHk;jzwfcsufwck csrSwfcJhw,f? 'DqHk; jzwfcsuu f awmh 1948 ckEpS [ f m uGejf rLepfygwaD =unmpmwrf; xkwjf yef wm tESpf 100 jynfhae@ jzpfwJhtwGuf wwfEdkifwJh uGejf rLepfygwrD sm;u rdrw d @kd wikd ;f &if;bmompum;jzifh bmomjyef yHEk ydS x f w k af 0=u&efe@J rdwLW 5 tkyrf S 10 tkypf aD vmufukd vef'efòr@&dS rmhupf t f xdr;f trSwf AdrmefrmS xm;&Sd &ef qHk;jzwfchw J ,f? 'Dtpnf;ta0;udk u|efawmfwdk@ygwDuvnf; udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@ wzGJ@ apv$wfcJhw,f? 'DqHk;jzwfcsuftwdkif; 1948 ckESpf tapmydkif;rSm ArmjynfuGefjrL epfygwD A[dak umfrwDu 'Dpmtkyu f kd Armbmomjyef+yD; xkwaf 0cJw h ,f?· rdwWL 10 apmifudkvnf; vef'efòr@&Sd rmhufpftxdrf;trSwfAdrmefodk@ ydk@cJh w,f? uae@txdqk&d if uGejf rLepfygwaD =unmpmwrf;udk rdrw d @kd wikd ;f &if; ·

ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw/D A[dak umfrwD. jynfo@l tm%m pmyHEk ydS w f u kd /f &efuek òf r@rS yxrqH;k t}udrf yHEk ydS x f w k af 0cJjh cif; jzpfonf? 10

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

bmomeJ@ rxkwfa0&ao;wJh wdkif;jynf&,fvdk@ r&Sdoavmuf jzpfae+yDvdk@ ,lq&w,f? tckwcg ygwDwGif;ynmay;a&; vdktyfr_twGuf 'Dpmtkyfudk 'kwd,t}udrf xyfrH bmomjyef ykHESdyfxkwfa0vdkufygw,f? 'Dpmtkyf&J@ tESpfom&udkðcH=unfh&if wjcm;tcsufrsm;tjyif atmufyg wavmuvHk;qdkif&m trSefw&m;wcsKd@udk awG@Edkifygw,f? 1? 'Dpmtkyftcef; (1) yxrpma=umif;rSm azmfjyxm;wmu “,ae@xufwdkif wnf&Sdaeaom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;tm;vHk;. ordkif;onf vlwef;pm;wdu k yf rJG sm;.ordik ;f yif jzpfayonf” qd+k yD; vlwef;pm;/ vlwef; pm;yËdyuQeJ@ vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJrsm;ta=umif;udk t"dutom;ay; a&; om; azmfjyxm;w,f? 'Dtcsuf[m tvGefyJta&;}uD;w,f? vlwef;pm;/ vlwef;pm; yËdyuQe@J vlwef;pm;wdu k yf rGJ sm;udk rjrifw/hJ vufrcHw/hJ rusio hf ;kH wJh vlawG [m b,fenf;eJ@rS vlr0_ Zd m… ynmudk rSeu f efpmG ravhvmEdik /f rusio hf ;kH Edik f yg? vDeifoif=um;csut f & uGejf rLepfwa,muftzd@k q&kd if vlwef;pm;eJ@ vlwef;pm;wdu k yf u JG kd vufc±H ekH @J rvHak vmuf/ vlwef;pm;eJ@ vlwef;pm;wdu k yf JG jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_w&m;t& {uefrkcs ypPnf;rJhtm%m&Sifpepfudk a&mufap vdrfhr,fvdk@ vufcH,Hk=unfolrSom uGefjrLepfwa,muf jzpfEdkifr,f? OuUÏ}uD; armfpw D ek ;f u xyfr+H yD; ypPn;f rJt h m%m&Sipf epfatmuf rSm qufvufawmfvSefa&; vkyf&r,fvdk@ wdk;csJ@jznfhpGufvdkufjyefygw,f? 2? ajr,mbHyk ikd q f ikd rf &_ w dS hJ a&S;bHak cwfrmS vlwef;pm; ray:ayguf ao;yg? 'DaemufrmS xkwv f yk af &;y&dabm*awGukd yk*v ~ u d ydik q f ikd rf t _ jzpf ay:vmwmeJ@tr# vlwef;pm;awG/ aoG;pkyfr_pepfawGeJ@ EkdifiHawmfawG qkdwm xGufay:vm&awmhwmyJ? 'ga=umifh tcktxd ay:aygufcJhwJh aoG;pkyfr_&SdwJh vl@tzGJ@tpnf; awGjzpfwJh aus;ykdifu|efykdifpepf/ ajr&Sifya'o&mZfpepfeJ@ t&if;&Sifpepf 11

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

twGif;rSm vufwqkyfpm vlenf;pku xkwfvkyfa&;y&dabm*awGudk yk*v ~ u d ydik yf pPn;f awGtjzpf ydik q f ikd x f m;&S+d yD; vltrsm;wumh trsm;pk}uD;udk aoG;pkyfzdESdyf=uawmhw,f? ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;u t&if;&SifeJ@ wjcm;azmufjyefwJh aoG;pkyf vlwef;pm;awGudk awmfvSefum wnfaxmifvdkufwJh/ ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; u acgif;aqmifwJh EdkifiHawmfrSmawmh trsm;wumh trsm;pk}uD;jzpfwJh ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;eJ@ vkyfom;jynfolvlxkwdk@u tkyfpdk;wJhvlwef;pm;jzpf vm+yD; t&if;&SifawG/ ajr&Sifya'o&mZfawGeJ@ azmufjyefwJh vlwef;pm; awGtay: tm%m&Sipf epf usio hf ;kH &w,f? 'g[m vl@ordik ;f rSm trsm;pk}uD; u vufwqkypf m tenf;pktay: tm%m&Sipf epfusio hf ;kH wJh yxrqH;k pepf jzpfw,f? aus;ydkifu|efydkifpepfudk wufopfp ya'o&mZfvlwef;pm;u awmfvSef+yD; tm%mvk,l&mrSmvnf;aumif;/ ajr&Sifya'o&mZfpepfudk wufopfp "e&Sifvlwef;pm;u awmfvSef+yD; tm%mvk,l&mrSmvnf; aumif;/ t&if;&Sifpepfudk ypPnf;rJhrsm;u awmfvSef+yD; tm%mvk,l&m rSmvnf ; aumif ; t=urf ; zuf w J h e nf ; (0g) vufeufudkifwdkufyGJenf;eJ@ om t}urd }f urd f wdu k yf q JG if+y;D rSom tkypf ;kd wJv h w l ef;pm;topf&@J tm%m[m wnf+rEJ ikd v f rd rhf ,f? rmhupf u f xyfro H if=um;vdu k w f mu aoG;pkyw f v hJ w l ef;pm; w&yf u wjcm;aoG;pkyw f v hJ w l ef;pm;a[mif; w&yfvufxu J tm%mudk odr;f ,l+yD;aemuf EdkifiHawmf,EW&m;udk rzsufodrf;bJ rGrf;rHjyifqif toHk;ðy cJ=h uw,f? 'gayrJh ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;uawmh "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;vufxu J tm%mudkvk,l&mrSm aoG;rpkyfwJh vlwef;pm;u aoG;pkyfwJhvlwef;pm; a[mif;&J@ tm%mudk vk,lwmjzpfvdk@ t&if;&Sifpepfu xlaxmifxm;wJh EdkifiHawmf,EW&m; ta[mif;udk ,cifaoG;pkyfwJh vlwef;pm;awGvdk rGrf;rH jyifqif toHk;csjcif;rðy&bl;? 'geJ@qef@usifbufyJ "e&Sifvlwef;pm;u wnfaxmifxm;wJh AsL±dkua&pDEdkifiHawmf,EW&m;udk {uefrkcs zsufqD; ypf&r,fqdkwJh yJ&pfbHktzGJ@u ay;vdkufwJh tawG@tñuHudk tav;teuf 12

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

*±kpdkuf=u&r,f? 3? rmhufpfeJ@ tdef*,fwdk@ oif=um;cJhwmu vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJ jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_ w&m;twdkif;qdk&if t&if;&Sifpepf[m OD;pGmtm;jzifh rdrd wdk@tjrwf &&Sda&;twGuf ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;udk jzpfay:apcJhw,f? 'gayrJh "e&Sifvlwef;pm; rodwmuawmh 'DvdkypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;udk jzpfay:ap vdu k w f meJ@ wòyifeuf/ rdrw d @kd "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;eJ@ t&if;&Sipf epfukd ajrjr‡Kyf o+*õK[fr,fo h al wGukd arG;zGm;apvdu k w f ,fqw kd hJ tcsuyf ?J 'g[m ordik ;f &J@ tEkyËdavmrw&m; jzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJ jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_w&m;t& "e&Sif vlwef;pm;tkyfpdk;r_udk ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;u rvGJraoGwdkufzsuf+yD; "e&Sif vlwef;pm;vufxrJ S tm%mudk t=urf;zufwehJ nf;eJ@ vk,u l m/ trsm;pk u tenf;pkukd tkypf ;kd wJh Edik if aH wmfukd xlaxmifum wjznf;jznf; vlvl csi;f aoG;pkyrf u _ if;wJh uGejf rLepfpepfukd {uefrck sxal xmifEikd rf mS jzpfw,f? vlvlcsif; aoG;pkyfwJhpepf/ vlwef;pm;/ EdkifiHawmf/ ygwDqdkwJh tjcif;t&m awG[m xkwv f yk af &;y&dabm*awGukd yk*v ~ u d ydik q f ikd rf t _ jzpf xm;&S&d mu ay:aygufvmwmawG jzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh xkwv f yk af &;y&dabm*awGukd yk*v ~ u d ydik q f ikd rf p_ epftjzpf xm;&Sdr_tm; zsufodrf;EdkifrSom vlwef;pm;/ vlvlcsif; aoG;pkyfr_pepf[m yaysmufayvdrfhr,f? EdkifiHawmf/ ygwDqdkwJh tjcif;t&mawG[m wjznf; jznf;!‡dK;EGrf; uG,faysmufoGm;vdrfhr,f? 'ga=umifh uGefjrLepfavmura&mufrD aemifjzpfay:vmr,fh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;tm;vHk;&J@ ordkif;[mvnf; vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJ&J@ordkif;yJ jzpfayvdrfhr,f? 4? 'Dpmtkyt f cef; (2) xJrmS “Tt"dym` ,ft& uGejf rLepfrsm;. oabmw&m;udk pmwa=umif;wnf;jzifh csKyfvu kd v f #if yk*v ~ u d ydik q f ikd rf u _ dk zsufodrf;a&;yifjzpf.” vdk@ygw,f? 'Dae&mrSm yk*v ~ u d ypPn;f zsuo f rd ;f a&;qdw k m bmudq k v kd w kd mvJ? vlwOD;csif;pDydkifwhJ aexdkifr_b0ypPnf;rsm; (Oyrm pm;0wfaea&; 13

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

twGuf vdktyfwJhae@pOfoHk; yk*~vduydkifypPnf;rsm;) udk yk*~vduydkifypPnf; tjzpf ydkifqdkifr_ zsufodrf;ypf&ef ajymaewmr[kwf? zsufodrf;ypf&ef ajymaewmu vlvlcsif;aoG;pkyfr_udk jzpfay:apwJh/ aoG;pkyfvlwef;pm;udk jzpfay:apwJ/h Edik if aH wmfukd jzpfay:apwJh xkwv f yk af &;y&dabm*awG (Oyrm ajr,m/ opfawm/ puf±Hk/ tvkyf±Hk/ owWKwGif;/ vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;/ ukeo f , G af &;/ b%fwu kd f tp&Sw d mawG) udk yk*v ~ u d ypPn;f tjzpf ydik q f ikd rf _ udkom zsufodrf;ypf&ef ajymaewmjzpfw,f? 5? 'Dpmtkyftcef; (3) xJrSm qdk&S,fvpf0g' twkta,mif trsKd;rsKd;udk azmfjyxm;w,f? tESpf 100 ausmfu rmhufpfeJ@ tdef*,fwdk@ a&;om;azmfjycJhwJh qdk&S,fvpf0g' twkta,mifawG[m uae@xufwdkif &Sad eao;wmyJ r[kwv f m;´ Oyrm rvGwaf jrmufrD ,cifuarBm'D;,m;u oD[mEk/ tdEdN,u tif'D&m*END/ tD*spfu emqm tp&Sdoltrsm;tjym; uvnf; olwdk@wdkif;jynfawGrSm qdk&S,fvpf0g' wnfaqmufaeygw,fvdk@ ajymcJh=uwmyJ r[kwfvm;´ ArmjynfrSmaum´ ae0if;/ pef;,kwdk@[m ArmjynfrSm qdk&S,fvpf0g' wnfaqmufaewmyJvdk@ jynfolvlxkudk vdrfnmaewmyJ r[kwfvm;´ olwdk@ajymae=uwJh qdk&S,fvpf0g'qdkwmawG[m qdk&S,fvpf0g' twk ta,mifawGom jzpfw,f? rmhupf 0f g'/ vDeif0g'/ armfpw D ek ;f tawG; tac:udk vufrcHbJ b,fheJ@vkyf+yD; qdk&S,fvpf0g'tppfudk wnfaqmuf EdkifrSmvJ´ u|ef a wmf w d k @ uG e f j rLepf y gwD t ppf a wG u wnf a qmuf r ,f h qdk&S,fvpf0g'uawmh rmhufpf0g'/ vDeif0g'/ armfpDwkef;tawG;tac: rlawGtay: tajccH+yD;/ 'DrlawGeJ@ rdrdwdkif;jynftajctaeeJ@ udkufnDwJh/ 0dZ…menf;uswJh qdk&S,fvpf0g' tppfjzpfw,f? 'DuGefjrLepfygwDa=unmpmwrf;udk xkwfjyefcJhwm ESpfaygif; 129 ESp&f ydS g+yD? 'gayrJh 'Dpmtkyx f rJ mS ygwhJ tajccHral wG[m tckxufwikd f rSeu f ef vsuf&Sdaewkef;yJ? uGefjrLepfygwDa=unmpwrf;[m tESpfom&rSm rSefuefeufeJ+yD;/ 14

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

o¿mefrmS awmh tvGeaf wmufajymif vSywduswhJ pum;vH;k awGukd a&G; cs,o f ;kH E_e;f xm;wmudk awG@Eikd yf gw,f? Oyrm 'Dpmtky&f @J aemufq;kH tyd'k f 2 ydk'fudk zwf=unfhyg? 'Dvdka&;xm;w,f? “uGejf rLepfrsm;onf rdrw d @kd .tjrifEiS hf &nf&, G cf surf sm;udk zk;H uG,f xdrf0Sufxm;&ef rkef;wD;&GH&Sm=uonf? wnf&Sdaeaom vlr_a&;tajctae tm;vHk;udk t=urf ; zuf a omenf ; jzif h òzcszsuf q D ; ypf E d k i f r S o m · rdrw d @kd .&nfreS ;f csuu f kd &&SEd ikd v f rd rhf nf[k ajAmiftwdtvif; a=unmonf? uGejf rLepfawmfveS af &;udk tkypf ;kd aomvlwef;pm;rsm;u xdwfvef@+y;D a=umuf 'l;wkefae=uygap/ ypPnf;rJhrsm;twGufum; olwdk@udkwky f aESmifxm;aom aESmifóu;rsm;rSty qHk;±_H;p&m[lIr&Sd? olwdk@pdk;ydkif&rnfum; wurBmvHk; yifwnf;?” “wdkif;jynftm;vHk;&Sd tvkyform;rsm; aoG;pnf;=uavmh!” uJ- 'Dpmyd'k u f kd zwfvu kd &f wmeJ@wòyifeuf 'Dpmtky&f @J tESpo f m& eufeJr_eJ@ tvGefvSywJh toGifo¿mefudk awG@&+yDr[kwfvm;´ uGefjrL epfawGeJ@ awmfvSefa&;orm;awGtwGuf 'Dpmydk'f[m b,favmufrsm; pdwt f m;xufoefra_ wG wzGm;zGm; wufapygovJ? awmufajymif aumif; rGefwJhtem*wfudk b,favmufrsm; uGif;uGif;uGufuGuf &Sif;vif; jywf om;pGm jrifEikd yf gapovJ´ u|eaf wmfw@kd uGejf rLepfawGe@J ypPn;f rJh vlwef; pm; vkyfom;jynfolawGuomv#if aemufqHk; atmifyGJudk qGwfcl;Edkif& r,fqdkwm ,HkrSm;oHo,jzpfzG,f&m &SdEdkifygao;ovm;´ awmfvSefa&;vkyfief;rSefor#udk aqmif&Guf&mrSm vlwef;pm;/ vlwef;pm;yËdyuQ/ vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJqdkwmudk uGefjrLepfavmu r a&mufrD uGefjrLepfwdkif;u pGJpGJ+rJ+rJqkyfudkifxm;&r,fh aomhcsufjzpfw,f qdkwm b,fawmhrSrarh=uygeJ@? 'Dpmtkyu f kd w}urd rf u t}urd af ygi;f rsm;pGmzwfyg? zwf+y;D &if av;av; eufeufpOf;pm;yg/ pOf;pm;+yD;&if vufawG@ taumiftxnfazmfygvd k @ · trSmpum;a&;ol. tav;xm;csuf 15

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

t}uHay;vdkygw,f? aemufq;kH taeeJ@ 'Dpmtkyu f kd tckvkd tcuftcJtrsK;d rsK;d =um;xJrS atmifjrifpmG yHEk ydS x f w k af 0Edik af tmif wm0efxrf;aqmif=uwJh omomjyef &JabmfawG/ pmpDykHESdyfwJh &JabmfawG/ pmwnf;jzwfwJh &JabmfawGeJ@ 'Dvkyfief;eJ@ywfoufwhJ &Jabmf awGtm;vHk;udk csD;usL;*k%fðyvdkufygw,f? Armpmom wwfwhJ &Jabmfrsm;eJ@ jynfov l x l {k &mr trsm;pk}uD; twGuf rmhupf /f tde*f ,f/ vDeif/ pwmvife@J OuUÏ}uD;armfpw D ek ;f wd@k ðypk a&;om;cJhwJh usrf;}uD;usrf;i,f tapmifapmifudk qufvufyHkESdyfxkwfa0 Edkifygap? Aodef;wif OuUÏ A[dak umfrwD ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD 1977 ckEpS /f Ed0k ifbmv 8 &uf

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

rmwd u m 1872ckEpS f *smrefbmomyHEk ydS jf cif;ed'ge;f (18) (21 ) 1882 ckESpf ±k&Sm;bmomyHkESdyfjcif;ed'gef; 1883 ckEpS f *smrefbmomyHEk ydS jf cif; ed'ge;f (24) 1888 ckEpS f t*Fvyd b f momyHEk ydS jf cif; ed'ge;f (26) 1890 ckEpS f *smrefbmomyHEk ydS jf cif;ed'ge;f (35) (44) 1892 ckESpf ydkvefbmomyHkESdyfjcif; ed'gef; 1893 ckEpS f tDwvDbmomyHEk ydS jf cif; ed'ge;f (47) uGefjrLepfygwDa=unmpmwrf; (50) (52) tcef; (1) "e&Sifrsm;ESifh ypPnf;rJhrsm; (73) tcef; (2) ypPnf;rJhrsm;ESifh uGefjrLepfrsm; tcef; (3) qd&k , S v f pfEiS hf uGejf rLepfpmay (88) 1? azmufjyefaomqd&k , S v f pf0g' (88) (u) ya'o&mZfq&kd , S v f pf0g' (88) (c) "e&Siaf ygupf qd&k , S v f pf0g' (91) (*) *smrefodk@r[kwf“ppfrSefaom”qdk&S,fvpf0g' (93) 2? orm;±d;k us od@k r[kwf "e&Siq f &kd , S v f pf0g' (97) 3? a0zefa&; pdwful;,Ofqdk&S,fvpf0g'ESifh uGejf rLepf0g' (99) tcef; (4) wnf&Sdaeaom qef@usifbuf ygwt D oD;oD;tay: uGejf rLepfrsm;. oabmxm; (104) aemufqufwJG (108) bmomjyeftzG@J . rSwcf suf (108) &Si;f vif;csuf (110) trnft!$e;f (121) 17

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

1872 ck E S p f *smref b mom yH k E S d y f j cif ; ed ' gef ; xdkpOfu wnf&Sdaeonfh ta=umif;tcsufrsm;a=umifh v#Kd@0Suf toif; wckom jzpfEdkifaom EdkifiHwumh tvkyform;tpnf;t±Hk; wck jzpfonfh uGejf rLepftoif;csKyfonf vef'efòr@wiG f 184& ckEpS f Ed0k ifbmvu usif;yaomuGef*&ufY ygwD. oabmw&m;a&;ESifh vufawG@ tao; pdwfvkyfief;pOfwckudk yHkESdyfxkwfa0a&;twGuf atmufwGif vufrSwf a&;xd;k xm;olrsm;tm; a&;qG&J efwm0efay;tyfcahJ yonf? Tum; azmfjy rnfh a=unmpmwrf; ay:xGufvmyHkyif jzpfygonf? vufa&;rlrsm;udk azazmf0g&DawmfvSefa&;· rwdkifrD &ufowWywftcsKd@uyif yHkEdSyf&eftwGuf vef'efòr@odk@ ydk@vdkufonf? OD;pGm*smrefbmomjzifh yHkESdyfcJhonf? ‚ bmomESiyhf if *smr%Djynf/ t*FvefjynfEiS hf tar&duwdu k w f @kd wiG f tenf; qHk; q,fEh pS }f udrrf # yHEk ydS jf cif;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh jyefvnfxw k af 0cJyh gonf? 1850 1 ck E S p f Y &uf & D y wf y vpf u if wG i f t*F v d y f b momjzif h rpP [ ,f v if rufzmvde. f bmomjyefcsuu f kd yxrqH;k t}udrf yHEk ydS x f w k af 0cJ+h yD;/ 1871 ckESpfwGif tar&duwdkufY rwlaombmomjyefcsuf tenf;qHk;oHk;rsKd;jzifh xkwaf 0cJah yonf? 1848 ckEpS f ZGev f xºur_rwdik rf u D av;rSmyif yJ&pfòr@wiG f jyifopfbmomjyefcsuf yxrqHk; ay:xGufvmcJh+yD;aemuf e,l;a,mufòr@ qdk&S,fvpf*sme,f2 xJwGif r=umao;rDu azmfjycJhjyefonf? bmomjyef qdkcsuf topfwckudkvnf; jyifqifaeqJjzpfonf? *smrefbmomESifh yxrt}udrf yHkESdyfxkwfa0cJh+yD;aemuf r=umrDrSmyif ydkvefbmomjzifh vef'efòr@wGif ay:xGufvmcJhonf? 60 pkESpfrsm;wGif ±k&Sm;bmomjzifh *sDeDAmòr@wGif yHkESdyfxkwfa0cJhonf? a=unmpmwrf; yxrqHk;ay:xGuf+yD; ·

jyifopfjynf 1848 ckEpS f azazmf0g&aD wmfveS af &;? (t,f'w D m)

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

aemuf r=umrDwiG yf if 'de;f rwfbmomjzifv h nf; bmomjyefqv kd u kd o f nf? +yD;cJhaom ESpfq,fhig;ESpfwmumvtwGif; tajctaersm;onf rnfr#yif ajymif;vJapumr_ Ta=unmpmwrf;wGif csrSwfcJhaom a,bk ,srlrsm;onf wckvHk;taejzifh ,ae@xdwav#mufvHk; rSefuefayonf? xkdae&m Tae&mwdk@Y tcsKd@ tao;pdwfrsm;udk ðyjyifaumif; ðyjyif &ayrnf? rlrsm;udk vufawG@ toH;k csa&;onf a=unmpmwrf;u azmfjy xm;onft h wdik ;f tcsed af e&mra&G; umvwckwiG f wnf&adS eaom orkid ;f qkdif&m ta=umif;tcsufrsm;ay:wGif wnfayvdrfhrnf? T ta=umif; a=umifh tcef; (2) . tqH;k wGif wifjyxm;aom awmfveS af &; aqmif&u G f csurf sm;ESihf ywfoufI txl;tav;wif; razmfjyawmhay? ,ae@tzd@k qdyk grl Tpmyd'k &f dS jy\emtajrmuftjrm;udk tvGeu f jJG ym;jcm;em;aom pum; toHk;tE_ef;wdk@jzifh a&;om;&ayvdrfhrnf? +yD;cJhaom ESpfq,fhig;ESpfwm umvtwGif; acwfopfpufr_vkyfief;. ajcvSrf;usJ}uD;rsm;ESifh vSr;f wuf vmr_/ ‚ESifhtwl vdkufygvmaom tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. ygwDpnf; ±H;k a&; aumif;rGeu f s,jf yef@vmr_w@kd ukd axmuf±v _ #iv f nf;aumif;/ azazmf 0g&aD wmfveS af &;wGif yxrqH;k &&Sv d u kd af om vufawG@tawG@tñuHEiS hf xdrk # ru ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;u ESpfvwdkifwdkif yxrqHk;t}udrf EdkifiHa&;tm %mudk odrf;ydkufvdkufaom yJ&pfbHktzGJ@ wGif ydkrdkI&&Sdvdkufonfh tawG@ tñuH w d k @ ud k axmuf ± _ v #if v nf ; aumif ; / tcsKd @ tao;pd w f r sm;wG i f Tvkyfief;pOfonf acwfrrDawmhay? bHktzGJ@u tcsufwckudk txl; oufaojyvdkufay.? ‚rSm “tvkyform;vlwef;pm;onf toifh&Sd+yD; om; Edik if aH wmf,EW&m;udk tvG,w f ul qkyu f ikd u f m rdr. d &nf&, G cf surf sm;udk jyifopfjynf xajrmufatmif toHk;ðyIrjzpfEdkifay” [lIjzpfonf? (jyif ,ff tvk y f o rm;tpnf ; t±H k ; taxG jynf w G i f ; ppf y G J / tif w mae&S i f e , axGaumifpD rde@f ceG ;f / vef'efòr@- x±l;vyfz/f 1871 ckEpS /f pmrsuEf mS 15 wGif Ttcsufudk qufvufjzpfay:wdk;yGm;xm;onf u d k =unf h y g?) xd k @ jyif rsufarSmufumvwGif qdk&S,fvpf0g'pmaytay: a0zefa&;onf rjynfhpHk onf r S m tvd k v d k x if & S m ;ayonf ? tb,f a =umif h q d k a omf ‚a0zef 19

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

a&;onf 1847 ckESpftxdom jzpfaoma=umifh yifwnf;? qef@usifbuf ygwt D oD;oD;tay: uGejf rLepfrsm;. oabmxm;ta=umif; rSwcf surf sm; (tcef; 4) onfvnf; rlt& rSefuefaeqJ jzpfapumrl vufawG@wGif acwfrrDawmhay? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf EdkifiHa&;tajctaeonf vHk;0 ajymif;vJoGm;aoma=umifh jzpfonf? xdk@tjyif ordkif;wdk;wufvmr_u xdktcef;wGif azmfjyxm;aom EdkifiHa&;ygwD trsm;ydkif;udk urBmajrjyifrS z,f&Sm;ypfvdkufay+yD? odk@aomf a=unmpmwrf;onf ordkif;qdkif&mpmwrf; jzpfvm &um; ajymif;vJypf&ef rnfonfhtcGifhta&;rS u|efawmfwdk@wGif r&Sday? aemiftcgwiG f 1847 ckEpS Ef iS hf ,ae@t=um;&Sd uGm[r_ukd aygi;f ul;ay;aom ed'gef;wckyg0ifonfh aemufw}udrf yHkESdyfjcif; ay:xGufvmEdkifp&m &Sday onf? odk@aomf TjyefvnfyHkESdyfjcif;onf ±kwfw&uf ay:xGufvmaom a=umifh xdk@uJhodk@aom ed'gef;a&;&eftwGuf u|efawmfwdk@wGif tcsdefrvHk avmufawmhay? um;vfrmhufpf/ z&uf'&pf tdef*,f 1872 ckEpS f ZGev f 24 &uf/vef'efòr@?

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

1882 ck E S p f ±k & S m ;bmom yH k E S d y f j cif ; ed ' gef ; bmuleif bmomjyefqdkaom uGefjrLepfygwDa=unmpmwrf ; ±k&Sm;bmom yxryHkESdyfjcif;udk udkvdkaum3 owif;pmtm; yHkESdyfonf h pmyHkESdyfwdkufu 60 pkESpfrsm;tapmydkif;· wGif xkwfa0cJhonf? xdkpOfu taemufwdkif;onf ‚ (a=unmpmwrf; ±k&Sm;bmomyHkESdyfjcif;) udk pmayavmu txl;tqef;wcktjzpfom em;vnfEdkif=uayonf? T tjrifrsKd;onf ,ae@wGif rjzpfEdkifawmhay? xdktcsdef (1847 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv) u wnf&Sdaeaom ypPnf; rJ h v l w ef ; pm; v_ y f & S m ;r_ e ,f y ,f o nf rnf r #tuef @ towf & S d a eonf qdo k nfukd Ta=unmpm wrf;. aemufq;kH tcef;&Sd wdik ;f jynftoD;oD;rS qef@usifbuf ygwDtoD;oD;tay: uGefjrLepfrsm;. oabmxm;wGif t&Sif;vif;qHk; azmfjyvsuf&Sdonf? xdktcef;wGif ±k&Sm;jynfESifh tar&d uefjynfaxmifpkwdk@onf vHk;vHk;rygcJh=uay? xdktcsdefu ±k&Sm;jynfonf Oa&myazmufjyefa&;tm;vH;k . aemufq;kH t&efwyf}uD; jzpfae+yD;/ tar&d uefjynfaxmifpo k nf Oa&myrS ydv k #aH om ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm; tiftm;pk rsm;udk ajymif;a&$@aexdkifcGifhay;um 0g;rsKdypfaeayonf? xdkwdkif;jynf ESpjf ynfpvH;k onf Oa&mywdu k o f @kd uke=f urf;ypPn;f rsm; axmufy+hH yD; wcsed f wnf;wGif Oa&mywdkuf. pufr_xGufukefrsm; a&mif;cs&maps;uGufrsm; vnf; jzpfcJhonf? odk@jzpfI xdkpOfu wdkif;jynfESpfjynfpvHk;onf wnf&Sd aeaom Oa&mypepf. a'guw f ikd rf sm; wenf;r[kwf wenf; jzpfcahJ yonf? ·

T&ufpaJG zmfjycsurf mS rrSeu f ef/ ud;k um;azmfjyxm;onfh yHEk ydS jf cif;rSm 1869 ckEpS w f iG f ay:xGucf o hJ nf? (t,f'w D m) 21

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

,ae@qdkv#if vGefpGmuGmjcm;oGm;avpG! Oa&mywdkufu ajymif; a&$@aexdkifr_onf ajrmuftar&duwdkuf. }uD;us,fvSaom v,f,m xkwfvkyfa&;twGuf vHk;0tH0ifcGifus jzpfapcJhonf? ajrmuftar&du wdu k . f òyifqikd rf o _ nf Oa&my&Sd ajr,mt}uD;tao;ydik q f ikd rf u _ kd t&if; tjrpfrS udik v f y_ yf pfvu kd af wmhonf? xdrk #ru ‚tjcif;t&mu tar &duefjynfaxmifpktm; rdrd. }uD;rm;vSaom pufr_vkyfief;a&aomuf jrpfrsm;udk tifwdkuftm;wdkuf oHk;pGJEdkifaponf? ToHk;pGJr_twdkif;twm onf taemufOa&my txl;ojzifh ,ckx&d adS eaom t*Fvefjynf. pufr_ vkyfief; vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_udk tcsdeftenf;i,ftwGif;wGif rkcsyif csKd;zsuf ypfvrd rhf nf jzpfonf? tajctaeESp&f yfpvH;k u tar&duwdu k u f kd awmfveS f aom *,uf±u kd cf wfr_ jzpfapjyefonf? Edik if aH &;taqmufttHk wckv;kH . tajccHtkwfjrpfjzpfonfh ti,fpm;ESifh tvwfpm; v,f,mydkif&Sifrsm;. ajr,monf v,f,mvkycf if;}uD;rsm;. òyifqikd rf u _ kd wpwpESihf t±_;H ay; vdkuf&ay+yD? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif pufr_vkyfief;a'orsm;wGif ypPnf;rJh vlwef;pm;xkESifhwuG t&if;tESD;rsm; tHhrcef;pkpnf;vmr_onfvnf; yxrqHk;t}udrf jzpfay:wdk;yGm;vmaeayonf? ,ck ±k&Sm;jynfudk =unfh=updk@! 1848- 49 ckESpf awmfvSefa&; jzpfyGm;pOfu Oa&myrS rif;nDrif;om;rsm;omru/ Oa&my"e&Sifrsm;uyg Edk;=um;pðyvm+yDjzpfaom ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;.vufwGif;rS ‚wdk@udk u,fwifEikd o f nfh wckwnf;aom u,fwif&iS rf mS ±k&mS ;jynf. usL;ausmf pGuzf ufro _ mjzpfa=umif;udk awG@&SdcJh=uonf? Zmbk&ifudk Oa&mywdkuf&Sd azmufjyefa&; xdyo f ;D tjzpf armif;cwfc=hJ uonf? ,ae@wiG u f m; Zmbk&if 4 onf *wfcsDem; wGif awmfvSefa&;. ppfoHk@yef; jzpfaeav+yD? ±k&Sm; jynfonf Oa&mywdkuf awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_. wyfOD;jzpfvmay+yD? uGefjrLepfa=unmpmwrf;u acwfopf"e&Sifydkifqdkifr_onf rkcs ysuo f Ok ;f awmhrnf jzpfa=umif;udk a=unm&ef &nf&, G af yonf? od@k aomf ±k&mS ;jynfwiG f vsijf refpmG jzpfay:wd;k yGm;vmaeaom t&if;&Siv f n S jfh zm;r_EiS hf pwifwdk;yGm;vmaeaom "e&Sifajr,mydkifqdkifr_wdk@onf v,form;rsm; 22

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

udk,fwdkif ajr,mxuf0ufausmftm; bHkydkifqdkifxm;r_ESifh xdyfwdkufjzpfae onfudk u|efawmfwdk@ awG@jrif=u&onf? rsufarSmufjy\emrSm tvGef trif; ,dk,Gif;aeapumrl a&S;OD;ajr,mbHkydkifqdkifr_o¿mefyif jzpfae atmhAf&SD;em;5 onf ydkrdkjrifhrm;aom uGefjrLepfbHkydkifqdkifr_ ao;onfh ±k&Sm;atmh o¿mefodk@ wdkuf±dkuful;ajymif;oGm;Edkifoavm? odk@r[kwf qef@usif buftm;jzifh taemufwikd ;f . wpwpajymif;vJa&; ordik ;f jzpfay:r_uo hJ @kd aom a=uðyef;a&; jzpfpOftwdik ;f OD;pGmjzwfoef;&rnfavm? [lIyifjzpf.? ‚jy\em. wckwnf;aom tajztjzpf ,ae@jzpfEikd o f nfrmS / tu,fI ±k & S m ;awmf v S e f a &;onf taemuf w d k i f ; ypP n f ; rJ h a wmf v S e f a &;twG u f wyfveS @f ay;r_ jzpfvm+yD;/ wckEiS w hf ck tjyeftvSef tm;jznfah y;vdu k yf gu vuf&±dS &k mS ;jynf. bHak jr,mydik q f ikd rf o _ nf uGejf rLepfpepf jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_ twGuf tpcsD&mtcsufjzpfayvdrfhrnf? um;vf rmhupf /f z&uf'&pf tde*f ,f 1882 ckEpS f Zefe0g&v D 21 &uf/ vef'efòr@?

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

1883 ck E S p f *smref b mom yH k E S d y f j cif ; ed ' gef ; Tt}udrfyHkESdyfjcif;.ed'gef;wGif u|efawmfwOD;wnf;omv#if vufrw S af &; xd;k &ayawmhrnf? Oa&myESihf tar&duwdu k &f dS tvkyo f rm; vlwef;pm;w&yfvHk;tm; rnfol@xufrqdk ydkrdktusKd;ðycJhol rmhufpfonf [dik ;f *dwo f o k mefwiG f vJavsmif;aeay+yD? ol.ajryHx k ufwiG f yxr jrufEk uav;rsm;yifv#if ayguI f aeav+yD? olu, G v f eG o f mG ;uwnf;u Ta=u nmpmwrf;udk jyifqif&ef/ od@k wnf;r[kwf xyfrjH znfph u G &f efw@kd ukd pOf;pm; r_wdk@onf ydkIenf;yg;oGm;av+yD? Ted'gef;wGif atmufygtwdkif; tav; teufxyfrHazmfjy&ef vdktyfonf[k u|efawmfxifjrif,lqygonf? a=unmpmwrf ; wck v H k ; . tajccH t awG ; tac:rS m æord k i f ; acwfumvwdkif;. pD;yGm;a&;xkwfvkyfr_ESifh ‚rS rkcsay:aygufvmaom vlr_taqmufttHkonf tqdkyg acwfumv. EdkifiHa&;ESifh tod^m%f qdik &f m ordik ;f twGuf tajccHtw k f jrpfjzpfa=umif; od@k jzifh (ajr,mtay: a&S;OD;bHyk ikd q f ikd rf _ òyuGo J mG ;+yD;uwnf;u) ordik ;f wckv;kH onf vlrw _ ;kd yGm;r_ tqifhtoD;oD;&Sd vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJrsm;.ordkif;/ aoG;pkyfcHESifh aoG;pkyfol/ tkyfpdk;cHESifh tkyfpdk;ol vlwef;pm;rsm;t=um;&Sd wdkufyGJrsm;. ordkif;jzpfcJh a=umif;/ odk@aomfvnf; TwdkufyGJonf ,cktcg aoG;pkyfzdESdyfcH&aom vlwef;pm; (ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;) u vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wckvHk;udk aoG;pkyfr_/ zdESdyfr_ESifhwuG vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJrsm;rS xm0pOf vGwfu|wfoGm;atmif wcsdefwnf; rvkyfaqmifv#if rdrdtay: aoG;pkyfzdESdyfaom vlwef;pm; 24

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

("e&Siv f w l ef;pm;) vufatmufrS rdru d , kd w f ikd v f nf; vGwaf jrmufEikd af wmh rnfr[kwfonfhtqifhodk@ ,cktcgwGif a&muf&Sdvma=umif;æ[lIyif jzpfonf? TtajccHtawG;tac:udk rmhufpf wOD;wnf;uomv#if vHk;0 ydkifqdkifay.?· Ttcsufudk }udrfzefrsm;pGm u|efawmfazmfjycJh+yD; jzpfygonf? od@k aom af =unmpmwrf;. a&S@q;kH ae&mwGif Ttcsuyf g&adS e&ef ,cktcg trSefyif vdktyfvSygonf? tufzf tdef*,ff 1883 ckEpS /f ZGev f 28 &uf/ vef'efòr@?

t*Fvdyfbmomjyef ed'gef;wGif “u|efawmfhxifjrifcsufrSm ZD0aA' e,fy,fwiG f 'g0if.oabmw&m;u tusK;d ðycJo h nft h wdik ;f T wifjycsuo f nfvnf; ordik ;f a&;&mtwGuf tusK;d ðyr_ jzpfygonf? 1845 ckEpS rf wdik rf D ESpaf ygi;f tcsK@d u u|efawmfw@kd EpS Of ;D pvH;k onf/ Ttcsuq f o D dk@ wjznf;jznf; csOf;uyfvmcJh=u.? Ttcsuq f o D @kd u|eaf wmf trSt D cdk uif;pGm tb,fr# OD;wnfwufvrS ;f oGm;cJo h nfukd u|efawmfa&;om;cJhaom ‘t*Fveffjynf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;tajctae’ pmtkyu f taumif;qH;k azmfjyvsu&f ydS gonf? od@k aomf 1845 ckEpS f aEGO;D umv b&yfqv J òf r@wiG f u|eaf wmfEiS hf rmhupf f xyfraH wG@qkH aomtcg rmhupf o f nf ‚ tcsuu f kd tqifoifðh ypk+y;D jzpfaeonf? Ttcsuu f kd u|eaf wmfx h H wifjy&mY toH;k tE_e;f tm;vH;k eD;yg;yif Tae&mwGif u|eaf wmf azmfjy xm;ouJo h @kd &Si;f vif;jywf om;vSygonf?” [k u|efawmfa&;om;cJhonf? (1890 ckESpf *smrefbmom yHEk ydS jf cif;twGuf tde*f ,f. rSwcf su)f ? 25

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

1888 ck E S p f t*F v d y f b mom yH k E S d y f j cif ; ed ' gef ; “a=unmpmwrf;” udk tvkyform;tpnf;t±Hk;wckjzpfaom “uGefjrLepftoif;csKyf” .vkyfief;pOftjzpf yHkESdyfxkwfa0cJhonf? T toif;csKyfonf tpydik ;f wGif *smreftoif;csKyf oufoufjzpf+yD; aemufyikd ;f wGif EdkifiHwumhtoif; jzpfvmonf? Ttoif;onf 1848 ckESpfrwdkif rDu Oa&mywdu k . f Edik if aH &;ta=umif;tcsurf sm;atmufwiG f rv$rJ a&Smif om v#Kd@0SuftzGJ@tpnf;wck jzpfcJhayonf? 1847 ckESpf Edk0ifbmvu vef'efòr@wGifusif;yaom uGefjrLepftoif;csKyf. uGef*&ufY rmhufpfESifh tdef*,fwdk@tm; jynfhpHkaomoabmw&m;ESifh vufawG@qdkif&m ygwDvkyf ief;pOfw&yf xkwaf 0a&;twGuf jyifqif=u&ef wm0efay;tyfc. hJ ? 1848 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&DvwGif *smrefbmomjzifh a&;qGJcJh+yD;/ vufa&;rludk azazmf 0g&v D 24 &ufae@wiG f jzpfymG ;aom jyifopfawmfveS af &;rwdik rf D &ufowW ywftcsK@d wiG f vef'efòr@&dS pmyHEk ydS w f u kd o f @kd yd@k ay;cJo h nf? 1848 ckEpS f ZGev f ykefuefxºur_rwdkifrDuav;rSm yJ&pfòr@Y jyifopfbmomjyef ay:xGuf vmcJhonf? rpP[,fvifrufzmvdef. yxr t*Fvdyfbmomjyefonf 1850 ckESpf vef'efòr@ a*smh*sLvD,ef[mae. “&uf&Dywfyvpfuif” *sme,fwiG f yg&cdS o hJ nf? 'de;f rwfEiS hf ydv k efbmomrsm;jzifv h nf; xkwaf 0+yD; 26

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

cJhav+yD? ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;ESihf "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;wd@k . yxrt}udrf }uD;rm; onfh wdu k yf jGJ zpfaom 1848 ckEpS f ZGev f yJ&pfyek u f efxºur_ ta&;edro hf mG ; jcif;u Oa&mytvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;. vlra_ &;ESihf Edik if aH &;ar#mrf eS ;f csuf rsm;udk umvwckxd xyfrHI aemufodk@wGef;ydk@vdkufavonf? xdt k csed rf S pI tay:pD;&a&; wdu k yf o JG nf azazmf0g&aD wmfveS af &; rwdik rf u D uJo h @kd yif ypPn;f &Sv d w l ef;pm;. rwlaom tpdwt f ydik ;f rsm;t=um;wGio f m xyfrHjzpf yGm;cJhawmhonf? tvkyform;vlwef;pm;rSmrlum; usOf;ajrmif;vSaom EdkifiHa&;ae&m &&Sda&;twGuf wdkufcdkuf&onfh taetxm;ESifh tv,f tvwfvlwef;pm; &,f'Du,frsm;. tvGeftu|H*dk%f; taetxm;xd av#musoGm;cJh&onf? trSDcdkuif;aom ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; &Sio f efaom vuQ%mrsm; qufvufjyoaeonfh ae&mwdik ;f wGif t=uif emuif;rJhpGm vdkufvHzrf;qDjcif; cHcJh&onf? odk@jzifh udkvHk;òr@wGif xdkpOfu tajcpdkufxm;aom uGefjrLepftoif;csKyf A[dkbkwftzG@J udk y&yf&Sm;ykvdyf tzG@J u &SmazGawG@&o dS mG ;+yD; tzG@J 0ifrsm; tzrf;cHc&hJ onf? q,f&h pS v f wdik w f ikd f tusOf;csxm;+yD;aemuf 1852 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmvrSm olwdk@tm; ±Hk;wifppfaq;cJhonf? xif&Sm;ausmfapmaom “udkvHk;òr@ uG e f j rLepf t r_ ppfaq;jcif;”6 onf atmufwdkbm 4 &ufae@rS Edk0ifbm 12 &ufae@xd tcsdef=umjrifhcJhonf? tusOf;om;ckepfa,mufudk cHwyfwckwnf;wGif axmif'%foHk;ESpfrS ajcmufESpftxd toD;oD;tjypfay;vdkufonf? pD&if csufcs+yD;aemuf csufcsif;yif usef&pfaeaom tzGJ@0ifrsm;u toif;csKyf udk w&m;0if zsuo f rd ;f ypfvu kd =f u.? “a=unmpmwrf;” rSmrl xdt k csed rf S p+yD; arhavsmhypfxm;jcif; cH&oavmufyifwnf;? Oa&my tvkyform;vlwef;pm;onf tkyfpdk;olvlwef;pm;rsm;udk aemufxyfwzef wdkufcdkuf&eftwGuf vHkavmufaomtiftm; jyefvnf &&Sv d maomtcg tifwmae&Sief ,f tvkyo f rm;tpnf;t±H;k ay:xGuv f m onf? od@k aomf Oa&myESihf tar&duwdu k rf sm;&Sd wdu k pf w d cf u kd pf w d f xufoef aom ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;w&yfvHk;udk wpkwpnf;wnf;jzpfatmif aygif; 27

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

pnf;&ef wdus&iS ;f vif;aom &nfreS ;f csujf zifh zG@J pnf;xm;onfh T tpnf; t±Hk;onf “a=unmpmwrf;” wGif csrSwfxm;aomrlrsm;udk csufcsif; rxkwjf yefEikd cf ahJ y? tifwmae&Sief ,fonf t*Fvyd f tvkyo f rm; or*~rsm;/ jyifopf/ b,fvf*sD,H/ tDwvDESifh pydefjynf&Sd ya&muf'Gef; aemufvdkuf rsm;ESifh *smr%Djynf&Sd vmaq;0g'Drsm;· u vufcHEdkifavmufatmif us,fjyef@aom vkyfief;pOfw&yf &Sd&rnfjzpf.? ygwDtm;vHk;u auseyf Edkifonfh Tvkyfief;pOf·· udk a&;qGJcJhaom rmhufpfonf yl;aygif;ðyrlr_ESifh tjyeftvSefaqG;aEG;r_wdk@rS ay:xGufvm&ef aocsmaom tvkyform; vlwef;pm;. tod^m%fjzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_tay: vHk;0,Hk=unfcJh.? t&if; tESD;udk qef@usifonfh wdkufyGJtjzpftysufrsm;ESifh twuftusrsm;/ atmifyGJrsm;xufyif ydkrdkonfhqHk;±H_;r_rsm;u olwdk@.tóuufjzpfaom aq;+rD;wkrd sK;d pk. H rvHak vmufru _ kd vltrsm;tm; rv$rJ a&Smifom oabm ayguv f maponf? xd@k jyif tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm; vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf vnf; ppfrSefaom ta=umif;tcsufrsm;tm; ydkrdkjynfhpHkpGm odjrifr_qDodk@ vrf;cif;ay;vdkuf.? rmhufpfonf rSefuefayonf? 1874 ckESpf tifwm ae&Sife,f zsufodrf;vdkufaomtcg tvkyform;rsm;rSm 1864 ckESpf wke;f u awG@&&dS aom tvkyo f rm;rsm;ESihf vH;k 0rwlawmhay? jyifopfjynf&dS ya&muf'Gef;0g'onfvnf;aumif;/ *smr%Djynf&Sd vmaq;0g'wdk@onf vnf;aumif; toufiifaeav+yD? or±dk;us t*Fvdyftvkyform;or*~ ·

u|eaf wmfw@kd EiS ahf wG@wikd ;f vmaq;ud, k w f ikd u f olonfrmhupf . f wynfh &if; jzpfa=umif;/ wynf&h if;yDopGmyif “a=unmpmwrf;” tay:wGif &yfwnfchJ a=umif; tpOfajymqdak vh&o dS nf? od@k aomf 1862 ckEpS rf S 1864 ckEpS t f wGi;f ol. vlxv k @H_ aqmfcsuYf Edik if aH wmfacs;aiGrsm;. tultnD&onfh or0g,rtvkycf ef; rsm;udk awmif;qdjk cif;xufyI kd vmaq;onf a&S@rwufawmhay? (tde*f ,f. f rSwf csu)f ·· tifwmae&Sief ,f tvkyo f rm;tpnf;t±H;k tzGirhf ed @f ceG ;f udk ud;k um; xm;jcif; jzpfonf? (t,f'w D m) 28

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

trsm;pk o nf tcsd e f = umjrif h p G m uwnf ; uyif tif w mae&S i f e ,f E S i f h tquf j zwf c J h = uaomf v nf ; ‚wd k @ uyif v #if “Oa&mywd k u f } uD ; u qdk&S,fvpf0g'udk u|efawmfwdk@ a=umufp&m r&Sdawmhyg” [k ,cifESpfu qGrfqD; 7 òr@wGif or*~OuUÏu ajymqdkEdkifonfhtajcxd wjznf;jznf; a&mufomG ;cJo h nf? trSet f m;jzifh “a=unmpmwrf;” . rlrsm;onf wdik ;f jynftm;vHk;&Sd tvkyform;rsm;twGif; tawmfysH@ESH@oGm;cJhonfrSm trSef yif jzpfonf? Todk@jzifh “a=unmpmwrf;” udk,fYyifv#if a&S@wef;odk@xyfrH a&muf vmcJ. h ? 1850 ckEpS u f wnf;u *smrefbmompmrlukd qGpZf mvef/ t*FvefEiS hf tar&duwGif t}udrrf sm;pGm jyefvnfyEkH ydS cf o hJ nf? 1872 ckEpS f wGif e,l;a,mufòr@Y t*Fvdyfbmomjyefqdkum 0l;'f[m;vfESifh uvm zvif 8 wd k @ . tywf p Of * sme,f w G i f xnf h o G i f ; azmf j ycJ h o nf ? Tt*F vdyb f momjyefqckd surf mS jyifopfbmomod@k jyefqu kd m e,l; a,mufòr@&dS qd k & S , f v pf * sme,f w G i f yH k E S d y f x k w f a 0cJ h o nf ? xd k t csd e f r S p I tenf ; ESifhtrsm;qkdovkd jzwfawmufxm;aom t*Fvdyfbmomjyef tenf; qHk;ESpfrsKd; tar&duwGif ay:xGufcJhonf? ‚rSwrsKd;udk t*FvefjynfwGif xyf r H y H k E S d y f v d k u f o nf ? yxrqH k ; aom ±k & S m ;bmomjyef u d k bmul e if bmomjyef+yD;/ 1863 ckEpS af vmufwiG f [mZif. *seD AD mòr@&dS “udv k akd um” owif;pmudk yHkESdyfonfh pmyHkESdyfwdkufrS xkwfa0vdkuf onf? 'kwd,bm omjyef· udk &J&ifah omtrsK;d orD; bJ&mZql;vpfcsf u bmomjyefum 1882 ckESpfavmufwGif *sDeDAmòr@rSmyif ykHESdyfxkwfa0onf? 1885 ckESpfwGif ukdyifa[*ifòr@Y 'def;rwfbmomjyeftopfudk “qdk&S,f'Drdk u&ufwpf ·

trSerf mS bmomjyefoo l nf yvufuaemhzjf zpf.? 1894 ckEpS f bmvifòr@ xkwf tifwmae&Sief ,f atmhp'f ufaAgph wuf (1871- 75) wGif yHEk ydS x f w k af 0cJo h nf? “±k&mS ;jynf&dS vlrq _ ufqaH &;rsm;” aqmif;yg;jznfph u G cf suw f iG f tde*f ,fu, kd w f ikd u f ‚udb k momjyeforl mS yvufuaemhzf jzpfonf[k ud;k um;azmfjyxm;onf? (t,f'D wm) 29

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

bDbvdu k su”f pmpOfwiG f awG@&&dS onf? jyifopf bmomjyef topfrmS 1885 ckEpS f yJ&pfòr@xw k f qdk&S,fvpf *sme,fwGif yg&Sdonf? ‚jyifopfbmomrS pydefbmomjyefqdkcsufudk 1886 ckESpf ruf'&pfòr@wGif jyifqifxkwfa0 cJhonf? *smrefbmomjzifh xyfrHyHkESdyf xkwfa0jcif;rsm;ukd ra&wGufEdkif awmhay? tenf;qH;k q,fEh pS }f udrcf ef@&+dS yD? vGecf ahJ omvtcsK@d u uGepf wif wDEykd ,fòr@wiG f xkwaf 0&efjzpfaom tmar;eD;,m; bmomjyefrmS rxkwf a0jzpfawmhay? ta=umif;rl yHEk ydS x f w k af 0olonf rmhupf . f trnf yg&adS om pmtkyu f x kd w k af 0&ef a=umuf&@HG onf? bmomjyefou l vnf; rdrv d uf&m jzpf a =umif ; ud k rajymvd k a oma=umif h [ k u|ef a wmf = um;od & onf ? tjcm;bmompum;rsm;jzifh bmomjyefqrkd r_ sm;udk =um;&aomfvnf; u|ef awmfrawG@cJh&ay? Todk@jzifh “a=unmpmwrf;” ordkif;onf acwfopf tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm; v_y&f mS ;r_ordik ;f udk }uD;rm;aom twdik ;f twmjzifh a&mifjyef[yfjyvdu k af yonf? rsuaf rSmufumvwGif a=unm pmwrf;onf qd&k , S v f pfpmay tm;vH;k xJwiG f tus,jf yef@q;kH aom Edik if H wumhvuQ%m taqmifqHk;aom/ qdu k af A;&D;,m;rS umvDz;kd eD;,m;txd oef;aygi;f rsm; pGmaom tvkyform;rsm;u wlnDaomvkyfief;pOftjzpf todtrSwfðy xm;aom pmwrf;jzpfonfrmS oHo,jzpfzG,f&mr&Sday? od@k apumrl a=unmpmwrf;udk a&;om;cJph Ofu u|eaf wmfw@kd onf qdk&S,fvpfa=unmpmwrf;[k rac:qdkEdkifcJhay? 1847 ckESpfu em;vnf csuft&qdkv#if qdk&S,fvpfrsm;qdkonfrSm wzufwGif pdwful;,Ofpepf trsK;d rsK;d . aemufvu kd rf sm;jzpf=uaom t*Fvefjynfu td0k if0g'rD sm;/ jyif opfjynfu zd;k &D;,m;0g'rD sm; jzpf=uonf? olw@kd EpS rf sK;d pvH;k onf *d% k ;f tkyf pkoufouftjzpfodk@ av#mus&if; wjznf;jznf; uG,faysmufoGm;ae onf? wjcm;wzufwGif t&if;tESD;ESifh tjrwftpGef;udk rnfodk@r# tEW &m,fray;bJ vltzGJ@tpnf;. cHpm;epfemr_aygif;pHkudk ukoay;Edkifonf [k wwfa,mifum;enf;jzifh a[majymae=uonfh a&mifpHkvlr_a&;orm; a,mifrsm; &Sd=uonf? olwdk@ESpfrsKd;pvHk;onf tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_tjyifbufrS vlrsm;jzpfonf? olwdk@onf “ynm&nf0aom” 30

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

vlwef;pm;rsm;. axmufcrH u _ o kd m &SmazGae=uonf? Edik if aH &; awmfveS f r_rsm;oufoufjzifh rvHkavmufonfudk ,Hk=unfvmum vHk;0O\Hk vlr_ajymif;vJa&;vkyf&ef vdktyfonf[k a=unmvdkuf=uaom tvkyf orm;vlwef;pm;. rnfodk@aom tpdwftydkif;uyifjzpfap rdrdudk,fudk uGejf rLepf[k ac:a0:=u.? ‚rSm tacsmrudik &f ao;onfyh =kH urf;/ yifu, kd f todoufouf uGejf rLepf0g' trsK;d tpm;jzpfonf? od@k apumrl ‚onf t&if;cHtcsuu f kd xdxrd rd d &So d nft h wGuf tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;twGi;f wGif pdwu f ;l ,OfueG jf rLepf0g'udk ay:xGuv f maponftxd tiftm; }uD; rm;ayonf? jyifopfjynfY umbufEiS hf *smreDjynfY 0ufwvif;wd@k . pdwf ul;,OfueG jf rLepf0g'yifwnf;? od@k jzifh 1847 ckEpS w f iG f qd&k , S v f pf0g'onf tv,ftvwfvlwef;pm;. v_yf&Sm;r_jzpf+yD; uGefjrLepf0g'onf tvkyf orm;vl w ef ; pm;. v_ y f & S m ;r_ j zpf o nf ? tenf ; qH k ; tm;jzif h Oa&my wdu k }f uD;Y qd&k , S v f pf0g'onf “av;pm;zG,”f jzpfae+yD; uGejf rLepf0g'um; ‚ESiahf jzmifah jzmif}h uD; qef@usib f uf jzpfaeonf? puwnf;uyif “tvkyf orm;vlwef;pm;. vGwfajrmufa&;onf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;udk,f wdkif. ðyr_aqmif&Gufcsufjzpf&rnf” [k u|efawmfwdk@ xif[yfxm;onfh twdik ;f Ttrnf ESprf sK;d xJrS rnfonft h rnfukd a&G;cs,&f rnfqo kd nfukd oHo,r&SdEdkifay? xdk@jyif u|efawmfwdk@onf xdktcsdefrS ,ae@txd T trnfudk pGef@ypf&ef vHk;0rpOf;pm;cJh=uay? “a=unmpmwrf;”onf u|efawmfwdk@. yl;wGJa&;om;csufjzpf aomfvnf; a=unmpmwrf;. tðrawjzpfonfh tajccHusaom azmfjycsuf udk rmhufpfydkifqdkifa=umif; u|efawmfazmfjy&rnf[k ,lqygonf? tqdkyg azmfjycsurf mS æordik ;f acwfumvwdik ;f Y v$r;f rd;k aeonfh pD;yGm;a&; xkwv f yk f r_enf;em/ zvS,af &;enf;emESihf ‚aemufrS rkcsvu kd yf gvmaom vlra_ &; zG@J pnf;yHw k @kd onf acwfumvqdik &f mEdik f iHa&;ESihf tod^m%fordik ;f udk wnf aqmufxm;onfh tajccHtkwfjrpf jzpfayonf? TtajccH tkwfjrpf wckwnf;ay:rSom acwfumvqkid &f m Ekid if aH &;ESihf tod^m%f orkid ;f wk@d udk &Sif;vif;azmfjy Edkifayonf? xdk@a=umifh vlom;ordkif;wckvHk; (ajr,mudk 31

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

bHkydkifqdkifaom a&S;OD;rsKd;±dk;wltkyfpk vl@tzGJ@tpnf; òyuGJoGm;uwnf;u) onf vlwef;pm;wdkufyrGJ sm;.ordkif;/ aoG;pkyfolESifh aoG;pkyfcH rsm;t=um; tm;òyifr_/ tkyfpdk;olESifh tkyfpdk;cH&ol vlwef;pm;rsm;t=um; tm;òyifr_yif jzpfayonf? Tvlwef;pm;wdkufyGJrsm;. ordkif;wGiftqifhqifh ul;ajymif; r_rsm; tpOfwpdkuf jzpfcJhonf? ,ae@qv kd #if vl@tzG@J tpnf;w&yfv;kH udk aoG;pkyzf Ed ydS rf /_ vlwef;pm;cGjJ cm;r_EiS hf vlwef;pm;wdu k yf rJG sm; tm;vH;k rS wòyifwnf; vHk;0O\Hk rvGwfajrmufapbJE Si f h aoG ; pk y f z d E S d y f c H v l w ef ; pm;/ ypP n f ; rJ h vlwef;pm;onf aoG;pkyftkyfpdk;olvlwef;pm;/ "e&Sif vlwef;pm;. pdk;rdk;r_ atmufrS rdr. d vGwaf jrmufa&;udk r&&SEd ikd af wmhonfh tqifw h cko@kd a&muf &SdcJhav+yD? u|efawmfhxifjrifcsufrSm ZD0aA'e,fy,fwGif 'g0if.oabm w&m;u tusKd;ðycJhonftwdkif; Twifjycsufonfvnf; ordkif;a&;&m twGuf tusK;d ðyr_ jzpfygonf? 1845 ckEpS f rwdik rf D ESpaf ygi;f tcsK@d u u|eaf wmf wdk@ESpfOD;pvHk;onf TtcsufqDodk@ wjznf;jznf; csOf;uyfvmcJh=u.? T tcsuq f o D dk@ u|efawmf trSDtcdkuif;pGm tb,fr#OD;wnf wufvSrf;oGm; cJhonfudk u|efawmf a&;om;cJhaom “t*Fvefjynf tvkyform;vlwef; f taumif;qH;k azmfjyvsu&f ydS gonf? od@k aomf pm; tajctae”· pmtkyu 1845 ckEpS f aEGO;D umv b&yfqv J òf r@wiG f u|eaf wmfEiS hf rmhupf x f yfraH wG@ qHkaomtcg rmhufpfonf ‚tcsufudk tqifoifhðypk+yD; jzpfaeonf? Ttcsufudk u|efawmfhxH wifjy&mY toHk;tE_ef;tm;vHk;eD;yg;yif T ae&mwGif u|efawmfazmfjyxm;ouJhodk@ &Sif;vif;jywfom;vSygonf? 1872 ckESpf *smrefbmom yHkESdyfjcif;twGuf u|efawmfwdk@ yl;wGJ a&;om;xm;aomed'gef;rS atmufygtwdkif; u|efawmfudk;um;vdkufyg onf? ·

tde*f ,fvaf &;om;aom “1844 ckEpS f t*Fvefjynf tvkyo f rm;vlwef; pm;tajctae” bmomjyefqdkol zavm&ifh au 0pfe,l;ZuD;/ e,l;a,muf? 'AvsL&D;(pf)/ vdAk v J -f vef'ef/ 1888? (tde*f ,f. f rSwcf su)f 32

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

“+yD;cJhaom ESpfq,fhig;ESpfwmumvtwGif; tajctaersm;onf rnfr#yifajymif;vJapumrl Ta=unmpmwrf;wGif csrSwfchJaom a,bk ,srrl sm;onf wckv;kH taejzifh ,ae@xd wav#mufv;kH rSeu f efayonf? xdak e &m Tae&mwd@k Y tcsK@d tao;pdwrf sm;udk ðyjyifaumif; ðyjyif&ayrnf? rlrsm;udk vufawG@toHk;csa&;onf a=unmpmwrf;u azmfjyxm;onfhtwkdif; tcsd e f a e&mra&G ; umvwck t wG i f ; wnf & S d a eaom ork d i f ; qk d i f & m ta=umif;tcsufrsm;ay:wGif wnfayvdrfhrnf? Tta=umif;a=umifh tcef; (2) . tqHk;wGif wifjyxm;aom awmfvSefa&; aqmif&Gufcsuf rsm;ESifhywfoufI txl;tav;wif; razmfjyawmhay? ,ae@tzd@k qykd grl T pmyd'k &f dS jy\emtajrmuftjrm;udk tvGeu f jJG ym;jcm;em;aom pum;toHk; tE_ef;wdk@jzifh a&;om;&ayvdrfhrnf? 1848 ckESpfuwnf;u· acwfopf pufrv _ yk if ef;. ajcvSr;f us}J uD;rsm;ESihf vSr;f wufvmr_/ ‚ESihf twlvu kd f ygvmaom tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;. ygwpD nf;±H;k a&; aumif;rGeu f s,jf yef@ vmr_w@kd ukd axmuf±v _ #iv f nf;aumif;/ azazmf0g&aD wmfveS af &;wGif yxr qHk; &&Sdvdkufaom vufawG@tawG@tñuHESifh xdrk #ru ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm; u ESpv f wdik w f ikd f yxrqH;k t}udrf Edik if aH &;tm%mudk odr;f ydu k v f u kd af om yJ&pfbt kH zG@J wiG f ydrk I kd &&Sv d u kd o f nfh tawG@tñuw H @kd udk axmuf±_v#ifvnf; aumif;/ tcsKd@tao;pdwfrsm;wGif Tvkyfief;pOfonf acwfrrDawmhay? bHt k zG@J u tcsuw f ckukd txl;oufaojyvdu k af y.? ‚rSm “tvkyo f rm; vlwef;pm;onf toifh&Sd+yD;om; EdkifiHawmf,EW&m;udk tvG,fwul qk y f u d k i f u m rd r d . &nf & G , f c suf r sm;ud k xajrmuf a tmif toH k ; ðyI rjzpfEikd af y” [lI jzpfonf? (“jyifopfjynf jynfwiG ;f ppfy/GJ tifwmae&Sif e,f tvkyform;tpnf;t±Hk; taxGaxGaumifpD rdef@cGef;”/ vef'efòr@x±l;vyfz/f 1871 ckEpS /f pmrsuEf mS 15 wGif Ttcsuu f kd qufvufjzpfay: wdk;yGm;xm;onf udk =unfhyg?) ·

Tpum;yd'k o f nf 1872ckEpS f *smrefbmomrl&if;ESihf tenf; i,f uGjJ ym; ygonf? pmrsuEf mS ( 19) ud=k unfyh g? (t,f'w D m) 33

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

xdk@jyif rsufarSmufumvwGif qdk&S,fvpf0g'pmaytay: a0zef a&;onf rjynfph o kH nfrmS tvdv k x kd if&mS ;ayonf? tb,fa=umifq h akd omf ‚a0zefa&;onf 1847 ckEpS t f xdom jzpfaoma=umifyh ifwnf;? qef@usif buf ygwt D oD;oD;tay: uGejf rLepfrsm;. oabmxm;ta=umif; rSwcf surf sm; (tcef; 4) onfvnf; rlt& rSeu f efaeqJjzpfapumrl vufawG@wiG f acwf rrDawmhay? tb,fa=umifq h akd omf Edik if aH &;tajctaeonf vH;k 0ajymif;vJ oGm;aoma=umifh jzpfonf? xd@k jyif ordik ;f wd;k wufvmr_u xdt k cef;wGif azmfjyxm;aom EdkifiHa&;ygwDtrsm;ydkif;udk urBmajrjyifrS z,f&Sm;ypfvdkuf ay+y?D “odk@aomf a=unmpmwrf;onf ordkif;qdkif&mpmwrf; jzpfvm& um; ajymif;vJypf&ef rnfonfhtcGifhta&;rS u|efawmfwdk@wGif r&Sday?” ,ckbmomjyeforl mS rpPwm q,fjrL&,fr;kd jzpfygonf? olonf rmhufpf a&;om;aom “t&if;usrf;” trsm;ydkif;udk bmomjyefoljzpf.? u|eaf wmfw@kd twlwuG jyefvnfppfaq;cJ=h uonf? ordik ;f ud;k um;csurf sm; tm; &Sif;vif;xm;aom rSwfcsufwcsKd@udk u|efawmf jznfhpGufxm;vdkuf ygonf? z&uf'&pf tde*f ,ff 1888 ckEpS f Zefe0g&v D 30 &uf/ vef'efòr@?

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

1890 ck E S p f *smref b mom yH k E S d y f j cif ; ed ' gef ; txufyged'gef;· a&;om;+yD;uwnf;u a=unmpmwrf;tm; *smrefbmomjzifh topfyEkH ydS &f ef xyfrI H vdt k yfvmonf? a=unmpmwrf; jzpfysufor#udkvnf; Ted'gef;wGif rSwfwrf;wif&ayrnf? bJ&mZql;vpfcsf. 'kwd, ±k&Sm;bmomjyefqdkcsufonf 1882 ckESpfwGif *sDeDAmòr@Y ay:xGufvmonf? xdkyHkESdyfjcif;twGuf rmhufpfESifh u|efawmf ed'gef; a&;om;cJh=uonf? uHraumif; ta=umif;rvSojzifh *smrefvufa&;rlrmS aysmufq;kH oGm;onf? xd@k a=umifh ±k&mS ;bmomrS xyfrH +yD; bmomjyefvdkuf&awmhonf?·· Todk@bmomjyef&ojzifh e*dkpmrludk rnfonfhenf;ESifhr# aumif;rGefvmaprnf r[kwfay? “bmuleif bmomjyefqdkaom uGefjrLepfygwDa=unmpmwrf; ±k&Sm;bmom yxryHkESdyfjcif;udk udkvdkaum owif;pmtm; yHkESdyfonfh pmyHkESdyfwdkufu 60 pkESpfrsm;tapmydkif;··· wGifxkwfa0cJhonf? xdkpOfu ·

1883 ckEpS f *smrefbmom yHEk ydS jf cif;twGuf a&;om;aom ol. ed'ge;f udk tde*f ,f ud;k um;xm;jcif; jzpfonf? (t,f'w D m) ·· a=unmpmwrf; ±k&mS ;bmom yHEk ydS jf cif;twGuf rmhupf Ef iS hf tde*f ,fw@kd a&;om;aom aysmufq;kH oGm;onfh ed'ge;f . vufa&;rl&if;udk jyefvnfawG@&cdS o hJ nf? armfpudk rmhupf /f tde*f ,f/ vDeif wuUov kd af rmfueG ;f wdu k w f iG f xm;&So d nf? vuf&dS ed'ge;f t*Fvyd f bmomjyefrmS *smref bmomrl&if;rS jyefq f x kd m;onf? (t,f'w D m) ··· ‚ tcsuEf iS hf ywfoufI pmrsuEf mS (21) atmufyikd ;f &Sd t,f'w D m. &Si;f vif;csuw f iG f =unfyh g? 35

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

taemufwdkif;onf ‚ (a=unmpmwrf; ±k&Sm;bmom yHkESdyfjcif;) udk pmayavmu txl ; tqef ; wck t jzpf o m em;vnf E d k i f = uayonf ? TtjrifrsKd;onf ,ae@wGif rjzpfEdkifawmhay? “xdt k csed f (1847 ckEpS f 'DZifbmv) u wnf&adS eaom ypPn;f rJh vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_e,fy,fonf rnfr#tuef@towf &Sdaeonf qdk onfudk Ta=unmpmwrf;. aemufqHk;tcef;&Sd wdkif;jynftoD;oD;rS qef@usib f ufygwt D oD;oD;tay: uGejf rLepfrsm;. oabmxm;wGif t&Si;f vif;qHk; azmfjyvsuf&Sdonf? xdktcef;wGif ±k&Sm;jynfESifh tar&duef jynfaxmifpw k @kd onf vH;k vH;k rygc=hJ uay? xdt k csed u f ±k&mS ;jynfonf Oa&my azmufjyefa&;tm;vHk;. aemufqHk; t&efwyf}uD; jzpfae+yD; tar&duef jynfaxmifpo k nf Oa&myrS ydv k #aH om ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm; tiftm;pkrsm;udk ajymif;a&$@aexdkifcGifhay;um 0g;rsKdypfaeayonf? xdkwdkif;jynf ESpfjynfpvHk; onf Oa&mywdkufodk@ ukef=urf;ypPnf;rsm; axmufyHh+yD; wcsdefwnf;wGif Oa&mywdkuf. pufr_xGufukefrsm; a&mif;cs&m aps;uGufrsm;vnf; jzpfcJh onf? od@k jzpfI xdpk Ofu wdik ;f jynfEpS jf ynfpvH;k onf wnf&adS eaom Oa&m ypepf. a'gufwdkifrsm; wenf;r[kwfwenf; jzpfcJhayonf? “,ae@qv kd #if vGepf mG uGmjcm;oGm;avpG! Oa&mywdu k u f ajymif; a&$@aexdkifr_onf ajrmuftar&duwdkuf. }uD;us,fvSaom v,f,m xkwfvkyfa&;twGuf vHk;0tH0ifcGifus jzpfapcJhonf? ajrmuftar&du wdu k . f òyifqikd rf o _ nf Oa&my&Sd ajr,mt}uD;tao; ydik q f ikd rf u _ kd t&if; tjrpfrS udkifv_yfypfvdkufawmhonf? xdkr#ru ‚tjcif;t&mu tar&d uefjynfaxmifpktm; rdrd.}uD;rm;vSaom pufr_vkyfief; a&aomufjrpf rsm;udk tifwu kd t f m;wdu k f oH;k pGEJ ikd af ponf? T oH;k pGrJ _ twdik ;f twmonf taemufOa&my txl;ojzifh ,ckx&d adS eaom t*Fvefjynf. pufrv _ yk if ef; vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_udk tcsdeftenf;i,ftwGif;wGif rkcsyif csKd;zsufypfvdrfh rnf jzpfonf? tajctaeESp&f yfpvH;k u tar&duwdu k u f kd awmfveS af om *,uf±u kd cf wfr_ jzpfapjyefonf? Edik if aH &;taqmufttHk wckv;kH . tajccH tkwjf rpfjzpfonfh ti,fpm;ESihf tvwfpm; v,f,mydik &f iS rf sm;. ajr,m 36

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

onff v,f,mvkyfcif;}uD;rsm;. òyifqdkifr_udk wpwpESifh t±_H;ay;vdkuf &ay+yD? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif pufr_vkyfief;a'orsm;wGif ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; xkEiS w hf uG t&if;tES;D rsm; tHrh cef; pkpnf;vmr_onfvnf; yxrqH;k t}udrf jzpfay:wdk;yGm;vmaeayonf? “,ck ±k&Sm;jynfudk =unfh=updk@! 1848- 49 ckESpf awmfvSefa&; jzpfyGm;pOfu Oa&myrS rif;nDrif;om;rsm;omru Oa&my"e&Sifrsm;uyg Edk;=um;pðyvm+yDjzpfaom ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. vufwGif;rS ‚wdk@udk u,fwifEikd o f nfh wckwnf;aom u,fwif&iS rf mS ±k&mS ;jynf. usL;ausmf pGufzufr_om jzpfa=umif;udk awG@&SdchJ=uonf? Zmbk&ifudk Oa&mywdkuf&Sd azmufjyefa&; xdyo f ;D tjzpf armif;cwfc=hJ uonf? ,ae@wiG u f m; Zmbk&if onf *wfcseD m;wGif awmfveS af &;. ppfo@kH yef;jzpfaeav+yD? ±k&mS ;jynfonf Oa&mywdkuf awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_. wyfOD;jzpfvmay+yD? “uGejf rLepfa=unmpmwrf;u acwfopf"e&Sif ydik q f ikd rf o _ nf rkcs ysuo f Ok ;f awmhrnf jzpfa=umif;udk a=unm&ef &nf&, G af yonf? od@k aomf ±k&mS ;jynfwiG f vsijf refpmG jzpfay:wd;k yGm;vmaeaom t&if;&Siv f n S jhf zm;r_EiS hf pwifwdk;yGm;vmaeaom "e&Sifajr,mydkifqdkifr_wdk@onf v,form;rsm; ud, k w f ikd f ajr,m xuf0ufausmt f m; bHyk ikd q f ikd x f m;r_EiS hf xdyw f u kd jf zpfae onfudk u|efawmfwdk@ awG@jrif=u&onf? rsufarSmufjy\emrSm tvGef trif; ,dk,Gif;aeapumrl a&S;OD; ajr,mbHkydkifqdkifr_ o¿mefyif jzpfae atmhAf&SD;em; ao;onfh ±k&Sm;atmh em;onf ydkrdkjrifhrm;aom uGefjrLepfbHkydkifqdkifr_ o¿mefodk@ wdkuf±dkuful;ajymif;oGm;Edkifoavm? odk@r[kwf qef@usif buftm;jzifh taemufwdkif;. wpwpajymif;vJa&; ordkif;jzpfay:r_uJh odk@aom a=uðyef;a&;jzpfpOftwdkif; OD;pGmjzwfoef;&rnfavm? [lIyif jzpf.? “‚jy\em. wckwnf;aom tajztjzpf ,ae@jzpfEikd o f nfrmS tu,fI ±k&mS ;awmfveS af &;onf taemufwikd ;f ypPn;f rJah wmfveS af &;twGuf wyfveS @f ay;r_ jzpfvm+y;D wckEiS w hf ck tjyeftvSef tm;jznfah y;vdu k yf gu vuf&dS ±k&mS ;jynf. bHak jr,mydik q f ikd rf o _ nf uGejf rLepfpepf jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_twGuf 37

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

tpcsD&mtcsuf jzpfayvdrfhrnf? “um;vf rmhupf /f z&uf'&uf tde*f ,f 1882 ckEpS f Zefe0g&v D 21 &uf/ vef'efòr@?” xdak e@&ufavmufrmS yif *seD AD mòr@Y ydv k efbmomjzifh topfxw k f a0aom uG e f j rLepf a =unmpmwrf ; ay:xGufvmonf? xdk@jyif 1885 ckESpf udkyifa[*ifòr@wGif qdk&S,f'Drdku&uf bDb vd k u su suff rS pmpOf w ck t jzpf 'd e f ; rwf b momjyef q d k c suf topf w ck ay:xGuv f monf? uHraumif; ta=umif;rvS&um; ‚bmomjyefonf rjynfph v kH aS y? bmomjyefqo kd t l wGuf cufcpJ &mjzpfaom ta&;}uD;onfh pmyd'k t f csK@d ukd csev f yS x f m;.? xd@k jyif tcsK@d ae&mrsm;Y uysuu f acsmf vkyf xm;onfh vuQ%mrsm;&Sad eay&m ydrk pkd w d rf csr;f ajr@p&myif jzpfawmhonf? bmomjyefou l om tenf;i,f ydrk *kd ±kpu kd v f u kd yf grl taumif;qH;k bmom jyefcsuw f ck jzpfvmEdik o f nfukd ol. bmomjyefcsuu f azmfjyaeayonf? 1885 ckESpf jyifopfbmomjyef topfonf yJ&pfòr@ qdk&S,fvpf *sme,fwiG f yg&o dS nf? ,if;bmomjyefonf ,ae@txd taumif;qH;k aom bmomjyefqdkcsuf jzpfonf? tqdyk g jyifopfbmomjyefrS pydeb f momjyefqckd suu f kd xdEk pS rf mS yif ruf ' &pf ò r@ qd k & S , f v pf * sme,f w G i f yxrxk w f a 0+yD ; um;vf rmhufpf/ z&uf ' &pf td e f * ,f a&; uG e f j rLepf y gwD a =unmpmwrf ; trnf j zif h qd k &S , f v pf *sme,f tkyfcsKyfa&;Xme/ trSwf (8) [meefudkwdpfvrf;/ ruf'&pfòr@rS pmtkyfi,ftjzpf xyfrHxkwfa0onf? pdw0f ifpm;zG,f t&mwckukd u|eaf wmf azmfjy&rnfqv kd #if 1887 ckESpfwGif tmar;eD;,m;bmomjyef vufa&;rludk uGefpwifwDEdky,fòr@&Sd yHEk ydS x f w k af 0olxo H @kd ay;vdu k o f nf? od@k aomf xdo k al wmfaumif;}uD;onf rmhupf . f trnfyg&adS om pmtkyu f kd rxkwaf 0&Jojzifh bmomjyefot l m; pma&;oltjzpf ‚.trnfudk azmfjy&ef t}uHay;aomfvnf; bmom jyefolu jiif;y,fvdkufonf? 38

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

tenf;ESifhtrsm; rwdusaom tar&duefbmomjyefcsufrsm;udk t*FvefjynfwiG f wck+yD;wck xyfwvJvJ jyefvnfyEkH ydS cf o hJ nf? aemufq;kH wGif 1888 ckEpS Yf ,H=k unftm;xm;avmufaom pmapmif wapmif ay: xGufvmcJhonf? ‚rSm u|efawmfhrdwfaqG q,fjrL&,frdk;. bmomjyef csufjzpf&m yHkESdyfwdkufodk@rydk@rD u|efawmfwdk@ twlwuG xyfrH=unfh±_ppf aq;=uonf? rsufESmzHk;wGif uGefjrLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;/ um;vf rmhupf /f z&uf'&pf tde*f ,ff todtrSwðf y+yD; t*Fvyd b f momjyef z&uf' &pf tde*f ,fu wnf;jzwf+yD; rSwcf surf sm; a&;om;xm;onf? 1888 ckEpS f 0DvsH&D;(pf)/ trSwf 185 zvdvrf;/ tD;pD- vef'efòr@ [lI jzpfonf? u|efawmfu ‚yHkESdyfjcif;wGif rSwfcsufrsm; xyfrHjznfhpGufvdkufygonf? a=unmpmwrf;wGif rdrdudk,fydkif ordkif;wck&Sdayonf? a=unm pmwrf; ay:xGuv f mcsed w f iG f xdpk Ofu ta&twGuf rrsm;jym;vSao;aom 0dZ…menf;us qdk&S,fvpf0g'. wyfOD; (‚tcsufudk yxred'gef;wGif azmfjyxm;onfh bmomjyefxm;csufrsm;u oufaojyonfhtwdkif;) . ESpfaxmif;tm;& óuqdkjcif;cH&onf? 1848 ckESpf ZGefv yJ&pftvkyf orm;rsm; ta&;edrfhr_ESifhtwl pwifcJhaom azmufjyefa&;u a=unm pmwrf;udk r=umcifrSmyif aemufuG,fodk@ twif;ydk@ypfvdkufonf? 1852 ckESpf Edk0ifbmvwGif udkvHk;òr@uGefjrLepfrsm;udk tjypf'%fay;jcif;ESifhtwl “w&m;Oya't&” [kqdkum a=unmpmwrf;udk tqHk;owf 0dkif;y,f xm;vd k u f = uonf ? azazmf 0 g&D a wmf v S e f a &;ES i f h t wl pwif c J h a om tvkyo f rm; v_y&f mS ;r_onf vltrsm;. rsupf ad tmufrS uG,af ysmufomG ; onfESifhwygwnf; a=unmpmwrf;onfvnf; aemufuG,fodk@ a&muf&Sd oGm;awmh.? tkyfpdk;aom vlwef;pm;rsm;. tm%mudk topfxdk;ESufwdkuf cdkufa&;twGuf Oa&my tvkyform;vlwef;pm;onf vHkavmufaom pG r f ; tm; xyf r H j ynf h 0 vmaomtcg tif w mae&S i f e ,f tvk y f o rm; tpnf;t±H;k ay:xGuv f mcJ. h ? ‚ tpnf;t±H;k . &nf&, G cf surf mS Oa&m yESifh tar&duwdkuf&Sd wdkufpdwfcdkufpdwf xufoefaom tvkyform; 39

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

vlwef;pm;w&yfv;kH udk }uD;rm;vSaom wyfrawmf w&y w&yf tjzpf aygi;f pnf; ay;&efyif jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh tifwmae&Sife,fonf a=unmpmwrf; wGif csrSwfxm;aom rlrsm;rS tpcsDj cif; rðyEdkifcJhay? tifwmae&Sif e,fwGif t*Fvdyftvkyo f rm;or*~rsm;/ jyifopf/ b,fv*f s, D /H tDwvDEiS hf · pydef ya&muf'eG ;f 0g'rD sm;ESihf *smrefvmaq;0g'D rsm;udk wHcg;ydwrf xm;aom vkyif ef;pOfw&yf xm;&Sdvm&ayonf? tifwmae&Sife,f. pnf;rsOf;ed'gef; jzpfaom vkyif ef;pOfukd rmhupf u f ajymifajrmufpmG a&;qGcJ &hJ m bmuleifEiS hf rif;rJ0h g'rD sm;uyif todtrSwf ðy=u&onf? a=unmpmwrf;wGif csrw S x f m; aom t,ltqrsm; tqH;k owf atmifjrifa&;twGuf rmhupf o f nf wnD w!Gww f nf;aom v_yf&Sm;r_ESifh aqG;aEG;r_rS rkcsay:xGufvmrnfh tvkyf orm;vlwef;pm;. tod^m%fjzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_tay: vHk;0ESifh tºuif;rJh trSDðyxm;ayonf? t&if;tES;D udk qef@usio f nfh wdu k yf t JG wGi;f &Sd tjzpftysurf sm;ESihf twuf t usrsm;/ atmif y G J r sm;xuf y if yd k r d k o nf h qH k ; ±H _ ; r_ r sm;u ae&mwumwGif olwdk@ oHk;avh&Sdaom aq;+rD;wdk. rjynfhpHkr_udk wdkufyGJ 0ifolwdk@tm; azmfxkwfjyovdkufonf? tvkyform;vlwef;pm; vGwf ajrmufa&;ESifh ywfoufonf h ppfrSefaom ta=umif;tcsufrsm;tm; xdxda&mufa&muf em;vnfatmif vkyf&rnfjzpfa=umif;udk vufcH vmaponf? rmhupf o f nf rSeu f efayonf? 1874 ckEpS f tifwmae&Sief ,f · u|efawmfwkd@ESifhawG@wkdif; vmaq;ukd,fwkdifu olonf rmhufpf. wynf&h if; jzpfa=umif;/"rRwmtwkid ;f yif wynf&h if;yDopGm a=unmpmwrf;tay:wGif &yfwnfcahJ =umif; tpOf ajymqkad vh&o dS nf? vmaq;aemufvu dk rf sm;ESihf ywfoufIrl vkH;0jcm;em;ayonf? ‚wkd@onf EdkifiHawmf acs;aiGrsm;. tultnD&onfh xkwv f yk o f rl sm;. or0g,rqko d nfh vmaq;.awmif;qkcd sux f uf rausmv f eG f =uay? xkd@tjyif tvkyform;vlwef;pm;w&yfvkH;ukdvnf; EkdifiHawmf. tul tnD,al &;ukd axmufco H El iS hf rdru d , dk u f dk rdrd ulnaD &;ukd axmufco H [ l I l cGjJ cm; ypfvu dk =f uonf?(tde*f ,f.rSwcf su)f 40

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

zsufodrf;vdkufonfhtcsdef&Sd tvkyform;vlwef;pm;onf 1864 ckESpf tifwmae&Sife,f pwif wnfaxmifvdkufpOfuESifh vHk;vHk;rwlawmhay? vufwifwikd ;f jynfrsm;&Sd ya&muf'eG ;f 0g'onfvnf;aumif;/ *smr%DjynfwiG f txl;wnf&adS eaom vmaq;0g'onfvnf;aumif; toufiifaeav+yD? or±d;k usxyd o f ;D t*Fvyd t f vkyo f rm; or*~rsm;onfyifv#if 1887 ckEpS f qGrq f ;D uGe*f &ufwiG f or*~rsm;.ud, k pf m; obmywdu “Oa&mywdu k }f uD; u qd&k , S v f pf0g'udk u|eaf wmfw@kd a=umufp&m r&Sad wmhyg” [k ajymqkEd ikd f onfh tqifhtxd wjznf;jznf;wufvSrf;cJhonf? 1887 ckEpS w f iG f Oa&m ywdkuf}uD;&Sd qdk&S,fvpf0g'onf a=unmpmwrf;wGif azmfjya=unm xm;onfh oabmw&m;twdkif; jzpfvkeD;yg;tajcodk@ a&mufaeay+yD? a=unmpmwrf;. ordkif;onf 1848 ckESpfuwnf;u acwfopftvkyf orm;vlwef;pm;. v_yf&Sm;r_ ordkif;udk wpHkwckaomtwdkif;twmtxd a&mifjyef[yfaeayonf? ‚onf rsufarSmufumv qdk&S,fvpfpmay tm;vH;k xJwiG f tus,jf yef@q;kH xkwaf 0jzef@cs&d aom Edik if w H umh vuQ%m taqmifq;kH aom pmwrf;jzpf+yD; qdu k af A;&D;,m;rS umvD zd;k eD;,m; txd wdik ;f jynftm;vH;k rS tvkyo f rm;oef;aygi;f rsm;pGmwd@k . wlnaD om vkyif ef; pOf jzpfonfudk oHo,&Sdp&mrvdkay? rnfo@kd yifjzpfap a=unmpmwrf; ay:xGuv f maomtcg qdk&S,f vpf a=unmpmwrf;[k u|efawmfwdk@rac:a0: EdkifcJhay? 1847 ckESpfwGif vlEpS rf sK;d ESppf m;udk qd&k , S v f pf0g'rD sm;[k ,lqxm;=u.? wzufwiG f pdwu f ;l ,OfpepftrsK;d rsK;d . aemufvu kd rf sm; txl;ojzifh xdt k csed u f wjznf;jznf;csi;f uG,faysmufoGm;rnfh *dk%f;*%oufouftjzpfodk@ qkwf,kwfae=u+yD jzpfonfh t*Fvefjynf&Sd tdk0if0g'Drsm;/ jyifopfjynf&Sd zdk;&D;,m;0g'Drsm; &Sd=uonf? tjcm;wzufwGifum; ae&mwumY oHk;Edkifonfqdkaom olwdk@. aq;+rD;wdktrsKd;rsKd;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ zmax;r_trsKd;rsKd;jzifhvnf; aumif;/ t&if;tESD;ESifh tjrwftpGe;f udk tenf;i,fr# rxdyg;ap&bJ vlrl a&;raumif;r_rsm;udk z,f&mS ;ypfv=kd uaom vlra_ &;orm;a,mif trsK;d rsK;d &S=d uonf? T ESprf sK;d pvH;k onf tvkyo f rm;v_y&f mS ;r_ tjyifbufwiG f &yfae 41

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

=uolrsm;ESiS hf “ynm&nf0aom” vlwef;pm;rsm;. axmufcpH memr_uo kd m &SmazGae=uolrsm; jzpf=uonf? EdkifiHa&; awmfvSefr_ oufoufjzifh rvHk avmufa=umif;udk ,Hk=unfvmum vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk t&if;tjrpfrS jyefvnfwnfaqmuf&ef awmif;qdk=uonfh tvkyform;vlwef;pm; tpdwftydkif;url rdrdwdk@udk,fudk uGefjrLepf [kac:a0:=uonf? ‚rSm t=urf;xnfr#omjzpfaom/ tacsmrudik &f ao;aom/ yifu, kd t f od ouf oufjzpfaom uGefjrLepf0g'yifwnf;? Todk@ t=urf;xnf jzpfapumrl pdwu f ;l ,Of uGejf rLepfpepf ESpcf jk zpfonfh jyifopfjynf&dS umbuf. “tDum &D,ef” uGefjrLepf0g'ESifh *smr%Djynf&Sd 0ufwvif;. uGefjrLepf0g'wdk@udk jzpfay:vmapaom pGrf;tm;&SdcJhonf? 1847 ckESpfu qdk&S,fvpf0g'onf "e&Sifvlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_udkazmfjy+yD; uGefjrLepf0g'onf tvkyform; vlwef;pm;. v_y&f mS ;r_ukd azmfjyonf? tenf;qH;k Oa&mywdu k }f uD;Y qd&k , S f vpf0g'onf av;pm;avmufp&myifjzpfI uGefjrLepf0g' rSmum; ‚ESifh ajzmifah jzmif}h uD; qef@usib f ufjzpfonf? “tvkyo f rm;rsm;. vGwaf jrmuf a&;onf tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;ud, k w f ikd . f ðyrlaqmif&u G cf suf jzpf&rnf” [laom tapmydik ;f ,lqcsut f wdik ;f yif u|eaf wmfw@kd ,wdjywf&cdS ahJ y&m trnfESpfrsKd;xJrS rnfonfh trnfudk a&G;cs,f&rnfESifh ywfoufI u|ef awmfwdk@wGif b,fvdkaESmifhaES;r_rSr&SdEdkif? xdktcsdefrSpI Ttjrifudk pGef@y,fypf&efvnf; u|efawmfwdk@ pdwfrul;rdcJhay? ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;u rdrdudk,fydkifawmif;qdkcsufrsm;jzifh ay:xGuf vmcJhaom yxr yJ&pfawmfvSefa&;. tóuumvjzpfonfh vGefcJhonhf 42 ESpfwmumvu “wdkif;jynftm;vHk;&Sd tvkyform;rsm; aoG;pnf;=u avmh” [lI urBmodk@ u|efawmfwdk@ a=unmvdkufaomtcg wHk@jyefoH rnfrnf&& r&Scd ahJ y? od@k aomf 1864 ckEpS f pufwifbmv 28 &ufae@wiG f O'gef ; wG i f & pf r nf h tif w mae&S i f e ,f tvk y f o rm;tpnf ; t±H k ; xJ o d k @ taemufOa&my wdkif;jynftrsm;ydkif;&Sd ypPnf;rJhrsm;onf vufwGJI yg0if vmcJh=uonf? trSefyif tifwmae&Sife,frSm oufwrf; 9 ESpfr#om wnf&cdS o hJ nf? od@k aomf tifwmae&Sief ,fu zefw;D cJah om wdik ;f jynftm; 42

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

vHk;&Sd ypPnf;rJhrsm; xm0pOfaygif;pnf;a&;onf &SifoefaeqJ cgwdkif;xuf ydkrdktm;aumif;aeqJ jzpfonfudk ,ae@xuf ydkrdkaumif;onfh oufao om"ujyp&m r&Sad wmhay? tb,fa=umifq h akd omf ,ae@ u|eaf wmf Tpm a=umif;rsm;udk a&;om;pDukH;aecsdefrSmyif Oa&myESifh tar&duef ypPnf;rJh vlwef;pm;onf rdr. d wdu k cf u kd af &; tiftm;pkrsm;udk ppfaq;=unf±h a_ e=u+y?D wckwnf;aom vufwavm&nfrSef;csuftwGuf wckwnf;aom tvH atmufwGif wckwnf;aom wyfrawmftjzpf yxrqHk;t}udrf zGJ@pnf; vd k u f = uav+yD ? ‚&nf r S e f ; csuf o nf u m; 1866 ck E S p f *sD e D A m tifwmae&Sief ,f uGe*f &ufEiS hf aemufwzef 1889 ckEpS f yJ&pftvkyo f rm; uGef*&ufu a=unmvdkufonfhtwdkif; wae@tvkyfcsdef 8 em&DpHcsdefudk w&m;Oya'tjzpf xkwjf yefa&;yifjzpf.? ,ae@ wdik ;f jynftm;vH;k &Sd tvkyf orm;rsm;onf trSefyif pnf;vHk;=u+yDjzpfa=umif;udk wdkif;jynftm;vHk;u t&if;&Sifrsm;ESifh ajr&Sifrsm;tm; ,ae@ jrifuGif;u rsufpdzGifhay;vdkufay vdrfhrnf? tu,fI TjrifuGif;udk u|efawmfESifh ,SOfwGJum oludk,fwdkif =unfh±_&ef rmhufpfom touf&Sifaevsuf&Sdygrl æ? tufzf tdef*,f 1890 ckEpS f arv 1 &uf/ vef'efòr@?

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

1892 ck E S p f yd k v ef b mom yH k E d S y f j cif ; ed ' gef ; uGefjrLepfa=unmpmwrf;udk ydkvefbmomjzifh topfyHkESdyfonfh tcsufonf pOf;pm;r_trsKd;rsKd;udk rv$JraoG ay:xGufvmaponf? OD;pGmtm;jzifh uGefjrLepfa=unmpmwrf;onf ,cifutwdkif;yif Oa&mywdu k }f uD;wGif t}uD;pm;pufrv _ yk if ef; jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_. t!¸e;f wck jzpfvmonfudk rSwfom;oifhayonf? wdkif;jynfwjynfwGif t}uD;pm; pufrv _ yk if ef; wd;k cs@J r_ tcsK;d tpm;wdik ;f tqdyk gwikd ;f jynf&dS tvkyo f rm;rsm; twGif;wGif ypPnf;&Sd vlwef;pm;rsm;ESifh tvkyform;vlwef;pm;wdk@. qufqHa&; tqifhae&mESifhywfoufI todynm zGifhay;a&; awmif;qdk csufonfvnf; wdk;yGm;vmonf? tvkyform;rsm;twGif;Y qdk&S,fvpf v_y&f mS ;r_ ys@H E@HS vmum a=unmpmwrf;udk awmif;qdrk o _ nfvnf; wd;k rsm; vmawmh.? od@k jzifh wdik ;f jynfwikd ;f &Sd tvkyo f rm;v_y&f mS ;r_. tajctae udkomru t}uD;pm;pufr_vkyfief;wdk;yGm;r_ tqifh'D*&Dudkvnf; xdw k ikd ;f jynf. bmompum;tvdu k f xkwaf 0jzef@csad om a=unmpmwrf;apmifa& ta&twGujf zifh tawmftwef wduspmG wdik ;f xGm =unfEh ikd af yonf? Ttwdik ;f yif ydv k efbmomjzifh topfyEkH ydS jf cif;onf ydv k efpufr_ vkyif ef; odoo d mom wd;k wufru _ kd !¸ejf yaeayonf? pmtkyyf EkH ydS x f w k af 0cJo h nfh vGecf ahJ om q,fEpS u f wnf;u Twd;k wufr_ trSew f u,f jzpfay:vmjcif;udk kd ef9 onf ±k&mS ; rnfo@fkdr#oo H , &Spd &mrvdak y? ±k&mS ;ydik f ydv k ef/ uGe*f &ufyv tifyg,m. }u;D rm;aom pufrv _ yk if ef;a'o jzpfvmayonf? pifppftm;jzifh 44

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

±k&mS ;jynf. t}u;D pm; pufrv _ yk if ef;onf zifvefyifv,fauG@ywfvnfwiG f wpdww f ydik ;f / A[dak 'o (armfpudEk iS hf Avm*srD ;D òr@rsm;) wGif wjcm;wpdwf wydkif;/ yifv,feuf/ taZmhyifv,furf;±dk;wef; wav#mufESifh tjcm; ae&mrsm;wGif wwd, wpdwfwydkif;tjzpf xdkwuGufTwuGuf jyef@ usJaeonf? ydkvefpufr_vkyfief;onf E_dif;,SOfjcif;t& usOf;ajrmif;aom a'owGif ¹ywfoyd af eonf? Tod@k pkpnf;aer_a=umifh ay:ayguv f monfh omvGecf suEf iS hf csnehf @J csuEf pS rf sK;d pvH;k udk cHpm;&onf? òyifbufjzpfaeaom ±k&mS ; pufr_ vkyif ef;&Sirf sm;onf ydv k efrsm;udk ±k&mS ;vlrsK;d tjzpf ajymif;vJ ypf&ef qENjyif;jypGm &Sad pumrl ydv k efuek rf sm;udk taumuftcGew f w H ikd ;f ESihf 10 umuG,fay;&ef awmif;qdkvdkufjcif;jzifh ydkvefpufr_vkyfief;. omvGef csurf sm;udk todtrSwðf y&m a&mufomG ;ayonf? ydv k ef tvkyo f rm;rsm; twGif; qd&k , S v f pftawG;tac:rsm; vsijf refpmG jyef@ymG ;vmjcif;ESihf a=unm pmwrf;udk awmif;qdkr_wdk;rsm;vmjcif;wdk@u ydkvefpufr_vkyfief;&Sifrsm;ESifh ±k&mS ;tpd;k &twGuf xdcdkufepfemr_udk azmfjyvdkufayonf? od@k aomf ±k&mS ;jynfukd ausmv f eG cf +hJ yDjzpfaom ydv k efpufrv _ yk if ef;. vsifjrefpGmjzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_u ydkvefjynfolrsm;. rukefcef;Edkifaom pGrf; tm;udk topfwzef oufaojyvdkufonf? ‚jyif ay:ayguftHhqJqJ trsKd;om;jyefvnf ysKd;axmifa&;twGuf opfvGifaom tmrcHcsufvnf; jzpfonf? trSDcdkuif;+yD; awmifhwif;aom ydkvefjynf jyefvnfysKd;axmif a&;onf yd k v ef t rsKd ; om;rsm;twG u f o mru u|ef a wmf w d k @ tm;vH k ; twGuv f nf; *±kðyp&mta&; jzpfayonf? Oa&mywdu k f trsK;d om;rsm;. ajzmifhrSefaom EdkifiHwumh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_onf TtrsKd;om;w&yf pDrmS rdrw d ikd ;f jynfwiG f ud, k yf ikd t f yk cf sKyfr_ tjynft h 0&Srd o S mv#if jzpfEikd o f nf? ypPnf;rJ@vlwef;pm;. atmifvHatmuf&Sd 1848 ckESpf awmfvSefa&;onf t&if;ppfvdkufv#if "e&Sifvlwef;pm;u vkyf&rnfhtvkyfudk ypPnf;rJhvl wef;pm;tm; vkycf ikd ;f vdu k jf cif; oufoufjzpfonf? xd@k jyif aowrf;pmt& aqmif&u G o f rl sm;jzpfonfh vl0b D ekd mywfEiS hf bpfprwfw@kd rw S qifh tDwvD/ *smr%DESifh [efa*&Djynfrsm;udkvnf; vGwfvyfa&;&apcJhonf? ydkvef 45

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

jynfrmS rl 1792 ckEpS u f wnf;u txufazmfjyyg wdik ;f jynf oH;k jynf aygi;f xufyif awmfvSefa&;twGuf tusKd;ðycJhaomfvnf; 1863 ckESpfwGif rdrd xuf tiftm;q,fq omvGefonfh ±k&Sm;jynf. zdtm;atmufwGif touf±SLayguf r&onfhtqHk;Y t±_H;ay;vdkuf&onf? r–;rsKd;rwfEG,f tv$monf ydkvefjynf vGwfvyfa&;udk xdef;Ivnf;rxm;Edkif/ jyefvnf &&Sdatmifvnf; r,lEdkifay? ,ae@wGifrl tedrfhqHk;ajym&v#if "e&Sifvl wef;pm;onf TvGwv f yfa&;udk tav;rxm;awmhay? rnfo@kd yifjzpfap TvGwfvyfa&;onf Oa&mytrsKd;om;rsm;. avsmfnDaom yl;aygif;r_ twGuf vdktyfcsufwck jzpfonf? ‚udk ysKdjrpfaom ydkvefypPnf;rJh vlwef;pm;uomv#if t&,lEdkif+yD; ol. vufxJwGif&SdrSvnf; tmrcH csuf&Sdonf? Oa&my&Sd usefwdkif;jynftm;vHk;rS tvkyform;rsm;twGuf qd&k aomf ydv k ef tvkyo f rm;rsm;ESihf tvm;wlyif ydv k efjynf. vGwv f yf a&;udk tvkd&Sd=uayownf;? tufzf tdef*,ff 1892 ckEpS f azazmf0g&v D 10 &uf/ vef'efòr@?

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

1893 ck E S p f tD w vD b mom yH k E S d y f j cif ; ed ' gef ; tD w vD pmzwf y &d o wf o d k @ uGefjrLepfygwDa=unmpmwrf;udk yHkESdyfxkwfa0vdkufjcif;onf 1848 ckEpS f rwfv 18 &uf rDvefòr@EiS hf bmvifòr@ awmfveS af &;ae@&ufEiS hf wdu k q f ikd af eonf[k qd&k ayvdrrhf nf? ,if;wd@k onf tv,fA[dw k iG &f adS om wdkif;jynfESpfjynf. vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;rsm; jzpf=u.? wjynfonf Oa&mywdkuf. tv,fA[dkwGif wnf&Sd+yD;/ wjynfonf ajrxJyifv,f. tv,fA[dw k iG f wnf&o dS nf? awmfveS af &;rwdik rf u D xdw k ikd ;f jynfEpS jf ynf onf tuGu J t JG jym;jym;jzpfrE_ iS hf jynfwiG ;f r+idrrf oufjzpfrw _ @kd a=umifh csnehf @J oGm;onf? Tod@k jzifh jynfypd;k rd;k r_atmuf usa&mufco hJ nf? tDwvDjynf onf =op}wD;,m;bk&if. vufatmufcH jzpfaecsed w f iG f *smr%D jynfonf xdkr#wdkuf±dkufr[kwfaomfjim;vnf; ±k&Sm;jynfh&Sif Zmbk&if. xrf;ydk; atmufo@kd tvm;wlyif usa&mufco hJ nf? 1848 ckEpS f rwfv 18 &uf. tusK;d qufrsm;a=umifh tDwvDjynfEiS hf *smr%Djynfw@kd onf T*k%o f u d mQ rJh r_rS vGwfuif;oGm;cJh=uonf? tu,fI 1848 ckESpfrS 1871 ckESpftxd TtrsK;d om;}uD;ESp&f yfonf jyefvnfz@GJ pnf;+yD;aemuf rdrb d mom &yfwnf onfqv kd #if um;vfrmhupf f ajymqdak vh &So d nft h wdik ;f 1848 ckEpS f awmf vSefa&;udk ESdrfeif;cJhaomolrsm; udk,fwdkifyif ‚wdk@wGif qENr&Sdapumrl TawmfvSefa&;. aowrf;pmtwdkif; aqmif&Gufolrsm; jzpfvm=u aoma=umifh yifwnf;? TawmfvSefa&;onf ae&mwdkif;Y tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. tvkyfjzpfonf? vrf;qHkvrf;cG cHuwkwfrsm; aqmufvkyfolESifh rdrd. toufaoG;udk ay;cJo h rl mS tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;yifjzpf.? yJ&pf tvkyf 47

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

orm;rsm;omv#if tpd;k &udk òzcs&if; "e&Sit f yk pf ;kd r_uv kd nf; òzcs&ef tvGef wdus&Sif;vif;aom &nf&G,fcsuf&SdcJhonf? odk@aomf rdrdvlwef;pm;ESifh "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;t=um; ra&SmifvEJ$ ikd o f nfh &efbufjzpfr_ wnf&adS eonfukd od & S d a omf v nf ; wd k i f ; jynf . pD ; yG m ;a&;wd k ; wuf r _ o nf v nf ; aumif ; / jyifopftvkyform;xk. tod^m%fjzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_onfvnf;aumif; vlr_jyefvnf ysKd;axmifa&; jzpfEdkifaponfhtqifhxd ra&muf&Sdao;ay? xdk@a=umifh t&if;ppfvdkufv#if awmfvSefa&;. atmifoD;atmifyGifhrsm;udk t&if;&Sif vlwef;pm;u qGwfcl;oGm;a=umif; awG@&ayrnf? tDwvD/ *smr%DESifh =op}wD;,m;paom tjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;wGif tvkyform;rsm; onf puwnf;u "e&Sifvlwef;pm;udk tm%m&ap&ef vkyfay;jcif; r#omjzpf.? odk@aomf rnfonfhwdkif;jynfwGifrqdk trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&; r&Sb d J "e&Siv f w l ef;pm; tkypf ;kd r_onf rjzpfEikd af y? xd@k a=umifh 1848 ckEpS f awmfvSefa&;onf tDwvD/ *smr%DESifh [efa*&Dwdk@xHodk@ ,cifu r&SdcJh ao;aom trsKd;om; pnf;vHk;r_ESifh trSDtcdkuif;r_wdk@udk wqufwnf; ,laqmifvm&awmhonf? ,ck ydkvefjynf. tvSnfhvnf; a&mufvm av+yD? odkf@jzifh 1848 ckESpf awmfvSefa&;onf qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&; r[kwfonfhwdkifatmif ,if;u qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;twGuf jyifqif vrf;cif; ay;vdkufonf? vGefcJhaom 45 ESpfwmumvtwGif; "e&Sif tkyfpdk;r_onf wdkif;jynftm;vHk;wGif t}uD;pm;pufr_vkyfief;udk wGef;tm; ay;vdkufojzifh rsm;jym;aom/ pkpnf;xm;aom/ tiftm;}uD;rm;aom ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;udk ae&mwumwGif zefwD;ay;vdkufay+yD? odk@jzifh a=u nmpmwrf;. toH;k tE_e;f twdik ;f qd&k aomf "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;onf rdru d kd ajrjr‡Kyfo+*õK[frnfo h rl sm;tm; arG;xkwaf y;vdu k o f nf? trsK;d om;wdik ;f tm; trSDtcdkuif;a&;ESifh aoG;pnf;a&;udk jyefvnfysKd;axmifray;bJ ypPnf;rJh vlwef;pm;. Edik if H wumhaygi;f pnf;a&; &&SEd ikd v f rd rhf nf r[kwaf y? od@k r[kwf TtrsKd;om;rsm;. wlnaD om &nfreS ;f csurf sm;qDo@kd a&S;±_onfh +idr;f csr;f aom/ tod&adS om yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G rf o _ nfvnf; rjzpfEikd af y? 1848 ckEpS f 48

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

rwdik rf u D wnf&cdS ahJ om Edik if aH &; ta=umif;tcsurf sm;atmufwiG f tDwvD/ [efa*&D/ *smref/ ydkvefESifh ±k&Sm;tvkyform;rsm;. EdkifiHwumhyl;wGJ vkyfaqmifr_ &SdEdkifygrnfavmqdkonfudk awG;=unfh=uprf;yg? od@k jzifh 1848 ckEpS w f iG f wdu k cf u kd cf ahJ om ppfyrJG sm;onf tcsn;f ES;D wdu k cf u kd cf =hJ uonf r[kwaf y? xdak wmfveS af &; acwfumvESihf u|eaf wmf wd@k t=um; uGmvSr;f cJah om 45 ESpw f mumvonf tcsn;f ES;D ukev f eG o f mG ; cJo h nfr[kwaf y? awmfveS af &; toD;tyGirhf sm;um; &ifrh n S ahf eay+y?D a=unm pmwrf; pmrl&if;u EdkifiHwumhawmfvSefa&;twGuf tusKd;ðycJhonfESifh tvm;wlyif T tDwvDbmom jyefqckd suo f nfvnf; tDwvD ypPn;f rJh vlwef;pm; atmifyt JG wGuf twdwef rd w d af umif; jzpfa&;onf u|eaf wmf . qENyifwnf;? a=unmpmwrf ; onf twd w f u t&if ; &S i f p epf y g0if c J h a om awmfvSefonfhtcef;udk w&m;enf;vrf;uspGm tjynfht0 todtrSwfðy xm;onf? tDwvD jynfonf yxrqH;k t&if;&Siw f ikd ;f jynf jzpfonf? ya' o&mZftv,facwf. Zmwford ;f cef;ESihf acwfopft&if;&Sif acwfumv. zG if h v S p f cef ; udk tv,facwf. aemufq Hk; uAsmq&mES i f h acwf o pf . yxrqHk;uAsmq&mjzpfaom tDwvDvlrsKd; 'efawqdkonfh yk*Kd~ vf}uD;jzifh rSwfwdkifxljyvdkufonf? 1300 ckESpfuJhodk@yif ,ae@wGif opfvGifaom ordkif;acwfumvodk@ csOf;eif;0ifa&mufvmav+yD? tDwvDjynfonf u|efawmfwdk@tm; 'efawuJhodk@aom yk*~dKvfopfwa,mufudk arG;xkwf ay;rnfavm ? Tyk*~dKvfonf TopfvGifaom ypPnf;rJhacwfumv arG;zGm;vmonfh tcsdefem&Dudk rSwfwdkifxljyvdrfhrnfavm? z&pf'&pf tdef*,f 1893 ckEpS f azazmf0g&v D 1 &uf/ vef'efòr@?

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

um;vfrmhufpf/ z&uf'&pf tdef*,f

uGefjrLepfygwDa=unmpmwrf;

*smref b mom pmrl & if ; (Armbmomjyef)

1847ckEpS f 'DZifbmvESihf 1848 ckEpS f Zefe0g&v D twGi;f a&;om;onf?

1848 ckEpS f azazmf0g&v D Y vef'efòr@wiG f yxrt}udrf pmtkyf i,ftjzpf ykEH ydS x f w k af 0cJo h nf?

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

wap>}uD;waumifonf Oa&mywdkufwGif vSnfhvnfoGm;vmae ayonf? Twap>}uD;um; uGejf rLepf0g'yifjzpf.? yky&f [ef;rif;}uD;ESihf Zm bk&if/ rufwmepfcsEf iS hf *DaZmh/ jyifopf&,f'u D ,frsm;ESihf *smrefyv k yd f olv#Kd rsm;[laom a[mif;EGrf;onfh Oa&mywdkuf&Sd tiftm;pktm;vHk;onf T wap>}uD;tm; armif;xkwfypfa&;twGuf olawmfpifr[mrdwfudk zGJ@pnf; vdkuf=uav+yD? tm%m&aeaom qef@usifbufrsm;u uGefjrLepf[k ±_wfcsjcif; rcH&aom twdkuftcHðyaeonfh ygwD[lI tb,frSm&SdtHhenf;? ydkrdk a&S@ wef;a&mufaom twdkuftcHygwDrsm;ESifhwuG ‚wdk@. azmufjyefaom &efbufrsm;udk uGefjrLepf0g'[k jyefvnfwHqdyfuyf pGyfpGJjcif;rðyonfh twdkuftcHygwD[lI tb,frSm &SdtHhenf;? Tjzpf&yfrS ed*Hk;ESpf&yfudk &&Sdvdkufayonf? 1? Oa&mywdu k f tiftm;pktm;vH;k u uGejf rLepf0g'udk tiftm;pk w&yftjzpf todtrSwfðy+yD;cJhay+yD? 2? uGejf rLepfrsm;u rdrw d @kd .tjrifrsm;/ rdrw d @kd . &nfreS ;f csurf sm; ESifh rdrdwdk@. }uH&G,fcsufrsm;udk wurBmvHk;a&S@arSmufwGif twdtvif; azmfxw k u f m rdryd gw. D a=unmpmwrf;jzifh uGejf rLepf0g'wap>}uD;qdak om ,Hkwrf;pum;udk qef@usif&ef tcsdefusa&mufvmay+yD? T&nf&, G cf sujf zifh rwlaomvlrsK;d toD;oD;rS uGejf rLepfrsm;onf vef'efòr@wiG pf ak 0;=u+yD; atmufyga=unmpmwrf;udk a&;qGcJ ahJ y.? ‚udk t*Fvyd b f mom/ jyifopfbmom/ *smrefbmom/ tDwvDbmom/ zvrf; rpfbmom/ 'def;rwfbmomrsm;jzifh yHkESdyfxkwfa0&ef jzpfayonf? 51

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

tcef ; (1) "e&Sifrsm;ESifh ypPnf;rJhrsm;· ,ae@xufwikd f wnf&adS eaom vl@tzG@J tpnf;tm;vH;k . ordik ;f ·· onf vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJrsm;. ordkif;yif jzpfayonf? vGwv f yfoEl iS hf aus;u|e/f rif;nDrif;om;ESihf vlomrefrsm;/ t&Sif ·

"e&Siv f w l ef;pm;qdo k nfrmS vlrx _ w k v f yk af &; y&dabm*rsm;udk ydik q f ikd +f y;D tcpm;tvkyo f rm;rsm;tm; cdik ;f pm;ol acwfopft&if;&Sif vlwef;pm;jzpfonf? ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;qdo k nfrmS rdru d , kd yf ikd x f w k v f yk af &; y&dabm*r&Sad oma=umifh touf&iS f aexdik &f ef rdrw d @kd .vkyt f m;udk rvGrJ aoGa&mif;pm;&aom acwfopf tvkyo f rm; vlwef;pm; jzpfonf? (1888 ckEpS f t*Fvyd b f mom yHEk ydS jf cif; t wGuf tde*f ,f. rSwcf su)f ·· f rf;wifxm;aom ordik ;f tm;vH;k jzpf.? 1847 ckEpS f qdv k o kd nfrmS rSww wGif vl@tzG@J tpnf;. ordik ;f rwdik rf u D mv/ rSww f rf;wifxm;aom ordik ;f rwdik rf u D wnf&adS eonfh vlrt _ zG@J tpnf;ta=umif;udk vH;k 0rodoavmuf jzpfcahJ yonf? xd@k aemuf [ufaomqif qdo k u l ±k&mS ;jynfwiG f ajr,mbHyk ikd q f ikd rf u _ kd awG@&cdS o hJ nf? arm&m;qdo k u l usLawmepfrsK;d EG,f tm;vH;k .ordik ;f onf ajr,mbHyk ikd q f ikd rf [ _ o l nfh vlra_ &;tkwjf rpf tay:rS pwifcahJ =umif;ESiw hf uG aus;vufajr,m bHyk ikd q f ikd rf u _ kd tdE, Nd jynfrS tdik , f mvefjynftxd ae&mwumwGif a&S;OD;vl@tzG@J tpnf; o¿mef tjzpf awG@&Ed S ik d af =umif;/ od@kr[kwf wnf&cd S =hu J zl;a=umif;udk oufaojyvdu k af yonf? rsK;d ±d;k . ppfreS af omobm0/ rsK;d ±d;k ESihf rsK;d ±d;k wltyk pf w k @kd. qufqaH &;udk armf*ef qdkol. 52

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

ocifESifh v,fu|ef/ vufr_ynmonf· ESifh usyef;tvkyform;/ wcGef; wnf;ESiq hf &kd v#if zdEydS o f El iS hf zdEydS cf rH sm;onf wOD;ESiw hf OD; tpOft+rJ qef@ usifbuf jzpfae=uum ykef;uG,fIwrsKd;/ twdtvif;jzifhwzHk tquf rjywfwdkufcdkufcJh=uonf? TwdkufyGJwdkif;onf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wckvHk;udk awmfvSefaom jyefvnfwnfaqmufjcif; odk@r[kwf wdkufcdkufaeaom vlwef;pm;rsm;yg wygwnf;qH;k ±_;H ysupf ;D jcif;wd@k jzifh tqH;k owfavh&o dS nf? ordkif;. tapmydkif;acwfumvrsm;wGif vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk rwl aom vl@tv$mrsm;tjzpf ±_yfaxG;aom ae&mcsxm;r_w&yftjzpfvnf; aumif;/ rwlaom vlra_ &;tqifh avScg;xpfrsm;tjzpfvnf;aumif; ae&m wdkif;wGif u|efawmfwdk@ awG@&avh&Sdonf? a&S;acwf a&mròr@wGif rif;nD rif;om;rsm;/ r–;rwfrsm;/ vlomrefrsm;/ aus;u|efrsm;&Sd=u+yD; tv,f acwf11 wGifrl ya'o&mZft&Sifocifrsm;/ òr@pm;e,fpm;rsm;/ vufr_ynm onfrsm; usyef;tvkyo f rm;rsm;/ vufrt _ vkyo f ifrsm;ESihf v,fu|erf sm; [lI&S=d uayonf? Tvlwef;pm; tm;vH;k eD;eD;wGif vufatmufct H qifrh sm; xyfrI H &Sad eonf? ya'o&mZf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. a=uðyef;ysufpD;r_rS aygufzGm;vm aom acwfopf"e&Sif vl@tzG@J tpnf;onf vlwef;pm;&efbufjzpfrr_ sm;udk xif&mS ;aom awG@&rdS j_ zifh Ta&S;OD;uGejf rLepf vl@tzG@J tpnf;. twGi;f ydik ;f zG@J pnf;yHu k kd pHxm;avmufaom o¿mefjzifh &Si;f vif;jyocJo h nf? Ta&S;OD;bHt k zG@J rsm; òyuGrJ E_ iS t hf wl vl@tzG@J tpnf;onf tydik ;f ydik ;f pwif uGjJ ym;oGm;um aemufq;kH Y &efbufvw l ef;pm; ~ u d rsm; jzpfuek =f u.? u|efawmfonf TòyuGo J mG ;aom jzpfpOfukd rdom;pk/ yk*v ydik q f ik d r_frE_ iS h f Edik if aH wmfw@k. d rlvtp pmtky/f 1886 ckEpS /f pwwf*wf/ 'kw, d yHEk ydS jf cif; wGif jyefvnfp;l prf;&ef óu;pm;cJo h nf? (1888 ckEpS f t*Fvyd f bmom yHEk ydS jf cif; twGuf tde*f ,f. rSwcf su)f ·

vufr_ynmonfqdkonfrSm tcGifhta&;tjynfht0&Sdaom vufr_ tzG@J 0ifjzpfonf? vkyif ef;acgi;f aqmifol jzpfaomfvnf; vufrt _ zG@J udk OD;pD;olr [kwaf y? (1888 ckEpS f t*Fvyd b f mom yHEk ydS jf cif;twGuf tde*f ,f. rSwcf su)f 53

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

rzsuo f rd ;f cJah y? ,if;onf vlwef;pm;topfrsm;/ zdEydS rf t _ a=umif;tcsuf topfrsm;/ wdkufyGJo¿mefopfrsm;jzifh ta[mif;rsm;ae&mwGif tpm; xdk;jcif;r#om jzpfonf? odk@apumrl u|efawmfwdk@. acwfumvjzpfaom "e&Sifvlwef; pm;. acwfumvonf Todk@xl;jcm;aom vuQ%m&Sdayonf? ,if;rSm vlwef;pm;&efbuf jzpfr_rsm;udk tvG,fwulodjrifEdkifaponf? vl@tzGJ@ tpnf;w&yfv;kH onf }uD;rm;aom &efbuf*% kd ;f }uD; ESp*f % kd ;f tjzpfvnf; aumif;/ "e&Sifvlwef;pm;ESifh ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;wnf;[laom wOD;ESifh wOD; xdyw f u kd &f ifqikd af eonfh }uD;rm;aom vlwef;pm; ESp&f yftjzpfvnf; aumif; ydkIydkI uGJjym;oGm;=uawmh.? tv,facwf v,fu|efrsm;rS tapmqHk;òr@rsm;. vGwfvyfaom òr@om;rsm; ay:xGuv f monf? Tòr@om;rsm;rS "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;. ueOD; tpdwftydkif;rsm; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;vmcJh=uonf? tar&duwdkufudk &SmazGawG@&Sdjcif;ESifh tmz&duwdkuftm; auG@ ywfonfh yifv,fvrf;c&D;udk &SmazGawG@&Sdjcif;wdk@onf xGef;opfp "e&Sif vlwef;pm;twGuf pm;usufopfzGifhvSpfay;vdkufonf? ta&S@tdEdN,ESifh w±kwfjynfaps;uGufrsm;/ tar&duwdkuftm; udkvdkeDtjzpfoGwfoGif;r_/ udkvdkeDrsm;ESifh ukefoG,fr_/ zvS,fa&;enf;vrf;ESifh ukefpnfta&twGuf a,bk,swdk;rsm;vmr_wdk@u ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;/ yifv,fc&D;oGm;vm a&;ESihf pufrv _ yk if ef;wd@k ukd rñuHpzl; wGe;f tm;ay;vdu k o f nf? Tod@k tm;jzifh òyusysufpD;aeaom ya'o&mZfvl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;rS awmfvSefaom tpdwftydkif;tm; vsifjrefpGm jzpfay:wdk;yGm;apvdkufonf? tjyifvl 0ifcGifhr&onfh vufr_vkyfief;tzGJ@rsm;u pufr_xkwf vkyaf &;udk vuf0g;}uD;tkyx f m;aom ya'o&mZfpufrv _ yk if ef;12 pepfonf aps;uGufopfrsm;. }uD;xGm;vmaom awmif;qdkr_rsm;udk ,cktcg quf vufrjznfph rG ;f Edik af wmhay? ya'o&mZfpufrv _ yk if ef;ae&mwGif pufrv _ uf r_ vkyfcif;pepfu tpm;xdk;0ifa&mufvmonf? vufr_ynmonfrsm; onf pufrv _ ufrx _ w k v f yk af &;vkyaf eaom tv,ftvwf vlwef;pm;. 54

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

z,fxw k jf cif;cHvu kd &f onf? pkaygi;f xm;aom vufrt _ zG@J trsK;d rsK;d t=um;&Sd tvkyfcGJa0r_onf tvkyfcef;wckpD&Sd tvkyfcGJa0r_a&S@arSmufwGif uG,f aysmufoGm;awmh.? aps;uGufrsm; qufvufwdk;yGm;vmaepOfwGif awmif;qdkcsufrsm; uvnf; jrifhwufvmaeonf? pufr_vufr_vkyfcif;uyifv#if jznfhwif; EdkifpGrf;r&Sdawmhay? xdktcg a&aEG;aiG@ESifh pufud&d,mwdk@u pufr_xkwf vkyfa&;udk awmfvSefajymif;vJapvdkufonf? pufr_vufr_ vkyfcif;ae&m wGif t}uD;pm; acwfrpD ufrv _ yk if ef;u ae&m ,lvu kd o f nf? pufrv _ ufr_ vkyfief;&Sif tv,ftvwf vlwef;pm;ae&mwGif pufr_wyfrawmfwck vk;H udk acgi;f aqmifo/l pufrv _ yk if ef; oef;ºu,foal X;}uD;rsm; jzpf=uaom acwfopf"e&Sifvlwef;pm;u ae&m,lvdkufay+yD? acwfrpD ufrv _ yk if ef;}uD;u urBmah ps;uGuu f kd wnfaxmifvu kd . f ? ,if;odk@ wnfaxmifEdkif&ef tar&duwdkufudk awG@&Sdjcif;u vrf;cif;ay; vdkuf.? Taps;uGufu ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;/ yifv,fc&D;oGm;vma&; ESifh ukef;vrf;qufoG,fa&;wdk@udk }uD;rm;pGm jzpfay:wdk;yGm;vmaponf? Twdk;wufr_u pufr_vkyfief;wdk;csJ@a&;tay: wzefwkH@jyefvdkuf.? pufr_ vkyif ef;/ ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;/ yifv,fc&D;oGm;vma&;ESihf rD;&xm;vrf; rsm; cs@J xiG v f monfh tcsK;d tpm;twdik ;f "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;vnf; }uD;xGm; vmonf? "e&Sifwdk@. t&if;tESD;vnf; wdk;yGm;vmum tv,facwfu ºuif;usefaecJhonfh vlwef;pm;rSefor#udk aemufuG,fodk@ z,fxkwfypf vdkufonf? xdk@a=umifh acwfopf"e&Sifvlwef;pm;udk,fYyifv#if &Snfvsm; aom jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_ jzpfpOf. &v'fjzpfa=umif; xkwfvkyfa&;enf;emESifh zvS,rf _ enf;emwd@k wiG f awmfveS af &;woDwwef;}uD;. &v'fjzpfa=umif; udk u|efawmfwdk@ awG@jrif&ayonf? "e&Sifvlwef;pm; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_ ajcvSrf;wdkif;wGif ‚ESifhavsmf nDaom Tvlwef;pm;. EdkifiHa&;wufvSrf;r_ vdkufygvmcJhonf? ya' o&mZf}uD;pd;k r_ atmufwiG f ‚onf tzdEydS cf v H w l ef;pm;jzpfc. hJ ? tv,f 55

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f ·

acwfbt kH zG@J wGif vufeufwyfqifxm;aom ud, k yf ikd t f yk cf sKyfa&; tpnf; t±Hk; jzpfcJhonf? ,if;rSwzef tcsKd@ae&mwGif trSDtcdkuif;aom òr@jy orRwEdkifiH (tDwvDESifh *smr%DjynfrSmuJhodk@) tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ tcsKd@ ae&mwGirf l bk&ifEh ikd if u H kd tcGeq f ufo&aom “wwd,tv$m” (jyifopf jynfrmS uJo h @kd ) tjzpfvnf;aumif; zG@J pnf;cJ=h uonf? xdak emuf pufrv _ ufr_ vkycf if;umvwGif ‚onf ya'o&mZfwydik ;f Edik if H od@k r[kwf oufO;D qHyikd f bk&ifhEdkifiHtwGuf r–;rsKd;rwfEG,ftv$mudk &ifqdkifqef@usifaom tiftm; jzpfcJhonf? ‚onf a,bk,sbk&ifhEdkifiH}uD;rsm;. tajccHtkwfjrpfvnf; jzpfco hJ nf? aemufq;kH wGif acwfopfpufrv _ yk if ef;}uD;ESihf urBmah ps;uGuu f kd wnfaxmifvdkufonfh tcsdefrSpI "e&Sifvlwef;pm;onf acwfopfudk,f pm;vS,fpepf EdkifiHawmfY EdkifiHa&;pdk;rdk;r_udk wOD;wnf;ydkif odrf;,lvdkuf onf? acwfopfEdkifiHawmftm%monf "e&Sifvlwef; pm;w&yfvHk;. wlnaD omta&;udprP sm;udk pDrcH ef@caGJ om aumfrwDwckr#om jzpfayonf? ordik ;f t& "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;onf tvGeaf wmfveS af om tcef;rS yg0if ujycJhay.?

ya'o&mZfajr&Sirf sm;ESihf ocifrsm;xHrS a'oud, k yf ikd t f yk cf sKyfa&;ESihf “wwd,tv$m” . Edik if aH &;tcGit hf a&; r&&Srd u D wnf;uyif jyifopfjynfrS xGe;f opfpòr@rsm;onf “bHt k zG@J” trnfuk d ,lc=h Juonf? a,bk,sajym&aomf t*Fvefjynfuk d "e&Sif vlwef;pm; pD;yGm;a&;jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_. pHwikd ;f jynf/ jyifopfjynf udk "e&Siv f w l ef;pm; Edik if aH &; jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_. pHwikd ;f jynftjzpfxm;onf? (1888 ckEpS f t*Fvyd b f mom yHEk ydS jf cif;twGuf tde*f ,f. rSwcf su)f TtrnfrSm ya'o&mZfajr&Sifrsm;xHrS olwdk@. udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; tajccHtcGifhta&;rsm;udk 0,f,l+yD;onfhaemuf odk@r[kwf vk,l+yD;onfah emuf tDwvDjynfEiS hf jyifopfjynfw@kd &òdS r@om;rsm;u ‚wd@k . òr@jybHt k zG@J tpnf;rsm;udk ac:a0:=uonft h rnfjzpfonf? (1890 ckEpS f *smrefbmomyHEk ydS jf cif;twGuf tde*f ,f. f rSwcf su)f 56

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

tay:pD;&aeaom ae&mwdkif;wGif "e&Sifvlwef;pm;onf ya' o&mZfqefaom/ tz}uD;pdk;aom/ aus;vufqefaom/ qufqHa&; tm; vH;k udk tqH;k owfypfvu kd o f nf? “obm0t&Sio f cifrsm;” u wkyaf ESmif xm;onfh ya'o&mZf taESmiftzG@J trsK;d rsK;d udk t=uifemuif;rJph mG jzwf awmufypfvdkufonf? ajAmifusaom udk,fusKd;&Smr_/ !‡mwmaxmuf xm;jcif;r&Sdaom “vufiif;aiGay;acsr_” wdk@rSwyg; vlvlcsif;qufqHa&; wGif rnfonfht&mudkrS rxm;&Sdawmhay? bmoma&;xufoefr_/ vlpGrf; aumif;pdww f ufºur_/ evAde;f wH;k pdwu f ;l ,Ofr_ [laom jrifjh rwfonfh pdwf t[kefwdk@onf udk,fusKd;wGufcsufr_wnf;[laom a&at;xJwGif epf ðryfomG ;awmh.? vly*k Kd~ vf. *k%o f u d mQ udk zvS,af &;wefz;kd tjzpf ajymif; vJypfvu kd o f nf? ra&rwGuf Edik o f nf/h zsuo f rd ;f Ir&Edik o f nf/h cGiðhf ycsujf zifh &&Sdxm;onfh vGwfvyfr_rsm;ae&mwGif wckwnf;aom/ pOf;vJaom vGwfvyfr_ (0g) vGwfvyfpGmukefoG,fr_jzifh tpm;xdk;vdkufonf? wcGef; wnf;qdk&aomf bmoma&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;vSnfhpm;r_ rsufESmzHk;pGyfxm;aom aoG;pkyfjc,fvS,fr_ae&mwGif ajAmifusaom/ t&SufrJhaom/ wdkuf±dkufjzpf aom/ &ufpufaom aoG;pkyrf j_ zifh "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;u tpm;xd;k vdu k o f nf? ,ckxufwikd f odumQ &So d nf[k ,lqcJah om/ jrifrh m;pGm wefz;kd xm; aom tvkyrf eS o f r#. *k%t f &Sed t f 0grsm;udk "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;u y,fzsuf vdkufay+yD? q&m0ef/ a&S@ae/ bkef;}uD;/ uAsmq&m/ 0dZ…mynm&Sifwdk@udk "e&Sifvlwef;pm;. tcpm;vkyfom;rsm;tjzpf ajymif;vJypfvdkufonf? "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;onf rdom;pk. pdwu f ;l ,OfrsuEf mS zH;k udk z,f&mS ; ypfvdkufum rdom;pkqufqHa&;udk tojymqufqHa&;oufouftjzpf av#mhcsypfvdkufonf? azmufjyefa&;*dk%f;rsm;u vGefpGm tr$ef;wifxm;onfh tv,f acwfu &ufpufaom tpGrf;jyr_rsm;udk ysif;&dzG,f&m taumif;qHk;aom t&mrsm;tjzpf "e&Sifvlwef;pm;u jznfhpGufzGifhcscJhonf? vlom;. ðyr_ v_y&f mS ;r_onf tb,fr# pGr;f aqmifEikd o f nfukd "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;u OD;pGm jyocJhonf? "e&Sifvlwef;pm;onf tD*spfjynfu yd&rpfocsKõif;}uD;rsm;/ 57

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

a&mracwfa&oG,fwHav#muf}uD;rsm;/ *dk;opfbk&m;ausmif;rsm;xuf om vGefxl;uJvSonfh tHh=ozG,f&mrsm;udk pGrf;aqmifcJh.? twdwfumv vlrsK;d tvdu k f ajymif;a&$@r}_ u;D rsm;/ u±l;qdwf bmoma&;ppfyrJG sm;tm;vH;k ESihf vHk;0rwlaom c&D;a0;xGufcGmjcif;rsm;udkvnf; pGrf;aqmifcJhonf? "e&Sifvlwef;pm;onf xkwfvkyfa&;ud&d,mudk tqufrjywf awmfveS f ajymif;vJr/_ ‚aemuf xkwv f yk af &;qufqrH w _ @kd ukd tqufrjywf awmfveS f ajymif;vJrr_ vkyb f J rwnfwEhH ikd af y? Tod@k jzifh vl@tzG@J tpnf;. qufqHa&;wckvHk;udkvnf; awmfvSefajymif;vJypfvdkufonf? qef@usif buftm;jzifh xkwv f yk af &;enf;ema[mif;rsm;udk rajymif;rvJbJ xde;f odr;f xm;a&;rSm tapmydkif;pufr_ vlwef;pm;tm;vHk; wnf&Sda&;twGuf a&S; OD;pGm&Sd&rnfh ta=umif;tcsufjzpfonf? xkwfvkyfa&; t+rJrjywfajymif; vJ j cif ; / vl r _ q uf q H a &;tm;vH k ; tquf r jywf r+id r f r ouf j zpf j cif ; / xm0pOfra&&mjcif;ESihf v_y&f mS ;jcif;wd@k onf tjcm;acwfumv tm;vH;k ESihf "e&Sifacwfumvwdk@ rwlonfhtcsufyifwnf;? cdkif+rJaeaom/ t±dk;pGJae aom qufqHa&;tm;vHk;/ ‚ESifhwygwnf;jzpfonfh a&S;usaom =unf !dkav;pm;zG,f&m tpGJtvrf;rsm;/ tjrifrsm;onf zsufodrf;jcif; cHvu kd f &av+yD? topfay:xGuv f mor# tm;vH;k onf tjrpfrwG,rf DrmS yif acwf ukefoGm;awmh.? tpdkiftcJtm;vHk;onf avxJwGif a=uysufoGm;um rGejf rwfaom t&mtm;vH;k onfvnf; ,kwn f u hH ek =f uav+y?D tqH;k wGiu f m; vlw@kd onf rdrw d @kd . wu,fb h 0tajctae/ rdrw d @kd t=um;&Sd tjyeftvSef qufqHa&;rsm;udk wnf+idrfpGmjzifh rvGJraoG &ifqdkifvm&awmhonf? rdrdtxGufypPnf;rsm;twGuf aps;uGufudk tqufrjywfwdk;cs@J &ef vdktyfaoma=umifh "e&Sifvlwef;pm;onf urBmhtESH@ ajy;v$m;ae&onf? "e&Sifvlwef;pm;onf rnfonfhae&mYrqdk tdk;tdrfxlaxmif=u&rnf/ rnfonfhae&mYrqdk tajcpkduf=u&rnf/ rnfonfhae&mESifhrqdk quf oG,f=u&rnfjzpf.? "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;onf urBmah ps;uGuu f kd zGiv hf pS v f u kd jf cif;jzifh wdik ;f jynfwdkif;&Sd xkwfvkyfa&;ESifh oHk;pGJa&;udk urBmhvuQ%m aqmifaponf? 58

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

pufrv _ yk if ef;. ajcz0g;atmufrS trsK;d om;a&;tajccHukd "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;u z,fxkwfvdkufonfhtwGuf azmufjyefa&;*dk%f;rsm;onf t}uD;tus,f rcHr&yfEikd f jzpf=uonf? =umjrifph mG u wnfaxmifcahJ om trsK;d om;pufr_ vkyfief;tm;vHk;onf zsufqD;jcif;cHvdkuf&.? ae@pOfESifhtr#vnf; zsufqD; jcif;cHae&.? ‚wdk@.ae&mwGif ,Ofaus;aom trsKd;om;rsm;twGuf aoa&;&Sifa&;jy\em jzpfvmonfh pufr_vkyfief;opfrsm;u wd;k 0ifvm onf? Tpufr_vkyfief;rsm;onf jynfwGif;ukef=urf;rsm;udkom oHk;pGJjcif; r[kwfawmhbJ ta0;uGmqHk;aom e,fy,frsm;rS ,laqmifvmonfh uke=f urf;udyk g oH;k pGo J nf? puf±rkH x S w k v f yk v f u kd af om txGuyf pPn;f rsm;udk vnf; rdrjd ynfwiG ;f rSmomru urBmtES@H tjym;wGif oH;k pGaJ e=uay+yD? rdrw d @kd wdik ;f jynfrS txGuyf pPn;f rsm;jzifh jznfw h if;aeusjzpfonfh a[mif;EGr;f aom vdt k yfrr_ sm;ae&mwGif a0;uGmaomwdik ;f jynf/ uGjJ ym;aom &moDOwk&o dS nfh ae&mrsm;rS txGuyf pPn;f rsm;jzifh jznfw h if;ay;&aom vdt k yfro _ pfrsm;u tpm;xdk;vdkufonf? a[mif;EGrf;ae+yDjzpfaom a'ocsif; uif;uGmaer_/ trsKd;om;csif; uif;uGmaer_/ rdrdbmomzlvHkr_wdk@.ae&mwGif trsKd;om; rsm; wOD;ESifhwOD; tbufbufrS qufoG,fae&r_/ tjyeftvSef rSDcdkae& r_jzifh tpm;xdk;vdkufonf? ±kyf0wˆKxkwfvkyfa&;Yomru todynm xkwfvkyfa&;wGifvnf; Ttwdkif;yifjzpfonf? trsK;d om;w&yfp. D tod ynmzefw;D r_rsm;onf trsm;ydik yf pPn;f jzpfvmonf? trsK;d om;wzufowf usjcif;ESihf trsKd;om;tjrifusOf;ajrmif;jcif;wdk@onf ydkIydkI rjzpfEdkifawmh ay? ta&twGuf rsm;jym;vSaom trsKd;om;ESifh a'oqdkif&mpmay,Of aus;r_rS urBmhpmay,Ofaus;r_wck ay:xGef;vmayonf? "e&Sifvlwef;pm;onf xkwfvkyfa&;ud&d,mtm;vHk;udk vsifjref pGmwdk;wuf aumif;rGefapjcif;/ qufoG,fa&;enf;emrsm;udkvnf; tvGef@ tvGef vG,fulapjcif;wdk@u t±dkif;pdkif;qHk;aom trsKd;om;rsm;tygt0if trsKd;om;tm;vHk;udkyif ,Ofaus;vm&ef qGJoGif;,lvdkufayonf? "e&Sif vlwef;pm;. aps;aygaom ukepf nfrsm;onf w±kww f w H ikd ;f }uD;tm;vH;k udk òzcGJzsufqD;ypfaom tajrmuf}uD;rsm; jzpf=u+yD; EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;tm; 59

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

cg;cg;oD;oD;rke;f wD;onfh vl±ikd ;f rsm;udk tusyu f ikd u f m vufeufcs aponf? trsK;d om;tm;vH;k uG,af ysmufroGm;&ef t&if;&Six f w k v f w k af &; enf;em udk vufc&H rnf[k "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;u tusyu f ikd v f u kd o f nf? trsK;d om; rsm;twGi;f od@k olw@kd .,Ofaus;r_qo kd nfukd twif;t"rR oGwo f iG ;f vdu k f onf? qdkvdkonfrSm ‚wdk@ udk,fwdkifudk "e&Sifjzpfvmaponf? wcGef; wnf;ajym&v#if "e&SifyHkpHtwdkif; urBmwckudk zefwD;vdkufjcif;yifwnf;? "e&Sifvlwef;pm;onf aus;vufrsm;udk òr@rsm;.pdk;rdk;r_atmuf wGif xm;&Sdonf? òr@}uD;jy}uD;rsm;pGmudk wnfaxmifcJhonf? aus;vuf vlO;D a&ESihf E_id ;f pmv#if òr@aevlO;D a&udk tvGet f rif; ydrk w kd ;kd yGm;vmapum vlOD;a&tawmfrsm;rsm;udkvnf; xdkif;r_dif;aom aus;vufb0rS u,fwif vdu k o f nf? aus;vufu òr@tay: rScD v kd mapouJo h @kd yif ±dik ;f pdik ;f aom wdik ;f jynfEiS hf wpdww f ydik ;f ±dik ;f pdik ;f aom wdik ;f jynfw@kd u ,Ofaus;aom wdik ;f jynf tay: rSDcdkvmaponf? v,form;wdkif;jynfrsm;u "e&Sifwdkif;jynfrsm; tay:od@k vnf;aumif;/ ta&S@wikd ;f u taemufwikd ;f tay:od@k vnf;aumif; rSDcdkvmaponf? "e&Sifvlwef;pm;onf jyef@usJvsuf&SdaomvlOD;a&/ xkwfvkyfa&; y&dabm*ESihf ydik q f ikd rf w _ @kd ukd ydI k ydI k zsuo f rd ;f aeayonf? ‚uvlO;D a&udk ¹ywfodyfvmaponf? xkwfvkyfa&;y&dabm*udk pkpnf;vmaponf? OpPm "ersm;udk vltenf;pk. vufxw J iG f pkyakH &muf&v dS maponf? Tod@k ðyvkyf r_EiS t hf wl rvGrJ aoG vdu k yf g vmonfrmS Edik if aH &;t& A[dck sKyfuikd rf j_ zpf.? woD;wjcm;jzpf=uaom tusK;d pD;yGm;/ Oya'/ tpd;k &/ taumuftcGepf epf rsm; &Sd=uonfh trSDtcdkuif;aom odk@r[kwf avsmh&pJ GmqufoG,fr_om&Sd onfh jynfe,frsm;onf wckwnf;aomtpdk;&/ wckwnf;aomOya' pnf;rsOf;/ wckwnf;aomtrsKd;om;. vlwef;pm;tusKd;/ wckwnf;aom e,fedrdwf/ wckwnf;aomtaumuftcGefwdk@&Sdonf h wck w nf ; aom wdkif;jynftjzpf aygif;pnf;vmawmhonf? ESpfaygif;w&meD;yg; "e&Sifvlwef;pm; pdk;rdk;pOfumvtwGif;wGif ukefvGefcJhaom rsKd;quftm;vHk;u zefwD;cJhor#. pkpkaygif;xufyif ydrk kd 60

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

rsm;jym;aom/ ydrk }kd u;D rm;aom xkwv f yk af &;tiftm;pkrsm;udk zefw;D cJah yonf? ‚wd@k rmS obm0tiftm;udk vlw@kd ucsKyu f ikd jf cif;/ pufud&, d mxkwv f yk jf cif;/ pufr_vkyfief;ESifh v,f,mvkyfief;wGif "mwkaA'toHk;ðyjcif;/ rD;oabFm oGm;vmjcif;/ rD;&xm;vrf; azmufvkyfjcif;/ v#yfppfa=u;eef;qufoG,f jcif;/ urBmhwdkuf}uD;rsm;udk xGef,ufpdkufysKd;a&;twGuf ckwfxGifypfjcif;/ jrpfrsm;rS wl;ajrmif;oG,f,ljcif;/ ref;r_wfvdkufonfhyrm vlOD;a&tvHk; t&if;udk qGJaqmifac:,lvdkufjcif;wdk@jzpfonf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;qdkif&m tvkyfxJwGif Todk@aom xkwfvkyfa&; tiftm;pkrsm; udef;atmif;ae onfudk tapmydkif;&mpkESpfrsm;uqdkv#if awG;yifawG;awmEdkif=uygrnf avm? od@k jzpfI u|eaf wmfw@kd awG@&&dS onfrmS "e&Siv f w l ef;pm; ay:xGuf &mtajccHjzpfonfh xkwv f yk af &;y&dabm*ESihf zvS,af &;enf;vrf;wd@k onf ya'o&mZfv@l tzG@J tpnf;twGi;f rSmyif jzpfxeG ;f vmcJ. h ? Txkwv f yk af &; y&dabm*ESihf zvS,af &;enf;vrf; jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_. wpHw k &maomtqifh wGif ya'o&mZfvl@tzGJ@tpnf;. xkwfvkyfa&;/ zvS,fa&;ta=umif; tcsurf sm;/ v,f,mESihf pufrv _ yk if ef;qdik &f m ya'o&mZfz@JG pnf;yH/k wcGe;f wnf;ajym&v#if ya'o&mZfydkifqdkifr_ qufqHa&;rsm;onf wdk;wuf vmcJ+h yD;jzpfaom xkwv f yk af &;tiftm;pkw@kd EiS hf rqDavsmaf wmhbJ taESmif tzG@J rsm; jzpfvmonf? ‚wd@k onf zsuq f ;D jcif;cH&rnf? zsuq f ;D jcif;vnf; cHoGm;&ay+yD? ‚wd@k .ae&mwGif vGwv f yfaom òyifqikd rf u _ ae&m,lc. hJ ? ‚ESihf udu k n f aD om vlra_ &;/ Edik if aH &;taqmufttHEk iS w hf uG "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;. pD;yGm;a&;/ EdkifiHa&;}uD;pdk;r_wdk@onf wygwnf;a&muf&Sdvmawmh.? u|efawmfwdk@a&S@arSmufrSmyif tvm;wlv_yf&Sm;r_w&yf jzpfay: aeayonf? "e&Sifxkwfvkyfr_qufqHa&;/ zvS,fr_qufqHa&;/ ydkifqdkifr_ qufqHa&;wdk@jzifh Tr#}uD;rm;aom xkwfvkyfa&;y&dabm*ESifh zvS,fr_ wd@k ukd zefw;D vdu k af om acwfopf "e&Siv f @l tzG@J tpnf;onf rdru d , kd w f ikd f rEdik ef if;onfh emembm0rsm;udk ref;r_waf c:,lvu kd rf ad om arSmq f &muJo h @kd 61

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

yif jzpfae.? ESpq f ,faygi;f tcsK@d rS pufrv _ yk if ef;ESihf ukeo f , G af &;vkyif ef;. ordkif;onf acwfopfxkwfvkyfa&; tiftm;pkrsm;u "e&Sifvlwef;pm; wnf&Sdr_ESifh "e&Siftkyfpdk;r_. ta=umif;tcsufjzpfaom acwfopfxkwf f ikd rf q _ ufqaH &;rsm;udk qef@usiyf ek u f ef vkyaf &; ta=umif;tcsurf sm;13 ydik q onfh ordik ;f omv#ijf zpfonf? "e&Siv f @l tzG@J tpnf; wckv;kH . wnf&rdS u _ kd w}udrfxufw}udrf ydkrdk+cdrf;ajcmufaeonfh umvydkif;tvdkuf xyfjyef wvJvJjzpfaeaom ukefoG,fa&;usyfwnf;r_uyfudk azmfjy±HkESifhyif vHk avmufay+yD? Tusyw f nf;r_uyfrsm;wGif xkwv f yk +f yD;aom txGuyf pPn;f trsm;ydik ;f omv#irf u ,cifu &S+d y;D aom xkwv f yk af &;tiftm;pkrsm;yifv#if umvydkif;tvdkuf zsufqD;ypfjcif;cH&onf? Tusyfwnf;r_uyfrsm;wGif ,cifacwftcgtm;vH;k uqdv k #if rjzpfEikd pf &m[k xifrw S =f urnfh xkwv f yk f a&;ydv k #rH [ _ al om uyfa&m*gq;kd onf jzpfymG ;vmawmh.? vl@tzG@J tpnf; onf c%wmtm;jzifh t±dkif;b0odk@ ±kwfw&ufjyefvnf a&muf&SdoGm; onf? Tonf iwfrGwfacgif;yg;r_ESifh tESH@tjym;ysufpD;apaom ppfyGyJ rm b0wnf+rJa&; ypPn;f tm;vH;k udk jzwfawmufypfvu dk o f nf? pufrv _ yk if ef; ESifh ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;onfvnf; zsufqD;cHvkduf&ouJhodk@ jzpfoGm; awmh.? tb,haf =umifeh nf;? ,Ofaus;vGe;f jcif;/ b0wnf+rJa&; ypPn;f awG rsm;jym;vGef;jcif;/ pufr_vkyfief;awG rsm;jym;vGef;jcif;/ ul;oef;a&mif;0,f a&;awG rsm;jym;vGe;f jcif;wd@k a=umifh jzpfygonf? vl@tzG@J tpnf; vuf0,f wGif&Sdaom xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pkrsm;onf "e&Sifydkifqdkifr_ ta=umif; tcsufrsm; wdk;yGm;r_udk qufvuftvkyftau|; rðyawmhay? qef@usif buftm;jzifh xkwv f yk af &;tiftm;pkrsm;onf tqrwef tm;}u;D vmum Tta=umif;tcsurf sm;. twm;tqD;udkcH&onf? xdk@a=umifh xkwfvkyf a&;tiftm;pkrsm;u Ttwm;tqD;rsm;udk ausmfv$m;=u&mwGif "e&Sif vl@tzGJ@tpnf; wckvHk;udk z±dzk &JjzpfomG ;apum "e&Siyf ikd q f ikd rf _ wnfwHh a&;udyk if tEW&m,fðyvmayawmh.? "e&Siv f @l tzG@J tpnf; ta=umif;tcsuf rsm;onf olwdk@zefwD;vdkufaom "eOpPmrsm;udk xdef;csKyf&ef tvGefusOf; ajrmif;aeayonf? od@k jzpfv#if "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;onf uyfrsm;udk rnfuo hJ @kd 62

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

ausmef if;=uygoenf;? wzufwiG f xkwv f yk af &;tiftm;pkrsm;udk xkxnf tvdkuf zsufqD;ypf=u.? tjcm;wzufwGif aps;uGufopfrsm;udk odrf; ,l=u.? aps;uGufa[mif;rsm;udk ydkIukefpifatmif aoG;pkyf,l=u.? T onfum; ydrk u kd s,jf yef@aom/ ydrk zkd suq f ;D Edik pf rG ;f &Sad om uyfrsm;udk vrf;zGihf ay;jcif;yif jzpfonf? usyfwnf;r_uyfrsm;udk [ef@wm;&ef enf;vrf;rsm; tm; avsmhenf;oGm;apjcif;om jzpfonf? "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;u ya'o&mZfpepfukd òzcscahJ om vufeufrsm; onf ,cktcg "e&Sifvlwef;pm;qDodk@ jyefIOD;vSnfhvmay+yD? "e&Sifvlwef;pm;onf rdrdudkaowGif;ydk@aqmifrnfh vufeufudk xkvkyfay;vdkuf±Hkomru Tvufeufudk toHk;ðyrnfholrsm;jzpfaom acwfopf tvkyform;vlwef;pm; (0g) ypPnf;rJhrsm;udkvnf; ay:xGef;ap vkdufonf? "e&Sifvlwef;pm;/ qdkvdkonfrSm t&if;tESD;wdk;rsm;vmonfh tcsKd;tpm;twdkif; acwfopftvkyform; vlwef;pm;jzpfaom ypPnf;rJh vl w ef ; pm;onf v nf ; wd k ; yG m ;vmcJ h . ? ‚vk y f o m;vl w ef ; pm;onf tvkyf&SdrSomv#if touf&SifaeEdkifum olwdk@.tvkyfu t&if;tESD;udk wdk;yGm;aprSomv#if tvkyf&&SdEdkifonf? rdrdudk,fudk tvDvDa&mif;pm; &onfh Ttvkyform;rsm;onf tjcm;ta&mif;t0,fypPnf;wdkif;uJ@ od@k yif ukepf nfwrsK;d jzpfonf? xd@k a=umifh òyifqikd rf . _ tajymif;tvJtm; vHk; aps;uGuf.rwnf+idrfr_tm;vHk;wdk@. *,uf±dkufr_'%fudk cH&ay.? pufud&, d mudk tus,t f jyef@toH;k ðyr_EiS hf tvkycf aJG 0r_rsm;a=umifh ypPn;f rJrh sm;. tvkyo f nf wOD;csi;f vuQ%mtm;vH;k uG,af ysmufcahJ v+yD? xd@k a=umifh tvkyo f rm;wa,muftwGuf qGaJ qmifrt _ m;vH;k vnf; uG,f aysmufomG ;awmhonf? olonf pufud&, d m. tpG,t f yGm;wck jzpfvmonf? ol@tm; t±d;k qH;k / tajymif;tvJr&Sq d ;kH / tvG,u f q l ;kH aom u|r;f usirf &_ &dS efom awmif;qdo k nf? xd@k a=umifh tvkyo f rm; wa,muf. xkwv f yk af &;p&dwu f kd ol. touf&Sifaea&;ESSifh rsKd;qufjyef@yGm;a&;twGuf vdktyfaom b0 wnf+rJa&;ypPnf;rsm;jzifhom uef@owfxm;&Sdonf? odk@aomf ukefpnf. 63

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

aps;E_e;f / xdek nf;wlyif tvky. f aps;E_e;f · onf xkwv f yk af &;ukeu f sp&dwEf iS hf nDr#ayonf? xd@k a=umifyh if tvky. f pufqyk zf G,af umif;r_ wd;k rsm;vmonf ESit hf r# vkyfconfvnf; avsmhyg;vmawmhonf? xdkr#ru pufud&d,m toHk;csr_ESifh tvkyfcGJa0r_tcsKd;tpm; wdk;rsm;vmonfESifhtr# tvkyf csdefwdk;jcif;a=umifhvnf;aumif; / owfrSwfxm;aom tvkyfcsdeftwGif; tvkyfyrm%wdk;jcif; odk@r[kwf pufud&d,m. t&SdefE_ef;udk wdk;jr‡ifhjcif; a=umifhvnf;aumif; tvky. f 0efxkyf0efydk;onfvnf; wdk;rsm;vmonf? acwfopfpufr_vkyfief;onf tz}uD;pdk;r_qefaom vufr_ynm onf. tvky±f u kH av;udk pufrt _ &if;&Si. f puf±}kH uD;tjzpfo@kd ajymif;vJ ypfvdkufonf? puf±HkwGifpkðyHaeaom vkyfom;xk}uD;udk ppfom;rsm;uJhodk@ zG@J pnf;vdkuf.? pufr_wyfrawmf}uD;. omrefwyfom;rsm;twdkif; wyfrª;/ wyf=uyf tqifhqifh.uGyfuJtkyfcsKyfr_atmufwGif pepfwusxm;&Sdvdkuf onf? olwdk@onf "e&Sifvlwef;pm;. aus;u|efrsm;/ "e&SifEdkifiHawmf. aus;u|efrsm; jzpf=u±Hkomru pufud&d,m/ }uD;=uyfol OD;pGmtm;jzifh wOD;csi;f "e&Sif pufyikd &f iS u f , kd w f ikd . f u|eðf yr_ukd ae@pOfEiS t hf r# em&DEiS t hf r# cH=u&onf? Trif;rltkyfpdk;r_u tjrwftpGef;&a&;udk ‚.tqHk;owf &nf&, G cf sut f jzpf ydrk akd jAmifuspmG azmfxw k v f monfEiS t hf r# ydrk akd o;odr/f ydkrdkrkef;wD;p&maumif;+yD; ydkrdk&ufpufvmayonf? um,tvkyfwGif u|rf;usifr_ESifh tm;pdkufxkwf&r_ enf;yg;vm onfESifhtr# wenf;qdk&aomf acwfopfpufr_vkyfief; ydkrdkwdk;wufvm onfEiS t hf r# a,mufsm;rsm;. tvkyfudk trsKd;orD;rsm;14 . tvkyfjzifh ydkrdk tpm;xdk;vmavawmhonf? tvkyform;vlwef;pm;twGufqdkv#if toufjcm;em;r_/ usm; r jcm;em;r_wdk@onf rnfodk@aom xif&Sm;onfh vlra_ &;t"dym` ,fr# r&Sad wmhay? tm;vH;k onf touft&/ usm; r t& aemufyidk ;f wGif rmhupf u f tvkyo f rm;onf rdr. d tvkyu f dk a&mif;pm; jcif;r[kwfbJ rdrd.vkyftm;udk a&mif;pm;onf[k !¸efjychJonf? Ttcsuf ESiyhf wfoufI tde*f ,fa&;om;aom 1891 ckEpS x f w k f rmhupf . f tcpm;tvkyf ESihf t&if;tES;D pmtkyef 'd ge;f wGi=f unfyh g? (t,f'w D m) ·

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

toH;k ðy&mwGif ukeu f sr_ tenf;trsm; uGmjcm;=uonfh tvkyu f &d , d mrsm; omv#if jzpf=uayonf? puf±Hkydkif&Sifu tvkkyform;rsm;udk aoG;pkyf+yD;onfhaemufwGif tvkyform;rsm;onf vkyfcudk vufiif;&&Sd+yD; ra&S;raESmif;rSmyif "e&Sif vlwef;pm;. tjcm;tpdwt f ydik ;f rsm;jzpfaom tdryf ikd &f iS /f qdik &f iS /f taygif cHpm;ol ponfwdk@u tvkyform;rsm;tay: xyfrHzdpD;vdkuf=ujyefao; onf? tv,ftvwfvw l ef;pm; atmufvm$ rsm; jzpf=uaom vkyif ef; yd k i f & S i f u av;rsm;/ qd k i f & S i f u av;rsm;/ vk y f i ef ; rS t em;,l o G m ;onf h vkyif ef;&Sit f m;vH;k eD;yg;15/ vufry_ nmonfEiS hf v,form; ponfw@kd onf ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;xJodk@ wpwp oufqif;vm=uonf? Todk@ jzpf& onfrSm olwdk@.enf;yg;aom t&if;tESD;onf acwfopfpufr_vkyfief; }uD;vkyf&ef rvHkavmufbJ t&if;&Sif}uD;rsm;. òyifqdkifr_udkvnf; cHEdkif pGr;f r&Sad oma=umifw h a=umif; olw@kd . txl;u|r;f usirf o _ nf xkwv f yk af &; enf;emopfrsm;a=umifh wefz;kd r&Sad wmhonft h jzpfo@kd qdu k af &mufomG ;jcif; a=umifh wa=umif;jzpf.? Tod@k tm;jzifh ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;onf vlwef; pm;tm;vHk;rSaeI wyfom;pkaqmif;vkdufayonf? ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;onf jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_ tqift h oD;oD;udk jzwf oef;vmcJo h nf? ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm; pwifay:ayguv f monfEiS hf wòyifeuf "e&Sifvlwef;pm;udk qef@usifonfh wdkufyGJonfvnf; pwifvmawmh.? tpydkif;wGif tvkyform;rsm;u wOD;csif;wdkufyGJqif=uonf? xdk@aemuf puf±Hkw±HkrS tvkyform;rsm;/ aemufwzef a'owck&Sd tvkyfXmewckrS tvkyo f rm;rsm;onf olw@kd tm; wdu k ±f u kd af oG;pkyo f nfh "e&Siw f OD;csi;f udk qef@usifwdkufyGJqif=uonf? tvkyform;rsm;onf "e&Sifxkwfvkyfa&; ta=umif;tcsurf sm;udk r[kwb f J xkwv f yk af &;ud&, d mrsm;udo k m xd;k ESuf 16 wdkufckduf=uonf ? olwdk@onf òyifqdkifvmaom EdkifiHjcm;ukef ypPnf; rsm;ud k zsuf q D ; jcif ; jzif h v nf ; aumif ; / puf u d & d , mrsm;ud k ±d k u f c sKd ; ypfjcif;jzifhv nf ; aumif ; / puf±Hkrsm;udk rD;wif±_d@jcif;jzifhv nf ; aumif ; 65

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

qH;k ±_;H oGm;av+yDjzpfaom tv,facwf tvkyo f rm;rsm; tqift h wef;udk jyefvnf ysK;d axmif&ef t=urf;zufóu;pm;=uonf? TtqifhwGif tvkyform;rsm;onf wjynfvHk;Y jyef@usJaeum olwdk@ tcsif;csif; tjyeftvSefòyifqdkifr_jzifh uGJjym;ae=uonf? tu,fI rnfonfh ae&mYrqdk tvkyo f rm;rsm;onf ydrk u kd spv f spfaom taqmuf ttHkrsm;tjzpf zGJ@pnf;&ef aygif;pnf;=uonfqdkygu ,if;onf olwdk@ udk,fwdkif wufºupGmaygif;pnf;=ujcif;. tusKd;qufr[kwfbJ "e&Sif vlwef;pm;u yl;aygi;f ay;jcif;. tusK;d qufjzpfonf? "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;onf rdr. d Edik if aH &; &nf&, G cf suu f kd taumiftxnfazmf&ef ypPn;f rJh vlwef;pm; w&yfv;kH udk v_y&f mS ;vmap&onf? xkrd #ru tcsed u f mvwcktxd Tod@k vkyfEdkifpGrf; &Sdayonf? xdk@a=umifh TtqifhwGif ypPnf;rJhrsm;onf rdrdwdk@ .&eforl sm;udk wdu k yf q GJ ifjcif;r[kwb f J rdrw d @kd &efo. l &eforl sm; (0g) ouf OD;qHydkif tºuif;tuserf sm;/ ajr&Sirf sm;/ pufrv _ yk if ef;rvkyo f nfh "e&SiEf iS hf "e&Sifaygufpvlwef;pm;wdk@tm; wdkufyGJqif=ujcif;jzpfayonf? odk@jzifh ordik ;f v_y&f mS ;r_ w&yfv;kH onf "e&Siv f w l ef;pm; vufxw J iG f pkpnf;aeay onf? TuJo h @kd &&Sv d u kd af om atmifyw JG ikd ;f onfvnf; "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;. atmifyGJyif jzpfayawmh.? od@k aomf pufrv _ yk if ef; jzpfay:wd;k yGm;vmr_EiS hf wygwnf; ypPn;f rJh vlwef;pm;onf ta&twGufomv#if wdk;rsm;vmonf r[kwfbJ ydkrdk }uD;rm;aom xkxnftjzpf pkpnf;vmonf? ‚. tiftm;onf wae@ wjcm;}u;D xGm;vm+y;D rdrt d iftm; }uD;xGm;vmr_uv kd nf; ydrk ckd pH m; rdvm.? pufud&d,mrsm;u tvkyftvdkufjcm;em;csuf tm;vHk;udk y,fzsufypf vdkufonfESifhtr# ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. tusKd;pD;yGm;ESifh b0ta=umif; tcsurf sm;onf ydI k wlnv D m&onf? ae&mwdik ;f vdv k rkd mS yif vkycf rsm;onf edru hf saomtqifo h @kd wlnpD mG avsmhusoGm;&onf? "e&Siv f w l ef;pm; t wGif; òyifqdkifr_}uD;xGm;vmr_a=umifh ukefoG,fa&;uyfqdkufvmonf? ,if;u tvkyform;rsm;. vkyfcudk ydkIydkI rwnfr+idrfjzpfvmaponf? vsifjrefpGm tqufrjywf wdk;wufaumif;rGefvmaom pufud&d,mwdk@u 66

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. b0tajctaeudk ydkItmrcHcsuf avsmhenf;vm aponf? wOD;csi;f tvkyo f rm;ESihf wOD;csi;f "e&Siw f @kd t=um; wdu k cf u kd rf _ rsm;onf ydkIydkI vlwef;pm;ESpf&yft=um; wdkufcdkufr_vuQ%m aqmif vmonf? Tod@k tm;jzifh tvkyo f rm;rsm;onf "e&Sirf sm;udq k ef@usiu f m 17 d @kd . vkycf !Ge@f aygi;f tzG@J rsm; (tvkyo f rm;or*~rsm;) zG@J pnf; =u+yD; rdrw udk umuG,af &;twGuf yl;aygi;f vm=uonf? olw@kd onf &Hzef&cH g jzpfay: vmEdik af om ykeu f efrr_ sm;wGiu f n l &D ef t+rJ wrf;tpnf;t±H;k rsm;udk óuwif I wnfaxmif=uayonf? ae&mtcsK@d &dS tm;òyifro _ nf t"du±k%;f rsm;18 tjzpf aygufuGJoGm;awmh.? tvkyform;rsm;onf r=umc% atmifyGJcH=uaomfvnf; T atmifyrJG sm;onf umvwcktwGuo f mjzpf.? olw@kd wu kd yf rJG sm;. wu,fh atmifo;D atmifyiG rhf sm;onf vwfwavm tusK;d oufa&mufrt _ ay:wGif rwnf&SdbJ tpOfwdk;csJ@vmaom tvkyform;rsm;. pnf;vHk;r_tay: wGifom wnf&Sday.? acwfopf pufr_vkyfief;u zefwD;vdkufaom ydkrdk aumif;rGefvmonfh qufoG,fa&;ud&d,mrsm;u Tpnf;vHk;r_udk tul tnDay;um a'otrsKd;rsKd;&Sd tvkyform;tcsif;csif;udk qufoG,fay; vdu k o f nf? vuQ%mwlnaD om a'owdu k yf JG ajrmufjrm;pGmudk wckwnf; aom wjynfv;kH twdik ;f twm&So d nfh vlwef;pm;wdu k yf t JG jzpf pkpnf;rd&ef vdt k yfonfrmS Tqufo, G rf y_ if jzpfayonf? od@k aomf vlwef;pm; wdu k yf JG rSefor#onf EdkifiHa&;wdkufyGJjzpf.? tv,facwfòr@om;rsm;onf vrf; =urf;}uD;rsm;jzifh Todk@aom pnf;vHk;r_&&ef &mpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm vdktyf ayonf? odk@aomf acwfopfypPnf;rJhrsm;um; rD;&xm;vrf;rsm;jzifh ESpf tenf;i,ftwGif;rSmyif Todk@aom pnf;vHk;r_udk &&Sdvdkufayonf? ypPnf;rJhrsm;udk vlwef;pm;w&yftjzpf zGJ@pnf;a&;ESifh xdkrSwqifh EdkifiHa&; ygwDwcktjzpf zGJ@pnf;a&;onf tvkyform;tcsif;csif; òyifqikd f r_a=umifh tzefwvJvJ ysupf ;D oGm;cJ&h onf? od@k aomf ,if;onf ydrk t kd iftm; }uD;rm;/ ydrk }kd uHhcidk /f ydrk akd wmifw h if;pGm xyfjyefwvJvJ ay:xGuv f mayonf? ,if;onf "e&Sifvlwef;pm;twGif; uGJjym;r_rsm;udk tcGifhaumif;,lum 67

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

tvkyform;rsm;. oD;jcm;tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;udk w&m;Oya't& tod trSwf ðyvmaponf? Todk@jzifh t*FvefjynfwGif tvkyfcsdef 10 em&D owfrSwfonfhOya' ay:aygufvmayonf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;a[mif;twGif;&Sd vlwef;pm;rsm;t=um; twdkuf tcHjzpfrr_ sm;u ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;. jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_ jzpfpOfukd enf;vrf; aygif;rsm;pGmjzifh wGef;aqmfay;vdkufonf? "e&Sifvlwef;pm; udk,fwdkif onfyif tqufrjywf wdu k yf JG 0ifae&ayonf? yxrwGif rif;nDrif;om; rsm;udk qef@usif&onf? xdk@aemufwGif pufr_vkyfief; wdk;wufvmjcif;ESifh ‚wd@k . tusK;d pD;yGm;t=um; &efbufjzpfvmaom "e&Siv f w l ef;pm; wpdwf wydik ;f udyk if qef@usi&f onf? Edik if jH cm;wdik ;f jynfrsm;rS "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;udrk l wav#mufv;kH qef@usicf =hJ u&onf? Twdu k yf t JG m;vH;k rSmyif "e&Sif vlwef; pm;onf rv$o J mbJ ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;xHrS tultnDawmif; cHc&hJ onf? Tod@k tm;jzifh ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;udk Edik if aH &;e,fy,fwiG ;f od@k qGo J iG ;f vdu k f ayonf? xd@k a=umifh "e&Siv f w l ef;pm; ud, k w f ikd u f yif olw@kd . ud, k yf ikd Ef ikd if H 19 a&;ESifh taxGaxGynm&yfrsm; qdkvdkonfrSm "e&Sifvlwef;pm;tm; wdkufcdkufrnfh vufeufrsm;udk ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;vufodk@ ay;tyfvdkuf awmhonf? xd@k tjyif u|eaf wmfw@kd awG@jrif&onft h wdik ;f pufrv _ yk if ef; a&S@o@kd wuf vSrf;vmonfESifh tkyfpdk;olvlwef;pm;rsm;onf ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; wyfz@JG xo J @kd tydik ;f vdu k t f ydik ;f vdu k f av#musvm=uonf? od@k r[kwf ,kwf pGtqHk; olwdk@. b0wnf&Sdr_rSm +cdrf;ajcmufcHvm&onf? olwdk@uvnf; ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;xHodk@ tod^m%fyGifhvif;r_ESifh wdk;wufr_tpdwftydkif; opfrsm;20 udk jznfhwif;ay;vdkufonf? aemufqHk;wGif vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJudk tqHk;tjzwfay;rnfh tcsdef eD;uyfvmaomtcg tkyfpdk;olvlwef;pm;twGif; vl@tzGJ@tpnf;a[mif; wckvHk;twGif;&Sd òyuGJr_jzpfpOfonf tvGefjyif;xefpl;&Saom vuQ%m aqmifvmay&m tkypf ;kd ol vlwef;pm;twGi;f rS ao;i,faom tpdwt f ydik ;f wydik ;f onf xdv k w l ef;pm;udk pGe@f cmG cJ+h yD; tem*wfukd ydik q f ikd af om awmf 68

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

vSef aomvlwef;pm;ESifh yl;aygif;vm=uonf? xdk@a=umifh tapmydkif;um vwGif r–;rsKd;rwfEG,f wpdwfwydkif;onf "e&Sifvlwef;pm;bufodk@ ul; ajymif;vmonfhtwdkif; ,cktcg "e&Sifwpdwfwydkif; txl;ojzifh ordkif; v_y&f mS ;r_ wckv;kH udk oabmw&m;a&;t& odjrifaomtqifx h d jr‡iw hf ifchJ +yDjzpfonfh "e&SiftawG;tac:&Sif wpdwfwydkif;onf ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; bufodk@ ul;ajymif;vm=uayonf? ,ae@ "e&Sifvlwef;pm;ESifh xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifae=uaom vlwef; pm;tm;vHk;wGif ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;omv#if wu,fwrf; awmfvSefaom vlwef;pm;jzpf.? acwfopfpufr_vkyfief; a&S@arSmufwGif tjcm;aom vl wef;pm;rsm;onf a=uðyef;um aemufqHk;Y uG,faysmufoGm;=uonf? ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;onf acwfopfpufrv _ yk if ef;rS rv$rJ a&Smifom ay:xGuf vmonfh udk,fydkif&v'f jzpfayawmh.? tv,ftvwf atmufv$mvlwef;pm;21 jzpf=uaom tvkyf±Hk ydik &f iS u f av;/ qdik &f iS u f av;/ vufry_ nmonf/ v,form; ponfw@kd onf tv,ftvwf vlwef;pm; tpdwftydkif;rsm;tjzpf rdrdwdk@b0 wnfwHhr_ ysufokOf;roGm;ap&eftvdk@iSm "e&Sifvlwef;pm;udk qef@usifwdkufcdkuf=u onf? xd@k a=umifh olw@kd onf awmfveS af &;orm;rsm; r[kw=f ubJ or±d;k us orm;rsm; jzpf=u.? xdrk #ru olw@kd onf azmufjyefayonf? tb,f a=umifhqdkaomf &xm;bD;udk aemufjyefvSnfh&ef óu;pm;=uaoma=umifh jzpfonf? olwdk@onf ñuHóuufI awmfvSefa&;orm;jzpfvmygrl Todk@ jzpf&jcif;onf ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm; wyfz@JG xo J @kd ul;ajymif;tHq h q J J tajctae a=umifo h m jzpfonf? od@k jzifh olw@kd onf rsuaf rSmuf tusK;d pD;yGm;udk umuG,f jcif; r[kwfbJ olwdk@. tem*wftusKd;pD;yGm;udk umuG,fjcif;omjzpf.? ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;&yfwnfcsufudk cH,l&eftwGuf olwdk@onf rdrdwdk@. ud, k yf ikd &f yfwnfcsuu f kd pGe@f y,fvu dk jf cif;om jzpf.? vl @ tzG J @ tpnf ; a[mif ; . atmuf w ef ; tusqH k ; tv$ m rsm;rS pGef@ypfvdkufaom/ rwufºuaom/ aqG;ajr@aeaom t&mrsm;jzpfonfh “tEW&m,f&adS om vlwef;pm;” vlrt _ r_u d o f ±du k 22f rsm;onf ae&mtcsK@d wiG f 69

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

ypPn;f rJah wmfveS af &;v_y&f mS ;r_twGi;f od@k yg0ifaumif; yg0ifvm=uayvdrrhf nf? od@k apumrl olw@kd . b0ta=umif;tcsurf sm;t& olw@kd onf azmufjyef aom vky}f uHzsuq f ;D r_rsm;. t0,fc&H olrsm; tjzpfo@kd tvGet f rif; wdr;f !Gwfvsuf&Sd.? ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. b0ta=umif;tcsufrsm;xJwGif vl@tzGJ@ tpnf;a[mif;u ta=umif;tcsufrsm;onf acsr_ef;jcif;cH&+yD; jzpfonf? ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;wGif ydik q f ikd rf r_ &Sad y? olEiS o hf . l ZeD;/ om;orD;wd@k qufqH a&;onf "e&Sirf o d m;pk qufqaH &;rsm;ESihf rnfo@kd r# wlncD surf &Sad y? t*F vefESifh jyifopfwGifjzpfap/ tar&duefESifh *smr%DwGifjzpfap twlwl yifjzpfaom acwfopfpufr_vkyfief;tvkyfESifh acwfopft&if;tESD;. xrf;yd;k wd@k u ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;. trsK;d om;vuQ%m t&dyt f a&mif rSef or#ukd y,fzsuv f u kd af v+yD? w&m;Oya'/ ud, k u f siw hf &m;/ bmoma&;wd@k onf ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;twGufqdk&aomf "e&SiftusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;udk um uG,fxm;onfh "e&Sifwzufowftjrifrsm;rSwyg; tjcm;r[kwfay? tay:pD;&&SdcJh=uaom ,cifh,cifu vlwef;pm;tm;vHk;onf vl@tzG@J tpnf;wckv;kH udk olw@kd tydik pf ;D xm;+yD;jzpfaom ta=umif;tcsuf rsm;twdik ;f emcHapjcif;jzifh rdrw d @kd &&Scd +hJ yD;jzpfaom tqifah e&mudk ckid rf m&ef 贸u;pm;cJh=uonf? ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;onf rdrdwdk@. ,ciftydkif&,lr_ enf;emudk zsufodrf;ypfjcif;/ Tokd@jzifh ,ciftykdif&,lr_enf;emrSefor#ukd zsuo f rd ;f ypfjcif;wk@d rw S yg; vl@tzG@J tpnf;. xkwf vkyaf &;tiftm;pkrsm; tay: rv$rf;rdk;Edkifay? ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;wGif xdef;odrf;umuG,fxm;&ef rdru d , kd yf ikd [ f I l bmr#r&S/d ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;. vkyif ef;aqmifwmrSm ,cif u wnf&cdS haJ om yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_tm; umuG,fxm;r_ESifh tmrcHxm;r_ tm;vHk;udk zsufodrf;ypfa&;yifjzpfonf? twd w f u mvu ord k i f ; v_ y f & S m ;r_ t m;vH k ; onf vl e nf ; pk . v_y&f mS ;r_ od@k r[kwf vlenf;pk. tusK;d pD;yGm;twGuf v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;jzpf.? ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_onf trsm;wumhtrsm;pk}uD;. tusKd; pD;yGm;twGuf trsm;wumh trsm;pk}uD;. udk,fydkiftod&Sdaom23 trSD 70

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

tcd kuif;aom v_yf&Sm;r_jzpfonf? ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;onf u|efawmf wd k @ rsuf a rS m uf v l @ tzG J @ tpnf ; . ted r f h q H k ; tv$ m jzpf o nf h t avsmuf t&m&St d &mcH vl@tzG@J tpnf;. xdyq f ;kH ydik ;f vl@tv$mwckv;kH udk azmufcGJ rypfbJ ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;onf xºurvmEdkif/ rm;rm;rwfrwf &yfwnf rvmEdkifay? tu,fI tESpfom&tm;jzifh r[kwfbJ o¿meft&qdkv#if "e&Sifvlwef;pm;udk qef@usifaom ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. wdkufyGJonf yxrwGif wdkif;jynftvdkuf wdkufyGJjzpfonf? trSefyif wdkif;jynfwdkif;rS ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;onf rddrdwdkif;jynf&Sd "e&Sifvlwef;pm;ESifh OD;pGmyxr pm&if;&Sif;&rnf? ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm; jzpfay:wd;k yGm;vmr_. a,bk,stusq;kH aom tqifhrsm;udk azmfjy&mwGif rsufarSmufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;&Sd tenf; ESifhtrsm; rxif&Sm;aom jynfwGif;ppfyGJonf twdtvif;awmfvSefa&; txd ayguu f o JG mG ;um ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;u "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;udk t=urf; zuf òzcsvdkuf+yD; ypPnf;rJh vlwef;pm;. pdk;rdk;r_twGuf tajccHtkwfjrpf csay;vdkufonfudk u|efawmfwdk@ awG@jrif&onf? u|efawmfwdk@ awG@jrifcJhonfhtwdkif; ,ae@txdwnf&Sdaeaom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;tm;vHk;onf zdESdyfolESifh tzdESdyfcHvlwef;pm;rsm;t=um; &efbufjzpfr_tay:wGif tajcpdkufxm;ay.? odk@&mwGif vlwef;pm; w&yfudk zdESdyfEdkifzkd@qdkaomf xdkvlwef;pm;tm; wpHkw&maomta=umif; tcsuf/ tenf;qHk;tm;jzifh ‚tm; u|efyrm oufqdk;&Snfaponfh t a=umif;tcsufudk tmrcH&ayrnf? v,fu|efacwf umvwkef;u v,f u|efonf bHktzGJ@0ifjzpfatmif wufvSrf;ovdkyif ya'o&mZfoufOD; qHydkif. zdESdyfr_atmufwGif usa&mufcJhaom "e&Sifaygufponfvnf; "e&Siftjzpf wufvSrf;cJhonf? qef@usifbuftm;jzifh acwfopftvkyf orm;rsm;rSmrl pufr_vkyfief;wdk;wufvmr_ESifhtwl jrifhwufvm&rnfh tpm; rdrv d w l ef;pm; b0wnf&rdS _ ta=umif;tcsurf sm;. atmufo@kd yif ydkIydkI usqif;oGm;awmh.? tvkyform;onf rGJjymusoljzpfvmonf? 71

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

rGJjymusr_onf vlOD;a&ESifh "eOpPmxufyif ydkrdkvsifjrefpGm jzpfay:wdk;yGm; vmonf? Tonfu "e&Sifvlwef;pm;onf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk tkyfpdk; xm;ol vlwef;pm;tjzpf qufvufwnf&&dS efEiS hf rdrv d w l ef;pm; wnf&rdS _ ta=umif;tcsufrsm;udk vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wckvHk;tay: xdef;csKyfxm;aom w&m;tjzpf tusyu f ikd &f ef roifah wmfa=umif;udk &Si;f vif;pGm azmfjyvdu k f onf? "e&Sifvlwef;pm;onf tkyfpdk;ae&ef roifhawmfawmhay? tb,f a=umifhqdkaomf ol.aus;u|efudk aus;u|efa&csdeft& wnf&Sdr_udkyifv#if tmrcHcsuf ray;Edik af oma=umifjh zpf.? tb,fa=umifq h akd omf aus;u|e. f tau|;tarG;udk cH&rnft h pm; aus;u|eu f ykd if "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;u au|;arG; ae&aomtajcod@k qdu k af &muf roGm;atmifvnf; rwwfEikd af oma=umifh jzpfonf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;onf T"e&Sifvlwef;pm; tkyfpdk;r_atmufwGif qufvufraeEdik af wmhay? wenf;qdak omf "e&Siv f w l ef;pm; wnf&rdS o _ nf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ESifh qufvufroifhawmfawmhay? "e&Sifvlwef;pm; wnf&Sdr_ESifh pdk;rdk;r_. t&if;cHta=umif;rSm t&if;tESD; jzpfwnfvmjcif;ESifh wdk;yGm;vmjcif;24 wdk@jzpfonf? t&if; tESD; wnf&Sdjcif;. ta=umif;tcsurf mS tcpm;tvkyjf zpfonf? tcpm; tvk y f o nf tvk y f o rm; tcsif ; csif ; òyif q d k i f r _ t ay:wG i f vH k ; 0wnf aeay.? acwfopfpufr_vkyfief; a&S@odk@wufvSrf;vmr_udk &nf&G,fcsuf r&SdbJ ,laqmifvmolrSm "e&Sifvlwef;pm;jzpf.? ‚wufvSrf;r_onf òyif q d k i f r _ a =umif h oD ; jcm;uif ; uG m aeaom vk y f o m;rsm;.ae&mwG i f tpnf;t±H;k rsm; zG@J pnf;jcif;a=umifh &&Sv d monfh vkyo f m;rsm;. awmfveS f aomaygif;pnf;r_jzifh tpm;xdk;vdkufonf? xdk@a=umifh acwfopfpufr_ vkyfief; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;vmr_u "e&Sifvlwef;pm;. txGufypPnf;rsm; xkwfvkyf&m tydkifpD;&m t&if;tjrpfukd csK;d zsuyf pfvu kd o f nf? xd@k a=umifh "e&Sifvlwef;pm;onf OD;pGmtm;jzifh rdrd.ocsKõif;tm; wl;olrsm;udk xkwfvkyfvdkuf.? "e&Sifvlwef;pm;. usqHk;r_ESifh ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. atmifyGJonf xyfwlxyfr# ra&Smifv$JEdkifawmhay? 72

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

tcef ; (2) ypPnf;rJhrsm;ESifh uGefjrLepfrsm;;yGyGefjrLepf j rLepfr sm; uGejf rLepfrsm;onf ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;w&yfv;kH tay: rnfo@kd o abmxm; ygoenf;? uGefjrLepfrsm;onf tjcm;tvkyform; vlwef;pm;ygwDrsm;udk qef@usifum zGJ@pnf;xm;onfh oD;jcm;ygwDw&yf r[kwfay? olw@kd wiG f ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;w&yfv;kH . tusK;d pD;yGm;ESihf oD;jcm; jzpfaom/ uif;uGmaom rnfonfhtusKd;pD;yGm;r# r&Sday? olwdk@onf ypPnf;rJhv_yf&Sm;r_udkyHkazmf&ef/ yHkoGif;&ef rnfonfh udk,fydkif*dk%f;*%qefaom25 rlrsm;udkr# rwifjy=uay? uGefjrLepfrsm;onf tjcm;aomtvkyform; vlwef;pm;ygwD 26 rsm; ESifh uGJjym;jcm;em;onfrSm atmufygtcsufrsm;wGifom jzpfonf? 1? wdik ;f jynftoD;oD;&Sd ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;. wdik ;f jynftvku d f wdu k yf rJG sm; wGif uGefjrLepfrsm;onf vlrsKd;a&;ESifh uif;&Sif;aom ypPnf;rJh vlwef;pm; w&yfv;kH . wlnaD omtusL;d pD;yGm;rsm;udk !¸ejf y a&S@wef;wifay;onf? 2? tvk y f o rm;vl w ef ; pm;u jzwf a usmf & rnf h "e&S i f v l w ef ; pm;ud k qef@usiaf om wdkufyGJjzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_ tqifhtoD;oD;wGif uGefjrLepfrsm; onf v_y&f mS ;r_wckv;kH . tusK;d pD;yGm;udk ae&mwdik ;f wGif tpOfojzifh ud, k f pm;ðyayonf? xdk@a=umifh uGefjrLepfrsm;onf wzufwGif vufawG@t& wdkif; jynfwikd ;f . tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm; ygwrD sm;xJwiG f a&S@wef;ta&mufq;kH / tjywfom;qHk; tydkif;jzpf+yD; ‚u tjcm;ygwDtm;vHk;udk a&S@odk@ wGef; wifay;onf? tjcm;wzufwGif oabmw&m;t& ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_ csDwuf&mvrf;a=umif;/ ta=umif;tcsufrsm;ESifh tqHk;owf a,bk,s tusK;d oufa&mufrr_ sm;udk &Si;f vif;pGm em;vnf&mwGif ypPn;f rJhxk}uD;xuf uGefjrLepfrsm;onf omvGefr_&Sdonf? 73

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

uGefjrLepfrsm;. vwfwavm&nf&G,fcsufonf tjcm;aom ypPnf;rJhygwDrsm;uJhodk@yif ypPnf;rJhrsm;tm; vlwef;pm;w&yftjzpf zGJ@wnf a&;/ "e&Sipf ;kd rd;k r_uòkd zcsa&;/ Edik if aH &;tm%mudk ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;u odr;f ,la&;wdk@jzpf.? uGejf rLepfrsm;. oabmw&m;a&;&m ed*;kH csKyfcsurf sm;onf avm u}uD;udk ðyjyifrnfqdkonfh xdkxdkTTyk*~dKvfrsm;u wDxGifcJhaom odk@r [kwf &SmazGawG@&cdS ahJ om t,ltqrsm; od@k r[kwf rlrsm;tay:wGif tvsO;f tajcrcHay? olwdk@onf wnf&Sdaeaom vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJrSvnf;aumif;/ u|eaf wmf wd@k a&S@arSmufwiG f jzpfymG ;aeaom ordik ;f v_y&f mS ;r_rv S nf;aumif; ay:xGuv f monfh wu,fq h ufqaH &;rsm;ESihf ywfoufI a,bk,sazmfjyjcif; r#om jzpfonf? wnf&adS eaom ydik q f ikd rf q _ ufqaH &;rsm;udk zsuo f rd ;f ypfjcif; onf uGejf rLepf0g'. xl;jcm;aom vuQ%mw&yf tvsOf;r[kwfay? ordik ;f qdik &f m ta=umif;tcsurf sm; ajymif;vJra_ =umifh twdwu f ydik q f ikd rf _ qufqaH &; tm;vH;k onf tqufrjywfordik ;f qdik &f m ajymif;vJr_ jzpfcJhonf? Oyrm jyif o pf a wmf v S e f a &; 27 onf ya'o&mZf y d k i f q d k i f r _ u d k zsufodrf;um "e&Sifydkifqdkifr_jzifh tpm;xdk;cJhonf? uGefjrLepf0g'. xl;jcm;aomvuQ%mrSm a,bk,sydkifqdkifr_udk zsufodrf;jcif;r[kwfbJ "e&Sifydkifqdkifr_udk zsufodrf;ypfjcif;jzpf.? odk@aomf acwfopf"e&Sif vlwef;pm;. yk*v ~ u d ydik q f ikd rf o _ nf vlwef;pm;&efbufjzpf r_EiS hf tenf;pku trsm;pkukd aoG;pkyrf t _ ay:wGif28 tajcðyxm;onfh xkwf vkyfr_ESifh txGufypPnf; tydkifpD;r_pepf. aemufqHk;ESifh tjynfhpHkqHk;aom azmfjycsufjzpfonf? Tt"dym` ,ft& uGejf rLepfrsm;. oabmw&m;udk pmwa=umif; wnf;jzifh csKyfvdkufv#if yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_udk zsufodrf;a&;yifjzpf.? u|eaf wmfw@kd uGejf rLepfrsm;udk wOD;csi;f vGwv f yfr/_ ðyrlvy_ &f mS ;r_/ trSDtcdkuif;r_tm;vHk;. tajccHjzpfaom rdrd.udk,fydkiftvkyfjzifh &&Sd 74

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

vmonfh wOD;csif; OpPm"eydkifqdkifcGifhudk zsufodrf;ypfvdkolrsm;[k ±_wfcs tjypfwif=uonf? cufcufccJ jJ zifh&&Sdaom/ rdrdudk,fydkiftvkyfjzifh&&Sdaom/ rdrd udk,f wdkif&SmazGcJhaom OpPm"eqdkyguvm;! "e&Sifydkifqdkifr_. a&S@ajy; jzpfaom vufr_ynmonfuav;ESifh v,form;uav;. ydkifqdkifr_o¿mefudk f ikd rf u _ kd zsuo f rd ;f ae oifw@kd ajymqdak eygoavm? u|eaf wmfw@kd onf Tydik q &ef rvdyk g? pufrv _ yk if ef; jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_onf }u;D rm;aom twdik ;f twmjzifh Tydik q f ikd rf u _ kd zsuq f ;D ypfcahJ v+y?D ae@pOfvnf; zsuq f ;D ypfaeqJ jzpfayonf? od@k r[kwf acwfopf"e&Sif yk*v ~ u d ydik q f ikd rf u _ kd qdv k ykd goavm? 29 od@k aomf tcpm;tvkyf onf tvkyv f yk o f t l wGuf ydik q f ikd rf u _ kd zefw;D ay;ygoavm? pd;k pOf;r# rzefw;D yg? tcpm;tvkyo f nf t&if;tES;D (0g) tcpm;tvkyftm; aoG;pkyfaom ydkifqdkifr_udk zefwD;ay;.? topf wzef aoG;pkyf&eftwGuf tcpm;tvkyftopfudk &&Sdaprnfh ta=umif; tcsufr&Sdv#if ‚ydkifqdkifr_onf wdk;yGm;rvmEdkifay? TuJhodk@aom vuf&ydS ikd q f ikd rf o _ nf t&if;tES;D ESihf tcpm;tvky. f &efbufjzpfr_ tay: wGif tajcðyxm;.? T&efbufjzpfr_. bufESpfbufpvHk;udk ppfaq; =unfh±_=uygpdk@? t&if;&Siw f a,muf jzpf&eftvd@k iSm xkwv f yk af &;wGif yk*Kd~ vfouf tqifhae&mvnf e&m ouft& omru vlr_a&;tqif ; &Sd&ayrnf? t&if;tESD; qdo k nfum; pkaygif;xkwfvkyfxm;onfh txGufypPnf;jzpfay.? vl@tzGJ@ tpnf;0ifaygif;rsm;pGm. wpkwpnf;wnf;aom ðyrlv_yf&Sm;r_omru ed*Hk;csKyfvdkufygv#if vl@tzGJ@tpnf;0iftm;vHk;. wpkwpnf;wnf;aom ðyrlv_yf&Sm;r_jzifhomv#if t&if;tESD;udk touf0ifap Edkifayonf? xdk@a=umifh t&if;tESD;qdkonfrSm wOD;csif;tiftm;r[kwfbJ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;qdkif&m tiftm;jzpfay.? xdk@a=umifh t&if;tESD;udk trsm;qdkif&mydkifqdkifr_ESifh vl@tzGJ@ t pnf;0iftm;vH;k . ydik q f ikd rf t _ jzpfo@kd ajymif;vJypfonfq&kd mwGif wOD;csi;f ydkifqdkifr_udk vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. ydkifqdkifr_tjzpfodk@ ajymif;vJypfvdkufjcif; 75

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

r[kwfay? ydkifqdkifr_. vl@tzGJ@tpnf; vuQ%mudkom ajymif;vJypfjcif; jzpfonf? ydkifqdkifr_onfvnf; rdrd. vlwef;pm;vuQ%m qHk;yg;oGm; awmh.? tcpm;tvkyfta=umif; ,ck=unfh=uygpdk@? tcpm;tvky. f ysr;f r#aps;E_e;f qdo k nfrmS tedrq hf ;kH vkycf jzpf.? ‚rSm tvkyo f rm;wa,mufonf tvkyo f rm;tjzpf toufwnfwhHae&ef vHk;0 r&Srd jzpfaom b0wnf+rJa&; ypPn;f yrm%omv#if jzpfonf? xd@k a=umifh tcpm;tvkyo f rm;u rdrt d vkyjf zifh tydik &f &Sv d u kd af om t&monf ol. b0wnfwhaH &;ESihf jyefvnfxw k v f yk af &;twGuf axrd±rkH #om&S. d ? u|eaf wmf wd@k onf a,bk,stm;jzifh tvky. f txGuyf pPn;f rsm;tm; wOD;csif;tydkif &&Sx d m;r_ukd zsuo f rd ;f ypf&ef tvsO;f r&nf&, G af y? T tydik &f &Srd u _ vlw@kd touf&SifwnfwHhaea&;ESifh jyefvnfxkwfvkyfa&;twGuf tusK;d ðy+y;D ol wyg;.tvkyu f kd cef@c&JG eftwGuf rnfo@kd aom tydt k v#rH S ºuif;usejf cif; r&Sd awmhay? u|efawmfw@kd zsuo f rd ;f ypfvo kd nfrmS t&if;tES;D wd;k rsm;a&; ouf ouftwGuf tvkyform;onf touf&Sifae&+yD; tkyfpdk;olvlwef;pm; tusK;d pD;yGm;.vdt k yfrt _ & touf&iS cf iG &hf xm;onfh Ttydik &f &Srd . _ pdwf rcsrf;ajr@p&maumif;aom vuQ%mudkomv#if jzpf.? "e&Siv f @l tzG@J tpnf;wGif ouf&t dS vkyo f nf pkyx kH m;aom tvkyu f kd wdk;yGm;aponfh enf;vrf;omv#if jzpfonf? uGefjrLepfvl@tzG@J tpnf;wGif pkyHkxm; aomtvkyfonf tvkyform;. b0wnf+rJr_udk wdk;cs@J apaom/ ºu,f0apaom/ jzpfxGef;apaom enf;vrf;omv#if jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh "e&Sifvl@tzGJ@tpnf;wGif twdwfonf ypPKy`eftay: }uD;pdk;.? uGefjrLepfvl@tzGJ@tpnf;wGifrl ypPKy`efonf twdwftay:wGif }uD;pdk;onf? "e&Sif vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wGif t&if;tESD;onf trSDtcdkuif;+yD; wckcsif;vuQ%maqmifum ouf&SdvlrSmrl rSDcdkae&+yD; wOD;csif;vuQ%m [lI r&Sad wmhay? xdk@jyif Todk@jzpfaeonfh ta=umif;tcsuftm; zsufodrf;r_udk wOD;csi;f vuQ%mESihf vGwv f yfru _ kd zsuo f rd ;f jcif;[k "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;u 76

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

ac:=uonf? rSeaf yonf? "e&Siw f OD;csi;f vuQ%m/ "e&Sit f rSt D cdu k if;r_EiS hf "e&SifvGwfvyfr_wdk@udk zsufodrf;&ef &nf&G,fxm;onfrSm oHo,&Sdp&m rvdkay? rsufarSmufumv "e&Sifxkwfvkyfa&; ta=umif;tcsufatmuf wGif vGwv f yfa&;qdo k nfrmS vGwv f yfpmG ukeo f , G af &;/ vGwv f yfpmG a&mif; 0,fa&;jzpf.? odk@aomf tu,fI a&mif;0,fa&;uG,faysmufoGm;v#if vGwf vyfpGm a&mif;0,fa&;onfvnf; uG,faysmufoGm;ayrnf? vGwfvyfpGm a&mif;0,fa&;ta=umif; TtajymrsK;d ESiw hf uG u|eaf wmfw@kd "e&Sif vlwef; pm;. a,bk,svGwfvyfr_ta=umif; tjcm;avvHk;xGm;aom pum; tm;vH;k onf tu,fIom tv,facwfu twkyftaESmifcHxm;&onfh ukefonfrsm;/ uef@owfcHxm;&aom a&mif;0,fa&;wdk@ESifh ywfoufygrl t"dym` ,f &Sad umif;&Sad yrnf? od@k aomf a&mif;0,fa&;/ "e&Sif xkwv f yk af &; ta=umif;tcsurf sm;ESiw hf uG "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;udyk ifv#if uGejf rLepfypkH jH zifh zsuo f rd ;f ypfa&;udk qef@usiv f u kd af omtcgwiG f Tpum;vH;k rsm;onf rnf onfht"dy`m,fr#r&Sday? yk*v ~ u d ydik q f ikd rf u _ kd zsuo f rd ;f &ef u|eaf wmfw@kd }u&H , G af e=uonf[k oifwdk@u a=umufvef@w=um; jzpfae=uonf? odk@aomf wnf&Sdaeonfh oifwdk@. vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wGif vlOD;a& 10 yHk 9 yHk. yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_rSm zsufodrf;jcif;cHvdkuf&+yDjzpfonf? vltenf;i,ftwGuf yk*~vduypPnf; wnf&Sdae&onfrSm xdk 10 yHk 9 yHk. vufxJwGif rnfonfhykdifqdkifr_r# r&Sjd cif;a=umifo h mv#if jzpfygonf? xd@k a=umifh ydik q f ikd rf o _ ¿mefwckukd zsuf odr;f ypf&ef &nf&, G o f nft h wGuf u|eaf wmfw@kd tm; oifw@kd u ±_wcf s=uonf? xdkydkifqdkifr_o¿mefwck wnf&Sd&efvdktyfaom ta=umif;tcsufrSmum; vl@tzG@J tpnf;. trsm;wumh trsm;pk}uD;twGuf rnfonfhydkifqdkifr_r# rwnf&Sda&; jzpfayawmhonf? wcGef;wnf;qdk&v#if oifwdk@.ydkifqdkifr_udk zsufodrf;ypf&ef }uH &G,af eonf[k u|efawmfw@kd ukd ±_wcf s=uonf? rSeaf yonf/ u|efawmfw@kd 77

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

Ttwdik ;f }uH&, G f xm;yg onf? tvkyo f nf t&if;tES;D / tojymESihf oD;pm;ctjzpfo@kd vnf;aumif;/ vuf0g;}u;D tkyEf ikd pf rG ;f &Sad om vlra_ &;tiftm;tjzpfo@kd vnf;aumif; ajymif; vJroGm;Edik af omtcg qdkvdkonfrSm yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_onf "e&Sifydkifqdkif r_tjzpfo@kd / t&if;tES;D tjzpfo@kd ajymif;vJroGm;Edik af omtcgrpS I wOD;csi;f vuQ%monfvnf; uG,faysmufoGm;onf[k oifwdk@uajymqdk=uonf? xdk@a=umifh “wOD;csif;” qdk&mwGif tv,ftvwfvlwef;pm;30 ypPnf;ydkif&SifESifh "e&SifrSwyg; tjcm;olr[kwfa=umif; oifwdk@udk,fwdkif 0efc&H ma&mufayonf? xdo k @kd aomoluu kd m; jyefray:Edik af tmif trSeyf if z,f&Sif;ypf&rnf? uGefjrLepf0g'onf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. txGufypPnf;udk tydkif& ,lonfh rnfol. tcGifhtm%mudkr# ±kyfodrf;jcif;rðyay? uGefjrLepf0g'u ±kyo f rd ;f rnfrmS xdo k @kd aomtydik &f ,ljcif;jzifh tjcm;olrsm;. tvkyt f ay: pdk;rdk;Edkifaom tcGifhtm%mudkomv#if jzpfonf? yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_udk zsufodrf;vdkufv#if tvkyftm;vHk; &yfqdkif; oGm;um wavmuvH;k tysi;f xluek =f uvdrrhf nf[I l uef@uGufajymqdk=u ao;onf? Ttwdik ;f om jzpf&rnfqykd gv#if "e&Siv f @l tzG@J tpnf;onf =um jrifph mG uyif ysi;f &dra_ =umifh a=uðyef;oGm;avmufay+y?D tb,fa=umifq h akd omf "e&Siv f @l tzG@J tpnf;wGif tvkyv f yk o f o l nf rnfonfurkd #r&/ tvkyrf vkyf olonf t&m&mudk &&Sad eaoma=umifyh ifwnf;? Tuef@uu G cf suw f ckv;kH onf t&if;tES;D r&Sad wmhaomtcg rnfonft h cpm;tvkyrf # qufvuf r&SdEdkif[lonfudk pum;vHk;wrsKd;ESifh xyfrHajymqdkjcif;yif jzpfayonf? uGefjrLepfpepfjzifh ±kyf0wˆKtxGufypPnf;rsm;udk xkwfvkyfjcif;/ tydik &f ,ljcif; enf;emrsm;udk qef@usio f nfh uef@uu G cf sut f m;vH;k uJo h @kd yif ^m%tvkyfu zefwD;vdkufaom txGufypPnf;rsm;udk uGefjrLepfpepfjzifh xkwv f yk jf cif;/ tydik &f ,ljcif;rsm;udv k nf; tvm;wlyif qef@usiaf jymqd=k u onf? "e&Sifvlwef;pm;twGufqdkaomf vlwef;pm;t& ydkifqdkifr_ uG,f 78

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

aysmufjcif;onf xkwfvkyfa&; uG,faysmufjcif;jzpfouJhodk@ vlwef;pm; ,Ofaus;r_31 uG,faysmufjcif;onfvnf; ,Ofaus;r_tm;vHk; uG,faysmuf jcif;yif jzpfayonf? qHk;±H_;oGm;onfhtwGuf "e&Sifvlwef;pm;u idkaºu;wrf;wae aom T,Ofaus;r_onfum; trsm;wumhtrsm;pk}uD;twGufqdkygrl pufud&d,muJhodk@ ðyrl&ef avhusifhay;jcif;r#om jzpfonf? od@k aomf vGwv f yfa&;/ ,Ofaus;r_/ w&m;Oya' tp&So d nfw@kd EiS hf ywfoufaom oifw@kd . "e&Sit f ,ltq pHxm;csurf sm;t& u|eaf wmf wdk@ &nf&, G x f m;aom "e&Siyf ikd q f ikd rf _ zsuo f rd ;f ypfa&;udk wdik ;f wm=unfah e or# umvywfv;kH u|eaf wmfw@kd EiS hf tjiif;ryGm;=uygEiS ?hf oifw@kd . t,ltq rsm;qdkonfrSm oifwdk@. "e&Sifxkwfvkyfa&;/ "e&Sifydkifqdkifr_ ta=umif; tcsufrsm;rS ay:xGufvmaom tudkif;tcufrsm;yifjzpf.? tvm;wlyif oifw@kd . w&m;Oya'qdo k nfrmS vnf; oifw@kd vw l ef;pm;. tvdq k ENt& tm;vHk;twGuf Oya'ðyxm;csufjzpfonf? w&m;Oya'. tESpfom&ESifh OD;wnfcsuu f kd oifw@kd vw l ef;pm;wnf&rdS . _ pD;yGm;a&;ta=umif;tcsurf sm; u qH;k jzwfay;.? oifwdk@. udk,fusKd;=unfhaom t,ltqtrSm;rsm;u vuf&Sd xkwfvkyfa&;enf;emESifh ydkifqdkifr_o¿mef32 rS aygufzGm;vmaom vlr_ a&;o¿mefrsm; (0g) xkwf vkyfa&;wdk;wufr_twGif;rS ay:xGufvm+yD; aysmufu, G o f mG ;aom ordik ;f qufqaH &;rsm;udk obm0ESihf qifjcifrw _ @kd . xm0&w&m;rsm;tjzpf ajymif;vJapvdu k o f nf? oifw@kd rwdik rf u D tkypf ;kd aom vlwef;pm;wdkif;onf oifwdk@uJhodk@yif TarSmufrSm;aom t,ltqrsKd; &Sd=uonf? a&S;acwfydkifqdkifr_udk &Sif;vif;pGmawG@jrif=uaom/ ya'o&mZf ydkifqdkifr_&Sda=umif;udk 0efcH=uaom oifwdk@onf oifwdk@. "e&Sifydkifqdkifr_ usawmhrS 0efrcH&J=uawmhay? rdom;pkzsufodrf;ypfa&;! uGefjrLepfrsm;. Temrnfqdk;vSaom wifjycsuftay: &,f'Du,ftusqHk;oluyif a'gojzpf=uonf? vuf&rdS o d m;pk/ "e&Sirf o d m;pkonf rnfonft h ajccHay:rSm wnf 79

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

aqmufxm;ygoenf;? t&if;tES;D tay:/ wOD;csi;f tusK;d tjrwf&rdS _ tay:wGif wnfaqmufxm;ayonf? jynf0h pHv k ifpmG jzpfay:wd;k yGm;aom Trdom;pk .o¿mefrSm "e&Sifvlwef;pm;twGif;wGifomv#if wnf&Sdaeayonf? vufawG@tm;jzifh ypPnf;rJhrsm;wGif rdom;pk r&Sdjcif;ESifh twdtvif; jynfh wefqmpepfwdk@onf Ttjcif;t&m. jznfhpGufazmfjycsuf jzpfonf? TjznfhpGufazmfjycsuf uG,faysmufoGm;aomtcg "e&Sifrdom;pk onfvnf; uG,af ysmufomG ;vdrrhf nf? t&if;tES;D uG,af ysmufomG ;onfEiS hf wygwnf; "e&Sifrdom;pkESifh TjznfhpGufazmfjycsufwdk@onfvnf; uG,f aysmufoGm;vdrfhrnf? rdbrsm;u om;orD;rsm;tay: aoG;pkyfr_udk u|efawmfwdk@ zsuf odrf;ypfvdkonf[k oifwdk@u pGyfpGyJ goavm? T&mZ0wfr_udk u|efawmf wdk@ usL;vGefrda=umif; 0efcHayonf? od@k aomf u|efawmfw@kd u tdrw f iG ;f ynmay;a&;udk vl@tzG@J tpnf; qdik &f m ynmay;r_jzifh tpm;xd;k vdu k af omtcg vlom;wd@k . trGejf rwfq;kH aom qufqaH &;udk u|eaf wmfw@kd u zsuq f ;D onf[k oifw@kd q=kd uvdrrhf nf? oifwdk@. ynma&;uaum! vl@tzGJ@tpnf;qdkif&m ynma&;yif r[kwyf g avm? Tynma&;udk vl@tzG@J tpnf;qdik &f m ta=umif;tcsurf sm;u qHk;jzwfonf r[kwfygavm? Tynma&;udk pmoifausmif; ponfwdk@ rSwqifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. wdkuf±dkufodk@r[kwf oG,f0dkufpGufzufr_wdk@u qHk;jzwf=uonf r[kwfygavm? ynma&;wGif vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. pGuf zufjcif;udk uGefjrLepfrsm;u wDxGifjcif;rðycJhay? uGefjrLepfrsm;onf T pGuzf ufr. _ vuQ%mudk ajymif;vJypf&efEiS hf ynma&;udk tkypf ;kd ol vlwef; pm;. =oZmatmufrS u,fwif&ef &nf&G,fjcif;omv#ifjzpf.? acwfopfpufr_vkyfief;u ypPnf;rJhrsm;twGif; rdom;pk taESmif tzGJ@ tm;vHk;udk zsufqD;ypfvdkuf+yD; ypPnf;rJhrsm;. om;orD;rsm;udkvnf; a&mif;0,fa&;ypPn;f rsm;ESihf tvkyu f &d , d mrsm;oufouftjzpfo@kd ajymif; vJypfvdkufonf? Todk@jzpfonfESifhtr# rdom;pkESifh ynma&;/ rdbESifh om;orD;rsm;. rGefjrwfaom qufqHa&;wdk@ESifh ywfoufI "e&Sifrsm;. 80

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

t"dy`m,fr&Sd ajyma[maer_rsm;onf ydkIpufqkyfp&m aumif;vmawmh onf? od@k aomf cifAsm;wd@k ueG jf rLepfrsm;u ZeD;onfrsm;udk bHyk pPn;f vkyf vdk=uonf[k "e&Sifvlwef;pm;w&yfvHk;u xdwfvef@w=um; oHòyif atmfvdkuf=uonf? "e&Sifonf rdrd.ZeD;onfudk xkwfvkyfa&;ud&d,m oufouf tjzpf =unfh jrifonf? xkwv f yk af &;ud&, d mqdv k #if twlwuG toH;k ðy&ef jzpfonf[k "e&Sifwdk@u em;vnfxm;=uonf? xdk@a=umifh "rRwmyif trsKd;orD;rsm;onfvnf; bHkypPnf; jzpfoGm;=uvdrfhrnf[laom ed*Hk;csKyf csurf w S yg; tjcm;r&SdEdkifay? trsK;d orD;rsm;. tqifah e&mudk xkwv f yk af &;ud&, d m oufouf tjzpf xm;&Sdjcif;tm; zsufodrf;ypf&efqdkonfh wu,fh&nf&G,fcsufudk "e&Sifonf pOf;pm;rd=uvdrfhrnf r[kwfacs? trSet f m;jzifq h v kd #if ZeD;onfrsm;udk bHyk pPn;f vkyrf t _ m; uGejf rL epfrsm;u ajAmifw&m;0if xlaxmifvdrfhrnf[kqdkum u|efawmfwdk@. "e&Sirf sm;u [efaqmif a'goxGuaf eonfxuf &,fp&maumif;onfrmS r&Sd awmhay? uGefjrLepfrsm;u ZeD;onfrsm;udk bHkypPnf;vkyfp&mrvdkay? T udpo P nf a&S;ya0o%Duyif &Scd +hJ yD jzpfonf? u|efawmfw@kd . "e&Sirf sm;onf olw@kd vufatmufrS ypPn;f rJrh sm;. ZeD;onfrsm;/ orD;rsm;ESiyhf if rwif;wdr=f uao;ay? w&m;0if jynfw h efqmawG &Sad eonfurkd qdx k m;ESi/hf wOD;.ZeD;onfukd wOD;u usL;vGe&f onfuykd if tvGeftrif; om,mae=uayonf? "e&Sif vufxyfxdrf;jrm;a&;pepfonf pifppftm;jzifh ZeD;onf rsm;udk bHkvkyfypfjcif;yifwnf;? uGefjrLepfrsm;taejzifh tvGefqHk;pGyfpGJjcif; cH&p&m&SdonfrSm vdrfnmzHk;uG,f+yD; ZeD;onfudk bHkypPnf;vkyfxm;onfh ae&mwGif w&m;0iftwdtvif;vkyfjcif;jzifh uGefjrLepfrsm;u tpm;xdk; vdk=uonf [lIjzpf.? trSeftm;jzifhqdkv#if vuf&Sdxkwfvkyfa&;pepfudk zsufodrf;vdkufonfESifhtr# TpepfrS ay:xGufvmaom w&m;0ifESifh 81

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

w&m;r0if jynfhwefqmpepf ESpfckpvHk;tusKH;0ifonfh ZeD;onfrsm;udk bHkvkyfr_yg ygoGm;&rnfrSm ol@tvdkvdk&Sif;aeayonf? xdk@jyif uGefjrLepfrsm;onf wdkif;jynfESifhvlrsKd;udk zsufodrf;ypf vdk=uolrsm;jzpfonf[k ±_wfcs=ujyefonf? tvkyform;rsm;wGif wdkif;jynf33 r&Sd? olwdk@Y r&Sdaomt&mudk olwdk@xHrS u|efawmfwdk@ r,lEdkifay? ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;onf OD;pGmyxr EdkifiHa&;tkyfpdk;r_udk &,lrnfjzpfay&m trsKd;om;. acgif;aqmif34 vlwef; pm;tjzpfo@kd jr‡iw hf if&rnf? "e&Sirf sm;ajym=uonfh t"dym` ,ft& r[kwf w&yf apumrl rdrdudk,fYu trsKd;om;jzpfonfhtavsmuf trsKd;om;w&yf tjzpfzGJ@wnf&rnf jzpfayonf? "e&Sifvlwef;pm; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;vmr_a=umifhvnf;aumif;/ vGwf vyf p G m ul ; oef ; a&mif ; 0,f a &;a=umif h v nf ; aumif ; / urB m h a ps;uG u f a=umifhvnf;aumif;/ xkwfvkyfa&;enf;emESifhwuG ‚ESifhavsmfnDaom b0ta=umif;tcsufrsm; wlnDvmaoma=umifhvnf;aumif;/ trsKd;om; jcm;em;csurf sm;ESihf jynforl sm;tcsi;f csi;f &efbufjzpfrr_ sm;onf ae@pOfEiS hf tr# ydkIydkI uG,faysmufoGm;aeonf? ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm; pd;k rd;k r_onf Tod@k aom uG,af ysmufomG ;r_ukd ydkrdkvsifjrefapvdrfhrnf? tenf;qHk;ajym&aomf ,Ofaus;aom xdyfwef; wdik ;f jynfrsm;. pkaygi;f v_y&f mS ;r_onf ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm; vGwaf jrmufa&; twGuf a&S;OD;ta=umif;tcsufrsm;teuf wckjzpfonf? vlwOD;u wOD;tay: aoG;pkyfjc,fvS,fr_ tqHk;owfoGm;onf ESifhtr# trsKd;om;w&yfu tjcm;trsKd;om;tay: aoG;pkyfjc,fvS,fr_ onfvnf; tqHk;owfoGm;vdrfhrnf? trsKd;om;twGif;&Sd vlwef;pm; &efbufjzpfr_ uG,faysmufoGm;onfESifhtwl trsKd;om;w&yfu wjcm; trsK;d om;w&yftay: &efvrkd ek ;f wD;r_ onfvnf; tqH;k owfomG ;vdrrhf nf? bmoma&;/ tbd"rRma&;ESifh a,bk,stm;jzifh t,ltq&yf wnfcsufrSaeI uGefjrLepf0g'tay: pGJcsufwifr_rsm;rSmrl av;av;euf euf ppfaq;=unfh±_&efyif rvdkay? 82

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

vl . tawG ; tac:/ tjrif / t,l t qrsm;/ wcG e f ; wnf ; ES i f h ajym&v#if vl.todonf ol.±kyfb0wnf&Sdr_ ta=umif;tcsufrsm;/ ol.vlr_qufqHa&;rsm;ESifh ol.vlr_a&;b0twGif;&Sd ajymif;vJr_wdkif; ESifhtwl ajymif;vJoGm;onfudk eufeufeJeJpOf;pm;&ef vdkygao;oavm? todynmxkwfvkyfr_onf ±kyf0wˆKxkwfvkyfa&; ajymif;vJonfh tcsKd;tpm;twdkif;vdkufI ‚.vuQ%m ajymif;vJoGm;onf qdkonf xuf tawG;tac:ordkif;u rnfonfudkrsm; oufaojyygao;oenf;? acwfumvwdik ;f . pd;k rd;k aeaom tawG;tac:onf xdak cwfumv&Sd tkypf ;kd olvlwef;pm;. tawG;tac:r#om tpOfjzpfcJhonf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wckvHk;udk awmfvSefypfaom tawG;tac:rsm; ta=umif;udk ajym&mwGif tawG;tac:opf. tpdwftydkif;rsm;onf vl@tzG@J tpnf;a[mif;twGi;f wGif zG@J wnfco hJ nf[al om tcsuu f kd vnf; aumif;/ b0wnf&Sdr_ta=umif;tcsufa[mif;rsm;udk zsufodrf;vdkuf onfESifhwygwnf; tawG;tac:a[mif;rsm;. òyuGJr_onf vdkufygvm onf[laom tcsufudkvnf;aumif; azmfjy=ujcif;r#om jzpfonf? a&S;acwfurBm a=uðyef;vkqJqJwGif a&S;acwfbmoma&;rsm;udk c&pf,mefbmomu tEdkif,lvdkufonf? 18 &mpkESpfwGif qifjcifjcif; tawG;tac:. xdk;ESufr_a=umifh c&pf,mefbmom usqHk;oGm;aomtcg wGif ya'o&mZfvl@tzGJ@tpnf;onf xdkpOfu awmfvSefaom "e&Sifvl wef;pm;ESifh taotvJwdkufyGJqifcJhonf? bmoma&;vGwfvyfr_ESifh vGwv f yfpmG ,H=k unfrq _ ikd &f m tawG;tac:wd@k onf tod^m%fe,fy,fY vGwfvyfpGmòyifqdkifr_. pdk;rdk;r_udk azmfjyjcif;omv#if jzpfayonf? “bmoma&;/ udk,fusifhw&m;/ tbd"rRm35 ESifh w&m; Oya' qd k i f & m tawG ; tac:wd k @ onf ord k i f ; jzpf a y:wd k ; yG m ;r_ w av#muf w G i f ðyjyifajymif;vJco hJ nfrmS oHo,&Spd &mrvdak wmhay? od@k aomf bmoma&;/ udk,fusifhw&m;/ tbd"rRm/ EdkifiHa&;0dZ…mynmESifh w&m;Oya'wdk@onf Tod@k tqufrjywf ajymif;vJrt _ wGi;f Y tpOfojzifh wnfwv hH mcJo h nf” [lI ajym=uayvdrfhrnf? 83

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

“xd k @ tjyif vl @ tzG J @ tpnf ; tqif h t m;vH k ; wG i f wl n D a om vGwfvyfa&;/ w&m;r#wr_ponfh xm0&trSefw&m;rsm; &Sd=uao;onf? od@k aomf uGejf rLepf0g'onf xm0&trSew f &m;rsm;/ bmoma&;ESihf ud, k u f sihf w&m;tm;vHk;udk tkwfjrpfopfay:wGif wnfaqmufrnfhtpm; zsuf odr;f ypfonf? xd@k a=umifh uGejf rLepf0g'onf twdwu f mv ordik ;f qdik &f m tawG@tñuHtm;vH;k ESihf qef@usiðf yrlaeonf” [lI ajym=uayvdrrhf nf? TpGyfpGJcsufonf rnfonftajcxd qdkufa&mufoGm;ygoenf;? vGefcJhaom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ordkif;tm;vHk;onf rwlaomacwfumvwGif rwlaom o¿mefaqmifonfh vlwef;pm;&efbufjzpfr_rsm;jzifh jzpfay: wdk;yGm;cJh.? od@k aomf ‚wd@k onfrnfo@kd aom o¿mefaqmifapumrl vGecf hJ aom acwfrsm;tm;vH;k wGif wlncD suw f ck&o dS nf? ‚um; vl@tzG@J tpnf; tpdwftydkif;wcku tjcm;tpdwftydkif;wckudk aoG;pkyfjc,fvS,fjcif; jzpf.? odk@jzpfI vGefcJhaomacwfrsm;&Sd vlr_a&;todonf azmfjycsuf rnfo@kd yif uGjJ ym;jcm;em;apumrl wpHw k &m wlno D nfo h ¿mefrsm;/ od@k r[kwf a,bk,stawG;tac:rsm;twGif;wGif v_yf&Sm;=uonfrSm rxl; qef;ay? TtawG;ac:rsm;onf vlwef;pm;&efbufjzpfrr_ sm; vH;k vH;k uG,f aysmufoGm;rSomv#if vHk;0uG,faysmufoGm;ayvdrfhrnf? uGefjrLepfawmfvSefa&;onf tpOftvmydkifqdkifr_ qufqHa&; rsm;ES i f h tjywf o m;qH k ; tquf j zwf v k d u f j cif ; jzpf o nf ? uG e f j rLepf awmfveS af &; jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_wiG f tpOftvmtawG;tac:rsm;ESihf tjywf om;qHk; tqufjzwfjcif;yg0ifonfrSm tHh=op&mr&Sday? odk@aomf "e&Sifvlwef;pm;u uGefjrLepf0g'tay: uef@uGufcsuf rsm;ta=umif; TwGif&yfvdkuf=uygpdk@? txufwGif u|efawmfwdk@awG@&SdcJhonfhtwdkif; tvkyform;vl wef;pm; qifEaJ$ om awmfveS af &;. yxrajcvSr;f rSm ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm; udk tkyfpdk;olvlwef;pm; tqifhae&modk@ jr‡ifhwif&ef/ 'Drdkua&pDwdkufyGw J Gif tEdkif&&efyif jzpfayonf? 84

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

ypP n f ; rJ h v l w ef ; pm;onf ‚.Ed k i f i H a &;pd k ; rd k ; r_ u d k toH k ; ðyI "e&Sifvlwef;pm;xHrS t&if;tESD;tm;vHk;udk wqifh+yD;wqifh odrf;,l &efjzpf+yD; EdkifiHawmfvufxJwGif qdkvdkonfrSm tkyfpdk;olvlwef;pm;tjzpf pnf;±Hk;xm;aom ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. vufxJwGif xkwfvkyfa&; ud&d ,mtm;vH;k udk A[drk S pkpnf;csKyfuikd x f m;&ef jzpfonf? xd@k jyif xkwv f yk af &; tiftm;pk pkpkaygif;udk vsifjrefEdkifor# vsifjrefpGm wdk;yGm;ap&ef jzpfay onf? trSeyf iftpydik ;f Y ydik q f ikd rf t _ cGit hf a&;rsm;ESihf "e&Six f w k v f yk af &; ta=umif ; tcsuf r sm;tay: tm%mjzif h pG u f z uf r _ e nf ; vrf ; rS w yg; txufygvyk if ef;onf rxda&mufEikd af y? xd@k a=umifh pD;yGm;a&;t& rjynfph kH rcdkifrm[k xifrSwf&aom Taqmif&Gufcsufrsm;onf v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;Y rdrdbmomrdrd omvGef}uD;xGm;vm+yD; vlr_a&;tm%ma[mif;udk quf f yk af &; enf;em vufwu kd cf u kd &f ef vdt k yfvmayonf36? TonfrmS xkwv udk vHk;0awmfvSef ajymif;vJypfa&;twGuf ra&Smifv$JEdkifonfh enf;vrf; jzpfonf? trSefyif rwlaomwdkif;jynfrsm;wGif Tvkkyfaqmifcsufrsm;onf uGJjym;jcm;em;=uvdrfhrnf? odk@apumrl a&S@wef;ta&mufqHk; wdkif;jynfrsm;wGif atmufyg wdk@onf a,bk,stm;jzifh toHk;ðyEdkif=uayvdrfhrnf? 1? ajr,mydkifqdkifr_udk zsufodrf;ypfjcif;ESifh ajrqDctm;vHk;udk trsm;qdkif&m udpPrsm;twGuf toHk;ðya&;37? 2? }uD;av;aom qlñuHerd jhf rifh od@k r[kwf tqifch jJG cm;aom tjrwf awmfcGefaumufcHa&;? 3? tarGqufcHr_ tcGifhta&;tm;vHk; zsufodrf;ypfa&;? 4? jynfyodk@ xGufoGm;olrsm;ESifh olykeftm;vHk;. ypPnf;OpPmudk odrf;,la&;? 5? Edik if aH wmft&if;tES;D xnf0h ifxm;om vH;k 0vuf0g;}uD; tkyf ;aom trsKd ; om;b%f j zif h Ed k i f i H a wmf v uf x J w G i f acs;aiG u d k A[d k r S 85

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

pkpnf;csKyfudkifxm;a&;? 6? EdkifiHawmfvufxJwGif qufoG,fa&;ESifh o,f,lydk@aqmifa&; ud&d,mrsm;udk A[dkrS pkpnf;csKyfudkifxm;a&;? 7? Edik if aH wmfyikd f puf±rkH sm;ESihf xkwv f yk af &;ud&, d mrsm;udk wd;k cs@J a&;/ ajr±dkif;rsm;udk xGef,ufpdkufysKd;a&;/ xdk@jyif wlnDaom pDrHudef;t& ajrqDv$mudk taxGaxGaumif;rGefatmif ðyjyifa&;? 8? tvkyu f kd tm;vH;k vkyzf @kd nDwn l rD #wm0ef&o dS nf/ xkwv f yk af &; wyfrawmfrsm;wnfaxmifa&;/ txl;ojzifh v,f,mvkyfief;twGuf wnfaxmifa&;? 9? v,f,mvkyif ef;udk pufrv _ yk if ef;ESihf aygi;f pyfa&;/ wjynfv;kH wGif vlO;D a&ydrk rkd #wpGm jzef@cjJG cif;tm;jzif38h òr@ES iS hf awmt=um; jcm;em;r_ udk wjznf;jznf; zsufodrf;a&;? 10? uav;oli,ftm;vH;k udk jynfo@l ausmif;rsm;wGif tcrJyh nm oif=um;a&;39/ vuf&o dS ¿mefjzifh &Sad eaom uav;rsm;. puf±t kH vkyu f kd 40 zsuo f rd ;f ypfa&;/ ynma&;udk pufrv _ yk if ef; xkwv f yk af &; ESihf aygi;f pyfay; a&; ponfwdk@jzpfonf? jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_twGif;wGif vlwef;pm;jcm;em;r_rsm; uG,faysmuf oGm;aomtcgEiS hf xkwv f yk af &;tm;vH;k udk wrsK;d om;vH;k . us,jf yef@aom tpnf;t±H;k rsm; vufxw J iG f pkpnf;xm;vdu k af omtcg trsm;qdik &f m tm %monf ,if;. EdkifiHa&;vuQ%m aysmufuG,foGm;vdrfhrnf? EdkifiHa&; tm%m. yifudk,ft"dy`m,frSm vlwef;pm;w&yfu tjcm;vlwef;pm; tay: zdESdyfa&;twGuf pnf;±Hk;xm;onfhtm%m41 omv#if jzpf.? tu,fI ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;onf "e&Sifvlwef;pm;udk qef@usifonfh wdu k yf w JG iG f vlwef;pm;w&yftjzpf tajctae wGe;f aqmfrt _ & rvGrJ aoG zG@J pnf;&v#iaf omfvnf;aumif;/ tu,fI awmfveS af &;enf;jzifh rdru d , kd f ud k tk y f p d k ; ol v l w ef ; pm;jzpf a tmif v k y f u m xk w f v k y f a &; ta=umif ; tcsufa[mif;rsm;udk t=urf;zuf zsufodrf;vdkufv#ifaomfvnf; aumif; Tt=umif;tcsurf sm;ESit hf wl a,bk,s vlwef;pm;&efbuf jzpfrr_ sm;ESihf 86

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

vlwef;pm;rsm; wnf&Sda&;twGuf ta=umif;tcsufrsm;udkvnf; zsuf odr;f &ma&mufayonf? od@k jzifh vlwef;pm;w&yftjzpf rdrd ud, k yf ikd f pd;k rd;k r_ukd zsufodrf;&m a&mufayvdrfhrnf? vlwef;pm;rsm;ESihf vlwef;pm;&efbufjzpfrr_ sm;&So d nfh a[mif;EGr;f aom "e&Siv f @l tzG@J tpnf;ae&mwGif wOD;pD. vGwv f yfpmG jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_ onf tm;vH;k vGwv f yfpmG jzpfay:wd;k yGm;a&;twGuf ta=umif;tcsujf zpf aom tpnf;t±Hk;wckudk u|efawmfwdk@ &&Sdayvdrfhrnf?

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

tcef ; (3) qdk&S,fvpfESifh uGefjrLepfpmay 1? azmufjyefaom qdk&S,fvpf0g' (u) ya'o&mZf q d k & S , f v pf 0 g' jyifopfjynfESifh t*FvefjynfrS rif;nDrif;om;rsm;onf olwdk@. ordkif;qdkif&mtqifhae&ma=umifh acwfopf"e&Sif vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk qef@ usifaom vuffqifhurf;pmwrf;rsm; a&;om;vm&onf? 1830 ckESpf Zlvdkifv jyifopfawmfvSefa&;twGif;ESifh t*Fvdyfðyjyifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; twGi;f wGif Trif;nDrif;om;rsm;onf rke;f wD;zG,&f maumif;onfh topf ay:xGufvmolrsm;udk xyfrHt±_H;ay;vdkuf&.? xdkrSpI av;eufaom EdkifiHa&;wdkufyGJonf rnfodk@r#rjzpfEdkifawmhay? pmaywdkufyGJ wckwnf; omv#if jzpfEdkifp&m&Sdonf? odk@aomf pmaye,fy,fwGifyifv#if jyefvnf ysKd;axmifa&;umv· . "mwfjym;a[mif;rsm;onf rjzpfEdkifawmhay? pmemr_ukd &&S&d eftwGuf rif;nDrif;om;rsm;onf rdrw d @kd u, kd u f sK;d udyk if *±krpdkufav[efaqmif&if; aoG;pkyfcHtvkyform;vlwef;pm;oufouf. tusK;d pD;yGm;twGuq f +kd y;D "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;tay: pGcJ suw f ifvm=uonf? od@k jzifh rif;nDrif;om;rsm;onf rdrd w d @kd . t&Sio f cifopfta=umif; oa&mfpmrsm; a&;om;um vufpm;acs=uonf? tEW&m,fusa&mufawmhrnf[laom a=umufrufzG,&f m a[mude;f rsm;udk t&Sio f cif. em;od@k uyfum wD;wd;k · 1660 ckESpfrS 1689 ckESpftxd t*Fvefjynf. jyefvnfysKd;axmif a&;umvudk qdv k jkd cif;r[kwb f J 1814 ckEpS rf S 1830 ckEpS t f xd jyifopfjynf jyefvnf ysKd;axmifa&;umvudk qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf? (1888 ckESpf t*Fvdyf bmom yHEk ydS jf cif;twGuf tde*f ,f. rSwcf su)f 88

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

ajymqd=k uonf? Todk@tm;jzifh ya'o&mZf qdk&S,fvpf0g' ay:xGufvmonf? romaw;oD c sif ; w0uf / oa&mf p mw0uf / twd w f . yJ h w if o H w 0uf / tem*wf. +cdrf;ajcmufr_w0uf jzpfonf? wcgw&HwGif "e&Sifvlwef; pm;udk cg;oD;aom/ jyif;xefaom/ xdrdaoma0zefcsufrsm;jzifh toJcdkuf atmif xd;k ESuw f u kd cf u kd =f u.? od@k aomf acwfopf ordik ;f csw D uf&mudk vH;k 0 odem;vnfEdkifpGrf; r&Sdjcif;a=umifh tpOft+rJ&,fp&m jzpfaeonf? rif;nDrif;om;rsm;onf rdrw d @kd bufo@kd jynforl sm;tm; odr;f oGi;f ,l&ef ypPnf;rJholawmif;pm; vG,ftdwfudk olwdk@a&S@wGif tvHxlxm;=u onf? od@k aomf r=umc% olw@kd aemufo@kd vlrsm;vdu k yf gomG ;&if; olw@kd . aemufausmrS ya'o&mZfwq H yd af [mif;}u;D udk awG@jrifomG ;=uojzifh toH us,favmifpGm &,farmajymifvSmif+yD; pGef@cGmoGm;=uawmh.? TZmwfyGJwGif jyifopfvuf*sDwrpf0g'Drsm;42 rS tpdwftydkif; wckEiS hf ,ef;t*Fvef43 wd@k yg0ifujycJ=h uonf? ya'o&mZfrsm;u olwdk@. aoG;pkyfr_enf;emonf "e&SifaoG;pkyf r_EiS hf rwlaom tjcm;wrsK;d jzpfa=umif; !¸ejf y&mwGif olw@kd onf vH;k 0rwl aom tajctaeatmufwiG f aoG;pkycf ahJ =umif;ESihf ‚aoG;pkyrf o _ nf ,ck tcg acwfukefae+yDjzpfa=umif;udk arhavsmhae=uav+yD? olwdk@. tkyfpdk;r_ atmufwGif acwfopfypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; b,fwkef;urS r&SdchJyg[k azmfjy &mwGif acwfopf"e&Siv f w l ef;pm;onf olw@kd . vl@tzG@J tpnf; o¿mefrS rkcsay:xGufvmaom &v'fjzpfa=umif;udk olwdk@ arhavsmhxm;=u.? odk@&mwGif olwdk@a0zefcsuf. azmufjyefa&;vuQ%mudk tenf; i,fr# zH;k uG,f rxm;ay? "e&Siv f w l ef;pm; pd;k rd;k r_atmufwiG f vl@tzG@J tpnf; pepfa[mif;udk tjrpfrS vSefypfrnfh vlwef;pm;w&yfonf jzpfay:wdk;yGm; aeay+yD? "e&Sifvlwef;pm;udk qef@usifaom olwdk@. t"dupGyfpGJcsufrSm Tr#omwnf;? olw@kd onf ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;udk zefw;D vdu k jf cif;xuf awmfveS f aom ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm; zefw;D vdu k rf E_ iS hf ywfoufI "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;tay: 89

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

tjypfzdk@=uonf? xdk@a=umifh EdkifiHa&; vufawG@wGifrl olwdk@onf tvkyform; vlwef;pm;udk qef@usifonfh t=urf;zufr_ rSefor#wGif vufwGJyg0if=u onf? ae@pOfb0wGirf l [dw[ f ef}uD;vSaom pmyd'k rf sm;&Sad evifu h pm; 44 pufr_vkyfief;wnf;[laom opfyifrS aºuusvmaom a&$opfaomhoD; rsm;udk 'l;axmufaumuf,&l ef enf;enf;rS rysuu f u G =f uay? uwd opPm/ arwWm/ *k%foduQmwdk@udk odk;arG;/ o=um;/ csuft&uf· a&mif;0,fa&; twGuf vJvS,fypfvdkuf=uonf? c&pf,mefbkef;}uD;onf ajr&SifESifh tpOfvufwGJaeonfhtwdkif; c&pf,mefbek ;f }uD; qd&k , S v f pf0g'onf ya'o&mZfq&kd , S v f pf0g'ESihf vuf wGJvdkufonf? c&pf , mef c sKyf w nf ; a&;0g'tm; qd k & S , f v pf t vS j c,f a y;&ef avmuf vG , f u l a omt&mr&S d a y? c&pf , mef b momonf yk * ~ v d u ydik q f ikd rf /_ tdraf xmifðyr_EiS hf Edik if aH wmfw@kd ukd qef@usiu f m tmabmiftm&if; oefoefEiS hf a[majymcJo h nf r[kwyf gavm?‚wd@k tpm; 'geðyr_EiS hf qif; qif;&J&Jaer_/ tdrfaxmifrðya&;ESifh tvdkqEN csKyfwnf;a&;/ omoemh 0efxrf;b0ESifh c&pf,mefbk&m;ausmif;wdk@udk a[majymcJhonf r[kwfyg avm? c&pf,mefqdk&S,fvpf0g' qdkonfum; rif;nDrif;om;. tylrD;t ay:odk@ bkef;awmf}uD;u csD;jr‡ifhoGef;avmif;ay;vdkufonfh "rRa&pifom ·

Tpma=umif;rSm *smr%Djynfukd t"duxm;onf? xdw k ikd ;f jynf&dS ajrykid , f m ydik rf if;nDrif;om;ESihf ajr&Si}f u;D rsm;wGif olw@kd twGuf b¾mpd;k rsm; xGe, f ufaom ajruGuf }uD;rsm;&So d nf? olw@kd onf o=um;vkyif ef;ESihf tmvl;rS t&ufcsujf cif;udk t}uD;tus,v f yk =f uonf? ydrdk ºkd u,f0aom +Adwo d # rif;nDrif;om;tv$monf ‚tqifo h @kd ra&mufaomfjim;vnf; usqif;vmaom oD;pm;cudk axrdatmif/ tenf;ESit hf rsm; [efjytpkpyf ukr% ` rD sm;wGif emrnfpm&if;wifxm;zd@k odem; vnf=uonf? (1888 ckEpS f t*Fvyd b f mom yHEk ydS jf cif;twGuf tde*f ,f. rSwcf su?f ) 90

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

wnf;? (c) "e&S i f a yguf p qd k & S , f v pf 0 g' ya'o&mZfrif;nDrif;om;rsm;onf "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;u òzcsvu kd f onfh wckwnf;aom vlwef;pm;r[kwfay? acwfopf"e&Sif vl@tzGJ@ tpnf;ywf0ef;usiw f iG f b0ta=umif;tcsurf sm; qd;k 0g;vmum a=uðyef; oGm;onfh wckwnf;aom vlwef;pm;vnf; r[kwfay? tv,facwf òr@om;rsm;ESifh v,form;uav;wdk@onf acwfopf"e&Sifvlwef;pm;. a&S@awmfajy;rsm; jzpfcJh=uonf? pufr_vkyfief;ESifh ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; tenf;i,fom xGe;f um;aom wdik ;f jynfrsm;Y ‚vlwef;pm; ESp&f yfpvH;k onf xGef;opfp"e&Sifvlwef;pm;ESifh twl,SOfvsuf oufqdk;&SnfaeqJ jzpfayonf? acwfopf,Ofaus;r_ tjynfht0wdk;yGm;vmaom wdkif;jynfrsm; wGif topfjzpfaom "e&Sifaygufp vlwef;pm;w&yf zGJ@wnfvmonf? ‚onf "e&Sifvlwef;pm;ESifh ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;t=um;wGif rwnfr+idrf jzpf+y;D "e&Siv f @l tzG@J tpnf;. jznfph u G f xm;aom tydik ;f tjzpf xyfcgwvJvJ topfjzpfay:aeonf? odk@apumrl òyifqdkifr_a=umifh Tvlwef;pm;xJwGif yg0ifolwOD;csif;wdk@rSm ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; wyfzGJ@xJodk@ tqufrjywf wGe;f yd@k jcif; cH&onf? xd@k jyif acwfopfpufrv _ yk if ef; wd;k yGm;vmr_EiS hf twl olw@kd onf acwfopfv@l tzG@J tpnf;. trScD u kd if;aom tpdwt f ydik ;f tjzpf rS vHk;0uG,faysmufoGm;rnfh tcsdefumvonf eD;uyfvm+yDjzpf a=umif; olwdk@udk pufr_vkyfief;/ v,f,mvkyfief;ESifh ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; rsm;wGif t}uD;tuJrsm;/ =uyfrwfolrsm;/ tcpm;tr_xrf;rsm;u tpm; xdk;vdrfhrnfjzpfa=umif;udkyif odjrif=uonf? wdkif;jynfvlOD;a&wGif v,f orm;OD;a&u xuf0ufausmaf usm&f adS om jyifopfjynfuo hJ @kd wdik ;f jynfrsm;Y "rRwmyif "e&Sifvlwef;pm;udk qef@usifum ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;bufodk@ ygvm=uaom pma&;q&mrsm;onf "e&Sifpdpkd;rdk;r_udk a0zef=u&mwGif 91

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

v,form;ESihf "e&Siaf ygupf aywHukd toH;k ;ðyI tvkyo f rm; vlwef;pm;. ta&;udk Ttv,ftvwf vlwefpm;rsm; &yfwnfcsufjzifh umuG,f ay;cJh=uonf? odk@jzifh "e&Sifaygufpqdk&S,fvpf0g' ay:xGufvmcJhonf? qpfprf eG 'f o D nf jyifopfjynfrmS omru t*FvefjynfwiG v f nf; T*d% k ;f udk a&S@aqmifa&S@&Guf ðycJhonf? Tqdk&S,fvpf0g'*dk%f;onf acwfopfxkwfvkyfa&; ta=umif; tcsufrsm;twGif;&Sd yËdyuQrsm;udk ajymifajrmufpGm cGJjcm;pdwfjzmEdkifpGrf; &Sdonf? ‚u abm*aA'q&mrsm;. vdrfvnfvSnfhzsm;aom to em;cHcsurf sm;udk zGichf sco hJ nf? pufu&d , d mESiw hf uG tvkycf aGJ 0r_w@kd a=umifh twd'kuQa&mufr_rsm;udkvnf;aumif;/ vltenf;i,f. vufwGif;wGif t&if;tES;D ESihf ajr,mpkpnf;vmr_uv kd nf;aumif;/ xkwv f yk af &; ydv k #rH E_ iS hf uyfqdkufr_udkvnf;aumif; rjiif;Ekdifatmifoufao jyvdkufonf? "e&Sif aygupf ESihf v,form;wd@k . rvGrJ aoGysupf ;D &r_uv kd nf;aumif;/ ypPn;f rJv h l wef;pm;. qif;&J'u k u Q v kd nf;aumif;/ xkwv f yk af &;rif;rJrh u _ v kd nf;aumif;/ "eOpPmcGJa0r_. tvGeftrif; rnDr#r_udkvnf;aumif;/ trsKd;om;tcsif; csif; jzpfyGm;aom pufr_vkyfief; tjrpfðzwfppfyGJudkvnf;aumif;/ usifh0wf aESmifóu;a[mif;rsm;/ rdom;pk qufqHa&;a[mif;rsm;/ vlrsKd;a[mif;rsm; a=uðyef;oGm;jcif;udkvnf;aumif; !¸efjyvdkufonf? rnfodk@yifjzpfap ‚. tðyoabm &nf&G,fcsufrsm;t& T qd&k , S v f pf0g'o¿mefonf xkwv f yk af &; y&dabm*a[mif;ESihf zvS,af &; enf;vrf;a[mif;udk jyefvnfysKd;axmifa&;/ ‚ESifhtwl ydkifqdkifr_qufqH a&;a[mif;rsm;ESihf vl@tzG@J t pnf; a[mif; jyefvnfysK;d axmif&ef jzpfonf? odk@wnf;r[kwf acwfopfxkwfvkyfa&;y&dabm*ESifh zvS,fa&;enf;vrf; wdk@u rkcszsufqD;ypfrnfjzpfaom azmufcGJzsufqD;ypfvdkuf+yDjzpfaom ydkifqdkifr_qufqHa&;a[mif;rsm;twGif; ‚wdk@udk uef@owfxm;&ef &nf &G,. f ? rnfo@kd yifjzpfygap Tenf;ESprf sK;d pvH;k onf azmufjyefonfh pdwu f ;l ,Ofr_jzpfonf? pufrv _ yk if ef;wGif yl;aygi;f xm;aom vufrt _ zG@J zG@J pnf;a&;/ v,f 92

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

,mvkyfief;wGif tz}uD;pdk;aom qufqHr_xlaxmifa&;/ Tum; ‚. ed*Hk;csKyfcsufrsm; yifwnf;? aemufq f ;kH wGif rdru d , kd u f kd vSnphf m;aeaom ,pfr;l aeonfh tusK;d quf tm;vH;k udk racsyEdik af om ordik ;f tcsut f vufrsm;u z,f&mS ; ypf vdu k af omtcgY Tqd&k , S v f pf0g'o¿mefonf oem;zG,&f m Zmwford ;f oGm;awmh.? (*) *smref odk@r[kwf “ppfrSefaom” qdk&S,fvpf0g' jyifopfjynf&dS qd&k , S v f pfEiS hf uGejf rLepfpmayonf tm%m&"e&Sif vlwef;pm;. zdtm;atmufwiG f ay:xGe;f vm+yD; "e&Sit f m%mtm; qef@ usifaomwdkufyGJudk azmfjyvkdufonf? ‚pmayonf *smr%DjynfwGif "e&Sifvlwef;pm;ESifh ya'o&mZfoufOD;qHydkifwdk@. ,SOfòyifr_ pwifump tcsed Yf a&mufvmonf? *smref tbd " rR m q&mrsm;/ tbd " rR m q&mwyd k i f ; rsm;ES i f h pum;vHk; vSvSóuufolrsm; sm;onf ‚pmayudk tirf;r& qkyfudkif=u onf? Tpmta&;tom;rsm; jyifopfjynfrS *smr%Djynfodk@ ul;ajymif; 0ifa&mufvmjcif;ESifhtwl jyifopfvlr_a&; ta=umif;tcsufrsm; vdkuf ygrvmjcif;udu k m; olw@kd arhavsmah e=uonf? Tjyifopfpmayonf *smref vlra_ &;tajctaersm;ESihf xdawG@vu kd af omtcgY vwfwavm vufawG@ t"dy`m,ftm;vHk; aysmufu, G o f mG ;um pmayo¿mefoufouf jzpfomG ; 45 . ? Tod@k tm;jzifh yxrt}urd f jyifopfawmfveS af &;. awmif;qdck surf sm; onf 18 &mpkESpf *smreftbd"rRmq&mrsm;twGufqdk&aomf a,bk,s tm;jzifh “vufawG@usK;d a=umif;qDavsmrf ”_ awmif;qdck surf sm;xuf rydak y? olw@kd rsupf x d w J iG f awmfveS af om jyifopf"e&Siv f w l ef;pm;. qENuakd zmfjy vdkufjcif;onf qENoufoufw&m;rsm;/ a,bk ,stm;jzifh ppfrSefonfh vlom;qEN jzpf&rnfh qENw&m;rsm;om jzpfay.? *smrefpmayorm;rsm; pmayorm;rsm;. pmayorm;rsm; vkyfief;aqmifwmrSm opfvGifaom 93

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

jyifopftawG;tac:rsm;udk rdrw d @kd . acwfa[mif;tbd"rRm ,H=k unfcsujf zifh pnf;0g;udkufatmif vkyfa&;omjzpfonf? odk@r[kwfv#ifvnf; rdrdwdk@. udk,fydkiftbd"rRmtjrifudk rpGef@y,fbJ jyifopftawG;tac:rsm;udk &,l a&;jzpfonf? T&,la&;onf wdkif;wyg;bmomudk bmomjyefonfhenf;jzifh tydkifpD;vdkufjcif; jzpfonf? c&pf,mefbkef;}uD;rsm;onf uufovpf&[EWmrsm;. tcsnf;ESD; b0 ta=umif;rsm;udk a&S;rdpm> 'dÏEd ikd if . H a&S;a[mif;usr;f *efrsm; tay:wGif rnfodk@a&;om;cJhonfudk trsm;od=uonf? *smrefpmayorm;rs pmayorm;rsm; onf TjzpfpOfudk jyifopfavmuDpmayESifhywfoufI uajymif;ujyef vkyf vdu k o f nf? olw@kd onf jyifopfpmrl&if;atmufwiG f olw@kd . tbd"rRmqdik &f m r[kwrf [wfrsm;udk a&;xnfah y;onf? Oyrm tojym. pD;yGm;a&; vkyf aqmifcsurf sm;qdik &f m jyifopfa0zefcsuaf tmuf wGif “vlom;csi;f aoG;uGrJ ”_ [kvnf;aumif;/ "e&SiEf ikd if aH wmftay: jyifopfa0zefcsuaf tmufwiG f “a, bk,scjJG cm;csuu f kd òzcsvu kd jf cif;” [kvnf;aumif; tawmrowf a&;om; cJh=uonf? ordkif;qdkif&m jyifopfa0zefcsufrsm;xJwGif Ttbd"rRm pmydk'f rsm;udk rdwfqufay;&if; “v_yf&Sm;r_tbd"rRm”/ “ppfrSefaomqdk&S,fvpf 0g'”/ “*smrefqdk&S,fvpf0g' 0dZ…mynm”/ “qdk&S,fvpf0g'. tbd"rRm tajccH” ponfjzifh olwdk@ emrnfay;vdkuf=uonf? odk@jzifh jyifopfqdk&S,fvpfESifh uGefjrLepfpmayonf vHk;0±kyfysuf qif;ysuf jzpfoGm;onf? *smrefrsm;vufwGif;wGif vlwef;pm;w&yfu tjcm;vlwef;pm;w&yfESifh wdkufyGJqifa&;udk azmfxkwfjcif; &yfqdkif;oGm; uwnf;u *smrefw@kd onf “jyifopf wzufowfusr”_ tay: atmifEikd f vdu k +f yD[k ,H=k unfc. hJ ? ppfreS af om vdt k yfcsurf sm;udk ud, k pf m;rðybJ trSef w&m;. vdktyfcsufrsm;udk udk,fpm;ðyonf[k ,Hk=unfcJhonf? ypPnf;rJh vlwef;pm;. tusKd;pD;yGm;twGufr[kwfbJ vl@obm0tusKd;pD;yGm;/ rnfonfv h w l ef;pm;ESirhf S roufqikd af om/ wu,fwrf;r&Sad om/ roJruGJ 94

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

wnf&Sdaeaom/ tbd"rRm pdwful;,Ofe,fy,fwGifom&Sdaom a,bk,s vlom;. tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf jzpfonf[k ,Hk=unfcJhonf? olwdk@. ausmif;om;i,favhusifhcef;udkyif av;eufwnf=unf pGm oabmxm;um TuvdrfcsKHenf;jzifh tnHhpm;ukefypPnf;udk csD;usL; axmremðyaom T*smrefq&kd , S v f pf0g'onf rdr. d ynm&Sad ,mifa,mif rodem;rvnfr_udk wjznf;jznf;qHk;±_H;oGm;awmhonf? *smref txl;ojzifh y&yf&mS ;"e&Siv f w l ef;pm;. ya'o&mZfrif;nD rif;om;ESihf oufO;D qHyikd b f &k ifpepfukd qef@usiaf omwdu k yf JG wenf;qdak omf vpfb&,fv_yf&Sm;r_onf ydkrdkonf;oefvmcJh.? Tod@k tm;jzifh “ppfreS af om” qd&k , S v f pf0g'onf Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ; r_rsm;udk qdk&S,fvpfawmif;qdkcsufrsm;jzifh xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkif&ef[laom umv&S n f = umpG m awmif h w ae&onh f tcG i f h t vrf ; ud k &&S d v d k u f . ? vpfb&,f0g'/ ud, k pf m;vS,pf epftpd;k &/ "e&Siòf yifqikd rf /_ "e&Sipf me,fZif; vGwv f yfr/_ "e&SiOf ya'ðyr_/ "e&Siv f w G v f yfrE_ iS hf wef;wla&;wd@k ukd qef@usif +yD; tpOftvmtwdik ;f used q f &J efEiS hf T"e&Sif v_y&f mS ;r_tm;jzifh bmudrk S tjrwf&=urnf r[kwfbJ tm;vHk;qHk;±_H;zdk@om&Sdonf[k vlxkrsm;tm; a[majym&eftcGifhtvrf;udk &&SdoGm;onf? jyifopfa0zefa&;onf acwf opf"e&Sif vl@tzGJ@tpnf;.wnf&Sdr_/ ‚ESifhavsmfnDaom pD;yGm;a&;t a=umif;tcsufrsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;zGJ@pnf;yHkpnf;rsOf;wdk@udk óuwifwGufq cJha=umif;/ azmfjyyg tcsufrsm; &&Sda&;onf *smr%Djynf&Sd r+yD;jywfao; aomwdu k yf . JG &nf&, G cf sujf zpfa=umif;wd@k ukd jyifopfa0zefa&;. rdu k rf aJ om yJhwifoHjzpfonfh *smrefqdk&S,fvpf0g'onf wu,fhtcsdefaumif;wGifrS arhavsmhxm;cJh=uonf? *smrefoufOD;qHydkiftpdk;&rsm;ESifh ‚wdk@. aemufvdkufbkef;}uD; rsm;/ ygarmuQrsm;/ aus;vufajr&Sif}uD;rsm;ESSifh AsL±dku&ufrsm;udk +cdrf; ajcmufaeonfh "e&Sifvlwef;pm;tm; qef@usifaom pmajcmuf±kyftjzpf *smrefqdk&S,fvpf0g'u toHk;awmfcHvdkufonf? *smrefqdk&S,fvpf0g'qdkonfrSm xdkpOfu *smreftvkyform; 95

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

xºur_rsm;udk txufygtpdk;&rsm;u =umyGwf/ usnfqefrsm;jzifh ESdyfuGyf jcif;[laom aq;cg;aemuf wGif wdkufau|;onfh oum&nfjzpfonf? T “ppfreS af om” qd&k , S v f pf0g'onf *smref"e&Siv f w l ef;pm;udk wdkufcdkuf&ef vufeuftjzpf tpdk;&rsm;udk tvkyftau|;ðyonfh wcsdef wnf;rSmyif azmufjyefaom tusdK;pD;yGm;jzpfonfh *smref evAdef;wHk; rsm;. tusKd;pD;yGm;udkvnf; wdkuf±dkufudk,fpm;ðy.? *smr%DjynfwGif 16 &mpkEpS . f tarGtESpjf zpfaom xdrk pS I o¿meftrsK;d rsK;d jzifh xyfrt H quf rjywf ay:xGufvmaom "e&Sifaygufp vlwef;pm;onf wnf&Sdaeaom t&mrsm;. wu,fhvlr_a&;tajccH jzpfayonf? Tvlwef;pm;udk xdef;odrf;jcif;onf *smr%DjynfwGif wnf&Sd aeaom t&mrsm;udk xde;f odr;f xm;jcif;yif jzpfonf? "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;. pufr_vkyfief;pdk;rdk;r_ESifh EdkifiHa&;pdk;rdk;r_onf wzufwGif t&if;tESD; pkpnf; vmjcif;/ tjcm;wzufwGif awmfvSefaom ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; ay:xGuf vmjcif;jzifh T"e&Siaf ygupf vlwef;pm;tm; rkcszsuq f ;D ypf&ef +cdr;f ajcmuf vsu&f o dS nf? “ppfreS af om” qd&k , S v f pf0g'onf iSuEf pS af umifukd cJwvH;k wnf;jzifh ypfvu kd af yonf? ‚onf a&m*guyfq;kd yrm ys@H E@HS omG ; av+yD? pum;vSyef;yGifhrsm; xdk;xm;aom/ csnfheJ@aompdwfcHpm;r_ ESif; aygurf sm;jzifh jynfv h #aH eaom/ taumiftxnfrahJ om/ awG;awmr_ yihu f l r#i0f wf±EHk iS hf *smrefq&kd , S v f pfrsm;onf olw@kd . oem;p&m t±d;k ay: ta& wif “xm0&trSefw&m;rsm;” tay: v$rf;ðcHvdkufjcif;jzifh olwdk@. ukef ypPn;f rsm;udk Tod@k aom y&dowftwGi;f tH=h oavmufatmif ta&mif; oGufvSaponf? *smrefqdk&S,fvpf0g' twGufqdkaomf olwdk@onf "e&Sifaygufp evAde;f wH;k wd@k . avvH;k xGm;aom ud, k pf m;vS,jf zpfaeyHu k kd ydI k ydI k tod trSwfðyvmonf? ‚u *smref t rsKd ; om;onf pH x m;avmuf a omtrsKd ; om; *smrefwwfa,mifum;uav;onf pHjyvljzpfonf[k a=unmvdu k o f nf? TpHjyvl. qdk;oGrf;,kwfnHhr_tm;vHk;udk ‚. uG,f0Sufxm;aom jrifh 96

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

rm;onfh qd&k , S v f pft"dym` ,f zGiq hf akd y;vdu k jf cif;jzifh ‚. wu,fh vuQ%m ESifh qef@usib f uf jzpfomG ;aponf? ‚onf uGejf rLepf0g'. “=urf;ñuwf aomzsuq f ;D a&;” wdr;f !Gwrf u _ kd wdu k ±f u kd q f ef@usio f nftxd vlwef;pm;wdu k yf JG tm;vHk;txufwGif&Sda=umif;/ bufrvdkufa=umif; a=unmonftxd wzufpeG ;f od@k a&mufomG ;cJo h nf? c|i;f csuw f csK@d rt S y *smr%Djynf wGif (1847 ckESpf) u jzef@a0aom trnfcHqdk&S,fvpfESifh uGefjrLepfpmtkyfpmwrf; tm;vH;k onf T,kwn f t hH m;enf;aompmay· e,fy,fwiG f yg0if avonf? 2? or m; f &kd , S v f pf0g' orm; m;±k±k;d us od@k r[kwf "e&Siq "e&Sifvlwef;pm; wpdwfwydkif;uqdkv#if "e&Sifvl@tzGJ@tpnf; qufvuf wnf&Sd&eftwGuf vlr_a&;epfemcsufrsm;udk ukpm;vdk=uonf? abm*aA'orm;rsm;/ u±k%m&Sifrsm;/ vlvlcsif;pmemol rsm;/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. tajctaeudk ðyjyifvo kd rl sm;/ o'<ga=u;pnf;±k;H olrsm;/ wd&p>mef!O‡ f;yef;r_ umuG,af &;toif;0ifrsm;/ rl;,pfaomufpm;r_ qef@usio f rl sm;ESihftao;pm;ðyjyifa&;orm;rsK;d pHo k nf Ttydik ;f xJwiG f yg0if onf? xdk@jyif Tqdk&S,fvpf0g'o¿mefonf jynfhpHkaompepfrsm;tjzpf ðyvkyf+yD;jzpfonf? u|ef a wmf w d k @ onf ya&muf ' G e f ; . qif ; &J j cif ; tbd " rR m ud k ‚o¿mef. Oyrmwcktjzpf ay;&ayrnf? "e&Sifqdk&S,fvpfrsm;onf acwfopfvlr_a&; ta=umif;tcsuf. omvGefcsuftm;vHk;udk tvdk&Sd=uaomfvnf; ‚rS rvGJraoG ay:xGuf ·

1848 ckEpS f awmfveS af &;rkew f ikd ;f onf Todrzf si;f aom wdr;f !Gwrf w _ ck vH;k udk wdu k x f w k yf pfvu kd o f nf? qd&k , S v f pf0g'udk qufvuf+y;D rawmufwacguv f yk v f kd aom ‚. Zmwfaqmiforl sm;. tvdq k ENukd ukpm;ypfvu kd o f nf? Twdr;f !Gwrf . _ t"du ud, k pf m;vS,Ef iS h f pHwifavmufaom vlpm;rsK;d rSm [m;- um;vf- *&Gef jzpfonf? (1890 ckEpS f *smrefbmomyHEk ydS jf cif;twGuf tde*f ,f. rSwcf su)f 97

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

vmonfhwdkufyrGJ sm;ESifh tEW&m,frsm;udkum; tvdkr&Sday? awmfvSefaom tpdwftydkif;ESifh a=uðyef;aeonfh tpdwftydkif;rsm; ryg&Sdaom vl@tzGJ@ tpnf;. wnf&adS eqJ tajctaeudk tvd&k =dS uonf? olw@kd onf ypPn;f rJh vlwef;pm;r&Sb d J "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;udk tvd&k o dS nf? "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;onf ‚pd;k rd;k aom urBmrsK;d udk taumif;qH;k urBmtjzpf "rRwmtwdik ;f xifrw S f =uonf ? "e&S i f q d k & S , f v pf 0 g'onf TES p f v d k z G , f & m t,l t qud k tenf;ESihf trsm;jynfph akH om pepftrsK;d rsK;d tjzpfo@kd jzpfay:wd;k yGm;ay;vdu k f onf? Todk@aom pepfudkvkyfaqmif&eftwGuf ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;udk tvkd&Sd=uonf? Todk@tm;jzifh vlr_a&; a*s±kpvifòr@awmfopfodk@ qdkuf qdkufòrufòruf csDwufoGm;&efjzpf.? wu,fwrf; olwdk@ tvkd&SdonfrSm ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;onf "e&Sifvlwef;pm;tay: rkef;wD;onfh tawG; tac:tm;vHk;udk pGef@y,fypfI wnf&Sdaeaom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;abmift wGif;wGif qufvufae&efom jzpfonf? Tqdk&S,fvpf0g'. pepfusr_enf;yg;aomfvnf; ydkrdkvufawG@ usaom tjcm;o¿mefonf EdkifiHa&;ðyjyifr_ oufoufr[kwfbJ b0 wnf&adS &; ±ky0f wˆK ta=umif;tcsurf sm; pD;yGm;a&;qufqrH r_ sm;wGif ajymif; vJr_uomv#if tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;twGuf wpHw k &m tusK;d &Sv d rd rhf nf[k jyoonf? Todk@tm;jzifh tvkyform;vlwef;pm;tm; awmfvSefa&; v_yf&Sm;r_wdkif;udk txiftjrifao;vmatmif óu;pm;onf? odk@apumrl Tqd&k , S v f pf0g' o¿mefu b0wnf&adS &; ±ky0f wˆKta=umif; tcsurf sm; ajymif;vJro _ nf awmfveS af &;wckjzifh "e&Six f w k v f yk af &; qufqrH r_ sm;udk zsufodrf;jcif; tvsOf;r[kwfbJ TqufqHa&;rsm; qufvufwnf&Sdr_ tay: tajccHonfh tkyfcsKyfa&;ðyjyifr_rsm;tjzpfom em;vnf=uonf? xd@k a=umifh t&if;tES;D ESihf tvky46f t=um;&Sd qufqaH &;rsm;udk rnfo@kd r# rxdcu kd af paom "e&Sit f pd;k &twGuf tukef tusoufom&efEiS hf tkycf sKyrf _ vkyif ef; vG,ful&ef ðyjyifr_rsm;om trsm;qHk; jzpfEdkifayonf? "e&Siq f &kd , S v f pf0g'. jynfph akH om azmfjycsurf mS rde@f ceG ;f a¹c&mwGif ay:vGifvsuf&Sdonf? 98

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm; tusK;d twGuf vGwv f yfpmG ukeo f , G af &;/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm; tusKd;twGuf umuG,fr_ taumuftcGefrsm;/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm; tusKd;twGuf tusOf;axmifðyjyifa&;47 / T onfwdk@um; "e&Sifqdk&S,fvpf0g'. aemufqHk;pum;ESifh wckwnf;aom av;eufonfh t"dy`m,fzGifhcsufjzpf.? "e&Sifonf "e&Sifjzpf&onfrSm tvkyform;vlwef;pm; tusLd; twGufjzpfonf[laom pmydk'fjzifh "e&Sifqdk&S,fvpf0g'udk ed*Hk;csKyfvdkuf ayownf;? 3? a0zefa&; pdwu f ;l ,Ofq&kd , S v f pf0g'ESihf uGejf rLepf0g' }uD;rm;aom acwfopfawmfvSefa&;wdkif;wGif abmbufzfESifh tjcm;pma&;q&mrsm;. a&;om;csurf sm;uJo h @kd aom ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;. awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk azmfxkwfonfh pmayrsm;tm; Tae&mwGif u|ef awmfwdk@ rudk;um;awmhyg? ya'o&mZfv@l tzG@J tpnf;udk òzcsvu kd I f wavmuvH;k v_yv f y_ f &G&GjzpfaecsdefwGif xdkpOfu ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. rzGH@òz;ao;aom tajc taea=umifv h nf;aumif;/ usa&muftq hH q J J "e&Siaf cwfumv wckwnf; uomv#if xkwv f yk af y;Edik af om/ xkwv f yk &f efvakd o;aom/ ypPn;f rJv h w l ef; pm;vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf pD;yGm;a&; ta=umif;tcsurf sm; r&Sad o;aom a=umifhvnf;aumif; ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;u rdrd&nfrSef;csufrsm;twGuf yxrt}udrf wdkuf±kdufóu;yrf;r_rsm;onf rvGJra&SmifombJ qHk;±_H;oGm; cJh&onf? ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. Ttapmydkif;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifh wGJvsuf ygvmaom awmfvSefa&;pmayonf rvGJraoGazmufjyefaom vuQ %maqmifayonf? ‚pmayu tus,ftjyef@ csKyfwnf;a&;0g'ESifh vlr_wef;wla&;yHk=urf;udk oGwfoGif;ay;onf? pdef@-qdkifrGef/ zdk;&D;,m;/ tdk0ifESifh tjcm;olrsm;. qdk&S,fvpfESifh uGefjrLepfp epf rsm;[lI avsmfuefpGm rSnfhac:xm;onfh pepfrsm;onf 99

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

txufwiG f azmfjycJo h nfh ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;ESihf "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;t=um; wdu k yf JG rzG@H òz;ao;aom tapmydik ;f umvu ay:xGuv f mcJo h nf? (tcef; 1/ "e&Sifrsm;ESifh ypPnf;rJhrsm;wGif =unfhyg?) Tpepfrsm;udk pwifawG@&Sdolrsm;onf trSefyif vlwef;pm; &efbufjzpfr_ESifhwuG v$rf;rdk;aeaom vl@tzGJ@tpnf; o¿meftwGif;&Sd òyusaeaom tpdwftydkif;rsm;. ðyrlv_yf&Sm;r_udk awG@jrif=uonf? odk@ aomf Eke,fao;aom ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;onf rnfonfhordkif;qdkif&m pGrf;aqmifr_/ odk@r[kwf rnfonfh trSDtcdkuif;aom EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rS r&Sdaomvlwef;pm; jzpfonf[k olwdk@jrif=uonf? vlwef;pm;&efbufjzpfr_ wdk;yGm;jcif;onf pufr_vkyfief;wdk;yGm;r_ ESifhtwl vdkufygvmonfhtwdkif; rsufarSmufpD;yGm;a&; tajctaewGif ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm; vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf ±ky0f wˆKta=umif;tcsurf sm;udk olw@kd rawG@&EdS ikd af o;ay? xd@k a=umifh olw@kd onf Tta=umif;tcsurf sm;udk zefwD;vmEdkifp&m&Sdonfh opfvGifaom vlr_a&;0dZ…mynm/ opfvGifaom vlr_a&;w&m;rsm;udk vdkufvH&SmazG =uawmhonf? ordkif;qdkif&m ðyr_v_yf&Sm;r_udk wOD;csif;wDxGifaom ðyr_v_yf&Sm; r_jzifv h nf;aumif;/ ordik ;f uzefw;D aom vGwaf jrmufa&;ta=umif;tcsuf rsm;udk pdwful;,Of ta=umif;tcsufrsm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ wpwp tm;jzifh tvkdtavsmufjzpfay:vmaom ypPnf;rJhrsm;. vlwef;pm;tzGJ@ tpnf;ae&mwGif TwDxGifolrsm;u txl;}uHqxm;aom vlr_tpnf; t±kH;wckjzifhvnf;aumif; tpm;xdk;&efjzpfonf? olwdk@ tjrift&qdkygrl tem*wfordkif;onf olwdk@. vlr_a&;pDrHudef;rsm;udk 0g'jzef@csd&efESifh vufawG@vkyfaqmif&efom jzpfayonf? ol w d k @ . pD r H u d e f ; rsm;a&;qG J & mwG i f t"d u tm;jzif h 'k u Q t cH pm;&qH;k aom vlwef;pm;jzpfonfh tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;. tusK;d pD;yGm; udk *±kðy=uonf? olwdk@ tjrift& ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;onf 'kuQtcHpm; &qHk;aom vlwef;pm;w&yfr#om jzpf .? vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJ rzGH@òz;aom tajctaeESifhwuG olwdk@. 100

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

udk,fydkifywf0ef;usifrsm;u Todk@aom qdk&S,fvpfrsm;tm; olwdk@udk,f olwdk@ vlwef;pm;&efbufjzpfr_ tm;vHk;. txufwGif uif;uif;&Sif;&Sif; &yfwnfvsuf&Sdonf[k ,lqaponf? olwdk@onf taumif;qHk;aom tajctaewGif a&muf&Sdaeolrsm; tygt0if vl@tzGJ@tpnf;0ifwdkif;. tajctaeudkyif aumif;atmifðyjyifvkd=uonf? xdk@a=umifh olwdk@onf vlwef;pm;cGJjcm;jcif;r&SdbJ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wckvHk;udk arwWm&yfcHavh &Sd=uonf? xdkr#ru tkyfpdk;olvlwef;pm;udk OD;pm;ay;+yD; arwWm&yfcH avh&=dS uonf? olw@kd . pepfukd em;vnfonfEiS w hf òyifeuf taumif;qH;k jzpfEikd af om vl@tzG@J tpnf; tajctaewGif taumif;qH;k jzpfEikd o f nfh pDrH udef;rsm; jzpfonfudk vltrsm;u em;rvnfbJ &SdEdkifygrnfavm? xdk@a=umifh olwdk@onf EdkifiHa&;ðyr_v_yf&Sm;r_rSefor# txl;ojzifh awmfveS af &; ðyr_vy_ &f mS ;r_reS o f r#ukd y,fcs=uonf? olw@kd . &nfreS ;f csuf udk +idrf;csrf;aomenf;vrf;jzifh &&Sdvdk=u.? rkcsqHk;±_H;&rnfjzpfaom vuf awG@prf;oyfr_uav;rsm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ pHjyvkyfjyjcif;tm;jzifhvnf; aumif; vlr_a&;bmomw&m;opfudk vrf;zGifhay;&ef óu;pm;=uonf? ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; tvGefrzGH@òz;ao;aom tajctaeESifh rdrd tqifhae&mtay: pdwful;,Of,lqaepOfwGif vl@tzGJ@tpnf; taxGaxG jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;twGuf OD;pGmawmifhwcsufESifh vdkufavsmonfh Tod@k aom tem*wf vl@tzG@J tpnf;. pdwu f ;l ,Ofyu kH m;csyu f kd a&;jc,fchJ =uayonf? odk@apumrl Tqdk&S,fvpfESifh uGefjrLepfta&;tom;rsm;wGif a0zefonfh tpdwftydkif;vnf; yg&Sdayonf? ‚wdk@onf wnf&Sdaeaom vl@tzG@J tpnf;. rlreS o f r#ukd xd;k ESuw f u kd cf u kd =f uonf? xd@k a=umifh Tta&; tom;rsm;wGif tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. tod^m%fyGifhvif;a&;twGuf tzdk;xdkufwefqHk;aom tcsuftvufrsm;jzifh jynfhv#Haeonf? òr@ESifh awmt=um;jcm;em;r_48 rdom;pkpepf/ yk*~vdu wOD;csif;rsm;twGuf pufrv _ yk if ef;rsm; vkyu f ikd jf cif;ESihf tcpm;tvkypf epfw@kd ukd zsuo f rd ;f ypfa&;/ vl r _ o if h j rwf r _ u d k a=unma&;/ Ed k i f i H a wmf v k y f i ef ; aqmif w mrsm;ud k 101

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

xkwfvkyfa&;pDrHcef@cGJr_ oufouftjzpf ajymif;vJypfa&;/ TvufawG@ aqmif&Guf&ef wifjycsuf49 tm;vHk;onf xdktcsdefu ay:xGufvmcgp jzpfaom vlwef;pm;&efbufjzpfr_ uG,af ysmufa&;udo k mv#if !¸ejf yonf? ,if;vlwef;pm; &efbufjzpfr_rsm;udk olwdk@. pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;wGif tapmqH;k aom/ rjywfom;aom/ rwdusaom o¿mefrsm;jzifo h m tod trSwfðyxm;onf? xdk@a=umifhTwifjycsufrsm;onf pdwful;,Ofouf ouf vuQ%mom aqmifayonf? a0zefa&; pdwu f ;l ,Ofq&kd , S v f pf0g'ESihf uGejf rLepf0g'. t"dym` ,fonf ordik ;f jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_EiS hf zDvmjzpfaeonf? acwfopfvw l ef;pm;wdu k yf JG jzpfay: wdk;yGm;vmum wdusaom o¿mefaqmifvmonfESifhtr# vlwef;pm; wdu k yf rJG S uif;uGmaom vlwef;pm;wdu k yf u JG kd xd;k ESuaf om Tpdwu f ;l ,Of &yfwnfcsuo f nf ‚. vufawG@t"dym` ,fEiS hf oabmw&m;cdik v f rkH _ tm; vHk; qHk;yg;oGm;awmhonf? xdk@a=umifh Tpepfrsm;udk pwifolrsm;onf bufaygif;rsm;pGmwGif awmfvSefa&;qefapumrl olwdk@. wynfhwyef; rsm;onf tpOft+rJyif azmufjyefaom *dk%f;*%rsm; zGJ@avh&Sd=uonf? olwdk@onf ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. wdk;wufaeaom ordkif;jzpfxGef;r_udk qef@usifbufðyum rdrdwdk@q&mrsm;. rlvtjrifrsm;udk taoqkyfudkif xm;=uonf? xdk@a=umifh olwdk@onf vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJudk qkwfqdkif; oGm;atmif/ vlwef;pm;&efbufjzpfr_udk ajy+idrf;oGm;atmif tpOfwpdu k f óu;pm;=uonf? olwdk@onf vufawG@prf;oyfr_rSwqifh rdrdwdk@. pdwful; ,Of v l @ tzG J @ tpnf ; xl a xmif a &;/ oD ; jcm; “zmvef p wm&d p f ” rsm;/ “jynfwGif;udkvdkeDrsm;” wnfaxmifa&;/ a*s±kpvif òr@awmfopfuav; “ti,fpm;tDum&D,m”· wnfaxmifa&;udk tdyfrufruf ae=uqJjzpf.? · zmvefpwm&dp?f csm;vf zk;d &D;,m;.pDru H ed ;f wGiyf g&adS omqk&d , S v f pf udv k ekd rD sm;jzpf onf? tDum&D,mmrSm umbufu ol.pdwu f ;l ,Of a'oudk ay;xm;aomemrnfjzpfonf/ aemufyikd ;f Y ol. tar&duefueG jf rLepf udv k ekd u D kd Temrnfay;cJo h nf? (1888 ckEpS f t*Fvyd b f mom yHEk ydS jf cif;twGuf tde*f ,f .rSwcf su)f jynfwiG ;f udv k ekd rD sm;rSm td0k if u ol.pHjyuGejf rLepftzG@J rsm;udk ac:a0:jcif; 102

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

Todk@ avxJwGif wdkuftdrfrsm;aqmufa&;twGuf "e&Sifvlwef;pm;. ESv;kH om;ESihf aiGtw d u f kd rvGrJ a&Smifom toem;cHvm&ay.? olw@kd onf txufwiG f azmfjyxm;onfh azmufjyefaom orm;±d;k usq&kd , S v f pf0g'rD sm; tjzpfo@kd wjznf;jznf; av#mus oGm;awmhonf? ‚wd@k EiS hf rwlonfrmS um; ydkrdkpepfwusynm&Sdqefr_ESifh rdrdwdk@. vlr_a&;0dZ…mynm. wefcdk;t&Sdef t0gtay: t,lonf;r_ESifh pGJvrf;}uD;pGm ,Hk=unfr_omjzpf.? xd@k a=umifyh ifv#if olw@kd onf tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;. Edik if aH &; v_y&f mS ;r_reS o f r#ukd cg;cg;oD;oD; qef@usiaf e=ujcif; jzpfonf? xdo k @kd aom v_y&f mS ;r_rmS bmomw&m;opftay: rsuu f ef;vdk r,H=k unfr_ &Srd o S mv#if jzpfEdkifonf[k olwdk@u ,lq=uonf? t*F v ef j ynf & S d td k 0 if 0 g'D r sm;onf csm;wpf p f v _ y f & S m ;r_50 ud k qef@usifum jyifopfjynf&Sd zdk;&D;,m;0g'Drsm;onf ðyjyifa&;0g'Drsm;·· udk qef@usi=f uonf?

jzpfonf? zmvefpwm&dpfrSm zdk&D;,m; pDrHxm;onfh jynfol@eef;awmfrsm;. trnfjzpfonf? tDum&D,mmrSm umbufo±kyaf zmfxm;aom uGejf rLepftaqmuf ttHrk sm;&So d nfh pdwu f ;l ,Of qef;us,af om e,fajrtrnf jzpfonf? (1890 ckEpS f *smrefbmom yHEk ydS jf cif; twGuf tde*f ,f. rSwcf su)f ··

1843 ckEpS rf S 1850 ckEpS t f xd yJ&pfòr@wiG f xkwaf 0cJah om &DazmfrD owif;pm. bufawmfom;rsm;udk qdv k o kd nf? (t,f'w D m) 103

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

tcef ; (4) wnf&Sdaeaom qef@usifbufygwD toD;oD;tay: uGefjrLepfrsm;. oabmxm; t*Fvefjynf&Sd csm;wpfpf0g'Drsm;ESifh ajrmuftar&duwdkuf&Sd ajr ,mðyjyifa&;orm;rsm;uJhodk@aom wnf&Sdaeaom tvkyform; vlwef; pm;ygwrD sm;51ESihf uGejf rLepfw@kd . qufqaH &;rsm;udk tcef; (2) wGif &Si;f jy cJh+yD;jzpfonf? uGejf rLepfrsm;onf avmavmq,f &nf&, G cf su&f &Sad &;ESihf tvkyf orm;vlwef;pm;. vwfwavm tusKd;pD;yGm; taumiftxnfazmfa&; twGuf wdu k yf 0JG if=uonf? od@k aomf rsuaf rSmufvy_ &f mS ;r_wiG f olw@kd onf xdv k y_ &f mS ;r_. tem*wfuv kd nf; ud, k pf m;ðyum *±kpu kd =f uonf? jyifopf jynfwGif orm;±dk;usESifh &,f'Du,f "e&Sifvlwef;pm;udk qef@usif&mY uGefjrLepfrsm;onf qdk&S,fvpf 'Drdku&ufrsm;· ESifh yl;aygif;=uonf? ·

‚ygwu D kd ygvrD efvw $ af wmfwiG f vD'±l;±dv k if/ pmaya&;&mwGif vl0b D vef@/ D @kd u ud, ae@pOfowif;pm e,fy,fwiG f &Dazmfrw k pf m;ðyonf? qd&k , S v f pf'rD u kd a&pD emrnfEiS w hf uG ‚udk wDxiG o f rl sm;qdo k nfrmS 'Dru kd &ufwpf od@k r[kwf &Dywfyvpf uifygwx D rJ S tenf;ESit hf rsm; qd&k , S v f pf taoG;ta&mifyg&adS om tpdwt f ydik ;f wckudk qdkvdkonf? (1888 ckESpf t*Fvdyfbmom yHkESdyfjcif;twGuf tdef*,f. rSwcf su?f ) jyifopfjynfwiG f xdt k csed u f qd&k , S v f pf'rD u kd &ufwpfygw[ D k rdrb d mom ac:wGiaf om ygwu D kd Edik if aH &;b0wGif vD'±l;±kv d ifu ud, k pf m;ðyonf? pmaya&;&mwGif vl0b D vef@u ud, k pf m;ðyonf? Tod@k tm;jzifh ,ae@ *smrefq&kd , S 'f rD u kd a&pDEiS hf rd;k ESihf ajr}uD;yrm uGmjcm;vS.? (1890 ckEpS f *smrefbmom yHEk ydS jf cif;twGuf tde*f ,f. rSwcf su)f 104

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

od@k apumrl awmfveS af &;}uD;rS tpOftvm qif;oufvmaom pmyd'k rf sm;/ pdwful;,Of r_rsm;ESifhywfoufI a0zef&ef tcGifhta&;udk rpGef@v$wfay? qGpfZmvefjynfwGif olwdk@onf &,f'Du,frsm;udk axmufcH =uonf? ‚ygww D iG f jyifopfypkH H 'Dru dk a&pDq&kd , S v f pfrsm;u wpdww f ydik ;f / &,f'u D ,f "e&Sirf sm;u wpdww f ydik ;f &efbufjzpfaeaom tydik ;f rsm; yg0if aeonfudk rsufjcnf rjywfay? ydv k efjynfwiG f ajr,mawmfveS af &;udk trsK;d om; vGwaf jrmufa&; twGuf t"duta=umif;tcsut f jzpf awmif;qdak om 1846 ckEpS f u&m aumòr@yek fuefxºur_ukd v_@H aqmfcahJ om ygwt D m; uGejf rLepfrsm;u axmuf cH=uonf? *smr%DjynfwGif "e&Sifvlwef;pm;u awmfvSefa&;vrf;a=umif; twdik ;f ðyrlonfEiS t hf r# uGejf rLepfygwo D nf ‚wd@k EiS t hf wlwuG oufO;D qHyikd b f &k if/ ya'o &mZfajr,mydik q f ikd rf E_ iS hf "e&Siaf ygupf vlwef;pm;· wd@k ukd qef@usifwdkufyGJ0if=uonf? od@k aomf "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;ESihf ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;t=um; &efbuf twdu k t f cHjzpfrE_ iS hf ywfoufI jzpfEikd o f nfh &Si;f vif;jywfom;aomtodudk tvkyform; vlwef;pm;twGif;odk@ oGwfoGif;ay;&ef uGefjrLepfrsm;onf c%mwmr#yif r&yfem;cJah y? Tod@k tm;jzifh "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;pd;k rd;k r_u rvGJ raoGaqmif=uOf;vmrnfh vlra_ &;ESihf Edik if aH &;ta=umif;tcsurf sm;udk ‚ tm; qef@usifonfhvufeuftjzpf *smreftvkyform;rsm;u csufcsif; toH;k csEikd af p&efjzpf.? *smr%DjynfwiG f azmufjyefaom vlwef;pm;rsm;udk òzcs+yD ; onf h a emuf "e&S i f v l w ef ; pm;tm; qef @ usif o nf h wd k u f y G J u d k csufcsif;pwifEdkifa&; jzpfay.? uGefjrLepfrsm;onf t"dutm;jzifh *smr%Djynfudk tm±Hkpdkuf=u *smrefbmomrl&if;wGif uvde;f bm*s,&f q D akd om pum;vH;k jzpfonf? rmhupf Ef iS hf tde*f ,fw@kd onf òr@ae"e&Siaf ygupf vlwef;pm;. azmufjyefaom tpdwf tydik ;f rsm;udk azmfjy&mwGif Tpum;vH;k udk toH;k ðyonf? (t,f'w D m) ·

105

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

onf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf ‚wdkif;jynfonf Oa&my,Ofaus;r_. ydkrdka&S@wef;a&mufaom ta=umif;tcsufrsm;atmufwGif 17 &mpk t*F vefjynfESifh 18 &mpk jyifopfjynf ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;wdk@xuf ydkrdkjzpfay: wdk;yGm;vmonfh ypPnf;rhJvlwef;pm;jzifh qifE$J&rnfh "e&SifawmfvSefa&; tóuumvodk@ a&muf&Sdaeaoma=umifh jzpfonf? xdk@jyif *smr%Djynf "e&SifawmfvSefa&;onf csufcsif;vdkufygvmrnfh ypPnf;rJhawmfvSefa&;. a&S@awmfajy; jzpfaoma=umifhwnf;? twdck sKyfvu kd yf grl uGejf rLepfrsm;onf wnf&adS eaom vlra_ &;ESihf EdkifiHa&;pepfudk OD;wnfqef@usifonfh awmfvSefa&; v_yf&Sm;r_rSefor#udk ae&mwdkif;Y axmufcH=uayonf? xdktcsdefu v_yf&Sm;r_. jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_tqifh rnfodk@yif&Sdap v_yf&Sm;r_ tm;vHk;wGif uGefjrLepfrsm;onf ydkifqdkifr_jy\emudk xdyfwef; jy\emtjzpf a&S@wef;wifxm;ayonf? ed*;kH csKyftm;jzifh uGejf rLepfrsm;onf wdik ;f jynftm;vH;k &Sd 'Dru kd a&pD ygwDrsm;ESifh nD!Gwfa&;/ oabmwlnDcsuf&,la&;udk ae&mwumY óu; yrf;=u.? uGejf rLepfrsm;onf rdrw d @kd .tjrifEiS hf &nf&, G cf surf sm;udk zH;k uG,f xdr0f u S x f m;&ef rke;f wD;&G&H mS =uonf? wnf&adS eaom vlra_ &;tajc tae52 tm;vHk;udk t=urf;zufaomenf;jzifh òzcszsufqD;ypfEdkifrSom rdrdwdk@. &nfrSef;csufudk &&SdEdkifvdrfhrnf[k ajAmiftwdtvif; a=unmonf? uGejf rLepfawmfveS af &;udk tkypf ;kd aomvlwef;pm;rsm;u xdwfvef@+y;D a=umuf 'l;wkefae=uygap/ ypPnf;rJhrsm;twGufum; olwdk@udk wkyfaESmifxm;aom aESmifóu;rsm;rSty qHk;±_H;p&m[lIr&Sd? olwdk@pdk;ydkif&rnfum; wurBmvHk; yifwnf;? ? wdkif;jynftm;vHk;&Sd tvkyform;rsm; aoG;pnf;=uavmh!53

106

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

aemufqufwJG

bmomjyeftzG@J . rSwcf suf TpmtkyfrSm 1949 ckESpf EdkifiHjcm;bmom xkwfa0a&;Xme armfpudkrS xkwfa0cJhaom t*Fvdyfbmomjyefpmrludk tajccHxm;um topfwzef bmomjyefxm;jcif; jzpfonf? ‚pmrlrSm 1888 ckESpfwGif q,fjrL&,frdk;. bmomjyefqdkcsufudk z&uf'&pftdef*,fudk,fwdkif wnf;jzwfxm;aom t*Fvdyfbmom pmrljzpf.? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dk0g'jzef@csda&;Xme bmomjyeftzGJ@ onf bmomjyefpmrlukd wnf;jzwf&mwGif *smrefbmompmrl&if;rS wdu k f ±d k u f b momjyef x m;onf h ±k & S m ;bmomyH k E S d y f j cif ; (rmh u f p f / td e f * ,f usrf ; aygif ; pH k / 'k w d , yH k E S d y f j cif ; / twG J 4/ armf p ud k 1955 ck E S p f ) ES i f h w±kwb f momyHEk ydS jf cif; (rmhupf /f tde*f ,f vufa&G;pifusr;f twGJ 1/ yDuif; 1975 ckESpf) wdk@udk taxmuftultjzpf udk;um;!‡dE_dif;cJhygonf? TpmtkyfwGif azmfjyxm;aom pmrsufESmatmufajc&Sd t,f'D wm. rSwcf surf sm;rSm 1949 ckEpS x f w k f t*Fvyd b f momjyefpmtkyf t,f'D wm. rSwfcsufrsm;jzpfonf? pmtkyfaemufqufwGJwGif azmfjyxm;onfh *smrefbmom pmrl&if; ESifhrwlaom pum;vHk;rsm;ESifh pmydk'frsm;/ ordkif; qdik &f m tcsut f vufrsm;ESihf trnft!¸e;f rsm;rSm bmomjyeftzG@J rS a&; om;xm;csufrsm; jzpfonf? “uGefjrLepfygwDa=unmpmwrf; onf 0dZ…menf;us uGefjrLepf 107

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

0g'. }uD;rm;aomvkyif ef;pOf pmwrf;jzpfay.? AD tdik f vDeifu ‘Tpmtkyf i,fonf usr;f aygi;f pHw k ckv;kH wr# wefz;kd &Sad yonf? ,Ofaus;aomurBm&Sd pnf;±Hk;r_&Sdonfh wdkufyGJ 0ifypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; w&yfvHk;onf ,ae@wdkif ‚.pdwf"mwfay:wGif &Sifoef v_yf&Sm;aeayonf’ [k a&;om;cJhonf? “um;vfrmhufpfESifh z&uf'&pftdef*,fwdk@u uGefjrLepftzGJ@csKyf. vkyif ef;pOftjzpf uGejf rLepfygwaD =unmpmwrf; udk a&;om;cJ=h u+yD; 1848 ckESpf azazmf0g&DvwGif pmrsufESm 23 rsufESmyg&Sdaom pmtkyfi,ftjzpf t*Fvefjynf vef'efòr@wGif yHkESdyfxkwfa0vdkufonf? 1848 ckESpf rwfvrS Zlvikd v f twGi;f *smreftrsK;d om; Edik if aH &;cdv k o H_ rl sm;. Edik if aH &;aºu;a=umf oHjzpfaom *smref- vef'ef owif;pm pmwGif xnfhoGif;azmfjycJh.? ‚ESpf rSmyif pmrsufESm 30 yg&Sdaom pmtkyfi,ftjzpf xyfrHxkwfa0cJhonf? yxrt}udrfxkwfa0&mwGif yg&Sdaeonfh yHkESdyfpmvHk; trSm;tcsKd@ESifh pm tjzwftawmufrsm;udk jyifqifcJhonf? ‚pmrludk aemifwGif rmhufpfESifh tdef*,fwdk@. oabmwlcGihfðycsufjzifh xkwfa0rnfh yHkESdyfjcif;rsm;twGuf tajccHtjzpfxm;&Sdonf? 1848 ckESpfwGif a=unmpmwrf;udk Oa&my bmomrsm; (jyifopf/ ydv k ef/ tDwvD/ 'wfcs/f zvrf;rpfEiS hf qG'D ifbmom) jzifh bmomjyefq=kd uonf? 1848 ckEpS f yHEk ydS jf cif;rsm;wGif a=unmpmwrf; a&;om;ol. trnfrsm;udk azmfjyrxm;ay? olw@kd .trnfukd 1850 ckEpS w f iG f yxrqH;k azmfjycJo h nfrmS t*Fvefjynf csm;wpfpv f y_ &f mS ;r_. aºu;a=umfoH &uf&yD wfyvpfuif *sme,fwiG f yg&o dS nfh t*Fvyd b f momjyefwiG f jzpfonf? ed'gef;udk ‚*sme,f. t,f'Dwm a*smh- *sLvD,ef[mae u a&;om; cJhonf? “1872 ckEpS w f iG f rmhupf Ef iS hf tde*f ,fw@kd u tenf;i,fjyifqifum olwdk@ ESpfOD;a&;om;xm;aom ed'gef;rsm;ESifhtwl a=unmpmwrf; udk *smrefbmomjzifh topfwzef yHkESdyfxkwfa0cJhayonf? ‚onf 1883 ckEpS rf S 1890 ckEpS t f xd xkwf a0cJah om *smrefbmom yHEk ydS jf cif;rsm;twdik ;f uGefjrLepfa=unmpmwrf;[l aom acgif;pOfjzifh ay:xGufvmcJh.? “1883 ckEpS f um;vf rmhupf f uG,v f eG +f yD;onfah emuf tde*f ,f. 108

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

ppfaq;wnf;jzwfr_jzifh t}udrfrsm;pGm xkwfa0cJhonf? 1888 ckESpfwGif q,fjrL&,frdk; bmomjyefaom t*Fvdyfbmom yHkESdyfjcif;udk tdef*,fu ppfaq;um ed'ge;f ESihf rSwcf surf sm; a&;om;cJo h nf? 1890 ckEpS w f iG f tde*f ,f. ed'gef;topfjzifh *smrefbmomyHkESdyfjcif; xGufay:vmcJhonf? aemufqHk; yHEk ydS jf cif;wGiv f nf; tde*f ,fu rSwcf sut f csK@d a&;om;onf? 1885 ckEpS w f iG f qd k & S , f v pf *sme,f Y rmh u f p f . orD ; jzpf o l avmf & m- vmzwf u bmomjyefaom jyifopfbmomjzifh a=unmpmwrf;udk yHEk ydS x f w k af 0cJ&h m ‚bmomjyefudk tdef*,fu ppfaq;cJh.? tdef*,fonf 1892 ckESpfwGif xkwfa0cJhaom ydkvefbmomyHkESdyfjcif;ESifh 1893 ckESpfwGif xkwfa0cJhaom tDwvDbmom yHEk ydS jf cif;rsm;twGuf ed'ge;f rsm; a&;om;xm;cJah yonf”? (rmhupf /f tde*f ,f usr;f aygi;f pH/k 'kw, d yHEk ydS jf cif;/ twG-J 4/ armfpud/k 1955 ckEpS /f ±k&mS ;bm om pmrsufESm 573) ,ckxkwfa0aom “uGefjrLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;” Armbm omjyefwiG f bmompum;csi;f uGjJ ym;jcm;em;r_/ vGecf ahJ om ESpaf ygi;f 100 ausmfu ordkif;a=umif;tajctaersm;tay: em;vnfcsuf rjynfhpHkr_ wd@k a=umifh tcuftcJrsm; &Sad eygonf? xd@k a=umifh pmzwfol &Jabmfrsm;u a0zefcsufESifh xifjrifcsufrsm; ay;=uapvdkayonf?

109

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

&S i f ; vif ; csuf

&uf&Dywfyvpfuiiff (teDa&mif orRw*dk%f;om;) onf csm; wpfpf v_yf&Sm;r_wGif yg0ifolrsm;. tywfpOf*sme,f jzpfonf? ‚*sme,fudk a*smh [mae u 1850 ckEpS f/ ZGev f rS Ed0k ifbmv txd yHEk ydS x f w k af 0cJo h nf? 1850 ckEpS /f Ed0k ifbmvxkwf *sme,f trSwf 21 rS 24 wGif uGefjrLepfygw gwDD a=unmpmwrf; yxr % DjynfuGefjrL qHk;aom t*Fvdyfbmomjyefqdkcsufudk *smr *smr% epfygwD. a=unmpmwrf; [laom trnfjzifhxkwfa0cJh.? (ESm- 18)

qdk&S,fvpf*sme, e,ffonf tifwmae&Sife,f jyifopfXmepdwf. aºu;a=umfoH tywfpOf*sme,f jzpfonf? e,l;a,mufòr@Y 1871 ck E S p f / atmuf w d k b mvrS 1873 ck E S p f / arvtxd jyif o pf bmomjzifh xkwaf 0cJo h nf? ‚*sme,fonf tifwmae&Sief ,f. ajrmuftar&duwdu k f zuf'a&;&Si;f twGi;f &Sd "e&SiEf iS hf "e&Sif aygupf tpdwt f ydik ;f rsm;udk axmufccH . hJ ? 1872 ckEpS /f pufwif bmv [dwf*fòr@wGif usif;yaom uGef*&ufaemufydkif;wGif tif wmae&Sife,fESifh tquftoG,f jzwfcJhonf? uGefjrLepf ygwDa=unmpmwrf;udk ‚*sme,fwGif 1872 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&D vESihf azazmf0g&v D wGif ykEH ydS x f w k af 0cJo h nf? (ESm- 18)

110

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

udv k akd um (acgif;avmif;) ±k&Sm; jynfa[mif;wGif tvkyform; vlwef;pm; wyfOD;ygwD ray:aygufrDtcsdefu 'Drdkua&pDawmf vSeaf &;orm;rsm;. aºu;a=umfoH owif;pm. trnfjf zpfonf? 1857 ckEpS /f Zlvikd v f rSp+yD; vef'efòr@EiS *hf seD AD mòr@rsm;wGif xkwaf 0 um ±k&Sm;jynfxJodk@ jzef@csdcJhonf? xif&Sm;aom acwfa[mif; ±k&mS ;pma&;q&m [mZifonf ‚owif;pmxkwaf 0aom ‘vGwf vyfonfh ±k&mS ;pmyHEk ydS w f u kd ’f udk pwif wnfaxmif olwOD;jzpfchJ onf? (ESm- 21)

*wfcs;D em; em;onf ,ckqAkd , D uf,el , D H vDeif*&ufòr@ (acwfa[mif; yDx±k*d &ufòr@) taemufawmifbuf&dS t&yfa'otrnf jzpf.? 1881 ckEpS /f rwfv 13 &uf ae@wiG f 'kw, d ajrmuf tvufZif; 'g; Zmbk&if vky}f uHowfjzwfc&H +yD;aemuf wwd,ajrmuf tvufZif;'g; Zmbk&ifrmS vky}f uH owfjzwfc&H rnfukd a=umuf &GH@ojzifh ykef;atmif;aeaomae&mudk &nf!¸ef;jcif;jzpfonf? (ESm- 22)

atmhAf&SDemm;; onf vlxkudk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfaom aus;vuftzGJ@ tpnf;[k t"dym` ,f&.? a&S;OD;bHt k zG@J vl@tzG@J tpnf;. tapm ydik ;f umv tqifrh sm;wGif &So d nfh v,form; ajr,m bHyk ikd q f ikd rf _ pepfjzpfonf? Tpepfonf rwlaomo¿mef trsKd;rsKd;jzifh ±k&Sm;jynfa[mif;tygt0if tcsKd@wdkif;jynfrsm;wGif ESpfq,f&m pkESpftxd &SdcJo h nf? (ESm- 23)

udv k ;kH òr@ uGejf rLepftr_ppfaq;jcif; (1852 ckEpS f/ atmufwb kd mv 4 &ufae@rS Edk0ifbmv 12 &ufae@xd) rSm y&yf&Sm;tpdk;&u vky}f uHzefw;D cJah om tr_wckjzpfonf? ‚tpdk;&onf rmhufpf/ tdef*,fwdk@u acgif;aqmifum uGefjrLepfygwD a=unm pm 111

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

wrf; udk rdrv d yk if ef; pOf tjzpfxm;&Sad om ypPn;f rJh vlwef;pm;. yxr EdkifiHwumhuGefjrLepf tzGJ@tpnf;jzpfonfh uGefjrLepf toif;csKyf (1847- 52) tzG@J 0if 11 a,mufukd zrf; qD;cJo h nf? olw@kd tm; ‘Edik if aH wmf opPmazmufr’_ [laom pGcJ sujf zifh w&m; cGiw f if ppfaq;cJo h nf? twkta,mif pm&Guf pmwrf; oufao rsm;jzifh w&m;±Hk;u uGefjrLepftoif;csKyf tzGJ@0if 7 OD;udk 3 ESprf S 6 ESpt f xd axmif'%fay;cJ. h ? rmhupf Ef iS hf tde*f ,fw@kd onf T tr_ppfaq;jcif;ESifh y&yf&Sm;ykvdyfrsm;u EdkifiHwumh tvkyf orm;v_yf&Sm;r_udk qef@usifaom aumufuspfr_rsm;udk tukef tpifziG chf swu kd cf u kd cf o hJ nf? (ESm- 27) 7?

1887 ckEpS f/ qGrq f ;D òr@wGif usi;f yaom tvkyo f rm;or*~ uGef *&ufYOuUÏjzpfol 'AvsL ADAif ajym=um;cJah om rde@f ceG ;f udk ud;k um; xm;jcif; jzpfonf? ADAif. rde@f ceG ;f udk 1887 ckEpS /f pufwifbmv 17 &ufae@xw k f uGerf eG ;f 0D;vf *sme,fwiG f xnfh oGi;f azmfjycJo h nf? (ESm- 29)

0l;'f[m;vfEiS hf uvm zv zvififonf e,l;a,mufòr@wGif 1870 ckESpf uvmzv rS 1876 ckESpftxd "e&Sifvlwef;pm; trsKd;orD;tcGifhta&; awmif;qdkolrsm;u xkwfa0aom tar&duef*sme,f trnfjzpf onf? 1871 ckEpS /f 'DZifbmv 30 &ufae@xw k f ‚*sme,fwiG f uGefjrLepfygwDa=unmpmwrf;udk jzwfawmufI azmfjycJhonf? (ESm- 29)

uGef*&ufydkvef rS m 1814- 1815 ckESpf AD,memuGef*&uf qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;t& ydv k efb&k ifEh ikd if [ H al om w&m;0iftrnfjzifh ±k&mS ;jynfa[mif;od@k ay;xm;&aom ydkvefjynf. wpdwfwydkif; jzpfonf? (ESm- 44)

112

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

10?

*smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif “ydkvefudkcsKyfxdef;aom umuG,fr_ taumufceG pf epf usio hf ;kH &ef awmif;qdv k u kd jf cif;” [k yg&o dS nf? (ESm- 45)

11?

tv,facwfqdkonfrSm a&S;acwf/ tv,facwf/ acwfopfwdk@ teuf wckudkqdkvdkayonf? tv,facwfonf c&pfouU&mZf 1000 ckESpfrS 1400 ckESpftwGif; umvydkif;jzpf.? acwfopf qdkonfrSm acwfumvydkif;jcm;r_. t"dy`m,fudk qdkvdkjcif;jzpf+yD; 14 &mpkaemufyikd ;f Oa&mywdu k w f iG f ya'o&mZfv,fu|epf epfukd wGe;f vSeaf om awmfveS af &;rsm;ESit hf wl t&if;&Sipf ;D yGm;a&;pepf ay:xGef;vmaomumvrS ,ae@xd umvydkif;wckvHk;udk qdkvdk onf? (ESm- 53)

12?

ya'o&mZf pufr_vkyfief;qdkonfrSm zGH@òz;aomt&if;&Sifpepf pufr_vkyfief; r[kwf/ vufr_trsm;ydkif;ESifh pufud&d,m wpdwf wydik ;f yg0ifaom xkwv f yk af &;udk qdv k o kd nf? (ESm- 54)

13?

*smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif “qufqHa&;rsm;” [k yg&Sdonf? aemufydkif; pmrsufESmrsm;wGifvnf; Ttwdkif;awG@&Sd&onf? (ESm- 62)

14?

*smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif “trsK;d orD;rsm;ESihf uav;rsm;” [k yg&Sdonf? (ESm- 64)

15?

*smref b mom pmrl & if ; wG i f “aiG a cs;pm;ol u av;rsm;” [k yg&o dS nf? (ESm- 65)

16?

*smrefbmompmrl&if;wGif“tvkyform;rsm;onf "e&Sifxkwf 113

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

vkyfa&; ta=umif;tcsufrsm;udkomru xkwfvkyfa&;ud&d,m rsm;udkvnf; xdk;ESufwdkufcdkuf=uonf” [k yg&Sdonf? (ESm- 65) 17?

*smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif “tvkyform;or*~rsm;” [laom pum;vHk; ryg&Sday? (ESm- 67)

18?

*smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif “twdtvif;ykefuefr_rsm;” [k yg&o dS nf? (ESm- 67)

19?

*smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif “olwdk@udk,fydkifynma&;” [k yg&Sd onf? (ESm- 68)

20?

*smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif “rsm;jym;vSaom ynma&; tpdwf tydik ;f rsm;” [k yg&o dS nf? (ESm- 68)

21?

*smref b mom pmrl & if ; wG i f “tv,f t vwf t v$ m ” [k yg&o dS nf? (ESm- 69)

22?

*smref b mom pmrl & if ; wG i f “ avvG i f h a eaom ypP n f ; rJ h r sm;” [kyg&o dS nf? (ESm- 69)

23?

*smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif “udk,fydkiftod&Sdaom” [laom pum;vHk; ryg&Sday? (ESm- 70)

24?

*smref b mom pmrl & if ; wG i f “wOD ; csif ; yk * ~ d K vf r sm;vuf w G i f OpPm"epkyHkaejcif;/ t&if;tESD; jzpfwnfvmjcif;ESifh wdk;yGm; vm jcif;” [k yg&o dS nf? (ESm- 72)

114

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

25?

*smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif “xl;jcm;aom” [k yg&Sdonf? (ESm- 73)

26?

*smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif “ypPnf;rJhygwDrsm;” [k yg&Sdonf? (ESm- 73)

27?

jyifopfawmfvSefa&; qdkonfrSm 1789 ckESpf 1794 ckESpftxd jzpfyGm;aom jyifopf "e&SifawmfvSefa&;udk qdkvdkonf? ‚ awmfveS af &;onf ya'o&mZfoufO;D qHyikd pf epfukd acsre_ ;f ypfum jyifopfjynfwiG f t&if;&Sipf epf wd;k yGm;a&;twGuf vrf;zGiahf y;cJ. h ? odk@aomf jyifopf"e&Sif}uD;rsm;onf awmfvSefa&;. toD;tyGifh rsm;udk tydkifpD;+yD; tm%m odrf;,l vdkuf=uonf? (ESm- 74)

28?

*smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif “wOD;uwOD;udk aoG;pkyfr_ tay: wGi”f [k yg&o dS nf? (ESm- 74)

29?

*smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif “ypPnf;rJhrsm;. tvkyf” yg xyfrH jznfhpGuf azmfjyxm;onf? (ESm- 75)

30?

*smref b mom pmrl & if ; wG i f “tv,f t vwf v l w ef ; pm;” qdak om pum;vH;k ryg&adS y? (ESm- 78)

31?

*smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif “ynma&;” [k yg&Sdonf? (ESm- 79)

32?

*smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif “ydik q f ikd rf q _ ufqaH &;” [k yg&o dS nf? (ESm- 79) 115

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

33?

*smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif “tvkyform;rsm;wGif tzwdkif; jynfr&S”d [k yg&o dS nf? (ESm- 82)

34?

*smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif “trsK;d om;. acgi;f aqmifvw l ef;pm;” qdkaom pum;vHk;tpm; “trsKd;om;qdkif&m vlwef;pm;” [k yg&o dS nf? (ESm- 82)

35?

*smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif “tbd"rRm” pum;vH;k tjyif “Edik if aH &;” [laom pum; vH;k yg&o dS nf? (ESm- 83)

36?

*smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif “vlr_a&;tm%ma[mif;udk quf vufwdkufcdkuf&ef vdktyfvmayonf” [laom pmydk'f ryg&Sday? Tae&mwGif vlr_a&;rSm vl@tzGJ@tpnf; [kvnf; t"dy`m,f &ayonf? (ESm- 85)

37?

*smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif “ajr,mydkifqdkifr_udk tydkifpD;jcif;ESifh ajrqDcrsm;udk Edik if aH wmf toH;k p&dwo f @kd tyfEjHS cif;” [k yg&o dS nf? (ESm- 85) *smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif “wjynfvHk;wGif vlOD;a&ydkrdkr#wpGm jzef@cGJjcif;tm;jzifh” [laom pmydk'fryg&Sday? (ESm- 86)

38? 39?

*smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif “uav;oli,ftm;vHk;udk vl@tzGJ@ tpnf;u ynmoif=um;a&;ESifh tcrJhynmoif=um;r_” [k yg&o dS nf? (ESm- 86)

40?

*smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif “±ky0f wˆKxkwv f yk af &;” [k yg&o dS nf? (ESm- 86) *smrefbmompmrl&if;wGi“f t=urf;zufr”_ [k yg&o dS nf?(ESm- 86)

41? 116

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

42?

jyifopfvuf*sDwrpf (w&m;0if) 0g'Drsm; sm;onf 1792 ckESpfwGif òzcscv H u kd &f aom ajr&Si}f u;D rsm;ESihf txufwef;pm; bke;f }u;D rsm;. tusK;d pD;yGm;udk ud, k pf m;ðyonfh abmfbeG f rif;qufukd axmufc=H u olrsm; jzpf=uonf? 1830 ckEpS w f iG f ‚ rif;qufukd 'kw, d t}udrf wGe;f vSe+f yD;onfah emufwiG f olw@kd onf ygwzD @JG pnf;cJ. h ? b¾m&Sif rif;nDrif;om;ESihf "e&Si}f uD;vlwef;pm;udk a'guw f ikd t f jzpf xm;&Sd aom atmfvD,Gefrif;qufudk qef@usif&mwGif ‚0g'D wpdwf wydik ;f onf vlra_ &;jy\emrsm;wGif r=umc%vdrv f nf 0g'jzef@ =uonf? olw@kd onf "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;aoG;pkyrf r_ S vkyo f m; rsm;udk umuG,folrsm; jzpfav[ef aqmif=uonf? (ESm- 89)

43?

,ef;t*Fvef (EkysKad omt*Fvefjynf) onf t*Fvefjynf wd&k yD gwD (,ck uGefqmaA;wpfygwD) ESifh ywfoufaom EdkifiHa&;orm;/ pmayorm; tkypf jk zpf+yD; 1840 ckEpS f tapmydik ;f wGif zG@J pnf;cJo h nf? "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;. pD;yGm;a&;/ Edik if aH &;tiftm; }uD;xGm;vmr_w@kd tay: ajr,m rif;nDrif;om;rsm;. rausrcsr;f jzpfru _ kd ‚wd@k u xif[yfjy=uonf? ‚tpkonf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;tay: =oZm&Sd&efESifh "e&Sifqef@usifa&;wdkufyw GJ Gif tvkyform;vlwef; pm;udk toHk;cs&eftwGuf vdrfvnfvSnfhjzm;aom enf;rsm;udk usifhoHk;=uonf? (ESm- 89)

44?

*smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif “pufrv _ yk if ef;wnf;[laom opfyifrS aºuusvmaom” [lonhfpmydk'f ryg&Sday? (ESm-90)

45?

*smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif ‚pma=umif;ESifhqufvsuf “ppfrSef aom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ESifh ywfoufIvnf;aumif;/ vlom;wdk@. tESpfom&udk taumiftxnfazmfa&;ESifh ywfoufIvnf; aumif; t"dy`m,fr&Sdaom awG;awmr_rsm;tjzpf rv$JraoG ay: 117

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

vm& awmhonf” [laom pma=umif;yg&Sdonf? 1872 ckESpf/ 1883 ESihf 1890 ckEpS f yHEk ydS jf cif;rsm;wGif Tpma=umif;udk “vlom; wdk@. tESpfom&udk taumiftxnfazmfa&;ESifh ywfoufI t"dy`m,fr&Sdaom awG;awmr_rsm;tjzpf rvGJraoG ay:vm& awmhonf” [k a&;om;xm;onf? (ESSm- 93) 46?

*smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif “tcpm;tvkyf” [k yg&Sdonf? (ESm- 98)

47?

*smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif “ðyjyifa&;” [laom pum;vHk; ryg&adS y? (ESm- 99)

48?

*smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif “awmESifh òr@.qef@usifbufjzpfr_” [k yg&o dS nf? (ESm- 101)

49?

*smref b mom pmrl & if ; wG i f “tem*wf vl @ tzG J @ tpnf ; ES i f h ywfoufaom olwdk@. tðyoabm wifjycsufrsm;” [k yg&Sd onf? (ESm- 102)

50?

csm;wpf p f v _ y f & S m ;r_ (t*F v d y f p um;vH k ; csmwmrS v monf ? tkycf sKyaf &;tm%mydik rf sm;u pmjzifh a&;om;um ay;tyfvu kd o f nfh tcGifhta&;rsm;[k t"d y ` m ,f & onf ? 1837 ck E S p f r S 1847 ckESpftwGif;wGif Oya'ðyjyif&ef awmif;qdkaom v_yf&Sm;r_wGif yg0iforl sm;. awmif;qdck sujf zpfonfh “jynfo@l csmwm” pum;vH;k rS qif;oufvmonf? Tv_y&f mS ;r_wiG f yg0iforl sm;udk csm;wpfpf [kvnf;aumif; / ‚0g'udk csm;wpfpf0g'[kvnf;aumif; ac: a0:onf) rSm Edik if w H umh tvkyf orm;v_y&f mS ;r_ordik ;f wGif yxr qH;k t}udrf ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;. vlxv k uQ%m aqmifaom

118

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

awmfvSefonfh EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ jzpfonf? ‚v_yf&Sm;r_onf 1830 ckESpf tv,fydkif;ESifh 1840 ckESpf tukefumvtwGif; t*FvefjynfwGif jzpfay:cJhonf? tvkyform;rsm;. qdk;0g;vS aom pD;yGm;a&;tajctaeESifh 1832 ckESpf ygvDrefpepf ðyjyif a&;tay: rauseyfr_ (‚ygvrD ef ðyjyifa&;onf "e&Sif vlwef; pm;udkom tcGihfta&; ydkrdkay;cJhonf) a=umifh jzpf vmonf? csm; wpfpfv_yf&Sm;r_. yxr uGef*&ufudk 1839 ckESpf azazmf 0g&DvwGif ðyvkyfcJh.? rmhufpfESifh tdef*,fwdk@onf csm;wpfpf v_yf&Sm;r_. vuf0J*dk%f; acgif;aqmifrsm;udk 'Drdkua&pD awmif; qdkcsufrsm;ESifh qdk&S,fvpf0g'ta&; wdkufyGJudk aygif;pyfay;&ef !¸efjycJhayonf? csm;wpfpfv_yf&Sm;r_onf t*Fvefjynf vl@tzGJ@ tpnf; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_tay: tawmftwef *,uf±kdufr_udk jzpfaponf? tkyfpdk;olvlwef;pm;onf rwwfomojzifh trsKd; orD;ESifh vli,frsm;. tvkyfcsdefudk 10 em&Dodk@ av#mhcsonfh Oya'udk 1847 ckEpS w f iG f jyÏmef;ay;cJ&h onf? Tpmtkyf pmrsuf ESm 78 yxrtyd'k w f iG f ‚tcsuu f kd azmfjyxm;onf? (ESm- 103) 51?

*smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif “vlwef;pm;” qdkaom pum;vHk; rygbJ “tvkyform;ygwDrsm;” [k a&;om;xm;onf? (ESm- 104)

52?

*smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif “wnf&Sdaeaom vl@tzGJ@tpnf; pepfwckv;kH ” [k yg&o dS nf? (ESm- 106)

53?

*smrefbmom pmrl&if;wGif “wdkif;jynftm;vHk;&Sd ypPnf;rJhrsm; aoG;pnf; =uavmh!” [k yg&o dS nf? (ESm- 106) 119

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

trnf t !¸ e f ; umbuf

*&G e f

(tufwed ef D umbuf/ 1788- 1856) jyifopf pdwu f ;l ,OfuGefjrKepf0g'D wOD;jzpfonf? “tDum&D,mc&D;pOf” trnf&dS pmtkyu f kd a&;om;cJh oljzpfonf? (ESm- 31) (um;vf-oD,dk'dk *&Gef/ 1817- 1887) *smref"e&Sif aygufp pma&;q&mjzpfonf? 1840 ckESpf tv,fydkif; wGif “ppfreS af om” qd&k , S v f pf0g'udk t"duud, k pf m;ðy ol wOD; jzpfonf? (ESm- 97)

pd e f @ -qk d i f r G e f

([ife&Duavmh'f pde@f - qdik rf eG /f 1760- 1825) jyifopf jynf pdwu f ;l ,Of qd&k , S v f pf0g'udk a&S@aqmifol wOD;jzpf onf? rmhupf 0f g' ray:aygurf D umvY ‚onf "e&Sif tbd"rRm/ "e&Siv f rl a_ &;ESihf t&if;&Sif pepfukd a0zefum urBmwGif t&if;&Sifqdk&S,fvpfpepf xlaxmifa&;udk tdyrf uf˜rufco hJ nf? ‚onf t&if;&Sipf epf. tESpo f m &udkem;rvnf/ qdk&S,fvpf0g' vrf;a=umif;udkvnf; rawG@jrifcJhay? (ESm- 99)

qpf p f r G e f ' D

(*sif- csm;vf qdkifrGef'D 'D qpfpfrGef'D/ 1773- 1842) qGpfZmvefjynfrS abm*aA'ynm&Sif wOD;jzpfonf? "e&Siaf ygupf tjrifjzifh t&if; &Sipf epfukd a0zefco hJ l jzpf onf? (ESm- 92)

Zql ; vpf c sf

(bJ & mtD A ef a emh z f e m; Zql ; vpf c sf / 1849- 1919)

120

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

±k&Sm;jynfwGif ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; wyfOD;ygwD r&Sdao; rD u mvY ay:ayguf v maom ea&mh'fepf (jynfol@) v_y&f mS ;r_wiG f xif&mS ;aom trsK;d orD;wOD;jzpf.? 1883 ckESpf qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pD v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;wGif rmhufpf0g' avhvmjyef@yGm;a&; “tvkyform; vGwfajrmufa&;” trnf&adS om ygwt D pkukd wnfaxmif&mY yg0ifaqmif &Gucf o hJ nf? rmhupf Ef iS hf tde*f ,fw@kd u olrxHo@kd oabm w&m;a&;&m jy\emESifh ywfoufaom pmrsm;a&;ydk@cJh onf? ‚onf tdef*,fa&;om;aom pdwful;,OfESifh 0dZm… enf;us qd&k , S v f pf0g'udk ±k&mS ;bmom jyefqkd cJo h nf? 1900 ckEpS f ygwrD v S #K@d 0u S x f w k af 0aom oabmw&m;a&; owif;pm “tpfu&m;” (rD;yGm;) ESihf “Zm;&m;” (t±k%fO;D ) wd@k . t,f'w D mtzG@J 0if wOD;jzpfco hJ nf? ±k&mS ;jynfq&kd , S f 'Drdku&ufwpf tvkyform;ygwD 'kwd,uGef*&ufwGif vDeifacgi;f aqmifaom aAmf&ADS pfEiS hf vDeif0g'. qef@usif bufjzpfaom rif&SDApf[lI oabmw&m;a&;&m uGJvGJ &mY Zql;vpfcsfonf rif&SDApftpk. acgif;aqmifwOD; jzpfonf? yxr urBmppfyGJ umvY qdk&S,fa&SmfAif0g' ("e&Sit f rsK;d om;a&;0g') bufwiG f &yfwnfcu hJ m r[m atmufwb kd m qd&k , S v f pfawmfveS af &;udk raxmufco H l jzpfomG ;onf? (ESm- 29) 'g0if

(csm;vf a&mbwf 'g0if/ 1809- 1882) ZD0aA'qdik &f m aygufyGm;r_ESifh wdk;yGm;r_o¿mefrsm;udk pwifawG@&Sdol t*Fvdyf"e&Sifvlwef;pm; 0dZ…mynm&Sif}uD; jzpfonf? ‚u ouf&o dS wW0gEiS hf opfyifrsm;onf tqufrjywf jzpfay: wdk;yGm;ajymif;vJaea=umif;/ o¿mefopfrsm; 121

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

jzpfay:aea=umif;/ vlrsm;onf vl0rH S wpwp ajymif;vJ oufqif;vma=umif;rsm;udk racsyEdkifaom taxmuf txm;rsm;jzifh &Sif;vif; jyocJhonf? urBmavmuESifh vlom;rsm;udk rnfonfeh wfb&k m;urS rzefqif;a=umif; azmfjyum bmoma&;oif=um;csuf tm;vHk;udk acsycJh .? od@k aomf 'g0ifonf rdr. d 0dZm… ynmudk obm0e,f y,fwGifom uef@owfxm;&Sd+yD; vl@tzGJ@tpnf;jzpfay: wdk;yGm;vmr_udk tjynfht0&Sif;vif;rjyEdkifcJhay? rmhufpf/ tde*f ,fw@kd onf 'g0if. oabmw&m;udk tEk yËdavm r ordkif;±kyf0g'tjrifjzifh jynfhpHkatmif jzpfay: wdk;yGm; vdu k o f nf? (ESm- 32) 'ef a w

(t,fvD*,f&D 'efaw/ 1265- 1321) tDwvDvlrsKd; uAsmq&mESifh tDwvDpmay. u¾opfudk pwifzGifh vSpv f u kd o f l jzpfonf? v,f u|ef pepfuek q f ;kH awmhrnfh acwf u mvY ajymif a jrmuf a om ta&;tom;jzif h uAsm&Snf}uD;rsm;udk oDukH;a&;om;cJhonf? 'efaw. uAsmrsm;onf urBmh pmayordkif;wGif *EW0ifpmayrsm; jzpfvmcJhonf? (ESm- 49)

yvuf u aemh z f (*&D*dk &DAvefwDEdk;Apf yvufuaemhzf/ 1856- 1918) ±k&mS ;jynfwiG f rmhupf 0f g'udk pwifjzef@jzL;ol/ 0g'jzef@cso d El iS hf ±kyf0g'tbd"rRmynm&Sif wOD;jzpfonf? 1903 ckESpf ±k&mS ;jynf qd&k , S 'f rD u kd &ufwpf tvkyo f rm;ygw. D 'kw, d uGef*&uf +yD;onfhaemufrSpI vDeif0g'ESifh qef@usif bufjzpfaom rif&SDApftacsmif0g'udk &yfwnfol jzpf oGm;onf? (ESm- 29) 122

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

ya&muf ' G e f ;

(yD&m *sKd;Zuf ya&muf'Gef;/ 1809- 1865) jynfopf pma&;q&m odrfzsif;aomabm*aA'/ vlr_a&;ynm &SifESifh "e&Sifaygufp oabmw&m;a&;q&m wOD;jzpf onf? rmhupf 0f g'ESihf qef@usib f uf rif;rJ0h g'udk pwifwD xGio f l wOD;jzpfonf? (ESm- 97)

zk d ; &D ; ,m;

(csm;vf zd;k &D;,m;/ 1772- 1837) jyifopfjynf pdwu f ;l ,Ofq&kd , S v f pf0g'udk a&S@aqmifol wOD;jzpfonf? ‚onf t=urf;zufawmfveS af &;udk qef@usifum rdrd. tawG; tac:rsm;udk +idrf;csrf;pGm 0g'jzef@csdjcif;jzifh tem*wfqdk &S,fvpf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk pnf;±Hk;Edkifonf[k pdwful; ,Of ,lqonf? (ESm- 99)

rk d ;

(q,fjrL&,f rdk;/ 1830- 1912) rmhufpfa&;om;aom t&if;usrf;ESifh uGefjrL epfygwDa=unmpmwrf;udk t*F vdyfbmomodk@ bmomjyefqdkcJhol jzpfonf? rmhufpf/ tde*f ,fw@kd . rdwaf qGwOD;jzpfonf? (ESm- 34 )

vmaq;

(zm'Deef vmaq;/ 1825- 1864) *smref"e&Siaf ygupf qdk&S,fvpf0g'DESifh EdkifiHwumhtvkyform; v_yf&Sm;r_ twGif;&Sd vuf,mtacsmif0g' wrsKd;jzpfaom “vm aq;0g'” udk wDxiG cf o hJ jl zpf.? ‚onf *smr%Djynfv;kH qdkif&m tvkyform;tzGJ@. OuUÏjzpfcJhonf? ‚onf tvkyo f rm; vlwef;pm; v_y&f mS ;r_ukd +ird ;f csr;f aom ygvD ref vGwfawmfYom uef@owfxm;&Sdonf? Oya'wGif; pnf;±Hk;a&;/ jynfvHk;u|wf a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufcGifh/ tvkyform; xkwfvkyfa&;tzGJ@rsm; zGJ@pnf;aomvrf; a=umif;jzifh axmufyahH =u; aiGrsm;ay;aom Edik if H awmf 123

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

wnf a xmif a &;/ Tod k @ tm;jzif h “vG w f v yf a om jynfoltm;vHk;. EdkifiHawmf” [laom vl@tzGJ@tpnf; opf jzpfEdkifonf[k vmaq; 0g'Drsm;u ,lq=uonf? ‚wd@k u v,form; vlwef;pm;udk azmuf jyeforl sm;[k oabmxm;onf? vmaq;. Edik if aH &;ESihf oabmw&m; k mvkyif ef;pO a&;&m trSm;rsm;udk rmhufpf. *do pOff a0zef csuf ESifh vDeif. Edik if aH wmfEiS h f awmfveS af &; usr;f rsm;wGif acsywdu k cf u kd x f m;onf? (ESm- 28 ) 0uf w vif ; (0D v f [ rf 0uf w vif ; / 1808- 1871) *smref v uf r_ynmonf jzpfonf? *smrefpdwful;,Of wef;wla&; 0g'jzpfaom uGefjrLepf0g'. ay:vGifxif&Sm;qHk;aom ud, k pf m;vS,jf zpfonf? ‚onf zd;k &D;,m; (txufwiG f azmfjy+yD;) .=oZmt&Sdefoufa&mufr_udk cHcJh&onf? ( ESm - 31) [mZif

124

(tvufZif;'g; tDAefE;kd Apf [mZif/ 1812- 1870) acwf a[mif; ±k&Sm;jynfwGif xif&Sm;aom 'Drdkua&pDawmf vSefa&;orm;/ ±kyf0g'tbd"rRmq&m/ pma&;q&mESifh owif;pmq&mjzpfonf? wdk;wufaom t,ltqrsm; udk pGJudkifum Zmbk&ifpepfudk qef@usifojzifh tzrf;cH e,fESifcHcJh&onf? ±k&Sm; jynfwGif ±kyf0g'usrf;rsm;udk a&;om;ðypkcJhonf? ±k&Sm;jynf 'Drdkua&pD awmfvSefa&; k akd um (acgif; orm;rsm;. aºu;a=umfoHjzpfaom udv avmif;) owif;pmudkyHkESdyfonfh pmyHkEdSyfwdkufudk jynfy wGif wnfaxmifcJhol wOD;jzpfonf? [mZifonf 'Drdk ua&pD0g'rS cGJcGmum vpfb&,f0g'bufodk@ ,drf;,dkif oGm;cJh&mrS 1860 ckESpfrsm;wGif awmfvSefaom 'Drdk

uGejf rLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf;

ua&pD0g'twGuf &yfwnf oljzpfvma=umif; vDeif. [mZiftm;owd&jcif; aqmif ; yg;wG i f a&;om;xm; onf? (ESm- 29) tk d 0 if

(a&mbwf tdk0if/ 1771- 1858) pdwful;,Of qdk&S,f vpf0g'udk a&S@aqmifol t*Fvefjynf paumhwvefjynf e,frS pufrv _ yk if ef;&Si}f uD; wOD;jzpfonf? ‚ydik f puf±Hk wG i f tvk y f c sd e f a v#mh c say;jcif ; / uav;rsm;twG u f ausmif;rsm; zGiahf y;jcif;/ uav;xde;f Xme zGiv hf pS af y;jcif; rsm; ðycJo h nf? xd@k jyif TtawG@ tñurH S pdwu f ;l ,Of uGef jrLepfpepf yHpk u H kd a&;om;ðypkc. hJ ? ‚u vl@tzG@J tpnf;. qif;&J'kuQrsm;onf t&if;&Sifpepfa=umifh[k rjrifbJ vlrsm;. rodem;rvnfr_a=umifh jzpfonfqdkum vl@ tzGJ@tpnf;. yËdyuQrsm;udk todynmjzef@jzL;ay;jcif; tm;jzifh uG,af ysmufomG ;rnf[k ,lqcJ. h ? t=urf;zuf awmfveS af &;udk r,H=k unfoEl iS hf tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm; . ordik ;f qdik &f mtcef;udk em;rvnfol jzpfonf? ‚. oabmw&m;rsm;onf pdef@-qdkifrGef/ zdk;&D;,m;wdk@uJh odk@yif 0dZ…menf;usqdk&S,fvpf0g'/ uGefjrLepf0g' ray: aygufrDumv. ordkif;qdkif&mjzpfpOfwGif yg0ifcJhay.? (ESm- 99)

125

rmhufpf/ tdef*,f

1973 ckESpf rwfv 5 &ufae@wGif pwif bm omjyefI 1976 ckESpf 'DZifbmvwGif wnf;jzwfonf? 1977 ck E S p f puf w if b mv 20 &uf ae@wG i f 'k w d , t}ud r f pwif yH k E S d y f u m 'D Z if b mvwG i f yH k E S d y f + yD ; pD ; onf ? 2008 ck E S p f / azazmf 0 g&D v 1 &uf a e@wG i f uG e f j rLepf y gwD a=unmpmwrf ; ES p f 160 ajrmuf txd r f ; trS w f t jzpf Armjynf u G e f j rLepf y gwD A[k d 0g'jzef @ csd a &;XmerS wwd , t}ud r f yk H E S d y f x k w f a 0onf ?

126