Various Authors, Lu Htu Amay Daw Ahmar

vlxktar a':trm

tifwmeufpmrsufESmrsm;ay:rS vlxka':trmtaMumif; pkpnf;csufr sm;

vlxktar a':trm owif;pmq&m? pma&;q&mrMuD; vlxka':trmudk wynfYom;ajr; pma&; q&mawGu tarvdkMunfndKav;pm;jyD; tarvlxka':trm vdkYac:Muyg w,f/ wu,fawmY q&mrMuD;[m pmayavmu&JY a&SYaqmifvrf;jy jzpf&Hk wifruyJ jrefrmEdkifiH 'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;rSmvnf; rm;rm;rwfrwf&yfjyD; jynfoleJYwom;wnf;aejycJYwJY rD;&SL;wefaqmifMuD;wpif; jzpfw,fqdk&if vnf; rrSm;ygbl;/ jynfolvlxkMuD;w&yfvHk;&JY tarozG,f jzpfw,fqdk&if vGefr,frxifygbl;/ 'gaMumifY q&mrMuD;taMumif;

tifwmeufay:u

&orSspkaqmif;wifjyxm;wJY 'Dpmtkyfav;&JYemrnfudk vlxktar a':trm vdkY wyfay;vdkufygw,f/

2

vlxktar&JYaemufqHk;Mo0g'

“wnDwnGwfwnf; vufwGJ&kef;vdkufMuyg/ 'grSatmifjrifr,f/”

3

aemufqHk;tcsdeftxd tarqkH;wJhtcsdefrSm ZufrusdK;usbl; acgif;ikHY aysmhacGusroGm;bl; tarqkH;wJhtcsdef ukwifab;rSm &SdaewJh usaemf aoaocsmcsm owdxm;rdw,f ... ausmf&ifjrihf (pma&;q&m)

Hk

4

aus;Zl;wifvTm þpmtkyfyg pmtrsm;pkudk jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rfwGif pm&dkufwifay;cJYaom (udk) bigpig

tm; txl;aus;Zl;wif&dSygw,f/ pma&;q&m 0if;wifY eJY pkd;Ekdif

(rEÅav;wuúokdvf) wdkYudkvnf; olwdkY&JYpmrlrsm;twGuf aus;Zl;wifygw,f/ xdkYtjyif toHk;jyKxm;aom tjcm; pmrsm;?"mwfyHkrsm;? yef;csDrsm;twGufvnf; bavmY*grsm;jzpfMuwJY a'gufwmvGPf;aqG? udkndKMuD;? udkarmifvS ? yef;csD rif;ausmfcdkif wdkYeJYtwl rEåav;rD'D,m ? tm;vHk;udkvnf; aus;Zl;wifygw,f/ av;pm;pGmjzifY yD'DtufzfpDpOfol

pmay*sme,f ? owif;Xmersm;

rmwdum (1) vlxktaruG,fvGefjcif;

7

(2) vlxka':trm b0eJYpmay&ufpGJrsm; (0if;wifY)

60

(3) pmay*sme,f rsufESmzHk;pmqdk

199

(4) tarYarG;aeY*kPfjyKuAsmrsm;

246

(5) awmifav;vkH;rSewfuRef;txd trSwfw& rSmpum;

273

(6) tara':trm&JYpmwcsdKY

315

(7) jrefrmhobifrI pmayyifrÍÆLxufu arT;vGef;onfh

367

yef;ig;yGifh

pkd;Ekdif (rEÅav;wuúokdvf)

6

tcef; (1)

vlxktaruG,fvGefjcif;

7

1/ tokb&IzdwfMum;vTm

tokb&I zdwfMum;vTm rEåav;NrdKU? 32 vrf;? *kE åefaq;½dk;0if;ae OD;xif+a':pk wdkY\ orD;? e*g;a':OD; \ nDr? OD;vSaz+a':wifwif? OD;ausmfpdef+a':MuifMuif?

OD;armifav;+a':cifvSjrifh? a'gufwm OD;cifarmifat;+a'gufwma':Munfpdef wdkY\ tpfr?

OD;pdk;0if;? OD;cif*suf0if;+a'gufwm oef;&ifrm (a'gufwm jrrOÆL)?

OD;zdk;oHacsmif;? a':wif0if;?

OD;Nidrf;csrf;(nDykav;)+a':wifwif0if; wdkY\ arG;ordcif rpkpkrm? udkbkdbdk? rjzLjym? rvif;vif;rGef? armifatmifbmav? ra½Tjynfpdk; wdkY\ tzGm; vlxkOD;vS \ ZeD; vlxka':trm (93)ESpf onf 1369 ckESpf? wefcl;vqef; (2)&uf? 7-4-2008 (wevFmaeY) eHeuf (08;37) em&DtcsdefwGif b0wyg;odkY ulajymif;uG,fvGefoGm;ygojzifh MuGif;usef&pfaom OwkZ½kyfuvmyfudk 1369 ckESpf? wefcl;vqef; (4)&uf? 9-4-2008 (Ak'¨[l;aeY) eHeuf (10;00) em&Dtcsdef tdrftrSwf 265? 32 vrf;? 83 X 84 vrf;Mum; aetdrfrS MumeDuefokómefodkY ydkYaqmifrD;oN*ÐK[frnf jzpfygí tokb&I vdkufyg ydkYaqmifMuyg&ef av;pm;pGm zdwfMum;tyfygonf/ usef&pfol rdom;pk

8

2/ tarYema&;owif;rsm; 2?1/ {&m0wDowif;Xme

vlxk a':trm uG,fvGef udkpdk; ? {NyD 7 ? 2008 jrefrmEdkifiH rEÅav;NrdKUae xif&Sm;onhf owif;pmq&mESihf pma&;q&mrBuD; vlxka':trm (92)ESpfonf ,aeY eHeufydkif;u rEÅav;aq;½kHBuD; ESvkH;a&m*g aqmifwGif uG,fvGefoGm;cJhonf/ q&mrBuD;a':trm\ om;jzpfol pma&;q&m nDykav;u “tar reuf 8 em&D 37 rdepfu tedpöa&mufygw,f? rEÅav;aq;½kHBuD;u ESvkH;a&m*gaqmif rSmyg? wjcm;a&m*gawmh r&Sdygbl;”[k {&m0wDodkY ajymonf/ vlxka':trmonf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif MoZmBuD;rm;aom owif;pmq&m? pma&; q&mrBuD; wOD;jzpfonf/ q&mrBuD;onf rEÅav;NrdKU *kEÅef&yfü tb OD;xif ? trd a':pkwdkYrS 1915 ck?

Edk0ifbm 29 &uf wevFmaeYwGif arG;zGm;cJhNyD; arG;csif; 12OD;&SdonYfteuf pwkw¬ajrmufjzpfonf/ trnf&if;rSm trm jzpfonf/

9

1920-23 ckESpf w½kwfwef; trsdK;orD;ae&S,fausmif;ESihf

ABM

ausmif;

wdkYwGif i,fb0 ynmoifMum;cJhum 1931-33wGif rEÅav;A[kdtrsdK;om; ausmif;rS 10 wef;atmifonf/ 1933-35 ckESpfü rEÅav; OypmaumvdyfwGif "mwk?½ly? ocsmFbmomwGJ,lí wufa&mufcJhNyD; 1936wGif &efukefwuúodkvf bDatatmufwef;odkY wuf a&mufpOf tif;,m;aqmif o[m,pmzwftoif; twGif;a&;rª; jzpfcJhNyD; 'kwd,ausmif;om;oydwfwdkYü yg0ifcJhonf/ xdkYaemuf tdk;a0? BuD;yGm;a&;r*¾Zif;rsm;ESihf bm;rm;*sme,fwdkYwGif pmrsm; a&;&if; BuD;yGm;a&;OD;vSESihf pwifoduGsrf;NyD; BuD;yGm;a&;r*¾Zif;wGif cifv0if;? jrrOæL uavmiftrnfrsm;jzihf pmrsm;qufvufa&;om;onf/ 1939ckESpfwGif BuD;yGm;a&;OD;vSESihf tdrfaxmifusNyD;aemuf vlxkwdkufudk xlaxmifí vlxk*sme,f? vlxkowif;pmrsm;udkxkwfa0cJhonf/ q&mrBuD;onf cifv0if;? ZrÁL'DygatmifxGef;? zcifatmifEdkif? zdk;omatmif? jrrOæL? trm? trm(wuúodkvfoydwfarSmufausmif;ol)? tif;,m;ausmif; aqmifolwOD; ponhf uavmiftrnfcGJ 8 ckjzihf yifudka&;ESihf bmomjyef pmayrsm;udk a&;om;jyKpkcJhNyD;? xif&Sm;aompmtkyfrsm;rSm 1964ckESpf pmay AdrmeftEkynmqdkif&mpmay

yxrqk&

jynfolcspfaomtEkynmonfrsm;?

r[m*Dw? a½Ta'gif;awmifaqmif;yg;? urÇmh tBuD;qkH;pmtkyf? tarha&S;pum; ponfwdkY jzpfonf/

10

EdkifiHw0ef;&Sdte,fe,ft&yf&yfrS pmay tEkynm&Sifrsm;ESihf EdkifiHa&;e,fy,f ponhfe,fy,fpkHrSq&mrBuD;udk cspfcifav;pm;Muolrsm;onf ESpfpOf Ekd0ifbm 29&uf q&mrBuD;\ arG;aeYyGJtcrf;tem;odkY pnf;um;odkufNrdKufpGm wuf a&mufMuonf/ q&mrBuD; vlxka':trmonf 2007 ckESpf Edk0ifbm 29 &ufu touf (92) ESpfjynhfcJhNyD;? q&mrBuD;\ arG;aeYyGJudk ESpfpOf tr&yl&NrdKU awmifav;vkH; ausmif;wdkufwGifusif;ycJhonf/ q&mrBuD;rSm uG,fvGefcsdefrwdkifcif tcsdeftweftMumuyif pmra&;Edkif awmhaMumif;? ,cifa&;vufp yef;csDOD;b&ifuav; taMumif;pmtkyfrSm tacsmowf&efomvdkawmhaMumif;? tacsmowfNyD;pD;ygu xkwfa0rnfjzpf aMumif;vnf; q&mnDykav;u ajymonf/ pma&;q&m nDykav;u olYrdcifESihfywfoufNyD; “taru uG,fvGefcgeD;wJh txd tawmfowdaumif;ygw,fcifAs? olYudk cspfwJhcifwJholawG rsm;w,f qdkwm usaemfwdkYodygw,f? 'gayr,hf tck wu,fuG,fvGefwJh tcgusawmh vnf; rsuf0g;xifxifawGU&wm? olYudkcspfwJhcifwJholawG odkufodkuf0ef;0ef;eJY &SdwmawGY&w,fcifAs? tarjrifaphcsifw,f? 'Dvdk olYema&;udk vmMuwJholawG udkjrifaphcsifw,f”[kvnf; qufvuf ajymqdkonf/ q&mrBuD;\psmyeudk orD;a':oef;&ifrm\aetdrfü jyifqifxm;NyD; Ak'¨[l; aeY eHeuf 10 em&DwGif rEÅav; MumeDuefokomefodkY ydkYaqmifoN*ÐK[f&ef pDpOfxm;onf[k q&mnDykav;uajymjyonf/ 11

q&mrBuD;uG,fvGefcsdefwGif OD;zdk;oHacsmif;? a':oef;&ifrm? a':wif0if;? pma&;q&m nDykav;(OD;Nidrf;csrf;) ponhf om;orD; 4 OD;ESihf ajr; 6 OD; usef&SdaMumif; od&onf/

2?2/

Network Media Group

vGwfvyfcGifh tm;vHk;twGuf wdkufyGJ0ifol (odkU ) vlxka':trm twGuf ,lBuHK;r&jzpfaeMu oDwmxGef;/ {NyDv 7 &uf? 2008 ckESpf/ owif;pmq&m? pma&;q&mrBuD; vlxka':trm uG,fvGefoGm;onfhtwGuf e,fpyftajcpdkuf owif;pmq&mrsm;? pma&;q&mrsm;u 0rf;enf;aMuuGJ ,lBuHK;r& jzpfMu&aMumif; ajymMuonf/ “pmayvGwfvyfcGifhudka&m vlxkvGwfvyfcGifhudkyg vkyfaqmifcJhw,f/ 'gayrJh uG,fvGefcsdefxd tJ'gawGudk tar rjrifoGm;vdkuf&bl;/” [k vlxka':trm uG,fvGefjcif;tay: jrefrmhowif;or*¾rS twGif;a&;rSL; OD;pHrdk;a0u ajym onf/

12

vlxka':trmudk cspfcifav;pm;Muolrsm;u tarrm[k tjrwfwEdk; ac:qdk Muonf/ “vGwfvyfa&;tBudKumvuae

'Dtcsdefxd

jynfolvlxktwGufqdk

&J0Hh

jywfom;wJh? &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; trsdK;orD;wa,mufjzpfw,f/ wdkif;jynftwGufqdk udk,fa&;udk,fwmudkawmif ta&;rxm;yJ a&SUaqmifyg0ifcJhwJh tar uG,fvGef jcif;[m tm;vkH;twGuf ajymrjyEkdifwJh qHk;&HI;rIvnf;jzpfw,f” [k OD;pHrdk;a0 u qufajymonf/ owif;pmq&m? pma&;q&mrBuD; vlxka':trm touf(93)ESpfonf ,aeU eHeuf 8 em&D 37 rdepfwGif rEåav; jynfolUaq;&HkBuD;ü uG,fvGefoGm;cJhonf/ vlxka':trm uG,fvGefjcif;twGuf pma&;q&mrwOD;jzpfol a':arjidrf;u “tarrmu owif;pmq&maumif;vnf;jzpfw,f? pma&;q&maumif;vnf; jzpfw,f/ rdcifaumif;vnf;jzpfw,f/ 'ghaMumifh ckvdk uG,fvGefoGm;awmh usrwa,mufwnf; omru vlxkw&yfvHk;ua&m t&rf; 0rf;enf;MurSmyg/” [kajymonf/ e,fpyfwGifa&muf&Sdaeaom pmaytodkif;t0dkif;? EdkifiHa&; todkif;t0dkif;rsm;u a':trmESifh ywfoufonfh trSwfw&pum;0dkif;rsm; jyKvkyf&ef jyifqifaeMu onf[k pma&;q&mESifh bavmh*gwOD;jzpfol a'gufwmvGPf;aqGu ajym onf/

13

olu “taru wacwfrSmwa,mufr[kwfbl;? w&mpkrSmawmif wa,muf ay:zdkUrvG,fwJh &Sm;yg; trsdK;orD;yg” [k ajymjyonf/ vlxka':trmonf

trsKd;orD;a&;vIyf&Sm;olrsm;twGufvnf;

xGef;xGef;

aygufayguf xl;cGßefoltrsKd;orD;wOD;tjzpf pHerlem,lzG,f trsKd;orD;wOD; jzpfcJhonf/

2?3/ rZdÑrowif;Xme

vlxka':trm uG,fvGef aeoGif Monday, 07 April 2008 11:39 -

csif;rdkif/

jrefrmpHawmfcsdef

/ 0g&ifhowif;pm q&mrBuD; vlxka':trm (92) ESpfonf

,aeYeHeuf (8) em&D (37) rdepfwGif rEåav;NrhKd jynfolYaq;½kHBuD;wGif ESvHk;a&m*gjzifh uG,fvGefoGm;onf/ pme,fZif;avmuwGif tarrmtjzpf av;pm;cspfcifjcif;cH&aom owif;pm q&mrBuD;onf NyD;cJhaomwe*FaEGwwnf;u aq;½kHwifxm;&jcif;jzpfonf/ ‘“ NyD;cJhwJh we*FaEGu wif&ygw,f/ uaeYreuf (8) em&D (37) rSm tedpö a&mufygw,f” [k vlxka':trm\ om;jzpfol pma&;q&m nDykav;u w,fvDzkef;rSwqifh rZÑdrodkY ajymonf/ 14

&kyftavmif;udk orD;tBuD; jrrOÆLtdrfwGifxm;&SdNyD; psmyetcrf;tem;udk Ak'¨[l;aeY eHeuf (10) em&DwGif MumeDuef okómefwGif jyKvkyfrnf jzpfonf/ vlxka':trm uG,fvGefonfhowif;aMumifh tHMopdwfraumif; jzpfaeaom pma&;q&mBuD; '*kefkwm&mu “ a':trmu ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmMumNyDyJ/ wkdif;jynftwGuf aqmif&Gufaewm/ Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf aqmif&Gufaewm/ txl;ojzifh trsKd;orD;a&;&mawG r[kwfawmhbl;ayghAsm/ wkdif;jynfwjynf vHk;eJY ywfoufwJh

udpöawGrSmvnf;

twlwlaqmif&GufcJhwm/ usaemf

odyfNyD;awmh pdwfraumif; jzpfoGm;ygw,f ” [k rZÑdrodkYajymonf/ vlxka':trmonf trsKd;om;acgif;aqmifBuD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;? q&mBuD; '*kefwm&mwdkYESihf acwfNydKifjzpfonf/ 1915 Edk0ifbm (29)wGif rEåav;NrhKdwGif tzOD;xif? trda':pkwdkYrS arG;zGm;NyD; 1930 w0kdufwGif wuúodkvfausmif;om; rsm;\

e,fcsJYqefYusifa&; trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;vIyf&Sm;rSKwGif oydwf

arSmuf ausmif;oltrm jzpfvmonf/ 1939 wGif BuD;yGm;a&;OD;vSESihf vufxyfNyD; 1945wGif vlxk*sme,f xkwfa0aomtcg vufaxmuft,f'Dwm? 1946 vlxkowif;pmudk xkwfa0 aomtcg t,f'DwmtzGJY0if jzpfvmonf/ 1949wGif vlxkowif;pmESifh BuD;yGm;a&;yHkESdyfpufrsm; wnf&Sd&m taqmuf ttHkudk 'dkif;erdkufESifh azmufcGJcH&onf/

15

1950 tvGefumvrsm;wGif ocifudk,fawmfrdIif; OD;aqmifaom jrefrmjynf Nidrf;csrf;a&;? urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&; vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;wGif aqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1953 ckESpfwGif cifyGef;jzpfol vlxkOD;vS zrf;qD;cH&onfh aemufydkif;wGif vlxk owif;pm acgif;BuD;rsm;udk wm0efcH a&;om;cJhonf/ 1959 rS 1960 twGif; vlxkowif;pmwkduf tydwfcHcJh&ovdk 1978 wGif vlxkOD;vS? om; udkNidrf;csrf; (nDykav;) wdkYESihftwl wESpfausmfMum zrf;qD; cHcJh&onf/ a':trmonf q&maZmf*sD? q&mrif;ok0Pf? a'gufwmoef;xGef;?vlxkpdef0if; tif;pdefaxmifwGif

tusOf;uscHae&qJ

[Hom0wD

owif;pmq&mBuD;

OD;0if;wifwdkYESihf yk*¾Kdvfa&;&if;ESD;onf/ NyD;cJhonf rwfvwGifusa&mufaom OD;0if;wif\arG;aeYwGif a':trmu om; ozG,f cspfcifaom OD;0if;wifudk olraocif jrifoGm;&rnf[k arSsmfvifhonf [k rZÑdrodkY ajymMum;cJhao;onf/ ESpfpOf Edk0ifbmv (29) &ufaeYwGif usa&mufaom a':trm\ arG;aeYyGJudk rEåav;NrhKd awmifav;vHk;ausmif;wdkufwGif ESpfpOfusif;yavh&SdNyD; wEkdifiHvHk;rS 0g&ifhpme,fZif;orm;rsm; wufa&mufavh &Sdonf/ tqdkyg arG;aeYtcrf;tem;onf 0g&ifhowif;pmq&mrsm;tjyif 'Drkdua&pD bufawmfom;rsm;

tpHktnD

wufa&mufavh&Sdojzifh

wm;jrpfcJhonfh tBudrfrsm;vnf; &SdcJhonf/ 16

tmPmydkifrsm;u

2?4/

AFP

Renowned Myanmar journalist Ludu Daw Amar dies

Mon Apr 7, 2:36 AM ET YANGON (AFP) ­ Ludu Daw Amar, one of Myanmar's most renowned writers and journalists and an outspoken critic of the military junta, died Monday at the age of 93, her family said.

She died in hospital in the central city of Mandalay, where her family set up the town's first publishing house in the 1940s.

"She died from heart disease at Mandalay General Hospital this morning.

We brought her body back to our home," her son Nyi Pu Lay told AFP by phone.

Ludu Daw Amar ­­ a pen name which means "of the people" ­­ was a famous figure among reporters and writers in Myanmar, where the media is tightly controlled by the military government.

Her birthday was celebrated with all the reverence of a public holiday each year by writers, journalists and artists throughout Myanmar, which has been ruled by the military since 1962.

"It is a big loss for us. She was not only a leader for our press society, but also for the people," said a local journalist who did not want to be named.

17

Ludu Daw Amar and her husband published a pro­independence political journal, the Ludu Daily News, in the 1940s.

"She was a very progressive woman at the time," Thailand­based Myanmar expert Win Min told AFP. "You didn't have many women writing articles."

The journal eventually fell foul of government censors and was shut down in the 1960s, but this did not silence left­leaning Ludu Daw Amar, and she carried on giving interviews criticising junta policy into her old age.

She also translated foreign works and wrote books on women's issues and Myanmar culture, with the junta keeping a close eye on her, Win Min said.

"She has been very critical of the government along the way," he said.

"She is like the mother of all journalists, she is the ethical symbol. People are very proud of her."

Most recently, Ludu Daw Amar called on the junta to stop using force during a crackdown on street demonstrations in Yangon last year that left at least 31 people dead, according to UN estimates, and hundreds detained.

Some journalists were briefly arrested during the protests, but Ludu Daw Amar's age appeared to have protected her from retribution by the junta.

Ludu Daw Amar is survived by two sons and two daughters.

18

2?5/ acwfjydKifowif;Xme

jynfolYpma&;q&m vlxka':trm uG,fvGef NEJ/ 7

{NyD 2008

jynfolvlxk cspfcifav;pm;onfh owif;pmq&m? pma&;q&mrBuD; vlxk a':trm touf (93) ESpfonf ,aeYeHeuf (8) em&D (3&) rdepfwGif rEÅav;NrdKU jynfolYaq;½HkBuD;ü uG,fvGefoGm;aMumif; rdom;pk0ifwOD;u ajymonf/ a':trm\ om;jzpfol udknDykav;u “ck (8) em&D (37) rdepf aq;½HkrSm qHk;w,fcifAsm/ rEÅav;aq;½kH ESvHk;a&m*gtxl;ukoaqmifrSmyg” [k ajym onf/ vlxka':trmonf udkvdkeDacwfuwnf;u e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; oydwfarSmuf ausmif;olwOD;tjzpf yg0ifcJhNyD; b0wavSsmufvHk; jynfolbufrS tpOf &yfwnfum tusKd;jyKpmayrsm; tqufrjywf a&;om;cJholjzpfonf/ arvwGif usif;yawmhrnfh vlvkqE´cH,lyGJESifh ywfoufí vlxka':trmu “wnDwñGwfwnf; vufwGJ½kef;vdkufMuyg/ 'grSatmifjrifr,f” [k ruG,f vGefrDu acwfNydKifodkY aemufqHk; ajymMum;cJhonf/ vlxka':trm uG,fvGefoGm;onfhtay: pma&;q&m? uAsmq&m? q&m armifpGrf;&nfu “usaemfwdkY tarvdkaevmwJh yk*¾Kdvfwa,mufjzpfw,f/ usaemfwkYd

'Drdkua&pDbufu

jynfolvlxkbufu

rm;rm;rwfrwf&yfwJh

uavmifowif;pmq&mrBuD; pma&;q&mrBuD;wa,muf qHk;½HI;oGm;w,fqdk 19

awmh usaemfwdkYrSm a&TawmifBuD;NydKovdk wu,fhudk 0rf;yef;wenf; jzpfrdyg w,f” [k ajymonf/ vlxka':trmudk 1915 ck Edk0ifbm (29) wGif rEÅav;NrdKU *kEÅef&yfü tz OD;xif? trd a':pk wdkYrS arG;zGm;cJhonf/ arG;csif; (12) a,mufteuf pwkwajrmuforD;jzpfonf/ 1920jynfhESpfwGif w½kwfwef; trsKd;orD;ae&Sife,f ausmif;wGif pwifynmoifMum;cJhNyD; 1923 ckESpfü tar&duef omoemjyK ausmif; (atbDtrf) wGif wwd,wef;rS e0rwef;txd wufa&muf ynm oif,lcJhonf/ 1931ckwGif A[dktrsKd;orD; txufwef;ausmif;rS q,fwef;atmifjrifcJhonf/ 1933- 35 ckwGif rEÅav; Oypmaumvdyf? 1936 ckwGif &efukefbDat atmufwef;wGif ynmoif&if; 'kwd,ausmif;om;oydwfwGif oydwfarSmuf ausmif;olwOD;tjzpf yg0ifcJhonf/ 1936ckwGif tdk;a0r*¾Zif;? BuD;yGm;a&;r*¾Zif;? bm;rm;*sme,fwdkYwGif pmayrsm; a&;om; cJhonf/ 1939 ckwGif vlxkOD;vSESifh vufxyfcJhNyD; zdk;oHacsmif;? &JabmfxGef;ausmf? nDykav; wdkYtygt0if om;orD; (5) OD; xGef;um;cJhonf/ 1945ckwGif vlxk*sme,f vufaxmuft,f'Dwm? 1946ckwGif vlxkowif;pm t,f'Dwmtjzpf

vkyfudkifcJhonf/

ruG,fvGefrDtcsdeftxd

rEÅav;NrdKUü

aexdkifum pmtkyfrsm;a&;om;xkwfa0jcif;? vpOfxkwfr*¾Zif;rsm;wGif tcg tm;avsmfpGm aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;om;jcif;wdkY jyKvkyfcJhonf/ vlxka':trm\ psmyeusif;yrnfh&ufudk rdom;pk wdkifyifnd§EdIif;aeqJjzpfaMumif; od&onf/

20

2?6/ &dk;r 3 owif;Xme

q&mrBuD;vlxka':trm uG,fvGef ½kd;r 3/ {NyD 7? 2008 owif;pmq&m? pma&;q&mrBuD; vlxka':trm touf (93)ESpf onf rEåav;NrdKU? jynfolYaq;½Hk BuD;wGif uG,fvGefoGm;onf/ ,aeYeHeufydkif; (8)em&D (37) rdepfwGif ESvHk;a&m*g txl;ukaqmifwGif aq;ukorIcH,laepOf uG,fvGefoGm;jcif;jzpfonf/ tarrm uG,fvGefjcif;eJYywfoufí om;jzpfol udknDykav;u “tarukd vlawGu cspfMurSef;awmh odw,f? tckawmh tarhtay: trsm;jynf olawG &JU arwåmBuD;rm;wmudk vufawGY awGY&ygNyD? tEkynmtodkif;t0dkif;u rdwfaqGawGawmh awmfawmfrsm;rsm;a&mufaeygNyD? q&marmifrdk;olwdkYu awmh a&mufaeMuw,f” [k ajymonf/ rEåav;om;?olrsm;u vlxka':trmuG,fvGefonfhowif;udk Mum;odojzifh ema&;udpö

vma&mufar;olrsm;&SdaeNyD;

tEkynmtodkif;t0dkif;rSvnf;

pkHvifpGma&muf&Sdaeonf[k ¤if;u qufvufajymqdkonf/

21

q&mrBuD;vlxka':trmudk rEåav;NrdKU? *kEåef&yfü tz OD;xif? trd a':pkwdkYrS 29? 11? 1915 ckESpfwGif zGm;jrifcJhNyD; arGcsif; (12)a,muf½Sdonfhteuf pwkw¬ajrmufjzpfonf/ 1931 ckESpfwGif A[dktrsKd;orD;txufwef;ausmif;rSq,fwef;atmifjrifcJhNyD; 1936 wGif &efukefbDatatmufwef;wGif ynmoif&if; 'kwd,ausmif;om; oydwfwGif yg0ifcJhonf/ 1936 ckESpfrSpwifí tdk;a0r*¾Zif;? BuD;yGm;a&; r*¾Zif;? bm;rm;*sme,frsm;wGif pwifí pmayrsm;a&;om;cJhonf/ 1939 ckESpfwGif vlxkOD;vSESifhvufxyfcJhNyD; om;orD; (5)a,mufxGef;um; cJhonf/ 1945 ckESpfwGif vlxk*sme,f vufaxmuft,f'Dwm? 1946 wGif vlxkowif;pm t,f'Dwm wm0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmifcJhonf/ vlxka':trm\ psmyeudk 32 vrf;½Sd orD;jzpfol\ aetdrfwGif jyifqif xm;NyD; 9? 4?2008 reuf (10)em&DwGif MumeDuefokomefü rD;oN*dKvfrnf jzpfonf/ q&mrBuD;vlxka':trmudk

cspfcifjrwfEdk;Muonfh

te,fe,ft&yf&yfrS

pmaytEkynm&Sifrsm; wzGJzGJa&muf&SdvmaeNyD; &efukefESifh tjcm;rSa&muf&Sdvm rnfh olrsm;ESifhywfoufí udknDykav;u “&efukefuawmh ckrSodMuwm olwkdYvnf;vmzdkY

pdkif;jyif;aeygw,f?

reufjzefvnf;

a&mufvmrSmyg?

q&marmifrdk;olwdkYuawmh e*kdvfxJua&mufaewm? odvkdYawmh r[kwfbl;? wdkufqdkifoGm;wmyg” [kqdkonf/

22

2?7/ rZdÑrowif;Xme

tarrmtwGuf a':pk ay;ydkYonfqdkaom yef;jcif;wjcif; a&muf&Sd eef;a'0D Tuesday, 08 April 2008 15:48 -

e,l;a'vD/

jrefrmpHawmfcsdef

/ vlxka':trm\ psmyeodkY jrefrmh'Drfkdua&pD acgif;aqmif

a':atmifqef;pkMunf trnfESifh vGrf;olYyef;jcif;wck ,refaeYnu ydkYaqmif cJhonf/ teDa&mif ESif;qDzl; 100 ausmf xnfhxm;onfh yef;jcif;tm; ,refaeYn 11 em&DcJGwGif vltcsKdhu 38 vrf;&Sd vlxka':trm½kyfuvyf xm;&Sd&m aetdrfwGif vma&muf ydkYaqmifoGm;jcif; jzpfonf/ “a':pk yef;jcif;ydkYw,fqdkwm [kwfygw,f/ ESif;qDzl;teDa&mifawG csnf;ygyJ/ rEåav;u vkyfazmfudkifzufawGuae pDpOfwmjzpfygvdrfhr,f/ b,folawG ,lvmw,fqdkwmawmh rawGYvdkuf&bl;cifAs/ pmwrf;u ‘a':atmifqef; pkMunfvGrf;olYyef;acG qdkNyD;awmh pmwrf;xdk;xm;ygw,f” [k vlxka':trm \ om;jzpfol pma&;q&m nDykav;u rZdÑrudk ajymonf/ Edkb,fjidrf;csrf;a&;qk&Sif

trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJYcsKyf

atmifqef;pkMunfonf

aetdrftus,fcsKyf

23

acgif;aqmif

uscHae&csdefwGif

a':

rnfuJhodkY

yef;jcif;ay;ydkYcJhonfudk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; rod&ao;ay/ vma&muf ydkYaqmif olrsm;udk psmyewGif&Sdaeolrsm; rodMu[k ajymonf/ trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJGYcsKyf ajymcGifh&yk*¾Kdvf OD;ÚmPf0if;u “tzGJYcsKyfuae NyD;awmh yef;jcif;? yef;acG 2 ck ydkYygw,f/ wcku trsKd;om; 'Drdkua&pD tzGJYcsKyf emrnfeJY jzpfNyD;awmh aemufwcku a':atmifqef;pkMunf emrnfeJY raeYu ydkYygw,f/ &NyD;NyD vdkYvnf; Mum;ygw,f/ rEåav;tzGJYcsKyfeJY aygif;NyD; usaemfwdkYpDpOfwmyg/ aemufwcku a':atmifqef;pkMunf uaeNyD;awmh ouFef; 5 pHk vSLw,fvdkY ajymygw,f/ tJ'gawmh b,folawG pDpOfvnf; qdkwm usaemfrodygbl;” [k ajymonf/ rEåav; 38 vrf;aetdrfwGif ½kyfuvyftm; xm;&Sd&m ,aeYeHeufrS aeYvnf xrif;pm;csdeftxd *g&0jyKol {nfhy&dowf 1000 ausmf&SdNyD;? pmaytodkif; t0dkif;rS q&marmifrdk;ol? q&mOD;Munfatmif? q&marmifomEdk;? q&mr oef;jrifhatmif? a':uvsmESifh om;*sme,fausmf wdkYvnf; vma&mufcJhonf/ aetdrftjyifbufwGifrl t&yf0wfESifh apmifhMunfhaeonfh vl 5 OD;cefY &SdNyD;? yef;acG? yef;jcif; vma&mufydkYaqmifolrsm;udk "mwfyHk½kduf,lMuaomfvnf; tjcm;enf;ESifh aESmifh,Sufjcif;r&SdaMumif; od&onf/ &efukef&Sd EkdifiHa&;todkif;têdkif;uvnf; psmyeyJGtrD rEåav;odkY um;rsm;ESifh vma&mufaeonf/

24

vlxka':trmuG,fvGefcsdefwGif touf 93ESpf &SdNyD;? usef&pfonfh ½kyfuvyf tm; reufjzef eHeuf 10 em&DwGif aetdrfrS MumeDuefokóefodkY ydkYaqmifum rD;oN*ØK[frnf jzpfonf/

2?8/

Network Media Group

vlxka':trm psmye vlaxmifcsD vdkufygydkUaqmif cGefatmifjrwf/ {NyDv 9 &uf? 2008 ckESpf/ owif;pmq&m? pma&;q&mrBuD; vlxka':trm\ psmyeyGJ ,aeUjyKvkyf&m vlaygif;axmifcsD vdkufygydkU aqmifMuonf/ a':trm\ psmyetcrf;tem;udk vkdufygydkUaqmif&mwGif um;tpD;aygif; &mESifhcsDí vkdkufygydkUaqmifMuonf[k psmyeydkU&mwGif vdkufygcJhonfh vl&Tif awmf OD;ygygav;u ajymonf/ “pnfwmuawmhAsm um;tpD;aygif; (130)ausmfyJAs/ qdkifu,fuawmhAsm a&udk ra&Ekdifawmhbl;yJ/ trsm;BuD;Asm vlxky&dówfuawmh/ aemufwcg okóefrSmvnf; jynfhnyfoGm;wmyJ um;awmifxm;p&mr&Sdawmhbl;/ &Sm;w,f &Sm;ygw,f/ 'Dvdk tarrsKd;uawmhr&Sdygbl;/ yef;acG yef;jcif;uawmh trsm; BuD;yJAs/ pmayavmuAsm? tEkynm&Sifavmu uawmh usaemf vl&Tifawmf 25

Ekwfcrf;arG; ygygav; rdom;pkayghAsm/ aemuf pmayavmuygw,f? aemuf pme,fZif;awG/ aemuf trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJUcsKyf? aemufNrdKUrwD;0dkif;? aemuf Xmeqkdif&mayghAsm/ awmfawmfav;ygygw,f/ awmfawmfhudk rsm;w,f As/” vlxka':trm\ psmygetcrf;tem;wGif rD;roN*ÐKvfrDtcsdefwGif 'Drdkua&pD acgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pkMunf ay;ydkUonfqdkonfh vTrf;olUyef;jcif;udk a':trm\acgif;&if;wGif axmifxm;aMumif; OD;ygygav;u ajymonf/ “xl;jcm;wmwckuawmh tarhudkrD;oN*ÐvfcgeD;av;rSm usaemfwdkU tm;vHk; ayghAsm? ADG'D,dkuifr&mawG &dkufwmuawmh tvHk;uawmh ra&Ekdifbl;As? vlwkdif;vdkvdk &kdufwJhtcgrSm tJ'DrSm usaemf vlxkacgif;aqmif a': atmifqef;pkMunfyef;jcif;udkav

tarhacgif;&if;uaeNyD;awmh

olwckxJyJ

axmifxm;wmAs/ axmifNyD;awmhudk wa,mufuudkifay;xm;w,f/ tJ'gawmh xl;jcm;w,fAs/ vlawG vlwkdif; MuufoD;xNyD; 0rf;omMuwmayghAsm/ [m [meJU aewmyJAsm/ 0rf;omMuwmayghAsm/ tJ'gav;uawmh usaemfwdkU &ifxJrSmvnf; auseyfoGm;wmayghAsm/” psmyetcrf;tem;wGif

jrefrmppftpdk;&\

axmufvSrf;a&;jzpfyHk&olrsm;u

rSwfwrf;"mwfyHk &dkuf,lrIrsm; jyK vkyfonf[k 4if;u qufajymonf/ EkdifiHausmf owif;pmq&m? pma&;q&mrBuD; vlxka':trmonf {NyDv 7 &ufaeU wGif rEåav;jynfolU aq;&HkBuD;wGif ESvHk;a&m*gjzifh uG,fvGefcJhonf/

26

2?9/ rZdÑrowif;Xme

vlxktarrm psmye usif;y armif'D; Wednesday, 09 April 2008 15:57 -

e,l;a'vD/

jrefrmpHawmfcsdef

/ pma&;q&mrBuD; vlxka':trm\ aemufqHk;c&D; psmye

yJGudk ,aeYjyKvkyfjyD; t&dk;jymudk {&mêwDjrpfxJ arSsmvdkufMuonf/ psmyeyJGudk eHeuf 10 em&DwGif pwifcJhNyD; pma&;q&mrBuD; vlxka':trm (92 ESpf) udk cspfjrwfEdk;onfh omreft&yfom;rsm;ESifh &efukef-rEåav; pme,fZif; e,fy,frSyg vma&mufMuum *g&0jyKolaygif; axmifcsD &Sdonf/ q&mrBuD;\ ½kyftavmif;udk MumeDuefokomefwGif rD;oN*dK[fNyD; usef&pfol rdom;pk0ifrsm;\qE´t& t½dk;jymudk {&m0wDjrpfxJodkY arSsmcJhMuonf[k om; jzpfol pma&;q&m nDykav;u ajymonf/ jrefrmjynforkdif;0if pma&;q&mrBuD; vlxka':trm\ psmyeodkY rEåav;NrhKdrS *sme,f? r*¾Zif;wdkufrsm;? pme,fZif;orm;rsm;? pmayynm&Sifrsm; tm;vHk; eD;yg; wufa&mufcJhjcif;vnf; jzpfonf/ xdkYtjyif &efukefrS pma&;q&mrsm; vnf; wufa&mufvmMuonf/ “y&dowf awmfawmfrsm;ygw,fcifAs/ udk,fydkifum;eJY vdkufydkYMuwm usKH; ywfcsmvnf ESpfjypmayghAsm/

usKH;NrhKd½dk; ESpfzufpmaygh um;wef;awGu/ 27

a&Shuae qdkifu,fawGeJY oGm;Muwmvnf; trsm;BuD;yg/ ta&twGuftaeeJY qdk&if 2 axmifavmuf&Sdr,fAs” [k psmyetcrf;tem; wufa&mufol ausmif;q&mwOD;u ajymonf/ “usaemfhtaeeJYawmh ouf&Sdxif&Sm; ordkif;pmtkyfBuD;wtkyf? jrefrmEkdifiH&Jh orkdif;0if

q&mrBuD;wa,mufvdkY

oabmxm;ygw,f/

usaemfwdkY&Jh

,Ofaus;rIeJY "avhxkH;wrf;pOfvmudk xdef;odrf;wJh q&mrBuD;taeeJY av;pm; cJh&wm jzpfygw,f/ ½dk;om;rIeJY rSefuefwJhbufu &yfwnfcJhwJh? vlxkbufu &yfwnfcJhwJh?

wdkif;usKd;jynfusKd;udkom

tpOfa&Sh½IcJhwJh

q&mrBuD;taeeJY

av;pm;cJhygw,f/ 'Dvdk q&mrBuD; qHk;oGm;wJhtwGuf rDScdk&m? tm;xm;&m? tm;jyK&m qHk;½IH;oGm;&ovdk cHpm;&ygw,f” [k olu xyfajymonf/ rEåav;NrhKdudkcspfaom q&mrBuD;udk rEåav;NrhKdol NrhKdom;rsm;uvnf; cspf jrwfEdk;av;pm;Mu&m tokb,mOfwef; jzwfoef;oGm;onfhtcg vufckyfcsDNyD; q&mrBuD;udk 0rf;enf;pGmjzifh EIwfqufcJhMuonf[k od&onf/ jrefrmjynfvGwfvyfa&;ordkif;wavSsmuf pmayrdwfaqGtjzpf jzwfoef;vmcJh onfh q&mBuD; '*kefwm&mudk “udkaX;jrdKifa& usrwdkY aovdkYrjzpfao;bl;” [k ajymqdkcJhonfh vlxka':trmonf NyD;cJhonfh wevFmaeY? {NyDv 7 &uf eHeuf 8 em&D 37 rdepfwGif ESvHk;a&m*gjzifh qHk;yg;cJhjcif; jzpfonf/

28

3/ tarYtwGuf0rf;enf;rSwfwrf;rsm; raojrpfodkY OD;ñTwfjcif; ‘ vlxk&JU “ pdwf” urf; vGwfajrmufa&;odkY oGm;&mvrf; vufeufrcswrf; / / tarhom; atmifa0; .............................................. tar uG,fvGefcJhayr,fh tar[m usaemfeJY ra0; usaemfh&JU tawG;? usaemfh&JUab;rSm jrifhjrwfwJh tbd"r®m jrifhjrwfwJh arwåmw&m; jrifhjrwfwJh pdwf"mwfcGeftm;awGeJY xm0& teD;uyf rwfrwf&yfaeqJvdkY ,HkjrJ,HkMunfvsufyg tar .../ a'gufwmvGPf;aqG

29

tarrm[m tzdESdyfcH jynfolvlxkbufu tNrJwrf; awmufavSsmuf &yfwnf NyD;awmh trSefw&m;twGuf? w&m;rSswrItwGuf tarrm[m i,fpOfcg uwnf;u oludkifwJh uavmifpGrf;eJYckcHNyD;awmh &yfwnfvmcJhwJh ol&Jaumif; tmZmenfwOD;vdkY ajymvdkY&ygw,f/ tarrm tckvdkuG,fvGefoGm;wm usaemf wdkY wdkif;jynftwGuf? 'Drdkua&pDbufawmfom;awGtwGuf tifrwef qHk;½IH;rI BuD; jzpfygw,f/ tarrmwdkY vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ wavSsmufvHk;uae uaeYxufxd arSsmfrSef;cJh wJh jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk; vGwfajrmufa&;eJY 'Drdkua&pD wdkif;jynfwckudk rjzpf jzpfatmif wnfaqmufoGm;zdkY usaemfwdkY oHEéd|mef csxm;ygw,f/ 'gaMumifhrdkY vdkY tarrm qHk;yg;oGm;ayr,fh tarrmqHk;rcJhwJh pum;awGuawmh usaemfwdkY wdkif;jynfrSm uaeYxufxd &SifoefaeqJyg/ tarrm rSmcJhwJhtwdkif;yJ usaemf wdkY wdkif;jynf vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf usaemfwdkY vkyfoGm;Muygr,f/ udkxGef;jrifhatmif (88 rsKd;qufausmif;om;rsm;tzJGY) ................................................................................................................. tar qHk;oGm;wJhtcg usrwdkYtwGufa&m? jrefrmjynfrSm&SdwJh vlxkawGtwGuf a&m wu,fudk pdwfraumif;p&m jzpfw,f/ tar[m trSefw&m;bufu? jidrf;csrf;a&;bufu? vlxka&Shuae rm;rm;rwfrwf &yfwnfay;cJhwJh rdcif aumif;wa,muf jzpfygw,f/ usrwdkY axmifxJrSm&SdaepOfrSm tarh&Jh pum; 30

awG[m usrwdkY axmifxJuvlawGtwGuf cGeftm;awG jzpfcJh&w,f/ tjyifrSm vkyfaewJh 'Drdkua&pD vIyf&Sm;olawGtwGufvnf; tarh&Jhpum;? tarh&Jh trSefw&m;? tarh&JhNidrf;csrf;rIawG[m usrwdkY ajcvSrf;wdkif;twGuf wu,fudk cGeftm;awG jzpfapcJhygw,f/ tck tarqHk;yg;oGm;wJhtcg usrwdkYtwGuf wu,fudk ESajrmrdygw,f/ tckqdk&if usrwdkY&Jh rqHk;wJhc&D;wckayghaemf/ yef;wdkif ra&mufcif? ratmifjrif cifrSm tarqHk;yg;oGm;ayr,fh tarh&Jh&ifxJu qE´awGudk usrwdkYawG tm;vHk; u atmifjrifwJhtxd qufvuf vkyfaqmifoGm;rSmyg/ reDvmodef; (88 rsKd;qufausmif;om;rsm;tzJGY) ................................................................................................................... usaemfwdkYuawmh txl;yJ 0rf;enf;ygw,f/ bmvdkYvnf;qdkawmh tarvlxk a':trmu tNrJwrf; jynfolbufu&yfwnfw,f/ EkdifiHa&;t&vnf; trsKd; om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJYcsKyftay:rSm tNrJwrf; Sympathy xm;w,f/ 'Dvdk yk*¾dKvf rsKd;wa,muf qHk;yg;oGm;wmuawmh usaemfwdkY txl;yJ aMuuGJ0rf;enf; ygw,f/ OD;ÚmPf0if; ( NLD ajymcGifh&yk*¾Kdvf ) ...................................................................................................................

31

tifrwefrS BuD;rm;wJh qHk;½IH;rIwckayghAsm/ a':trmu toufvnf; &Snfyg w,f/ qHk;½IH;oGm;wm? uG,fvGefoGm;wmu 0rf;enf;p&mayghAsm/ &Snfvsm;wJh oufwrf;wavSsmufrSm ArmpmaytwGuf tusKd;jyKwJhpmawG? todtjrif ~uG,f0apa&;pmawG trsm;BuD;a&;cJhw,f/ wkdif;jynfaumif;&maumif;aMumif; twGuf vkyfoihfvkyfxdkufwm rSeforSsrSmvnf; udk,fusKd;udkriJhbJ tNrJwrf; vkyfcJhw,f/ tifrwefrS aus;Zl;BuD;rm;wJh pmaye,ftwGufa&m wkdif;jynf twGufa&m aus;Zl;BuD;rm;wJh yk*¾dKvfwa,muf jzpfygw,f/ tifrwefrS 0rf;enf;p&m qHk;½IH;rIwckvdkY ajymcsifygw,f/ pma&;q&m azjrifh ................................................................................................................... a':trm uG,fvGefoGm;w,f qdkwJh[mu usaemfwdkYrSmu rdom;pkwpktaeeJY ajym&r,fqdkvdkY&Sd&if usaemfwdkY&Jh tdrfOD;cef;rSm *kPfusufoa&&Sd&Sd tav; teufxm;&wJh tzGm;wa,muf rdcifBuD;wa,muf uG,fvGefoGm;ovdkygyJ? pmayavmutwGufa&m tm;vHk;twGufyg tzdk;rjzwfEdkifwJh qHk;½HI;rIvdkYyJ ajymyg&ap/ usaemfawmfawmfvnf; pdwfraumif; jzpfaeygw,f/ armf'efpma&;q&m rif;cdkufpdk;pH ...................................................................................................................

32

qHk;½HI;qHk;rIw&yfvdkY

ajym&rSmaygh/

a':trmu

ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmMumNyDyJ/

wkdif;jynftwGuf aqmif&Gufaewm/ Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf aqmif&Gufaewm/ a':trm[m 1936

'kwd,ausmif;om; oydwfrSm pawGYzl;w,f/ usaemf

wdkYu (10) wef;aygh/ ol&Jh cifyGef;aygh OD;vSqdk&ifausmif;om;b0wnf;u cifw,f/ olvnf; Nidrf;csrfa&;udpöawG yg0ifaqmif&GufcJhwmyJ/ oleJY udkatmifqef;eJYu arG;ESpf twlwlyJ/ a':trmeJY ywfoufvdkYajym&&if ajymp&mawGu

trsm;BuD;aygh/

taMumif;t&mawGu

csufcsif;

tcsuftvufeJYajymrS

pDumywfuHk;ajymzdkYu jynfhpHkr,f/

wcsKdY

Nidrf;csrf;a&;

aqmif&GufwJhtcgrSm a':trmeJY awGY&ygw,f/ rMumcP/ rEåav;a&muf&if awmh 0ifw,fayghAsm/ olYtdrfrSmyJ wnf;&wmayghAsm/ txl;ojzifh trsKd; orD;a&;&mawG r[kwfawmhbl;ayghAsm/ wkdif;jynfwjynfvHk;eJY ywfoufwJh udpöawGrSmvnf; twlwlaqmif&GufcJhwm/ usaemfodyfNyD;awmh pdwfraumif; jzpfoGm;ygw,f/ q&mBuD; '*kefwm&m ................................................................................................................... olrsm;wwkdif;jynfvHk; usOf;xJusyfxJtcsdefrSm qHk;½HI;rIudk cHpm;&w,f qdkwmavmufygyJ/ &Jabmf zkd;oHacsmif; (tarrm\ om;? Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol) 33

{NyD 7 &uf reufcif; a':a': usaemfwdkYeJY þb0 þrSsom rEÅav;qdkwm a':a':&SdaevdkYom wihfw,fwm ... oihfaemf (pma&;q&m) ................................................... {NyD 7 ? 2008 tarqkH;NyD 'gayr,hf tarb,fawmhrS rao urÇmwnf Armjynf wnfoa½GU ... *g&0 jzihf ql;iSuf (pma&;q&m) .................................................... tar&,f tarY&JUom;awG trdrJhom; a&enf;ig;ES,f ... odkufxGef;ouf (pma&;q&m) 34

odygw,f a':a': arSsmfvihfapmihfpm;&if;uG,fvGefwm usaemfwdkY odygw,f ... armifopfvGif(vlxk) .................................................... tar a&;p&m pum;vkH;&Smr&wm tarcGihfvTwfygaemf ... ararmif (pma&;q&mr) ................................................................ tarqkH;wJhtcsdefrSm ZufrusdK;usbl; acgif;ikHY aysmhacGusroGm;bl; tarqkH;wJhtcsdef ukwifab;rSm &SdaewJh usaemf aoaocsmcsm owdxm;rdw,f ... ausmf&ifjrihf (pma&;q&m) 35

tpm;xdk;r&wJh qHk;&HI;rI {jyD7&uf2008 reuf8em&D37rdepf/ tarrm(vlxka':trm) touf 93ESpf/ wdkufwdkufqdkifqdkif raeY({jyD6&uf)u q&mMuD;a'gufwmoef;xGef;&JU arG;aeY/ q&mMuD;u tarharG;aeYtjyD; aemufw&ufrSm uG,fvGefqHk;yg;cJhw,f/ ck tarrmuvnf; q&mMuD;a'gufwmoef;xGef;arG;aeYtjyD;aemufw&ufrSmygyJ/ jyD;cJhwJh {jyDv(3)&ufaeYwkef;uvnf; tarwdkYvdkyJ rw&m;tpdk;&udk acwftqufquf awmufavSsmufwdkufvmcJhwJh owif;pmq&mMuD; tb aMu;rHkOD;aomif;(atmifAv) uG,fvGefcJh/ ckxd psmyeawmif rusif;y&ao;bJ &SdqJ../ tpm;xdk;r&wJh qHk;&IHk;rIawGu wdkufwdkufqdkifqdkif/ 'DvdkeJU aemufxyf r[mMu,fwyGifh... 'grSr[kwf vrif;wql.. uG,fy&jyefygjyD/ a&mufvmr,fh waeYvdkY odayrJh .. csdefwefjyDvdkY vufcHayrJh.. aemufxyf b,fvdkrS tpm;xdk;r&EdkifwJh qHk;&IH;rI/ owif;pmq&maumif;? pma&;q&maumif;? EdkifiHa&;orm;aumif;? rdcifaumif;? jynfolaumif;? vlxka&SUaqmifaumif;.. pHjyyk*他dKvftrGef... tar vlxka':trmudk ESajrmwopGm tEl;tnGwf tav; *g&0jyKygw,f../ arjidrf; ...................................................................................................................

36

tarharG;aeYwdkif; usaemfwdkY a'gif;&ifjyifrSm tarhudk atmufarh*g&0jyKyGJav; tjrJvkyfaecJhwm 10 pkESpfwck &Sdawmhr,f/ xl;jcm;wdkufqdkifrIvdkY ajym&rvm;bJ/ tarh (90)jynfharG;aeYyGJu tjyef q&mBuD; a'gufwmoef;xGef; uG,fvGefw,f/ raeYu q&mBuD;arG;aeY? 'DaeY taruG,fvGefoGm;cJhw,f/ aMuuGJESajrmrqkH;qdkwJh pum;xuf av;eufydNydKwJh pum;vkH; usaemf &SmazGaerdw,f/ usaemfawmh wdkif;EdkifiHwck xyfrHqkH;½IH; &jyefNyDayghav/ armifvGrf;PD ................................................................................................................... vlxktwGuf vlxka':trmqdkwm jzpfvmw,f/ uG,fvGefcsdefxd vlxkeJY wxyfwnf; wom;wnf;&SdcJhwJh tarvlxka':trm[m vlwa,mufrSm &SdoifhwJh vlYwefzdk;awGudk o,fydk;oGm;cJhEdkifygw,f uefawmhvdkufygw,f tar .../ ta0;a&muforD; at;rdjzL 37

tarrm odkY armifpGrf;&nf {jyD 9? 2008 tbdk;qkH;í ndSK;csKH;tm;rmef? &SdcJhjyefaomf “ref;awmif” o@ef? “tvS”usefí tm;rmefrus wif;EdkifMu\/ tbqkH;í ndSK;csKH;tm;rmef? &SdcJhjyefaomf “csKd;jzL” o@ef? “trd” usefí tm;rmefrus? wif;EdkifMu\/ “trd”qk;Haomf rqkH; tm;rmef? cGyfa'gif;usefjyD a'gif;vHjrSifhí vTifhMuukef/

/

( rdk;rc rD'D,mrS )

38

ref;awmif&dyfidk

jynfyu om;awG orD;awGudk tm;udk;ygw,fvdk h ajymoGm;wJh tar ajymoGm;wJh pum;twGuf orD; &SufvSygw,ftar&,f / ESif;qD jreE´meJ h oMuFefudkvGrf; wrf;wrf;qGwfqGwf vlu ydawmufuAsm jzpfae&if; 39

tarhowif;u ? &if0xdk;cJG aoG;u tarh&hJ aoG;awG /

tar&,f rE책vmudk ? jrefrmjynfudk vlxkudk ? atmifqef;pkMunfudk rif;udkEdkifwdkYudk ? ta0;a&mufom;orD;awGudk tm;udk; ,HkMunfw,fqdk /

csif;wGif; ?{&m0wD &kd;rwaMum ? aomvIyfrkefwdkif; vdIif;awG ckefaygufaeMujyD / awmifav;vHk; awmiforef ? r,fZ,fyifwef; idkcef;awGtcef;quf? &ufpufwJh Zmwfvrf;&Snf aMuuJGvdk hrqHk;? ppfrkef;pdwfu rdkifaxmif&Snf /

40

ol&Jaumif; vlxk aoG;pkr,fh ae&m tar azG&Smawmhavovm; /

aoG;ajrus oHCmawmfawGudk vdkufvH ylaZmfaewmvm;tar /

tEkynm pmay tjidrfh obif rjrif&ufawmhbl;vm; tar /

jrKdh陆dk;jy贸'f usKH;wywfrSm qHk;jzwfoGm;cJhwmvm;tar /

tar jrifcsifwJhacwf tar awG csifwJhpepf usaemfwdkY cspfw,f

41

usaemfwdkY acwf ? opfudk opf&r,f jzpfudk jzpf&r,f a&mufudk a&mufap&r,ftar /

tar &SufaeOD;rnf qufrnf wdkufyJG ,HkMunf cJG&pfcJhygawmh/ armifvGrf;PD (7-4-08) (rZdÑrowif;XmerS ul;,lazmfjyygw,f/ )

42

4/ tarYema&;yHk&dyfrsm; 4?1/ tarYpsmyewGifa0iSaom vufurf;pmapmif

43

44

45

46

47

4?2/ tarYema&; "mwfyHkrsm;

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

tcef; ( 2 )

vlxka':trm b0eJYpmay&ufpGJrsm;

0if;wifY

60

vlxka':trm b0eJYpmay&ufpGJrsm; 0if;wifh

vlxkBuD;yGm;a&;pmtkyfwkduf rdom;pk&JU vlxka':trm (80)jynfharG;aeY trSwfw&vufaqmif

++++++++++++++++++++++++++

'Dpmtkyfjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf 0kdif;0ef;ulnDMuwJh ukd0if;wifh? ausmf&ifjrifh?

OD;ausmfZHvSeJY ql;iSufwkdYukd txl;aus;Zl;wif ygw,f/

+++++++

61

rmwdum

1/ tEkynmpmtkyfawGukd bm&nf&G,fcsufeJY a&;ovJ 2/ tw¦KyÜwåda&;r,fqkd&if 3/ pmayeJY cspfMunfa&; 4/ pma&;jzpfwJhtaMumif;&if; 5/ vlxka':trm b0eJYpmay&ufpGJrsm; 6/ vlxka':trm uavmiftrnfcGJrsm; 7/ pmpkpm&if;qkdwm 8/ vlxka':trm pmpkpm&if;

62

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ pma&;w,fqkdwm yg;pyfeJYajymvkdY rMum;ra&mufwJhqD pmeJY a&mufatmif vkyfwm? pum;ukd tu©&meJY zvS,fay;wmukd pma&;w,fvkdY ac:wmygyJ? pmpay:wkef;u ajymwmukd a&;cswmu pmpay:wmyJ? pmu t&ifay:wm r[kwfbl;/ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

tEkynmpmtkyfawGukd bm&nf&G,fcsufeJY a&;ovJ (pmay*sme,f trSwf(5)? 1989)

ar 27 &ufaeYu tr&yl& awmifav;vkH; OD;ynmausmif;rSm jynfolcspfaom tEkynmonfrsm; pmtkyfxGufwm 25ESpfjynfhwJh txdrf;trSwfeJY awGUqkHyGJ uav; vkyfMuw,f/ rEÅav;? ppfukdif;? tif;0? wHwm;OD;? pOfhukdif? &Gmaxmif? NrKdUompwJh 0ef;usifu pma&;q&m? uAsmq&mawG? obife,f? *Dwe,fuvlawG awmfawmfpkHpkHvmMuw,f/ ½kyf&Sifrif;om; ukdxGef;a0BuD; vnf; ygw,fav/ a&eHajra':cifpkvnf; a&mufvmao;/ eef;awmfa&SU q&mwifhom; a&Teef;wif? NrKdUrNidrf;om; NrKdUrukd&Tef;NrKdif? pdefaA'gBuD;&JUom; OD;aX;? Nidrf;csrf;a&;ñGefYwif? vrif;w&mukdjrwfrIdif;eJY yefwsmaX;aX;jrifh? vl&Tifawmf ukdom"k? apmif;rlrlodef;wkdY nDtpfr pojzifh vlu awmfawmfpkH vmawmh qkdMuwD;MueJY aysmfp&mvGrf;p&mBuD;ygyJ/ tJ'DrSm vGefcJhwJh 25 ESpfu xGufcJhwJh

uRefra&;cJhwJh pmtkyf[m

ckaetcgrsm; a&;prf;ygqkdvm&if

[kdwkef;u uRefrawGUqkHar;jref;cJholawG tm;vkH;eD;yg; aoqkH;ukefwmvnf; 63

waMumif;? uRefrukd,fwkdif [kdwkef;uavmuf tyifyef; rcHEkdifawmhwmvnf; waMumif;aMumifh 'DpmtkyfrsKd;jzpfzkdY rvG,fbl;/ i,f&G,folawG ukd,fvkyfcsif wmukd tm;aumif; armif;oefjzpfwkef; NyD;ajrmufatmif BuKd;pm;vkyfaqmifMu? tcsdefumvqkdwm

apmifhaewmrsKd;r[kwfbl;vkdY

ajym&w,f/

'DpmtkyfeJY

ywfoufNyD; uAsmq&m ukdMunfatmifu &oajrmufwJh tw¦KyÜwådpmayvkdY ajymvkdY uRefru a&;pOftcgwkef;uawmh tw¦KyÜwåd&,fvkdY a&;wmr[kwfwJh taMumif; enf;enf;yg;yg; ajymjycJhw,f/ tdrfjyefa&mufawmh 'DtaMumif; a':a':rEÅav;NrKdUawmfcef;r (1)rSm wcgu a[majymzl;om;yJvkdY uaeYtcrf; tem;wufwJh rdw¦Dvmaumvdyf pmMunfhwkdufrSL; ukd0if;wifhu ajymygw,f/ [kwfvm;? wkdYrrSwfrdawmhbl;vkdY ajymawmh olu olodrf;xm;wJh uRefr a[majymcsufuav;ukd rdw¦Dvmuae jyefykdYay;vkdufygw,f/ odrf;xm;azmf &vkdY aus;Zl;wif& ygw,f/

bmvkdYa&;ovJ trsKd;om;obifeJY ywfoufNyD; a':a': pm 4-5 tkyf a&;cJhygw,f/ (1) jynfolcspfaom tEkynmonfrsm; (2) atmifAv? zkd;pdef? pdefuwkH; (3) a&Tref;wifarmif (4) tNidrfh 'DpmtkyfawGxJu tukefvkH;ukdr[kwfawmif wcsKdUukdawmh zwfzl;MurSmyg/ 'gawGa&;jzpfwJh aphaqmfcsufu ppfNyD; 'DbufumvrSm trsKd;om;obif&JU tqifhtwef; tifrwef edrfhusvmwmukdawGU&awmh pdwfxJrSm t&ifu 64

vlawGukd vGrf;NyD; ukd,fodcJh rDcJh MunfhcJh jrifcJh&wJh obifynmonfawG Mum;zl;em;0&SdaewJh obifynmonfawG [kdwkef;u b,fvkdtvkyfvkyfMu wmuvm;qkdNyD; uaeYobifavmuxJukda&m yGJMunfhy&dowfjynfolukda&m jyefajymjycsifvkdY a&;wmyg/ ppfNyD; 'DbufacwfrSm trsKd;om;obifawG&JU tqifYtwef;u awmfawmfBuD; ukd

edrfhusysufpD;vmygw,f/

bmvkdYvJqkdawmh

e,fcsJU,Ofaus;rIawG&JU

txkd;tESufukdcH&vkdY ukd,fhrlukd,f qkyfukdifrxm;EkdifbJ wzufu u,drf; u,kdif jzpfwmeJYtwl ajymif;vJaewJh acwftajctaeukdrSDNyD; tawG;tac: opfawGeJY wDxGifqef;opfrIawGukd uRefrwkdYobiform;awG vkdufrvkyfEkdif vkdY a&SUrrD aemufra&mufeJY paumpu jzpfae&wmvnf; ygygw,f/ tJ'Dvkd trsKd;om;obifawGjzpfwJh Zmwf? ½kyfao;? tNidrfh? qkdif;awG tqifhtwef; edrfhusaewmawG awGU&awmh pdwfxJrSm tm;rvkd tm;r&jzpfaeNyD; ajymif;vJ aewJh tajctaeopfawGukd EkdifiHa&;todr&Sdao;vkdY vkdufrrD&if&Sdygap? &Sd&if;pGJ trsKd;om;obif&JU tqifhtwef;ukdawmh qkyfukdifvkdYxm;zkdY aumif;yg w,fvkdY atmufarhNyD; ukd,fodrDwJh jrefrmhobifukd jyefa&;jywmygyJ/ tw¦KyÜwådvm; a':a':hpmtkyfawGukd wcsKdUu jrefrmobif ynm&SifawG&JU tw¦KyÜwådawG jzpfw,fvkdYqkdNyD; tw¦KyÜwådpmayxJ oGwfoGif;Muygw,f/ wcsKdUuawmh jrefrmobif orkdif;yJqkdNyD; orkdif;pm&if;xJ oGwfoGif;Muygw,f/ orkdif;eJY tw¦KyÜwåd[m qufEG,frI &Sdygw,f/ 'gaMumifh a&;cJhwJh pmtkyfawG[m tw¦KyÜwåde,fxJ 0ifoavmufawmh 0ifygvdrfhr,f/ EkdYayr,fh a&;pOftcg wkef;uawmh tw¦KyÜwåda&;wm r[kwfygbl;/ OD;zkd;pdefwkdY? a,musfm;rif;orD; OD;atmifAvwkdY? OD;pdefuwkH;wkdY? &Gmpm;BuD; pdefaA'gwkdY tw¦KyÜwådawGukd 65

tjcm; pma&;q&mawG a&;NyD;om;rsm; &Sdygw,f/ wtkyfru wcsKdUyk*¾Kdvf awGqkd&if ola&;iga&; ESpftkyfokH;tkyf &Sdygw,f/ EkdYayr,fh olwkdYa&;xm;wm awGeJY uRefra&;wmeJY ,lwJh pmay½Iaxmifhcsif; rwlygbl;/

yGJMunfh½Iaxmifh uRefrpmtkyfawGu yGJMunfh½Iaxmifhu a&;wmyg/ uRefrwkdY yGJMunfhwJhtcg aemufw&uf 'DyGJukdMunfholcsif;qkHrd&if yGJpm;NrKHUjyefwwfygw,f/ vljyufu bmukd b,fvkdjyufvkdufwmuvm;qkdNyD; jyufvkH;ukdjyefajymNyD; &,f&w,f/ rif;om; rif;orD;qkdwJh oDcsif;awGxJu ukd,f&wJh tvkdufuav;eJY tykd'f uav; qkdMunfh&w,f/ Zmwf0ifcef;xJu ukd,fESpfoufwJh pum;vkH;av;awG jyefajym&w,f/ yGJMunfhcsif; 'Dvkd yGJpm;NrKHUjyef&wm yDwdeJYyg/ uRefr i,fi,fu tvkyform;awGMum;xJ BuD;jyif;vmcJhwmyg/ uRefrwkdY rdb bkd;bGm;awGu aq;? aq;½kd; a&mif;0,fMuolawGrkdY tdrfrSm aq;ayghvdyfckH? aq;jyif;vdyfckH&dSygw,f/ tJ'Dawmh aq;vdyfonfvkdYac:wJh tvkyform; awGMum;xJrSm aecJh&wmyg/ uRefr olwkdYeJYtwl yGJpm;NrKHUjyefwmawGukd tck jyefowd&NyD; tJ'Dtvkyform;awG&JUaveJY 'DpmtkyfawGukd a&;wmyg/

b,fvkdpkovJ uaeY jrefrmhobifonfawG trsKd;om;obif tpOftvmawGukd av;av; pm;pm; rxm;bJ jzpfuwwfqef; vkyfpm;aeMu&ykHawGukd tm;rvkdtm;r& &SdwmrkdY [kdwkef;uawmh qkdif;ynmqkd&if &Gmpm;BuD;pdefaA'gwkdYu b,fvkd&SmrSD; qnf;yl;cJhwm? tEkynmorm;wa,muf[m aowyefoufwqkH; ynm qnf;yl;jznfhwif;ae&w,fvkdY pdefaA'gBuD;u ,kHMunfNyD; olU,kHMunfcsuf 66

twkdif; rsufpdESpfvkH;zGifhuwnf;u rSdwfwJhtcsdefxd ynm,lwm? tvkyf vkyfcsdefusawmhvnf; tvkyfukd b,fvkdav;av;pm;pm; vkyfoGm;wmqkdwm rsKd;awGukd wifjyEkdifatmifvkdY olwkdYtvkyfvkyfcJhwJhacwfukd wu,frDcJhwJh vlawG? olwkdYeJY wGJzufvkyfukdifoGm;olawGukd vkdufvHpkHprf;NyD; olwkdYqDu ar;jref;rSwfom;ygw,f/ uRefra&;wJh tEkynmonfawGxJu taraxG; ac:wJh raxG;av;&,f? q&mykBuD;&,f? atmifAv&,fukdawmh rrDvkdufbl;/ uRefr rarG;cifu 'DynmonfawGu aoqkH;Muwm/ EkdYayr,fh wu,fh ynmBuD;wJhvlawGjzpfavawmh olwkdY&JUynm&nfu orm;pOf trSwftom; tjzpfeJY ajymprSwfawG obifavmurSm trsm;BuD;usef&pfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh tJ'DajymprSwfawG olwkdYwynfhwyef;awGqDu vkdufvH&SmazG pkaqmif;& ygw,f/ useftEkynmonfawGuawmh odvkdufwm? rDvkdufwm? Munfhzl;vkdufwm? wcsKdUu

uRrf;uRrf;0if0if&SdwmawG

t&if;ESD;qkH;wa,mufyg/

ygygw,f/

ukdwifarmifukd

a&Tref;wifarmifqkd&if

rif;om;rjzpfcif

q&mawmf

OD;auo&qDrSm bkef;BuD;ausmif;om;b0uwnf;u odygw,f/ olUq&m awmfu uRefrwkdYvnf; ukd;uG,fwmukd;/ olUukd rif;orD;BuD; raiGNrKdifqDukd ynmoiftyfawmhvnf; odwmyJ/ raiGNrKdif&JU yÍÆif;u uRefrwkdYtdrfu qGrf;cHukd,fawmfukd;/ aemuf ol rif;om;jzpfvmw,f/ ausmfMum;vmw,f/ aemuf urÇmppfBuD;jzpfvmw,f/ ola&m uRefrwkdYa&m a&Tref;q&mawmf OD;auo& ppfwGif;oDwif;okH;wJh uykdifawmifilpkausmif;xJrSm oGm;NyD;ckdukd; &w,f/

w0kdif;wnf;

okH;ESpfavmuf

twlaezl;oaygh/

ppfNyD;awmh

ukdwifarmifjyefuw,f/ xef;jrif&yfxJ raecsifbl;? uRefrwkdYtem; aecsif w,fqkdvkdY uRefrcJtkdu olUwkdufukd BuD;Muyfaqmufay;w,f/ uRefrwkdYeJY ig;tdrfyJjcm;w,f/ 67

tJ'Davmuf

&if;ESD;ayr,fh

oltedpöa&mufvkdY

jrefrmZmwfobifavmu

twGuf? olUtaMumif;a&;r,fqkdawmh oleJY od½kH uRrf;½kH &if;ESD;½kHeJY pmtkyf wtkyf rjzpfygbl;/ oleJYtwl wGJzuftvkyfvkyfMuwJh ZmwfolZmwfom;awG tm;vkH;eD;yg; ac:awGU&? ar;&? jref;&? rSwfom;&ygw,f/ olUxrif;csuf? olUrefae*smygrusef awGUqkH&ygw,f/ NyD;awmh olay:vm? oltvkyfvkyf oGm;wJh acwfwavQmufvkH;ukdvnf; NcKHNyD;odxm;zkdY 'DrSm 'Dvkday:vmwJh rif;om;qdkwm yDyDjyifjyif jyEkdifzkdY avhvmrSwfom;&ygao;w,f/ NyD;awmhrS olUukd,fa&;ukd,fwmawGukd olUaqGrsKd; olUtdrfoltdrfom;awGqDu wcg ar;jref;,lNyD; wifjy&ygw,f/

aumufoif;aumuf tEkynmonfawGtaMumif; 'Dvkd&SmazGwifjywJhtcg jrefrmhobifynmrSm xkH;pH&SdwJhtwkdif; okH;pGJwJh uAsmvuFm pmtzkd;wefav;awG &Sdw,f/ Zmwfjzifh vnf; ZmwfrSmrkdYvkdY? ½kyfao;jzifhvnf; ½kyfao;rSmrkdYvkdY? tNidrfhjzifhvnf; tNidrfhaygh/ wdrfxkd;wJh? avajywJh? qkdif;qifhwJh? ywfwkdufwJh? cGef;axmufwJh? awmvm;wJh? oajyvm; a&vm;wJh/ 'DuAsmvuFmawGu olUae&meJYol okH;&EIef;&ygw,f/ ckawmh obiftqifhtwef;awGu edrfhusvkdufvmawmh 'DuAsmvuFmawGvnf;

aysmufrSef;rodaysmufukefNyD/

tJ'guav;awG[m

raysmufysufxkdufbl;/ odrf;qnf;xm;Ekdif&if aumif;w,f/ ESajrmp&mawG qkdwJh todeJY uRefra&;wJh pmtkyfawGrSm obifqkdif&m 'DuAsmvumFawGukd ae&m&SmNyD; xnfhygw,f/ 'gav;awG[m uRefrawGUqkHar;jref;xm;wJh obifonfBuD;awG&JU ajympum; awGxJu aumufoif;aumufxm;wmawGyg/ NyD;awmh yGJMunfhawG yDwdeJY

68

oDqkdcJh&wJh ocsif;av;awGukdvnf; &wwforQ jyefazmfxkwfNyD; uRefrpmtkyf xJrSm xnfhxm;ygw,f/ 'gav;awGvnf; ESajrmvkdY raysmufysuf&atmif odrf;qnf; ay;wmyg/

owif;pmq&m&JU owif;ay;csuf tJ'Dvkd awGUqkHar;jref;NyD; pkaqmif;NyD;wJhtcg owif;pmq&mwa,muf&JU vmbfeJY b,ftuGufukdazmf&if bmygrS jynfhpkHr,f/ jcL;a&;&if NcKHygawmh ykdraumif;vm;qkdwJh toeJY qDqkdif&m ygoifhygxkdufwmawGukd ukd,fjrif oavmuf vufwHt&SnfqkH;eJY vufvSrf;rDorQukd &,lw,f/ NyD;awmh owif;axmufaumif;wa,muf&JU vnfvnf

owif;ay;ykHrsKd;eJY

a&;om;owif;ay;ygw,f/

pkHpkHaphaph

tuGuf

owif;,lpOftcgwkef;uvnf;

obifonfawG&JUavukd wwfEkdifoavmuf trdzrf;w,f/ olwkdYokH;EIef; ajymqkdwJh olwkdYykdifa0g[m&? olwkdY bef;pum;awGukdvnf; &atmif,lNyD; owif;ay;ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh uRefrpmtkyfawGpm trsm;a&;wmeJY rwlwmyg/ ta&;tom; 'DpmtkyfrSm jynfolcspfaom tEkynmonfrsm;pmtkyfuvGJ&if usefpmtkyf awGrSm pum;ajymwJhtwkdif; a&;xm;ygw,f/ tJ'gvnf; uRefrajymcsif wmawGukd 'DykHpHeJYa&;rS ukefpifatmifajymjyEkdifr,f/ zwf&wJholvnf; 'grS t&omjynfh cHpm;Ekdifr,fqkdNyD; a&;wmyg/ pma&;w,fqkdwm yg;pyfeJYajymvkdY rMum;ra&mufwJhqD pmeJYa&mufatmifvkyfwm? pum;ukd tu©&meJY zvS,fay; wmukd pma&;w,fvkdY ac:wmygyJ/ pm pay:wkef;u ajymwmukda&;cs&mu pm pay:wmyJ/ pmu t&ifay:wm r[kwfbl;/ pum;u t&ifay:vmwm/ pmu 69

aemufrSay:vmwm/ 'gaMumifh ta&;[m tajymukdajymwJhtwkdif; a&;wm ygyJ/ ta&;wrsKd; tajymwrsKd;vkdY ay:wkef;u r&SdcJhygbl;/ EkdYayr,fh vlUpum;qkdwm ausmufwkH;BuD;vkd ikwfwkwfaewJhoabm r&Sdbl;/ pum;rSm touf&Sdygw,f/ vlUtajctaeawG ajymif;vJwkd;wufwmeJYtrQ pum;awG vnf; ajymif;vJvm&w,f/ pum;vkH;awG wkd;vm&w,f/ pum;wkd;wuf ajymif;vJovkd pum;ukda&;wJhpmuvnf; trDvkdufNyD; wkd;wuf ajymif;vJ &w,f/

uRefrwkdYpmrSm

wcsdefwcgwkef;u

tajymeJYta&;

wajy;nD

&SdcJhayr,fh wcsdefusawmh tajymuom ajymif;ajymif;vmNyD; ta&;u wae&mrSm rkd;wkd;rwfwwf &yfusef&pfw,f/ 'gaMumifh a&;pmeJY ajympum; enf;enf; uGm[oGm;w,f/ 'gukd a&;pmu ajympum;rDatmifajymif;zkdY rBuKd;pm;MubJ ta&;u ta&;wrsKd;? tajymu tajymwrsKd; &Sd&r,fvkdY ynmwwfwcsKdUu qkdaeMuygw,f/ ynmukd vlwpkvufxJrSmom qkyfxm; csif&if? ynm&Sd vufqkyfukd tajzcsif&ifawmh xm;yg/ 'Dvkdr[kwfbJeJY pmqdkwmukd vlwkdif; a&;Ekdif zwfEkdifapcsifw,f/ vlwkdif; vG,fvG,f em;vnf apcsifw,fqkd&ifjzifh

pum;ajymwwfw,f/

pum;yDem;Mum;&Sdw,fqkdwJh

vlwa,mufu tJ'Dpum;ukd tu©&mpmvkH;eJY zvS,fwwfw,fqkd&if olvnf; pma&;Ekdifygap? pmzwfEkdifygap? 'grS pD;yGm;a&;edrfhusvSwJh uRefrwkdY tvkyf orm; v,form;awG pma&;wwf zwfwwfvmMurSmyg/ uRefrpmtkyfawGukd pum;ajymwJhykHpHeJY

a&;awmh

uRefrbmajymcsifwmwkH;/

ajymcsifwmukd

tdwfoGefzmarSmuf pmeJY ajymvkdY&vmw,f/ 'dtjyif b,fapwemeJY ajymcsif wmvJ/ wdrfaumukefwmawG ESrdESajrm wifjycsifwmvm;? aESmif;vlawG ayghayghwefwef tvkyfvkyfaeMuvkdY u½kPma'gaomeJY ajymcsifwmvm;/ 'Da&;enf;u uRefrrSm&SdwJh apwemtwkdif; wdwdusus a&;jyvkdY &ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh pum;ajymwJhtwkdif; a&;xm;wmyg/ 70

trsKd;om;obifqkdif&m pmtkyf 4 - 5 tkyfukd 'Dvkd BuKd;BuKd;pm;pm; a&;&wJhtwGuf

wkdY,Ofaus;rIrSm

'gawG

'gawG&Sdygw,f/

wkdYwawG

wwfEkdifoavmuf qufvufxdef;odrf;r,fvkdY oabmaygufwJh ynmonf wcsKdU ay:xGufvmygw,f/ 'g[m tjrwfyg/ EkdYayr,fh jrwfoifhjrwfxkdufwJh twkdif;twmtxdawmh

rjrwfvmao;ygbl;/

ukd,fykdif&SdwJh

trsKd;om;

,Ofaus;rIukd qufvufxdef;odrf;NyD; ajymif;vJvmwJh tajctae t&yf&yf eJYtnD trsKd;om;[ef rvGwfbJ qef;opfwDxGifrIawGukd jyKMu&rSmu vlawG cH,lusifhokH;&r,fh vrf;pOfygyJ/ 'gaMumifh

a':a':uawmh

wkdY,Ofaus;rItarGawGukd

wwfEkdifoavmuf

pkpnf;NyD; pmtkyfawGtjzpfeJY rif;wkdYvufukd tyfcJhr,f/ rif;wkdYu 'Dta[mif; ukd qkyfukdif? ta[mif;xJu taumif;ukd,lNyD; vlUabmifopftwGuf jynfolukd tusKd;jyKr,fh tEkynmukd zefwD;MuayawmhvkdY wkdufwGef;&if; ed*kH;csKyfygw,f/

(12-12-1975 aeY? n 7 em&D? rEÅav;NrKdUawmfcef;r (1)rSm vlxka':trm a[majymcJhwJhpmwrf;) jzpfygw,f/ vlxka':trm

71

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ukd,fazmfcsifwJh ½kyfvkH;ukd NrJNrJqkyfukdifNyD; yDyDBuD; azmfEkdifzkdY uspfvspfrI&SdzkdY tjr§KyfxaewJhpm? yGa&mif;a&mif; ay:aewJhykH? jcL;a&; NcKHygaewmrsm;? wEG,fiif

wpifygaewJh

pmawGukd

ESajrmraebJ

wnf;jzwfokwfoif

z,f&Sm;Ekdif&ygr,f/ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

tw¦KyÜwåd a&;r,fqkd&if (pmay*sme,f? 1995? Zefe0g&D)

uRefr wlvkdom;vkdaewJh pma&;q&mwa,mufu q&mawmfBuD;wyg;&JU ax½kyÜwådukda&;r,fvkdY olpkaqmif; a&;om;aewm? vufa&;rl zl;puufeJY vufESdyfpuf½kdufNyD; pmrsufESm 800 ausmfaeNyD? taMumif;t&mawGu rukefao;bl;/ pmtkyfBuD; odyfxlaeawmhr,fvkdY olUtcuftcJukd ajymjyNyD; tBuHawmif;ygw,f/ olajymwm[m tw¦KyÜwådvkdY ac:wJhpmrsKd;a&;wJhtcg awGU&BuKH&wwfwJh jyóemygyJ/ 'Djyóemu ajz&Sif;wJhtcgawmh vG,frvkd vkdeJY cufygw,f/ uRefrtaeeJY tcufqkH;vkdYyJ xifygw,f/ 'DjyóemrSm ajyvnf&if pmtkyfaumif;wtkyf jzpfawmhwmygyJ/ 'g[m vkyfMunfhrS od&wm? awGU&wmyg/ q&mBuD;ocifukd,fawmfrIdif;? a&T½kd;buav;? atmifAv? zkd;pdef? pdefuwkH;? jynfolcspfaomtEkynmonfrsm;? a&Tref;wifarmif pwJh pmtkyfawGukd uRefr a&;cJhwkef;u yxrtqifhtaeeJY 'Dyk*¾KdvfawGeJY oufqkdif&m tcsuftvuf 72

awGukd

pkaqmif;ygw,f/

tcsuftvufpkwJhtcg

pmzwfy&dowftay:

ukd,fu apwemxm;&if xm;oavmuf tcsuftvuf pkHpkHvifvif &atmif &SmpNrJyg/ vltyifyef;cH&w,f/ aiGtukefcH&w,f/ taygif;toif; rdwfaqG awG&JU tultnDawGukdvnf; trsm;qkH; &,l&w,f/ b,frSm bmtaMumif; 'Dyk*¾KdvfeJYoufqkdifwm? qufpyfwm &Ekdifw,fqkd&if Mum;&if vufvSrf;rDorQ vufukefEIduf&w,f/ vuf0ifcH&w,f/ owif;Mum;&mukd vkdufrSjzpf&if vkduf&ygw,f/ tcsuftvufom &r,fqkd&if qefpif&m usnfayGUvkduf& ygw,f/ 'grS &oifh&xkdufwm rusef&pfbJ &&SdEkdifygw,f/ NyD;awmh 'Dta&;cHyk*¾KdvfeJYtwl vkyfazmfukdifzuf? ta&;cHyk*¾KdvfeJY acwfNyKdiform;? ta&;cHyk*¾KdvfeJY uRrf;0ifaygif; oif;cJhol? olUq&morm;eJY wynfhwyef;? ta&;cHeJY tNyKdiftqkdif vkyfukdifcJhol pwJh vlawGeJYvnf; vlcsif;awGUvkdY&&if awGUqkHar;jref;NyD; tJ'DvlawGqDu owif;&,l&ygw,f/ awGUqkHar;jref;wmrSmvnf; pma&;q&mwa,muf taeeJY ukd,fvkdcsifwm &atmif ar;wJhtcg vG,fvG,feJY &wmvnf; &Sdwwf&JU? a&S;ujzpfcJhwJh taMumif;t&mawGrkdY

ESpfMumvkdY

arhavsmhwm?

toufarG;rIajymif;NyD;

usifvnfaeykH b0jcm;vkdY arhavsmhrsKd;awG &SdwwfwmrkdY tJ'gawG jyefvnf owd&atmif twdwfukd vdrfvdrfrmrmeJY olwkdYukd jyefqGJac:&wmrsKd;vnf; &Sdwwfw,f/ aemufNyD; awGUqkH ar;jref;wJhtcg olwkdY ajymjycsifwmawGukd onf;cHem;axmifae&mu ukd,fhpmtkyfeJY rqkdifayr,fh wjcm;tzkd;wefwJh taMumif;t&mawG

owif;awG

&wwfwmvnf;

&Sd&JU/

NyD;awmhwcg

ukd,fa&;r,fh yk*¾KdvfeJYqkdif&m pmtkyfpmwef;rsm;ukdvnf; &SmazGvkdY &oavmuf awGUoavmuf tukefzwf& rSwfom;&ygw,f/ tJ'D ta&;cHyk*¾Kdvf touf &SifcJhwkef;u

acwfumvukdvnf;

od&Sdxm;atmif

vkyf&ygao;w,f/

tcsuftvuf &,l pkaqmif;rI jynfhpkHNyDvkdY xifwJhtcgusrS tcsuftvuf 73

wl&mwl&mukd cGJjcm; a&G;cs,f oD;oefY&w,f/ tMurf;zsif;tcef; cGJMunfh &w,f/ NyD;awmh a&;cs&wmygyJ/ a&;wJhtcgrSmawmh 'Dyk*¾Kdvf&JU taMumif; t&mukd ukd,fbmvkdY a&;wmvJ? MunfnKdvkdYvm;? olUynmukd av;pm; jrwfEdk;vkdYvm;? 'Dyk*¾KdvfqDu tusifhaumif;? tBuHaumif; olvkyfaqmifoGm; wJh vkyf&yfawG[m jynfolukd tusKd;jyKrI BuD;vGef;vkdY olUqDu erlem aumif;awG &EkdifvkdYvm;qkdwm pdwfxJrSm wcgwnf; owfrSwfNyD;om; &Sd&ygw,f/ NyD;&if ukd,fykHazmfcsifwJh yk*¾Kdvfukd &wJhtcsuftvufawGeJY ykHay;atmif a&;wmygyJ/ tJ'Dvkd&SdwJhtcg 'Dyk*¾KdvfeJY oufqkdifwJh taMumif;t&mawGu ukd,ftifrwef cJcJ,Of;,Of;

qif;qif;&J&J

aiGukefaMu;uscHNyD;

&SmazGxm;wJh

tcsuftvufawGjzpfayr,fh &SmvkdY&xm;wkdif; xnfha&;vkdYrjzpfwmawGvnf; ygvmwwfygw,f/

tJ'gawGukdawmh

ypfy,fvkduf&ygw,f/

olwkdYukd

ESajrmaevkdYrjzpfygbl;/ bmjyKvkdYvJqkdawmh ukd,fazmfcsifwJhykHukd taxmuf tul rjyKEkdifwJh tcsuftvuf? ao;zGJwJh tcsuftvufrsKd;awGrkdYyg/ 'grsKd;ukd z,f&Sm;ypf&wmu pma&;olu &nfrSef;csuf jywfjywfom;om;&Sd&if odyf tcuftcJ rawGUvSbl;/ oHa,mZOf odyfrwG,fbJeJY z,f&Sm;vTifhypfy,fvkdY &w,f/ pma&;olukd 'ku©ay;wwfwJh udpöu tzkd;wefwJh tcsuftvufawG? EkdYayr,fh

ukd,fa&;r,fh[mukd

tenf;tyg;yJ

taxmuftulay;Ekdifr,f?

olcsnf; oD;jcm;taeeJY awmh odoifhodxkdufwJhtaMumif;t&m A[kokw? wdrfjrKyfaewJhudpö ponfjzifh yg&SdvmwmrsKd;eJY awGU&wJhtcgrSm tJ'grsKd; usawmh pma&;q&mu vG,fvG,feJYvTifhrypf&ufbl;/ ukd,fvnf;cJcJ,Of;,Of; usm;ukwfusm;cJ&Sm&if;u rxifrrSwf awGUvmwJhtaMumif;t&m? olUcsnf; taeeJYukdu tzkd;wef taMumif;t&m/ 'gayr,fh ukd,fa&;aewJh t"du ta&;cHyk*¾Kdvfukdawmh odyfaus;Zl;rjyKbl; qkdwmrsKd;usawmh ypf&rSm tqDeJY&J&J 74

pdwfxJrSmjzpfaeygava&m/ 'ghaMumifh pmukd ESajrmNyD; xnfhcsifvmwwfw,f/ xnfhcsif&if ukd,fu pma&;q&myJ/ qufEG,fNyD; a&;xnfhvkduf½kHaygh? &ygw,f/ EkdYayr,fh pmwtkyftae jzpfvmwJhtcgawmh uspfvspfrIr&SdawmhbJ pmu yGa&mif;a&mif;½kyfvkH;rsKd; ay:vmwwfw,f/ 'g[m pma&;q&mukd 'ku©tay;qkH; udpöygyJ/ ESrdESajrm? csDwkHcswkH jzpfae wwfygw,f/ ½kyf&Sifum;rsm; ½kduful;wJh tcg zvift,f'Dwmaumif;&if aumif;oavmuf ½kyf&Sifum;aumif; xGufw,f/ olu tjzwftawmuf aumif;ovm;? olaumif;oavmuf um;aumif;xGufvmEkdifw,f? [kwfvm;/ tJ'DvkdygyJ tw¦KyÜwåda&;&mrSmvnf; ukd,fhzmom tjzwftawmuf vkyfEkdifzkdY vkdygw,f/ Oyrm avbmwDrjr&iftaMumif; pkaqmif;wJhtcg rjr&ifukd uRefrwkdYu aumif;aumif; odrDwmyJ/ aemufNyD; rjr&ifu owif;BuD;wJh rif;orD;r[kwfvm;/ tJ'Dawmh rjr&if&JU ukd,fa&;ukd,fwmukd uRefrwkdY trsm;BuD; Mum;zl;wmaygh/ b,folu b,favmuf BuKdufaew,f/ b,fol u ykd;aMu;yef;aMu; b,fvkday;aew,f/ b,foleJYawmh b,fawmhrSm aygif;oif;ao;w,fpwJh owif;rsKd;awG[m uRefrpkaqmif;awmh aoao csmcsm ckdifckdifrmrm &wmaygh/ 'gayr,fh uRefrazmfcsifwJh rjr&if&JUykHrSm 'gawGU&oavmuf tao;pdwfxnfhae&if vifrsm;wJhrjr&ifyJ jzpfvmrSmaygh/ cspfp&maumif;wJh tEkynmonf rjr&ifykH ray:vmaybl;/ tJ'grsKd;ukd &uf&ufa&ma&m xkwfy,f&wJhtxJ ygoGm;ap&ygw,f/ tJ oleJYacwfNyKdif awGukd azmf&wJh tuGufvnf; &Sdao;w,f/ tJ'gawGukdvnf;azmfrS olU½kyfvkH; [m ~uGwufvmr,fr[kwfvm;/ EIdif;p&m ,SOfp&meJYrS ukd,fqkdcsifwJh pum; [m t"dyÜm,f&Sdw,f r[kwfvm;/ 'ghaMumifh acwfNyKdifawG taMumif;ukdyg a&;&ygw,f/ 'Dvkda&;zkdY vkdufvHpkaqmif;wJhtcgawmh olwkdYvnf; acwmawG rS r[kwfavawmh a&;csifp&mawG trsm;BuD;&wmaygh/ 'gayr,fh ukd,fhpmtkyf 75

u olwkdYtaMumif; r[kwfbl;av/ 'Dae&mrSm ESrdESajrmeJY rcsifcsifbJ csefcJh&wmawG trsm;BuD; jzpfukefyga&m/ 'g[m tw¦KyÜwåda&;&mrSm jzpfwwfwJh obm0ygyJ/ ukd,fazmfcsifwJh ½kyfvkH;ukd NrJNrJqkyfukdifNyD; yDyDBuD;azmfEkdifzkdY? uspfvspfrI&SdzkdY tjr§KyfxaewJh? yGa&mif;a&mif; ay:aewJhykH? jcl;a&;NcKHygaewmrsm; wEG,fiifvkdY wpifygaewJhpmawGukd ESajrm raebJ wnf;jzwf okwfoifz,f&Sm;Ekdif&ygr,f/ 'g[m uRefrukd,fuRefr tNrJwrf; owday;ae? qkH;rae&wJh udpöyJ/ 'DMum;xJuyJ ESajrmp&m pmuav;awGu

ygygvmao;vkdY

ESajrmNyD;

rjzwfvkdufrdwmawGvnf;

&Sdygw,f/ ckeu ax½kyÜwådrSm pmrsufESm 800 ausmfvkdY rNyD;qkH;ao;wJh udpörSm uwfaMu;eJYaumf&,f? abmyifwacsmif;&,f tqifajy&if 'djyifwtkyf a&;ao;wmaygqkdwJh

pdwful;&,f

&ifrSmykdufxm;NyD;

jzwfoifhwmjzwf?

jzKwfoifhwmjzKwf? xkwfoifhwmxkwfNyD; uspfvspfwJh½kyfvkH; yDjyifwJhykHrsKd;ukd azmfzkdY BuKd;pm;ygvkdY tBuHay;csifwmyJ/ 'Daqmif;yg;ukda&;&if; tvsOf;oifhvkdY uRefra&;cJhwJh atmifAv? zkd;pdef? pdefuwkH; pmtkyfeJY ywfoufNyD; rif;om; OD;pdefuwkH;tay:rSm pma&;oltaeeJY rQwrI r&SdcJhwmukdawmh zGifh[ 0efcHcsifygao;w,f/ OD;pdefuwkH;BuD;[m wu,fqkdawmh uRefra&;cJhwmxuf ykdNyD; a&;p&mawG&Sdao;wJh tEkynmonf BuD;yg/ olUtaMumif;ukd uRefru vufukefrEIdufEkdifcJh? tyifyef; odyfrcHcJhwJh twGuf 'dxufykdNyD; pkHoifhyg&ufeJY rpkHvifcJhygbl;/ 'gukd pma&;olwa,muf taeeJY atmifAvtay: wm0efausovkd zkd;pdefBuD;tay: wm0efausovkd OD;pdefuwkH;tay: ighwm0efrauscJhbl;? 'Dyk*¾Kdvftay: w&m;rQwrI r&SdcJhbl;vkdY ukd,fhzmom tjypfwif&if; owd&rdwkdif; pdwfraumif; jzpf&ygw,f/ aemifw &rdygw,f/ atmifAv? zkd;pdef? pdefuwkH;pmtkyfBuD; xGufvmNyD;wJhaemuf ukdnKdjru 76

OD;pdefuwkH;BuD; aoqkH;awmh olu rkH&GmNrKdUrSm ausmif;om;tjzpfeJY &Sdaew,f/ 'gaMumifh ukd,fawGUrsufjrif OD;pdefuwkH;BuD;&JU psmyetaMumif;ukd uRefr pmtkyfay: jznfhpGufcsuf taeeJY jznfhpGufr,fqkdNyD; vkyfom;owif;pmrSm pdefuwkH;twGuf rSwfcsufacgif;pOfeJY aqmif;yg;wyk'fa&;NyD; jznfhpGufygw,f/ q&marmifxifuvnf; raeYwaeYu OD;pdefuwkH;BuD; uwfqGJ0goemBuD;ykHeJY ywfoufNyD; olUtbkd;eJYtwl uwfqGJMuykHukd uRefrpmtkyfay: jznfhpGufcsuf taeeJY jznfhpGufa&;om;ygw,f/ pE´mr*¾Zif;xJrSmawmh armifat;oefYu OD;pdefuqkH;\ psmyeaw;oDcsif;rsm;ukd pkaqmif;azmfjyygw,f/ 'DjznfhpGuf csufawG[m tzkd;wef tcsuftvufawGyg/ 'gaMumifh rEÅav;rD;ab;BuD; oifh&mrSm ygoGm;ukefvkdY a&mif;csp&m wtkyfrS rusef&SdawmhwJh atmifAv? zkd;pdef? pdefuwkH;pmtkyfBuD; jyefvnf½kdufESdyfwJhtcg nKdjr? armifat;oefY eJY armifxifwkdY&JU jznfhpGufcsufawGukd olwkdYcGifhjyKcsufrsm;eJY xnfhoGif;½kdufESdyfzkdY pdwful;xm;ygw,f/ wu,fqkdawmh OD;pdefuwkH;ukd uRefru MunfnKd av;pm;rI ykdygw,f/ Zmwfrif;om;ayr,fh rif;orD;awGeJY ½Iyf½Iyf,Suf,Suf rvkyfwm/ pdwfaumif;apwemaumif;xm;wm? ynmukd av;pm;jrwfEkd; wm[m olUvkdZmwfrif;om; tEkynmonfwa,muftzkdY MunfnKdav;pm; p&m t&nftaoG;awGyg/ 'gaMumifh olUtaMumif; pkHonfxufpkH ra&;om;vkduf&wJh uRefr&JU rQwrI r&SdykHukd aemifw &aewJhtaMumif; pyfrdpyf&m 'Dae&mu azmfjyvkduf&ygw,f/ vlxka':trm

77

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ odem;vnf&if cspfMunfw,f/ cspfMunf&if Nidrf;csrf;w,f/ Nidrf;csrf;&if om,mpkdajy0ajymygw,f/ pmayuwqifh odem;vnfMuygpkdY/ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

pmayeJY cspfMunfa&; (xkdif;0w¦Kwkdrsm; (1992) trSm) EkdifiHwum&JU pmayavmurSm b0o½kyfazmf0w¦K a&;om;rI waeYwjcm; wkd;wufaeygw,f/ tJ'Dvkd wkd;wufvmwJh ta&;tom;awGukdyJ jynfol tcsif;csif; odem;vnfa&;? cspfMunfa&;twGuf EkdifiHwumrSm bmomjyefNyD; zwf½Iap vsuf &Sdygw,f/ rMumvSao;cifu jrefrmEkdifiHu trsKd;orD; pma&;q&m 12 OD;&JU 0w¦Kwkd uav;awGukd xkdif;bmomeJY jyefqkdNyD; xkdif;EkdifiHrSm xkwfa0jzefYcsdcJhygw,f/ tckvnf; t*Fvdyfvkd bmomjyefNyD;&SdwJh xkdif;0w¦KawGukd jrefrmbmomokdY jyefNyD; pHy,fjzL r*¾Zif;? &ifckefyGifh r*¾Zif;? vkHrav;r*¾Zif;eJY om&r*¾Zif; wkdYrSm uRefr azmfjycJhygw,f/ xkdif;eJYjrefrmu 0if;x&Homjcm;wJh tdrfeD;csif;EkdifiHyg/ 'DESpfEkdifiH&JU qufqHa&; [m uRefrwkdYEkdifiHrSm ya'o&mZf pepf&Sdwkef;uawmh aumif;rGefwJhtcgawG &SdcJhovkd? raumif;wJhtcgawGvnf; &SdcJhwmaygh/ EkdYayr,fh ya'o&mZfpepf qkdwm jynfolu ukd,hfMur®mukd,fzefwD;cGifh &SdMuwmrS r[kwfbJuvm;/ 78

tJ'Dawmh tkyfpkd;olawG rSm;&if rSm;ovkd? rSef&ifrSefovkd trSm;trSefawG jzpfcJh&wmaygh/ aemuf vlU,Ofaus;rIawG wkd;wufvmwJhtcgrSmawmh jynfolvlxktcsif;csif; cspfMunfa&;ukd wnfaqmufEkdifw,fqkdwJh tqifhukd a&muf&Sdvm&rSmaygh/ tJ'Dvkd cspfMunfa&;jzpfay:atmif wnfaqmufr,fqkd&if tcsif;csif; od em;vnfa&;ay:rSm

tajccHrS

ckdifNrJr,fqkdwmvnf;

awGUvmygr,f/

jynfoltcsif;csif; odem;vnfa&;twGuf taumif;qkH;enf; wenf;uawmh pmayuwqifh wnfaqmufay;rIyJ jzpfygw,f/ wEkdifiHeJYwEkdifiH a&jcm;w,f? ajrjcm;w,f? &moDOwkjcm;w,f? bmompum;? "avhxkH;pH? ,Ofaus;rIeJY ukd;uG,f ,kHMunfrIcsif; jcm;em;rI &SdMuw,f/ 'gaMumifh EkdifiHjcm;vkdY ac:a0:okH;pGJMuw,f/ jrefrmEkdifiHeJY xkdif;uawmh a&ajrjcm;wm? pum;eJYpm jcm;wmrSefayr,fh ax&0g'Ak'¨bmomukd udk;uG,fMuwJh EkdifiHawGjzpfNyD; ,Ofaus;rIeJY ½kd;&m "avhxkH;pHawGu awmfawmfeD;pyfNyD; wjynfhwjynf pD;0ifzvS,frIawG acwf tqufquf upNyD; &SdcJhwmrkdY wcsKdUrsm; wlnDaevkdufMuwm b,fu rlvblwrSef;awmif rodEkdifatmif &SdwmawG &Sdygw,f/ NyD;awmh ½kyfoGif vu©Pmcsif;uvnf; wlnDwJh t0wftpm;ukdom 0wfxm;&if b,fol[m jrefrm? b,fol[mxkdif;vkdY cGJjcm;odzkdYawmif cufygw,f/ aemuf olwkdY 0w¦Kav;awGukd

zwfMunfhvkdufjyefawmhvnf;

jrefrmjynfolawGtaeeJY

ususee cHpm;Ekdifwmukd awGU&ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh pmayuwqifh odem;vnf a&;? cspfMunfa&;wnfaqmuf&&if aumif;av&JUvkdY tckvkd bmomjyefwm jzpfygw,f/

79

odem;vnf&if cspfMunfw,f/ cspfMunf&if Nidrf;csrf;w,f/ Nidrf;csrf;&if om,mpkdajy0ajymygw,f/ pmayuwqifh odem;vnfMuygpkdYbmomjyefol vlxka':trm

80

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ vlqkdwm bmyJvkyfcsif vkyfcsif raocifbJ vkyfEkdifwm aow,fqkdwm tm;vkH; tm;vkH; bmrqdk tqkH;urÜwf ed*kH;owfwmyJ/ tJ'Dawmh vkyfcsifwm&Sd&if raocifvkyfxm;qkdwmukd ykdykdNyD; oabmaygufaew,f/ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

pma&;jzpfwJh taMumif;&if; armif0if;wifhpkay;wJh pmpkpm&if;ukdjrifawmh ]rsm;vSyg uvm;? [kwfaum [kwf&JUvm;}vkdYawmif atmufarhrdygw,f/ 'gayr,fh jyefpOf;pm;MunfYawmh vnf; uRefrrSm wjcm;bmrSrvkyfbJ pma&;wJhtvkyfyJ vkyfaewm ESpfawG MumvSNyDyJ/ pma&;wm uRefrtysKdb0uwnf;uqkdawmh ESpfaygif; 50 ausmfNyDaygh/ 'Davmufrsm;wJhpmawG bmvkdY a&;jzpfcJhwmvJvkdY ar;&ifawmh twkdqkH;tajzu OD;vSeJY taMumif;ygcJhvkdYygyJvkdY ajz&rSmyg/ wu,fyg/ uRefrcifyGef;[m OD;vSom r[kwfcJhbJ wa,mufa,mufjzpfcJh&if 'DvkdpmawG uRefrqDu xGufvmzkdY r&Sdygbl;/ rSwfrdygao;w,f/ uRefrwkdYi,fi,fu r*¾Zif;qkdvkdY '*kefr*¾Zif;? ol&d, r*¾Zif;? BuD;yGm;a&;r*¾Zif;eJY wkd;wufa&; r*¾Zif;wkdYyJ &Sdygw,f/ tJ'DtxJrSm '*kefu 0w¦Kwkd-0w¦K&SnfawGukd tom;ay;ygw,f/ ol&d,u 0w¦KwkdawGeJY 81

aqmif;yg;awG

tom;ay;ygw,f/

wkd;wufa&;r*¾Zif;u

0w¦Kenf;NyD;

aqmif;yg;awG tom;ay;ygw,f/ BuD;yGm;a&;r*¾Zif;uawmh 0w¦Kenf;enf;? aqmif;yg;? uAsmrsm;rsm;ygNyD; olUaqmif;yg;awGu tm;upm;? EkdifiHa&;? ,Ofaus;rI tpkHygygw,f/ NyD;awmh acwfprf;orm;awG trsm;qkH; 0ifa&; aewJh r*¾Zif;yg/ uRefru pmawGukdzwfaeNyD a&;Munfhcsifpdwfvnf; awmfawmfaygufaeNyD/ wa,mufwnf; AvmpmtkyfrSm wdwfwdwfa&;prf;MunfhwmrsKd;vnf; vkyfvm NyD/ tJ'DtcsdefrSm BuD;yGm;a&;r*¾Zif;xJ cspforD;trmokdY azazarmifjzL;xHrS ay;pmqkdwJh tcef;wck pygvmygw,f/ a'gufwm*Grfavsmif ppfawGrSm txufwef;ausmif;tkyfBuD;b0eJY aepOfu BuD;yGm;a&;r*¾Zif;rSm 'Day;pmukd a&;wmyg/ cspforD;trmokdYvkdY acgif;wyfwmukd uRefru azazjzL;okdY qkdNyD; jyefMum;pm wapmif a&;Munfhygw,f/ NyD;awmh 'Dpmukd BuD;yGm;a&;xJ xnfhay;ygvkdY r*¾Zif;t,f'DwmqD ykdYvkdufygw,f/ tJ'g 1934 ckESpfavmufuyg/ uRefr yxrqkH;pa&;wJh aqmif;yg;ygyJ/ t,f'Dwmu rBuKdufvkdY rxnfhygbl;/ bmaMumifh rBuKdufw,fqkdwmvnf; pmrjyefygbl;/ 'DvkdeJY uRefr rEÅav; Oypmaumvdyfu Oypmwef;atmifvkdY &efukefwuúokdvf tif;vsm;aqmif rSmaeNyD; bDat yxrESpfukd pwuf&awmh uRefrukd taqmifpmMunfhwkdufrSL; cefYtyfwm cH&ygw,f/ 'geJY uRefru taqmifrSm zwfzkdY owif;pmawG? r*¾Zif;awG rSmMum;ay;&ygw,f/ rSmwJhtcgrSmawmh taqmifu pmMunfhoif; twGufrkdY w0ufaMu;eJY ay;Ekdifu ay;yg? (3)v wBudrf bDvfeJY owif;pm? r*¾Zif;zkd; taqmifukdvmNyD; awmif;cHygvkdY wkdufawGukd pma&;ygw,f/ olrsm;u 'Dvkda&;&w,fqkdvkdY a&;wmyg/ 'Dvkda&;wJhtcg BuD;yGm;a&;wkdufu csufcsif; pmjyefvmygw,f/ jyefykHu - uRefawmfwkdY r*¾Zif;ukd avvGifh 82

aeaom uav;rsm;a*[mvkdae&mukd w0ufaMu;yifr,l/ tcrJhykdYay;ygw,f/ 'gayr,fh

tif;vsm;aqmifvkd ae&mudkawmh avQmhaps;eJY rykdYEkdifygbl;/

r*¾Zif;zkd;u taqmifolawG ½kyf&SifMunfhwJh ½kyf&Sifzkd;avmufrS r&Sdygbl;/ r*¾Zif; wapmifu 6yJwefavawmh (3)v usoifhaiG 18 yJrkdY wHqdyfacgif; 1usyfeJY 2yJzkd; 0,fykdYvkdufyg/ r*¾Zif;ukd vmr,fhvu pykdYygr,f - wJh/ uRefrrSm ykdufqH 1usyf 2yJukd pwkdifeJY tif;vsm;a[mvmNyD; awmif;cHygvkdY a&;rdvkdY awmif;yefpm jyefa&;wJh tcgrSmawmh – t,f'Dwmu rEÅav;*kEÅef0if;uaeNyD; azazjzL;okdYjyefpma&;wm uRefryJ r[kwfygvm;? vufa&;wkdufMunfhvkdY odygw,f? r*¾Zif;rSma&;csif&if ]orD; tif'D&mokdY axmifwGif;rS ae½l;\ ay;pmrsm;} cifv0if;trnfcHNyD; uRefawmf bmomjyefxnfhaeygw,f/ tJ'DpmawGukd qufNyD; uRefru jyefay;ygvkdY tvkyf pay;ygw,f/ OD;vSeJY uRefru tJ'Duwnf;u pmcsif;oduRrf;NyD; olUr*¾Zif;rSm bmomjyef uav;? 0w¦Kwkduav; 0ifa&;wJh aqmif;yg;&Sifb0a&mufcJh&NyD; 1939 ckESpfrSm olUZeD; jzpfcJh&ygw,f/ OD;vSu b,fvkdvlvJvkdY ar;&if pma&;csifvkdY vljzpfaeolygvkdY ajzcsifyg w,f/ olUb0rSm pma&;wmuvGJNyD; bmrS vkyfrpm;csifygbl;/ ol &efukef jrLeDpy,f &mjzwfXmerSm &mjzwf0ifvkyfw,fqkdwmu tJ'Du&wJh vceJY BuD;yGm;a&;r*¾Zif;xkwfzkdY tvkyfukdatmifhtnf;vkyfaewmyg/olu BuD;yGm;a&; r*¾Zif;ukd 1933 ckESpfuwnf;u olykdifr*¾Zif;av;tjzpf pwifxkwfa0NyD; olvnf;a&; olrsm;awGukdvnf; ta&;ckdif;NyD; &wJhvcav; r*¾Zif;xJ xnfhNyD; ,ufuef,ufuefeJY aevmcJholyg/ olUwoufrSm BuD;yGm;a&;r*¾Zif;u (8)ESpf? vlxk*sme,fu (11)ESpf? vlxk owif;pmu (21)ESpf? BuD;yGm;a&;pmtkyfwkdufu 1938 ckupNyD; aowyef 83

oufwqkH; xkwfa0vkyfukdifoGm;ol jzpfavawmh olvkyforQ pmayvkyfief;rSm uRefru tNrJwrf; vufwGJNyD; vkyfay;cJh&ygw,f/ olu urÇmppfBuD; jzpfaevkdYawmif 'Dpmtkyf pmayvkyfief;ukd &yfxm;wmrS r[kwfbJ/ vkyfvkdY &oavmuf vkyfaewJhol jzpfavawmh tyfoGm;&m tyfcsnfygovkd uRefr uvnf; olUaemufu vkyfay;ae? a&;ay;ae jzpfawmhwmaygh/ ra&;vkdYvnf; r&bl;/ uRefr tm;aewmjrif&if ]rif;bma&;rSmvJ? a&;av? vkyfav} eJY tNrJwrf;

wkdufwGef;aeNyD;

olvnf;

y&[dwtoif;tzGJUvkyfief;awG

ajrmufjrm;pGmukd vufcHvkyfaqmifaewJhMum;u tm;wJhtcsdefwkdif; pm;yGJrSm xkdifNyD; pma&;zkdY BuKd;pm;ol jzpfygw,f/ ckvkd tvkyfawGwef;vef;eJY b0ed*kH; oltqkH;owfoGm;&Sm&wJhtcg uRefru usef&pfoltaeeJY olUqDu oHa0*awG trsm;BuD;jzpfrdygw,f/ vlqkdwm bmyJvkyfcsifvkyfcsif raocifyJvkyfEkdifwm ? aow,fqkdwm tm;vkH;tm;vkH; bmrqkd tqkH;urÜwf ed*kH;owfwmyJ/ tJ'Dawmh vkyfcsifwm&Sd&if raocifvkyfxm;qkdwmukd ykdykdNyD; oabmayguf aew,f/ tJ'Dawmh taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm udk,fpm;zkdYaomufzkdYuav;rsm;ukd tdrfrSm&SdwJh orD;av;u olwwftm;orQ &SmazGauR;aeavawmh uRefru pma&;Ekdifao;&if a&;aew,fav/ 'geJY uRefrpma&;ouf[m tckqkd&if ESpf 50ausmfvkdY 60em; eD;vmygNyDaum/ vlxka':trm 24-10-95 (t*FgaeY)

84

vlxka':trm b0eJY pmay&ufpGJrsm;

1915 - rEÅav;NrKdU? *kEÅef&yf? tz OD;xif - trd a':pkwkdYrS Ekd0ifbm 29? wevFmaeYrSm arG;zGm;cJh? arG;csif; 12 a,muf? pwkw¦orD;/ trnf&if; trm/ 1920-23 - w½kwfwef; trsKd;orD; ae&Sife,fausmif;rSm 'kwd,wef;txd ynmoifcJh/ 1923-31 - trsKd;orD; ae&Sife,fausmif;ysufvkdY wwd,wef;rS e0rwef; txd ABM ausmif;rSm qufvufynmoif/ 1931-33 - rEÅav; A[kdtrsKd;om;ausmif;u q,fwef;atmif/ 1933-35 - rEÅav; Oypmaumvdyf? "mwk? ½ly? ocsFmbmomwGJ,l/ 1936 - &efukefwuúokdvf bDat atmufwef;/ tif;vsm;aqmif o[m,eJY pmzwfoif;twGif;a&;rSL;? 'kwd, ausmif;om; oydwfBuD;wGif yg0if/ tkd;a0r*¾Zif;? BuD;yGm;a&;r*¾Zif;? bm;rm; *sme,fwkdYrSm 0w¦K? aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;/ BuD;yGm;a&; OD;vSeJY pwif oduRrf;/ BuD;yGm;a&; r*¾Zif;rSm uavmiftrnf ]cifv0if;}? ]jrrÍÆL}awGeJY a&;cJh/ 1937 - bDataemufqkH;ESpf pmar;yGJ us½IH;NyD; ausmif;xGuf/ rEÅav;rSm jrefrmpuúLqkdifzGifh/ 1938 -

Maurice Collis

a&;

Trials In Burma

ppfaq;cJhaom trItcif;rsm;} trnfeJY jrefrmjyefxkwfa0/ 1939 - BuD;yGm;a&;OD;vSeJY (13 Ekd0ifbm) vufxyf/ 85

udk ]jrefrmjynfwGif

1940 - Maurice Collis \ Sandamala ukd ]pE´rmvm} trnfeJY ESpfwGJcGJ jrefrmjyefxkwfa0/ 1942-44

-

'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;twGif;

]uydkif&Gm}ukd

acwåajymif;a&TU

aexkdifNyD; pmtkyfxkwfa0a&;vkyfief;awG qufvufvkyfukdif/ 1945 - vlxk*sme,f (Zlvkdif) xkwfa0wJhtcg vufaxmuft,f'Dwm/ Ashihei Hino

&JU War and Soldier tykdif; 4 u Wheat and Soldier ukd

]*sKHESifh ppfom;} trnf?

Wanda Wasilewska

&JU

The Rainbow

ukd

]oufwefYa&mif} trnfwkdYESifh jrefrmjyefxkwfa0/ 1946 - vlxkowif;pm (19? {NyD) pwifxkwfa0wJhtcg t,f'DwmtzGJU0if/ ]zcifatmifEkdif} uavmifcGJeJY ]EkdifiHa&;aqG;aEG;cef;} yifwkdifaqmif;yg;&Sif/ 1947 - vlxkOD;vSeJYtwl vGwfvyfa&;twGuf OD;aqmifaewJh zqyv tzGJU&JU tmabmfeJYxyfwl a&;om; wkdufyGJ0ifcJh/ 1949 - vlxkowif;pmeJY BuD;yGm;a&;ykHESdyfpufrsm; wnf&Sd&mtaqmufttkHukd 'kdif;erkdif;eJY azmufcGJcH&/ Gunther Stein &JU The Challenge of Red China ukd

]uGefjrLepf w½kwfjynf

tiftm;NyKdifyGJ} trnfay;NyD; ESpfykdif;cGJ bmomjyefxkwfa0/ 1950 - ({NyD 24? 1949)u ydwfxm;cJh&wJh vlxkowif;pmukd (1? Ekd0ifbm) rSm jyefvnfxkwfa0/ (ar? 1946) u &ufem;cJhwJh vlxk*sme,fukd (Mo*kwf 1) rSm jyefvnf xkwfa0/ or®w[kdcsDrif; tw¦KyÜwåpmtkyf jyKpkxkwfa0/ 1953 - urÇmY'Drkdu&ufwpf trsKd;orD;nDvmcH (ukdyifa[*if 7-6-53) urÇmYNidrf;csrf;a&;nDvmcH ([efa*&D? bl'gyuf 15-6-53)

86

'kwd,tBudrf urÇmYvli,feJY ausmif;om;yGJawmf (½lar;eD;,m;? blcg&ufpf 25-7-53) ukd wufa&muf/ Archie John Stone

&JU

In The Name of Peace

ukd ]Nidrf;csrf;a&;okdY}

trnfay;um bmomjyefxkwfa0/ vlxkOD;vS yk'fr 5 eJY tzrf;cH&vkdY vlxkowif;pm acgif;BuD;awGukd wm0efcHa&;om;/ 1959 - (rwf? 12) vlxkowif;pm csdwfydwfcH&/ 1960 - (ar? 10) vlxkowif;om jyefxGuf/ 1962 - (azazmf0g&D? 3) at½kdzvkwfavaMumif; zGifhyGJrSm owif;pmq&m ukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpf zdwfMum;cH&vkdY armfpukdokdY oGm;a&mufcJh/ tjyefrSm

ta&SU*smrPD?

csufukdpvkdAufuD;,m;eJY

w½kwfjynfolUor®w

EkdifiHrsm;ukd vSnfhvnf/ 1963

-

Oa&myc&D;pOfrsm;ukd

]qkd&S,fvpfwkdif;jynfrsm;okdY}

trnfeJY

pmtkyfjyKpkxkwfa0/ C.Wright Mills &JU Listen Yankees ukd

&JU

Cash and Violance in Laos

]tkd,efuD;wkdY}? Anna Lewis Strong ukd }aiGESifhvufeuf} trnfay;

a&;om;xkwfa0/ 1964 - ]jynfolcspfaom tEkynmonfrsm;} jyKpkxkwfa0/ 'DpmtkyfeJU 1964 ckESpf pmayAdr®mef ]tEkynmqkdif&m pmay yxrqk} &/ 1966 -

Edgar Snow

a&;

The Other Side of the River

ukd

]b0csif;rwlonfh w½kwfjynf} trnfeJY bmomjyefNyD; ESpfwGJcGJ xkwfa0/ 1967 - (Zlvkdif? 7) vlxkowif;pm &yfpJcH&/ ]atmifAv? zkd;pdef? pdefuwkH;} pmtkyf a&;om;xkwfa0/ 1969 - ]a&T½kd; buav;} ESpfwGJcGJ xkwfa0/ umwGef;buav;&JU ]a&Twav; umwGef;rsm;} ukd jznfhpGuf trSma&; xkwfa0/ 87

1970 - ]a&Tref;wifarmif} pmtkyf jyKpkxkwfa0/ (rwf? 3) rEÅav; uGefom,m pmwrf;zwfyGJrSm ]ArmhzefusDvkyfief;} pmwrf;zwf/ 1971 - rEÅav; "r®AdrmefrSm ]aeY Armhobif} pmwrf;zwf/ 1972 - rEÅav; EkdifiHwum pmtkyfESpf pmwrf;zwfyGJrSm ]urÇmYtBuD;qkH; pmtkyf} pmwrf;zwf/ 1973 - ]tNidrfh} pmtkyf ESpfwGJcGJ xkwfa0/ urÇmYtBuD;qkH;pmtkyf xkwfa0/ 1974 - ]urÇmYtBuD;qkH;pmtkyf}ukd a'gufwmoef;xGef;u Biggest Book trnfeJY

The World's

t*Fvdyfbmom jyefqkdxkwfa0/

1975 - ]a&Ta'gif;awmif aqmif;yg;rsm;} pmtkyfxkwfa0/ 1976 - ]q&mBuD; ocifukd,fawmfrIdif;} pmtkyfxkwfa0/ (Mo*kwf?

19)

][Hom0wDowif;pm}

]paepmay0kdif;}

pmwef;zwfyGJrSm

]tw¦KyÜwådpmay} pmwrf;zwf/ 1978 - (Mo*kwf? 21) vlxkOD;vS? om; ukdNidrf;csrf; (nDykav;) wkdYeJYtwl txdef;odrf;cH&/ 1 ESpf? 1v? 1 &ufMum/ 1979 - (Mo*kwf? 22) txdef;odrf;cHb0u jyefvGwf/ Chester Ronning

&JU

A Memoir of China in Revolution

ukd

]awmfvSefwJhw½kwfjynf uRefawmfrSwfrdorQ} trnfeJY bmomjyefxkwfa0/ 1982 - ESpfaygif; 43 ESpf aygif;oif;vmcJhwJh cifyGef;onf vlxkOD;vS (Mo*kwf? 7) uG,fvGef/ 1984 - (rwf? 4) rEÅav;rD;BuD;twGif; BuD;yGm;a&;pmtkyfwkduf? ykHESdyfwkduf? puúLokdavSmif½kH? pmtkyf okdavSmif½kHawG rD;avmifqkH;½IH;/

88

1985 - (Ekd0ifbm? 29) touf 70 jynfhu pNyD; tr&yl& awmifav;vkH; ausmif;rSm arG;aeYyGJ ESpfpOf usif;y/ ]csif;wGif;rS yifv,fokdY} pmtkwf xkwfa0/ 1989 - (ar? 27) ]jynfolcspfaom tEkynmonfrsm;} pmtkyf aiG&wkyGJ tr&yl& awmifav;vkH;ausmif;rSm usif;y/ ]jrefrmh r[m*Dw} pmtkyf/ ]tmz&du 0w¦Kwkdrsm;} pmtkyf xkwfa0/ 1990 - vlxkOD;vSeJY yl;wGJa&;om;wJh ]aq;vdyfeJYvlom;} pmtkyf xkwfa0/ 1991 - "er*¾Zif;rSm a&;om;cJhwJh aqmif;yg;awGukd pkpnf;NyD; ]rEÅav;ol rEÅav;om;rsm;} trnfeJY pmtkyfxkwfa0/ 1992 - &eHYopfr*¾Zif;rSm ]ZrÁL'Dyg atmifxGef;} uavmiftrnfcGJeJY EkdifiHwum aqmif;yg;rsm;ukd a&;cJh/ ]xkdif;0w¦Kwkdrsm; (1)} xkwfa0/ 1993 - r*¾Zif;awGrSm a&;om;cJhwJh rEÅav;qkdif&m aqmif;yg;awGukd pkaygif;NyD; ]&wemykH rEÅav;? rEÅav;? uRefrwkdY rEÅav;} pmtkyf/ ]xkdif;0w¦Kwkdrsm; (2)} wkdYukd xkwfa0/ 1994 - ]omoemhwefaqmif q&mawmfBuD;rsm;} pmtkyfxkwfa0/ ]a&Ta'gif;awmifaqmif;yg;awGukd *syefbmomeJY jyefqkdxkwfa0/ jyefqkdolu *syeftrsKd;orD; Yasuko Dobashi ? (jrefrmemrnf a':,Of,Ofjr) jzpfNyD; xkwfa0wJh pmtkyfwkdufrSm Shinjuku Shobo Co. Ltd. ? pmtkyfwefzkd; ,ef; 2718/ 79 ESpf arG;aeYtrSwfw&tjzpf ]uRefrwkdY i,fi,fu} ukd,fa&;tw¦KyÜwåd pmtkyfukd a&;om;xkwfa0/

89

1995 - rEÅav;NrKdU A[kdtrsKd;om;ausmif; ausmif;om;a[mif;rsm; OD;pD; xkwfa0wJh 75 Budrfajrmuf trsKd;om;aeYpdef&wk txdrf;trSwfr*¾Zif; ]wm0efcHt,f'Dwm} tjzpfaqmif&Guf/ vlxka':trm uavmiftrnfcGJrsm; - cifv0if; - ZrÁL'DygatmifxGef; - zcifatmifEkdif - zkd;omatmif - jrrÍÆL - trm - trm (wuúokdvfoydwfarSmufausmif;ol) - tif;vsm;ausmif;aqmifolwOD; - vlxka':trm

90

vlxka':trm pmpkpm&if; (1995 txd) pkaqmif;jyKpkol 0if;wifh rdw側Dvmaumvdyf pmMunfhwkduf pmpkpm&if;qkdwm pmpkpm&if;[m pm&Smud&d,mwrsKd;ygyJ/ tptqkH; wacgufavmuf zwfzkdY awmif vkdr,frxifygbl;/ Dictionary vkdaygh? vkdrS xkwfokH;&wm rsKd;yg/ pmwyk'f[m b,fpmtkyf b,fv b,fESpfxkwfxJrSm ygw,f/ pmrsufESmyg twdtus 単Tef;xm;vkdY ukd,f&SmwJhpm b,frSm&Sdw,fqkdwm wxkdifwnf;eJY odoGm;Ekdifygw,f/ b,fxJrSm ygw,fqkdwm 単Tef;NyD;&if pmpk pm&if;&JUwm0efu ukefNyD/ pmrltjynfhtpkHzwfEkdifzkdYuawmh pmpkpm&if;u 単Tef;wJh pmtkyfukd vkduf&Sm& ygvdrfhr,f/ pmpkpkHNyD; pnf;pepfuswJh pmMunfhwkdufukd oGm;&rSmyJ/ pmrpkHwJh pmMunfhwkdufqkd&ifvnf; oGm;&usKd;eyfr,f rxifbl;/ pmpkHayr,fh pnf;pepf r&Sd&ifvnf; pmpkawGMum;rSm w0JvnfvnfeJY aemufqkH; vSnfhjyefcJh&zkdY rsm;ygw,f/ pmpkpm&if;[m pm&Smu&d,mjzpfvkdY pmpkHNyD; pepf&SdwJh pmMunfhwkdufrsm;eJY wGJokH;rS wu,ftzkd;wefrSef; odEkdifr,f/ pm&Smorm; wa,muftwGuf b,fup&rSef;rod? a,mif0g;0g; jzpfaewJhtcg pmpkpm&if;awGu vrf;p vrf;rSef azmfay;Ekdifw,f/ tJ'DtwGuf pdwfcsvufcs okH;Ekdifygw,f/ 91

vlxka':trm pmpkpm&if; 1995 twGuf 1985 ckuwnf;u tcsuftvuf uufjym;awG wifvmcJhygw,f/ tck pmpkpm&if; jyKpkwJhtcg jyefvnf ppfaq;EkdifzkdY pmtkyfawG trsm;BuD; okH;cJh&w,f/ t"dupmtkyfawGu – (1) BuD;yGm;a&;r*¾Zif;tñTef; (1933-41) ^ a':cifjr (2) *EÅavmutñTef; (3) vlxk*sme,ftñTef; (trSwf 1-50) ^ a':vGifrkd;ñGefY (4) vlxk*sme,ftñTef; (trSwf 51-105) ^ OD;oef;xGef; (5) vlxka':trmpmpkpm&if;? 1987 ^ a':&if&ifpdef (6) vlxka':trmpmpkpm&if;? 1985 ^ jrifhBuKdif? 0if;wifh? ausmfpkd;0if; (7) vlxkBuD;yGm;a&;pmtkyfwkduforkdif; ^ 0if;wifh (1993) (8) vlxkowif;pm (1961-67) yg vlxka':trm aqmif;yg;tñTef; ^ 0if;wifh (1992) vlxka':trm pmpkuwfawG qufNyD; pm&if;wifaeOD;rSmyg/ a':a':u pmawGtrsm;BuD; qufa&;aeOD;rSmyJ/ 0if;wifh 21 atmufwkdbm 1995

92

vlxka':trm pmpkpm&if; (1995) rmwdum 1/ vkH;csif;pmtkyfrsm; 1 ? 1 / yifukd,fa&; 1 ? 2 / bmomjyef 2/ ed'gef;eJY trSma&;wJh pmtkyfrsm; 3/ acgif;BuD;rsm; 3 ? 1 / vlxk*sme,f 3 ? 2 / vlxkowif;pm 4/ aqmif;yg;rsm; 4 ? 1 / c&D;oGm; 4 ? 2 / pme,fZif; 4 ? 3 / pmaya&;&m 4 ? 4 / pD;yGm;a&; 4 ? 5 / aps;eJYyGJawmfaps; 4 ? 6 / ½kyfykHvTmrsm; 4 ? 6 ? 1 / ½kyfykHvTm-pmay 4 ? 6 ? 2 / ½kyfykHvTm-pD;yGm;a&; 4 ? 6 ? 3 / ½kyfykHvTm-yef;csD? *Dw? Zmwfobif 4 ? 6 ? 4 / ½kyfykHvTm-taxGaxG 4 ? 6 ? 5 / ½kyfykHvTm-tw¦KyÜwåd(ukd,fa&;) 93

4 ? 7 / vlrIa&; 4 ? 8 / vIyf&Sm;aewJhurÇmYa&;&m 4 ? 9 / omoem 4 ? 10 / tEkynm 4 ? 11 / taxGaxG 5/ 0w¦Kwkdrsm; 5 ? 1 / yifukd,fa&; 5 ? 2 / bmomjyef 6/ pmtrnftñTef; 6 ? 1 / pmtrnftñTef;

94

vlxka':trm pmpkpm&if; (1995) 1/ vkH;csif;pmtkyfrsm; 1 ? 1 / yifukd,fa&; 1/ urÇmYtBuD;qkH;pmtkyf? rsufESmzkH;yef;csD pkdif;ausmfxif/ rEÅav;? vlxkBuD;yGm;a&;? atmuf 1973/ 40 pm? "mwfykHrsm;? 22 pifwD? 2 usyf/ -----? rsufESmzkH;yef;csD pkdif;ausmfxif/ 2 Budrf? rEÅav;? vlxk-BuD;yGm;a&;? rwf 1975/ 40 pm? "mwfykHrsm;? 22 pifwD? tkyfa& 3000/ -----? rsufESmzkH;yef;csD pkdif;ausmfxif/ 3 Budrf? rEÅav;? vlxk-BuD;yGm;a&;? ar 1985/ 22 pifwD? tkyfa& 5000/ -----? rsufESmzkH;yef;csD pkdif;ausmfxif/ 4 Budrf? rEÅav;? vlxk-BuD;yGm;a&;?

ZGef 1990/ 40 pm? "mwfykHrsm;? 22 pifwD/ -----? rsufESmzkH;'DZkdif; ql;iSuf/ 5 Budrf? rEÅav;? vlxk-BuD;yGm;a&;? rwf 1995/ 41 pm? "mwfykHrsm;? 20 pifwD/ The World's Biggest Book , tr. by Than Tun, Cover ill. by Sai Kyaw Htin.

Mandalay, Ludu­Kyipwaye, Aug. 1974. 56 p. ill, 18 cm. Ks 3. ­­­­­­­­, tr. by Than Tun, Cover ill. by Sai Kyaw Htin, 2nd ed. Mandalay, Ludu­Kyipwaye, 1980. 56 p. ill, 18 cm. Ks 3. ­­­­­­­­, tr. by Than Tun, Cover ill. by Chan Aye, 3rd ed. Mandalay, Ludu­Kyipwaye, Aug. 1994. 46 p. ill, 18 cm. 1000 copies.

2/ uRefrwkdYi,fi,fu ? rsufESmzkH;yef;csD ql;iSuf eJY csrf;at;/ rEÅav;? vlxk-BuD;yGm;a&;? Ekd0ifbm 1994/ 286 pm? ½kyfykHrsm;? 18 pifwD? tkyfa& 1000? 100 usyf/ 95

rmwdum/ woufrSmwcgBuKHr,f - tazeJYtbkd; -- rEÅav;u tbkd; -rEÅav;NrKdUeJY yvdyfa&m*g - tbGm;a':qkd; -- tbGm;a':&if -tbGm;&Sdwkef;ub0 -- jrefrmhuGrf;aq;vufzufeJY {nfh0wfapmif0wf iSufaysmyifpkduf rdvkdufzyg -- tarwkdYacwfEkdifiHa&; -- rEÅav;upum; - tarhtaMumif; waphwapmif; -- om; 12 a,muftar ausmif;om;b0 - 'kwd,ausmif;om;b0 - jrefrmausmif;om;b0 uav;b0 oDv&Sif0wfcJhwkef;u - i,fi,fwkef;utjrif ausmufxkd;q&mukd aiG2day;&wJhtcsdef - ae&Sife,fausmif; -- tqkdtu xkdESpf0 - ausmif;aezuf oli,fcsif; -- 'kwd,oli,fcsif; -- wwd, oli,fcsif; -- ae&Sife,fausmif;u oli,fcsif;awG - Oypmaumvdyf ausmif;olb0 - Oypmaumvdyf ausmif;olb0 (2) - Oypmaumvdyf ausmif;olb0 (3) 3/ csif;wGif;rS yifv,fodkY ? rsufESmzkH;yef;csD pdefjrifh/ rEÅav;? vlxkBuD;yGm;a&;? Ekd 1985/ 220 pm? "mwfykHrsm;? 23 pifwD/ tkyfa& 2000? 16 usyf/ rmwdum/ owif;BuD;wJh csif;wGif;c&D;--? tnmolrsm; yifv,foGm; -- / 4/ q&mBuD;ocifukd,fawmfrIdif; ? rsufESmzkH;yef;csD ay:OD;ouf/ rEÅav;? vlxk-BuD;yGm;a&;? pufwifbm 1976/ "mwfykHrsm;? 21 pifwD/ tkyfa& 2500/ 25 usyf/ rmwdum/ jynfolurarhMur,fhq&mBuD; ocifukd,fawmfrIdif; -[kdwkef;urEÅav; -- q&mBuD;&JU jrawmifa&Tausmif;BuD; -a&Tausmif;BuD;ukd a&pufcsrcs jyóem - ra&r&mumv q&mBuD;&JUi,fq&m 2yg; -- q&mBuD;&JU½kyf&nfeJY pdwfoabmxm; -q&mBuD;&JUaqGrsKd;rsm; -- q&mBuD;&JUtdrfaxmifa&; -- q&mBuD;eJYOD;a,m 96

q&mBuD;aezl;wJhae&mawG - q&mBuD;eJY t*¾d&wf - q&mBuD;eJYarmfvNrKdif q&mBuD;eJY ol&d, -- q&mBuD;eJYbGKdif;aumufta&;awmfykH - pHzJta&; -q&mBuD;eJY ocifvIyf&Sm;rI - ppftwGif;umv - q&mBuD;eJY Nidrf;csrf;a&; -pwmvifNidrf;csrf;a&;qk - EkdifiHjcm;c&D; -- q&mBuD;rsufpdukd cGJukwkef;u q&mBuD;&JUusef;rma&; -- pmaye,fuq&mBuD;aus;Zl; -- q&mBuD;eJY v,fwDy@dwOD;armifBuD; -- q&mBuD;&JUaemufqkH;pum; 5/ qkd&S,fvpfwdkif;jynfrsm;okdY ? rsufESmzkH;yef;csD ay:OD;oufESifh 0if;az/ rEÅav;? vlxk-BuD;yGm;a&;? Zef 1963/ 340 pm? ½kyfykHrsm;? 18 pifwD/ tkyfa& 3500? 2 usyf/ rmwdum/ &efukefarmfpukd wkduf½kdufavvrf;yGifhNyD - armfpukd - rkd;yGifh armfpukdwGif oGm;a&;vma&; -- t&ufBuKdufonfh vlrsKd; -y&mA'gt,f'DwmESifhawGUqkHjcif; -- yk*¾vduypönf; -- armfpukdtdrf vlrGrf;bm;wuúokdvf - vlwef;pm;cGJjcm;rIenf;wJh EkdifiH - qkd&S,fvpfpHepfESifh vlUpm&dwå - trsKd;orD;wkdY aysmfEkdifavtm;onf - tkdb,fh qkdAD,ufbJav; -- pma&;q&mrsm;ESifhawGUjcif; -- t,fvf*sD;&D;,m; pma&;q&m e&Dtvuf - t*FvefolESifh Armr rdwfjzpfcJh&ykH - ta&SU*smrPD owif;pmynm r[mXmeokdY a&mufpOfu -- *smrPDa&muf Armausmif;om;rsm; -Armausmif;om;ykdYzkdYaumif;onfh *smreftm;upm; ausmif; -uGefjrLepfEkdifiHESifh vGwfvyfpGmajyma[mcGifh - NrKdUawmfbmvif tNcdrf;acsmufcH ta&SU*smrPD - bmvifrS y&yf*fokdY csufukdpvkdAm;uD;,m;½kyfao;½kyf&Sif - csufwGifynmoifaeonfh Armausmif;om;rsm; -- y&yf*fNrKdUrS uyGJrsm; -- owif;BuD;onfh w½kwfjynfokdY - emrnfBuD;vSonfh jynfolUbkHtzGJU - pifusKdjynfolUbkHtzGJU - jynfolUbkHtzGJU --wkdif;&if;om; t&if;&SifESifhw½kwfjynfolUtpkd;& -97

w½kwfjynf\ orkdif;aMumif; -- ,if;ukd&ufonfhES,f aphpyfvSonfhpnf;½kH;a&; -- w½kwfjynfrS wckaomykHjyif - r'rf csefau&SdwfaecJhonfhausmif; -- &SH[JtEkynmokawoeXme - oefY&Sif;a&; pHjyNrKdUokdY a&mufcJhjcif; -- emrnfausmf &SD0rfpOfhvkyfief; -w½kwfcsufjyKwfrItwwfynm - tcsuftjyKwfoifausmif; -- awmfvSefa&; pí arG;&m uGrf;wkH - uGrf;wkH puúLpufBuD; -- w½kwfjynf\ vlOD;a& jyóem - b0a[mif;ukdjzifh rjyefygNyD - qifjzLawmf ynma&;r[kwfawmhNyD -- &SH[J -- &SH[JESifhtvkyform; -- &SH[Jtvkyform;NrKdUopf qkd&S,fvpfEkdifiHESifh rsuf&nf - w½kwfjynfolUpma&;q&mvl&Tef; -wkH[Grf*leH&Haq; a&;yef;csDjyyGJ - wyfeDawmf arG;zGm;&m eefcsefNrKdU topfxGifxm;onfhMumrD;tdrfuZmwf - rukefcef;Ekdifaom vlUwDxGifrI yDuif;a&'D,kd jrefrmbmomXme - yDuif;eef;awmf - yDuif;jynfolUaeYpOf 9 ESpfwmumv\ jcm;em;csuf - a&armfukd avSmifaeonfh w½kwfrsm; -uGefrif;rS rEÅav;okdY/ 6/ aq;vdyfeJYvlom; ? vlxkOD;vSeJY vlxka':trm? rsufESmzkH;yef;csD nDnDeJY aZmfarmif/ rEÅav;? vlxk-BuD;yGm;a&;? Ekd 1990/ 185 pm? ½kyfykHrsm;?

22pifwD/ tkyfa& 1000? 32 usyf/ rmwdum/ aq;vdyfeJYvlom; -- aMumfjim - pGJvkdufykHrsm; -ykHBuD;csJUaeMuwmvm; -- tcsdefrD owday;rdzl;w,f - aq;vdyftEÅ&m,f tjzpfrsm;wJh tqkwfuifqm[m aq;vdyfaMumifh - uJ 'Dwcg t[kwfjzwfvkdufMuygpkdYtjywf - uRefrukd,fawGU - aemufrusao;&if ajymcsifw,f - aMumufp&m'DrD;ckd; -- uifqmeJYvlUavmu - teHYtouf rdef;reJYaq;vdyf - aq;vdyfeJY'½kdifbm - olrsm;EkdifiHawG&JUtajctae wm0ef&Sdolrsm; -- tEkynme,fuwm0ef/ 98

7/ jynfolcspfaomtEkynmonfrsm; / rsufESmzkH;yef;csD 0if;az/ rEÅav;? vlxk-BuD;yGm;a&;? ar 1964? 470 pm? ½kyfykHrsm;? vufa&;rlrsm;? *DwoauFwrsm;? 20 pifwD/ tkyfa& 3500? 5 usyf/ ------ / rsufESmzkH;yef;csD 0if;az/ 2 Budrf/ rEÅav;? vlxk-BuD;yGm;a&;? pufwifbm 1964? 560 pm? ½kyfykHrsm;? 21 pifwD/ tkyfa& 3500? 5 usyf/ ------ / rsufESmzkH;yef;csD ay:OD;ouf/ 3 Budrf/ rEÅav;? vlxk-BuD;yGm;a&;?

Zl 1967? 572 pm? ½kyfykHrsm;? 21 pifwD/ tkyfa& 3500? 5 usyf/ ------ / rsufESmzkH;yef;csD pkdif;ausmfxif/ 4 Budrf/ rEÅav;? atmuf 1974?

572 pm? ½kyfykHrsm;? 22 pifwD/ tkyfa& 3000? 12 usyf/ rmwdum / owif;BuD;onfh rif;orD;raxG;av; -- ½kyfao;rif;orD; q&mykBuD; -- jrajcusif;raiGNrKdif -- aumvdyfpdefac: rjrvGif aersKd;AvausmfolbGJU&&Gmpm;pdefaA'g - eef;awmfa&SUq&mwif toHrif;orD; avbmwDrjr&if - NrKdUrNidrf; 8/ rEÅav;ol rEÅav;om;rsm; ? rsufESmzkH;yef;csD nDnD/ rEÅav;? vlxkBuD;yGm;a&;? Ekd 1991/ 162 pm? ½kyfykHrsm;? 20 pifwD/ tkyfa& 1000? 40 usyf/ rmwdum / rEÅav;olBuD;awG - olaX;OD;ouf&SnfESifh om;OD;ausmf -&wemykHqDpufOD;odef; -- e*g; a':OD; -- rkduform; rkdufolBuD; -rEÅav;ol yGJuawmfBuD;awG - [oFjy'g;OD;ausmf - vlom"kac: ewfom"k ac:yk*¾KdvfBuD; -- ausmufpm0efa[mif; OD;jr - usm;bndef;okdYpma~uG; -AE¨KvOD;qkdif - jrefrmhAdokumynm &Sifq&mqkdif - usufoa&&SdvSwJhvlom; -- &Gufykef;oD;olawmfpifBuD; 9/ jrefrmhr[m*Dw ? rsufESmzkH;yef;csD csrf;at;/ rEÅav;? vlxk-BuD;yGm;a&;?

ZGef 1989/ 171 pm? ½kyfykHrsm;? 21 pifwD/ tkyfa& 2000? 18 usyf/ rmwdum / r[m*Dw&JUa&S;a[mif;aESmif;jzpf - a&SUawmfajy; armifarmifokduf 99

- apmif;ynm&JU zcifBuD; -- a'0£E´marmifarmifBuD; -- armifarmifvwf Armwl&d,mrsm; -- tqkdawmf bkef;BuD;ay - tqkdorm; OD;vlBuD; -OD;vlBuD;a&;wJhygawmfrloDcsif; -- a&SUawmfajy; rdef;rtqkdawmfrsm; -tDaemif ukdpHwkwf - r,if;awmf - ukdomajym - OD;ausmfa'G; 00 r[m*Dwrdcifa':apmjrat;Munf - a':apmjrat;Munf&JU q&mawG rkd;a'0g&JUatmifyGJ - wy,fcifO? wy,fcifopf - tqkdawmf OD;vlBuD; -r,if;awmf - raxG;av; -- a':apmjrat;MunfwJY apmif; -- OD;zl;acgif apmif;q&m armifarmifcefY - a'0£E´marmifarmifBuD; -apmif;q&mq&mNidrf; -- pdefaA'g - a':apmjrat;Munf&JUqE´ -- a':a':eJY rEÅav;/ 10/ &wemykHrEÅav;? rEÅav;? uRefrwkdYrEÅav; / rsufESmzkH;yef;csD csrf;at;? rEÅav;? vlxk-BuD;yGm;a&;? Ekd0ifbm 1994? 161 pm? 17 pifwD/ tkyfa& 1000? 65 usyf/ rmwdum/ yvkyfwkwf-wkwfwkwf-'l-csrf-csrf - rEÅav;"mwf&xm; -tdrfawmf&mxD; -- rEÅav;u rvGefaps; -- av;pm;tyfwJh rvGefrif;om;BuD; -- aps;aumuf vlarsmuf - rEÅav;u aps;csKdawmf vGrf;p&mhaps;csKd - rEÅav;aps;csKdawmfa&Tqkdifwef; -- rESif;qD rD;&xm;uav; -- qkdif;NyKdifwD;&mrSm q&mpdef aA'g r½IrvS½IH;wJhyGJ tdrfawmf&mbk&m;eJY qifBuD;vSLwJhwHwm; -- bkef;BuD;ysHeJY{,ifusL; -tbpdefaA'g&JU aemufqkH;yGJrsm; -- ausmif;BuD;a&Ttifyif rEÅav;tdrfawmf&mrdacsmif;wHwm; 11/ a&Ta'gif;awmif aqmif;yg;rsm; ? rsufESmzkH;yef;csD ukdukdav;? rEÅav;? vlxk-BuD;yGm;a&;? Zl 1975/ 305 pm? ½kyfykHrsm;? 18 pifwD/ tkyfa& 3500? 7 usyf/ 100

rmwdum/ urÇmYtBuD;qkH;ausmufqif;wkawmf - qifyGJ -- *sif - aps; -trsKd;om;obifawG&JU uaeYtajc - ArmhzefusDvkyfief; -- ykd;vkHcsnf q&mBuD;a&TOa'gif;wkdY&Gm rusnf;wkH - owif;a[mif; -- r*¾Zdefav;wapmif 12/ a&Tref;wifarmif ? rsufESmzkH;yef;csD ay:OD;ouf/ rEÅav;? vlxkBuD;yGm;a&;? Ekd 1970/ 400 pm? ½kyfykHrsm;? 22 pifwD/ 6 usyf/ rmwdum / 'Dpmtkyfa&;wJhtaMumif;u - a&Tref;wifarmif BuKd;pm;ykH ukdwifarmifh tu - ukdwifarmifh toH - tajymrif;om; ukdwifarmif ukdwifarmifwGJoGm;wJhqkdif;awG - wGJuoGm;wJh rif;orD; awG - rif;om;BuD; -- vl&Tifawmf - tysKdawmf - Zmwfpma&;q&mrsm; -- Zmwform;qkdwm t,lonf;rI uav;awG - ukdwifarmif&JU pnf;½kH;a&; -- n0ufpepf obifopf - "mwfjym; -- olUb0 - ukdwifarmifeJY ½kyf&Sif AkdvfqHawmufjzwfwJh ukdwifarmif - olUusef;rma&;/ 13/ a&T½kd; buav; ? yxrwGJ? rsufESmzkH;yef;csD ay:OD;ouf/ rEÅav;? vlxk-BuD;yGm;a&;? az 1969? 265 pm/ ½kyfykHrsm;? 22 pifwD? 5 usyf/ rmwdum / a&T½kd; buav; -- OD;buav;eJYol&d, -OD;buav;eJYq&mBuD;ocifukd,fawmfrIdif; -- OD;buav;eJY v,form; -cGJa&;wGJa&; -- EkdifiHa&; -- 'kdiftmcDed*kH; -14/ ----? 'kwd,wGJ? rsufESmzkH;yef;csD ay:OD;ouf? rEÅav;? vlxkBuD;yGm;a&;? rwf 1969/ 273-617 pm? ½kyfykHrsm;? 22 pifwD? 5 usyf/ rmwdum / vlrIa&;pD;yGm;a&;umwGef;rsm; -- owif;pmumwGef; -OD;buav;eJY½kyf&Sif - awmNrKdif pGef;u vGrf;atmifzef - rIdif;a0a0 wckdifvkH;a&T - awmom;av;a&T½kd; -- a&Trif;0H - a&Twav; -- MuifpOD; - a0vGifvGif -- ½kyfajymif;½kyfvTJ -- ½kyf&SifumwGef; -- OD;buav;eJY ½kyf&Siftay:tjrif - OD;buav;eJY tawG;tac: -- OD;buav;eJY uAsm 101

OD;buav;eJY tbkd;BuD; -- tapmqkH;umwGef; -- olUtaygif;toif; -olUb0 - OD;buav;vnf; t&ufeJY ysufpD;wmyJ/ 15/ omoemhwefaqmifq&mawmfBuD;rsm; ? rsufESmzkH;yef;csD ukdñGefYa0 (yef;ork'´&m) / rEÅav;? vlxk-BuD;yGm;a&;? azazmf0g&D 1994/ 142 pm? 20 pifwD/ tkyfa& 1000? 65 usyf/ rmwdum / a&Tusifomoem ESpf100 - omoemjyK'ora&Tusifomoemykdif ajrmif;jrq&mawmf - ajrmif;jrq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;&mjynfhylaZmfyGJ BuKHawmifhBuKHcJ ylaZmfyGJ - 11 Budrfajrmuf omoemykdifq&mawmf aMu;jrifq&mawmfbk&m; -- a&T[oFm oufawmf&SnfylaZmfyGJ a&T[oFmq&mawmfbk&m;&JU½kyfyGm; -- o*FZm q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;eJY 0ZD&m&mrq&mawmf - rkdif;aomufNrKdU ausmufeDawm&q&mawmfbk&m; -t&d,r*¾if acsmif q&mawmfbk&m;BuD; -- yXmef;odyÜHq&mawmfBuD; -usrf;jyKq&mawmf b'´EÅ auvmo - a&OD;NrKdUu omoemha&mif0g wyfukef;NrKdUu ylaZmfyGJ / 16/ or®w[kdcsDrif; ? rEÅav;? vlxk-BuD;yGm;a&;? puf 1950/ 200 pm? "mwfykHrsm;? 16 pifwD/ 1 usyf 8 yJ/ rmwdum / or®w[kdcsDrif; -- jyifopfjynfokdY - e,fwumvSnfhjcif; -yxr urÇmppfESifh [kdcsDrif; -- ppfNyD;azmufjyefa&;orm;BuD;rsm; -pma&;q&m[kdcsDrif; -- aiGa&;aMu;a&; -- armfpukdokdY - w½kwfjynf wGif AD,uferfokdY - ulrifwef awmfvSefa&; -- ppftwGif; AD,ufrif; -jynfolUawmfvSefa&; -- r[mrdwfwkdY vSnfhpm;ykH/ 17/ tNidrfh ? yxrwGJ? rsufESmzkH;yef;csD 0if;armif/ rEÅav;? vlxk-BuD;yGm;a&;?

Zlvkdif 1973/ 305 pm? ½kyfykHrsm;? 24 pifwD/ 6 usyf/ rmwdum / tNidrfh - OD;cspfzG,f? a':pdefokH - tNidrfhrif;orD; rpdefar 102

qDausmfpdefwif - rpdefwifBuD; -- rpdefvkH - rtkH;pdef - rodef;~uG,f Mobmaomif; -- raiGNrKdif - Ouúvmrat;Munf -- ,k0wDjraomif; cif OMor,fwif - vSuav;pdef - '*kefcifvSMunf - bkef;BuDysH{,ifusL; -tNidrfhñGefYaygif; -- uav; ESpfyg;oGm; -- tNidrfhwl&d,m - tNidrfh'kd; -ywåvm; -- pnf;wD; -- tNidrfhyaveJYESJ - aMu;aemif - pE´,m; tNidrfhBuD; -- Zmwfwkduf - pE´,m;rrBuD;/ 18/ tNidrfh ? 'kwd,wGJ? rsufESmzkH;yef;csD ukdukdav;/ rEÅav;? vlxkBuD;yGm;a&;? atmuf 1973/ 302 pm? ½kyfykHrsm;? 24 pifwD/ 6 usyf/ rmwdum ? tNidrfhoDcsif; -- tNidrfhvljyuf - tNidrfhjyufvkH; -tNidrfhrif;om; -- tNidrfhvljyufBuD;awG - jrefrmñGefYtNidrfh - tNidrfhobif tvm;tvm 19/ atmifAv? zkd;pdef? pdefuwkH; ? rsufESmzkH;yef;csD ay:OD;ouf/ rEÅav;? vlxk-BuD;yGm;a&;? 'D 1967/ 638 pm? ½kyfykHrsm;? 22 pifwD/ 7 usyf/ rmwdum / a,musfm;rif;orD;atmifAv - zkd;pdef - pdefuwkH;/ 1? 2 / bmomjyef 20/ aumvpf ? arm&pf / pE´rmvm ? yxrwGJ ? bmomjyefol rtrm ? rsufESmzkH;yef;csD bvkH / rEÅav; ? vlxk+BuD;yGm;a&; / Mo 1940 / 228 pm ?

18 pifwD / ++ (BuD;yGm;a&;vufa&G;pifpmtkyfeHygwf 15) tkyfa& 3500 ? 12 yJ/ 21/ +++++++ / ++++++ ? 'kwd,wGJ ? bmomjyefol rtrm ? rsufESmzkH;yef;csD bvkH / rEÅav; ? vlxk+BuD;yGm;a&; / puf 1940 / 203 pm ? 18 pifwD / ++ (BuD;yGm;a&;vufa&G;pifpmtkyfeHygwf 16) tkyfa& 3500 ?

12 yJ/ 103

+++++++ / ++++++ ? bmomjyefol a':trm ? rsufESmzkH;yef;csD busif / 2 Budrf / rEÅav; ? vlxk+BuD;yGm;a&; / 1960 / 370 pm ? 18 pifwD / 22/ aumvpf ? arm&pf / jrefrmjynfwGifppfaq;cJhaom trItcif;rsm; ? yxrwGJ ? bmomjyefol rtrm ? oydwfarSmuf ausmif;ol ? rsufESmzkH;yef;csD armifarmifjr / &efukef ? BuD;yGm;a&; ? Ekd0ifbm 1938 / 271 pm ? 17 pifwD / ++ (BuD;yGm;a&;vufa&G;pif pmtkyfeHygwf 2) ? tkyfa& 3000 ? 12 yJ / 23/ +++++ / +++++++ ? 'kwd,wGJ ? bmomjyefol rtrm ? oydwfarSmuf ausmif;ol ? rsufESmzkH;yef;csD armifarmifjr / &efukef ? BuD;yGm;a&; ? Ekd 1938 / 176 pm ? 17 pifwD / ++ (BuD;yGm;a&;vufa&G;pif pmtkyfeHygwf 4) ? tkyfa& 3000 ? 12 yJ / +++++ / ++++++ ? 'kwd,wGJ ? bmomjyefol rtrm ? 2 Budrf / &efukef ?

BuD;yGm;a&; ? 1938 / 176 pm ? 17 pifwD / tkyfa& 2000 ? 12 yJ / +++++ / ++++++ ? 3 Budrf / rEÅav; ? vlxk+BuD;yGm;a&; ? 1960 / 345 pm ? 18 pifwD / 2usyf / ]]aumvpfBuKHcJh&wJh Armjynf}} vkdY emrnfajymif;xkwfa0/ 24/ pxa&mif; ? tifemvl0D / aiGESifhvufeuf ? bmomjyefol vlxka':trm ? rsufESmzkH;yef;csD ay:OD;ouf / rEÅav; ? vlxk+BuD;yGm;a&; ? ½kyfykHrsm;? 17 pifwD ? tkyfa& 3500 ? 2 usyf / 25/ pwkef; ? tmcsD*Ref / Nidrf;csrf;a&;okdY ? bmomjyefol vlxka':trm ? rsufESmzkH;yef;csD ay:OD;ouf / rEÅav; ? vlxK+BuD;yGm;a&; ? 1953 / 271 pm ? 17 pifwD / 3 usyf / 26/ pEkd; ? t*¾g / b0csif;rwlonfh w½kwfjynf ? yxrwGJ ? bmomjyefol vlxka':trm ? rsufESmzkH;yef;csD zkd;oHacsmif; / rEÅav; ? vlxk+BuD;yGm;a&; ?

Zef 1966 / 505 pm ? 22 pifwD / 5 usyf / 104

+++++ / +++++ ? 'kwd,wGJ ? bmomjyefol vlxka':trm ? rsufESmzkH;yef;csD zkd;oHacsmif; / rEÅav; ? vlxk+BuD;yGm;a&; ? rwf 1966 / 509 pm ? 22 pifwD / 5 usyf / 27/ pwdef ? *efom / uGefjrLepfw½kwfjynftiftm;NyKdifyGJ ? bmomjyefol vlxka':trm ? rsufESmzkH;yef;csD busif / rEÅav; ? vlxk+BuD;yGm;a&; ?

1946 ? 119 pm ? ½kyfykHrsm; ? 35_20 pifwD / +++++ / +++++ ? yxrwGJ ? bmomjyefol vlxka':trm ? rsufESmzkH;yef;csD busif / 2 Budrf / rEÅav; ? vlxk+BuD;yGm;a&; ? 1949 ? 324 pm ? 18 pifwD ? 2 usyf / +++++ / +++++ ? 'kwd,wGJ ? bmomjyefol vlxka':trm ? rsufESmzkH;yef;csD busif / 2 Budrf / rEÅav; ? vlxk+BuD;yGm;a&; ? 1949 ?

344 pm ? 18 pifwD ? 2 usyf / 29/ xkdif;0w¦Kwkdrsm; ? yxrwGJ ? bmomjyefol vlxka':trm ? rsufESmzkH;yef;csD pkd;0if;Nidrf; / rEÅav; ? vlxk+BuD;yGm;a&; ? 'D 1992 / 257 pm ? 18 pifwD / tkyfa& 1000 ? 50 usyf ? rmwdum ? yif + yÍÆif;avmif;vufu Mumyef; + awmausmif;q&m&JUokc + rDcsD*efpmar;yGJwJhAsm; + b,foltokH;vkdovJ + txufvTmur*FvmyGJ + wrvGefyGJpm;rsm; + wvSnfhwywf + um;wkdufrI + pufqkyf emMunf;rI + &Gmawmf&Sif + tazray:wJhuav; + yef;a&mifaq;jym;av; ESpfjym; + uRJacs;wykH + acsmif;½kd;xJ va&mifxkd;awmh 30/ xkdif;0w¦Kwkdrsm; (2) ? rsufESmzkH;yef;csD csrf;at; ? rEÅav; ? vlxkBuD;yGm;a&; ? ZGef 1993 ? 138 pm ? 16 pifwD ? tkyfa& 1000 ? 35 usyf / rmwdum ? rD;eJYESvkH;om; + 'Da& 'Dajr + Adawm + pmcsKyf + rsKd; + cGJpdwfukorI + a&ewforD; 105

31/ ar;vf ? pD½kduf / tkd,ef;uD;wkdY ? bmomjyefol a':trm ? rsufESmzkH;yef;csD ay:OD;ouf / rEÅav; ? vlxk-BuD;yGm;a&; ? az 2963 / 296 pm ? ½kyfykHrsm; ? 18 pifwD / tkyfa& 3500 ? 2 usyf / 32/ &Gefeif ? csufpwm / awmfvSefwJhw½kwfjynf uRefawmfrSwfrdorQ ? bmomjyefol vlxka':trm ? rsufESmzkH;yef;csD ay:OD;ouf / rEÅav; ? vlxk-BuD;yGm;a&; ? 'D 1979 / 334 pm ? ½kyfykHrsm; ? 22 pifwD / tkyfa& 3000 ? 25 usyf / 33/ 0gpDvkpfum; ? 0rf'g / oufwefYa&mif ? yxrwGJ ? bmomjyefol rtrm ? rEÅav; ? BuD;yGm;a&; ? atmuf 1945 / 148 pm ? 17 pifwD / 3 usyf / 34/ ----- / oufwefYa&mif ? 'kwd,wGJ ? bmomjyefol rtrm ? rEÅav; ?

BuD;yGm;a&; ? atmuf 1945 / 232 pm ? 17 pifwD / 4 usyf / 35/ t&SDa[; [D;Ekd; / *sKHESifhppfom; ? yxrykdif; ? bmomjyefol a':trm ? rsufESmzkH;yef;csD tkef;vGif / uykdif(rEÅav;) ? BuD;yGm;a&; ? 1945 / 70 pm ?

17 pifwD / tkyfa& 3000 ? 1 usyf 25 qifh / 36/ tmz&du0w¦Kwkdrsm; ? bmomjyefol vlxka':trm ? rsufESmzkH;yef;csD csrf;at; / rEÅav; ? vlxk-BuD;yGm;a&; ? atmuf 1989 / 284 pm ? a&mifpkH"mwfykH ? 18 pifwD / tkyfa& 1500 ? 30 usyf / 2/ ed'gef;eJYtrSma&;wJh pmtkyfrsm; 37/ uajconfESihftjcm;uAsmrsm; ? a&;ol bkwvifcspfav; ? trSma&;ol vlxka':trm / rEÅav; ? wufaevif;pmay ? (1964) ?

38/ u,m;ykHjyif / a&;ol vlxkOD;vS ? trSma&;ol vlxka':trm ? rsufESmzkH;yef;csD ñGefYa0opf / rEÅav; ? vlxk-BuD;yGm;a&; ? 'D 1991 / 169 106

pm ? ½kyfykHrsm; ? 18 pifwD / (jynfaxmifpkwkdif;&if;om; vlrsKd;pk ykHjyifrsm; trSwfpOf 44) tkyfa& 1000 ? 27 usyf / 39/ aumufoif; ? a&;ol rif;EG,f ? trSma&;ol vlxka':trm / &efukef ?

0if;o*Ðpmay ? 1980 / 40/ uRefawmfhpmwrf;?uRefawmht[rf;rsm; ? a&;ol vlxkOD;vS ? trSma&;ol vlxka':trm ? rsufESmzkH;yef;csD ñGefYa0opf eJY rkwfokH / rEÅav; ? vlxkBuD;yGm;a&; ? 'D 1983 / 248 pm ? 18 pifwD / tkyfa& 3000 ? 12 usyf / 41/ uRefawmfqm;csuform; ? a&;ol vlxkOD;vS ? trSma&;ol vlxka':trm ? rsufESmzkH;yef;csD ay:OD;ouf / rEÅav; ? vlxk-BuD;yGm;a&; ? Mo 1986 / 326 pm ? ½kyfykHrsm; ? 18 pifwD / tkyfa& 3000 ? 18 usyf / 41/ (u) ? q,fhESpfBuKd; 0w¦Kwkdrsm; ? a&;ol ae0if;jrifh ? trSma&;ol vlxka':trm ? rsufESmzkH;yef;csD jrifharmifausmf ? tm;rmefopfpmay ? 1992 / 42/ w½kwfjynfay:rS Mu,feD ? a&;ol t*¾gpEkd; ? bmomjyefol wifaxG; / trSma&;ol vlxka':trm ? &efukef ? yifra&pD; ? 1964 / 43/ a'gif;#Dumopf ? a&;ol rpöwmarmifrIdif; ? trSma&;ol vlxka':trm ? rsufESmzkH;yef;csD tkef;vGif / 3 Budrf / rEÅav; ? vlxk-BuD;yGm;a&; ? ar 1968 / 325 pm ? 18 pifwD / 2 usyf 50 jym; / 44/ ylwau ? pydef ? tDwmvsHoGm;rSwfwrf; ? a&;ol OD;Ncdrfh ? trSma&;ol vlxka':trm ? a&Tukdif;om; ? odyÜHarmif0 ? rsufESmzkH;yef;csD atmifcspf / rEÅav; ? vlxk-BuD;yGm;a&; ? 1959 / 269 pm ? ½kyfykHrsm; ? 18 pifwD / 2 usyf 50 jym; / 45/ ArmhpD;yGm;a&;ppfwrf; ? a&;ol armifpl;prf; ? trSma&;ol vlxka':trm / rEÅav; ? vlxk-BuD;yGm;a&; ? Mo 1954 / 304 pm ? 22 pifwD / tkyfa& 2000 ? 4 usyf ?

107

46/ bGdKif;aumuf#DumBuD; ? a&;olrpöwmarmifrIdif; ? trSma&;ol vlxka':trm ? rsufESmzkH;yef;csD ay:OD;ouf / 2 Budrf / rEÅav; ? vlxkBuD;yGm;a&; ? Ekd 1960 ? 365 pm ? 18 pifwD ? 2 usyf 50 jym; / 47/ rkd;a'0grvSa&T?olUb0ESifholU*Dw ? a&;ol cifoef;jrifh ? trSma&;ol vlxka':trm ? rsufESmzkH;yef;csD csrf;at; / rEÅav; ? vlxk-BuD;yGm;a&; ? 'D 1988 / 332 pm ? ½kyfykHrsm; ? 21 pifwD / tkyfa& 2000 ? 40 usyf / 48/ armif&ifarmif rr,fr ? a&;ol *sdrf;pfvSausmf ? trSma&;ol vlxka':trm / 2 Budrf / rEÅav; ? vlxk-BuD;yGm;a&; ? 1959 / 49/ rEÅav;eef;wGif;ykHjyifrsm; ? a&;ol zD;vf'ifa[m ? bmomjyefol cifoef;jrifh ? trSma&;ol vlxka':trm ? rsufESmzkH; yef;csD atmifcspf / rEÅav; ? vlxk-BuD;yGm;a&; ? 268 pm ? ½kyfykHrsm; ? 18 pifwD / 2 usyf / 49/ (u) ? rSefxJuopömESifh tjcm;uAsmrsm; ? a&;ol rsKd;jrifhaqG ? trSma&;ol vlxka':trm ? rsufESmzkH;yef;csD rsKd;jrifhaqG ? rkd;rif;pmay ? az 1995 ? 186 pm ? 18 pifwD ? tkyfa& 1000 ? 70 usyf / 50/ &J&Jawmuf jrefrmvkyfief;&SifBuD;rsm; ? a&;ol ukda*s ? trSma&;ol vlxka':trm / &efukef ? ppfonfawmfpmay ? rwf 1993 / 51/ a&Twav;umwGef; = Shwetalay Cartoon ? a&;ol b*av; ? wnf;jzwfolESifh trSma&;ol awmom;eJY vlxka':trm / rsufESmzkH;yef;csD b*av; / 2 Budrf / rEÅav; ? vlxk-BuD;yGm;a&; ? rwf 1969 / 110 pm ? ½kyfykHrsm; ? 23_28 pifwD / 5 usyf / 52/ vrif;w&muAsmrsm; ? a&;olMunfatmif ? trSma&;ol vlxka':trmeJY wifrkd; ? rsufESmzkH;yef;csD 0if;az / rEÅav; ? vlxk-BuD;yGm;a&; / Ekd 1963 / 198 pm ? 18 pifwD ? tkyfa& 200 ? 2 usyf / 52/ u ? vlxkOD;vS&JU wkdif;&if;om;ykHjyifrsm; ? Folktales of Ludu U Hla ?

108

a&;ol vlxkOD;vS ? bmomjyefol K, Than Tun & Kathleen Forbes ? trSma&;ol vlxka':trm ? rsufESmzkH;yef;csD ukdrmvm (jrefrmh½kd;&myef;csD) ? vlxkBuD;yGm;a&;pmtkyfwkduf ? ZGef 1994 ? 150 pm ? 17 pifwD ? tkyfa& 1000 ? wefzkd; 45 usyf / 53/ olUxufuJ a&Tjynfpkd; nDykav;0w¦Kwkdrsm; ? a&;ol nDykav; ? trSma&;ol vlxka':trm ? OD;okc ? cifaqGOD; ? rsufESmzkH;yef;csD nDykav; / rEÅav; ? vlxk-BuD;yGm;a&; ? rwf 1989 / 300 pm ? ½kyfykHrsm; ? 18 pifwD / tkyfa& 1000 ? 25 usyf / 54/ aoG;csif;om;csif;ykHjyifrsm; ? jyKpkol vlxkOD;vS ? trSma&;ol vlxka':trm ? rsufESmzkH;yef;csD ay:OD;ouf / rEÅav; ? vlxk-BuD;yGm;a&; ?

Mo 1992 / 108 pm ? ½kyfykHrsm; ? 20 pifwD / (jynfaxmifpkwkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkykHjyifrsm; trSwfpOf 45) tkyfa& 1000 ? 35 usyf / 54/ u ? tem;rnDBwd*H0w¦Kwkdrsm; ? a&;ol 0if;0if;jrifh (eef;awmfa&SU) ? trSma&;ol vlxka':trm ? ZGef 1995 ? 312 pm / 18 pifwD ? tkyfa& 500 ?

80 usyf / 3/ acgif;BuD;rsm; 3 ? 1 / vlxk*sme,facgif;BuD;rsm; vlxk*sme,feJY vlxkowif;pm wNyKdifwnf; xkwfa0aeckdufrSm vlxkOD;vSu yk'fr 5eJY axmifxJa&mufae (27 atmufwkdbm 1953 - 14 Zefe0g&D 1957)wJhtcg vlxk*sme,facgif;BuD;awGukd vlxk a':trm a&;ygw,f/ 55/ urÇmYuav;oli,frsm;aeY ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 50 (1 ZGef 1954) pm 1 109

56/ urÇmYa&;&mESifh uif;uGmí rjzpfaom Armha&;&m ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 75 ( 1 Zlvkdif 1956) pm 1 57/ uREkfyfwkdY\ vkHNcKHa&;ESifhNidrf;csrf;a&; ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 51 ( 1 Zlvkdif 1954) pm 1 58/ ckdifNrJaomcspfMunfa&;ESifh Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGufvrf;p ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 58 ( 1 azazmf0g&D 1955) pm 55 59/ wBudrfxyfí wdkufwGef;OD;pkdY ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 80 ( 'DZifbm 1956) pm 1 60/ w½kwf Arm ESpfjynfaxmifcspfMunfa&; wnfNrJygap ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 56 ( 1 'DZifbm 1954) pm 1 61/ wkd;ízdESdyfcsKyfcs,fvmrIrsm; ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 53 ( 1 pufwifbm 1953) pm 1 62/ wefzkd;jzwfrjzpfonfh tawGUtBuKH ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 60 ( 27 rwf 1955) pm 1 63/ awGUqkHaqG;aEG;jcif;jzifhajyNidrf;onf ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 52 ( 1 Mo*kwf 1954) pm 1 64/ 20 &mpkESpf\ 'kwd,ykdif; ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 59 ( 1 rwf 1955) pm 1 65/ ay:vmonfhjyóemw&yf ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 79 ( Ekd0ifbm 1956) pm 1 66/ ykdrkdíodem;vnfa&;rS cspfMunfa&;okdY ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 66 ( atmufwkdbm 1955) pm 1 67/ jynfolUckH½kH;0ifvQif jynfolUtqkH;tjzwfudk vufcHyg ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 55 ( 1 Ekd0ifbm 1954) pm 1 110

68/ jynfolUpmqkd ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 44 ( 'DZifbm 1953) pm 1 69/ jynfolUnDñGwfa&;ESifhtrsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&; ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 48 ( 27 rwf 1954) pm 1 70/ jynfolwkdYu jyif;jypGm awmif;qkdMupkdY ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 77 ( pufwifbm 1956) pm 1 71/ jynfolwkdYawmifhwonfh BuD; 4 BuD;awGUqkHa&; ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 63 (Zlvkdif 1955) pm 1 72/ jynfolwkdYt"dXmefjyK&OD;rnf ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 72 ( rwf 1956) pm 1 73/ jyefvnfn§dEIdif;Ekdifygap ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 78 ( atmufwkdbm 1956) pm 1 74/ ArmhNidrf;csrf;a&;BuKd;yrf;rIukd urÇmu todtrSwfjyKNyD ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 57 ( 1 Zefe0g&D 1955) pm 1 75/ ArmwjynfaxmifvkH;rS vli,fxkokdY ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 68 ( 'DZifbm 1955) pm 1 76/ Armvkyfom;xkESifhara'; ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 73 ( 1 ar 1956) pm 1 77/ Armtcsif;csif; rsufESmcsif; qkHMuyg ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 64 ( Mo*kwf 1955) pm 1 78/ rdcifESifhuav;oli,frsm;aeY ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 62 ( ZGef 1955) pm 1 79/ rD;ab;ESifhjynfol ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 57 ( rwf 1954) pm 1 80/ ara'; ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 61 ( 1 ar 1955) pm 1 81/ ,aeYuREkfyfwkdYbmvkyfMurnfenf; ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 65 ( pufwifbm 1955) pm 1 111

82/ vlUorkdif;wGifarmfuGef;wifaeY ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 49 ( 1 ar 1954) pm 1 83/ vlxkuawmif;qkdonfhjynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&; ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 71 ( rwf 1956) pm 1 84/ vrf;cGwGif &yfaeí rjzpfNyD ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 54 ( 1 atmufwkdbm 1954) pm 1 85/ vGyfvyfpGm a&;om;ykHESdyfxkwfa0cGifh ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 74 ( ZGef 1956) pm 1 86/ vGyfvyfa&;ukd;ESpfjynfhppfwrf; ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 81 ( Zefe0g&D 1957) pm 1 87/ odem;vnfa&;nDñGwfa&; ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 43 ( Ekd0ifbm 1953) pm 1 88/ oDwif;uRwfavNyD ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 67 ( Ekd0ifbm 1955) pm 1 89/ oHCmtm; bk&m;aomfrS rqefom ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 71 ( azazmf0g&D 1956) pm 1 90/ temwjcm; aq;wjcm; ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 76 ( Mo*kwf 1956) pm 1 91/ trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;Ncdrf;ajcmufrIBuD; ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 45 ( Zefe0g&D 1954) pm 1 92/ trsKd;om;taygif;okdY jynfolUarwåm&yfcHcsuf ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 69 ( Zefe0g&D 1956) pm 1 ? 22 93/ t½IH;r&Sd tjrwfBuD;jzpfap&rnf ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 46 ( azazmf0g&D 1954) pm 1

112

3 ? 2 / vlxkowif;pmacgif;BuD;rsm; vlxkowif;pm t,f'DwmcsKyf a&TOa'gif;eJY vlxkOD;vSwkdYu yDuif;rSmusif;ywJh tm&SeJY ypdzdwfEkdifiHrsm;qkdif&m urÇmYNidrfcsrf;a&; uGefz&ifh (pufwifbm 1952 - Ekd0ifbm 1952)ukd wufa&mufaepOfrSm vlxkowif;pmacgif;BuD;rsm;ukd vlxka':trm a&;ygw,f/ vlxkowif;pmrSm ]]jyLapmxD;}} acgif;BuD;twGuf yk'fr 124 ^ u eJY q&mBuD;a&TOa'gif; xdef;odrf;cHae&wJhumv (10 ar 1956 - 30 pufwifbm 1956)rsm;rSmvnf; vlxkowif;pm acgif;BuD;ukd vlxka':trm a&;ygw,f/ 94/ um;pD;0Hhp&mr&Sdawmh ? (14 Zlvkdif 1956) pm 3 95/ urÇmESifh Arm ? (16 ar 1956) pm 3 96/ urÇmYtv,fü t&SufuGJaeNyD ? (8 pufwifbm 1956) pm 3 97/ ausmufrD;aoG;wGif; tvkyform;rsm;ta&; ? (30 ar 1956) pm 3 98/ ausmif;okH;pmtkyfrsm; ? (14 ZGef 1956) pm 3 99/ BuD;us,fvSonfh vkyfaqmifatmifjrifcsuf ? (17 ar 1956) pm 3 100/ ArmwrsKd;om;vkH; pnf;vkH;nDñGwfzkdYvkdonf ? (10 Zlvkdif 1956) pm 3 101/ acgif;wbuf ? yef;wbuf ? (26 Zlvkdif 1956) pm 3 102/ acgif;jzwfjyjcif;rsm;ukd tjrefqkH; wm;qD;yg ? (3 Mo*kwf 1956) pm 3 103/ csmvDcsufyvif ? (27 pufwifbm 1952) pm 3 104/ cspfMunfa&;tysufrcHEkdif ? (6 pufwifbm 1956) pm 3 105/ ivsif'ku©onfrsm;\ wrf;wcsuf ? (26 Zlvkdif 1956) pm 3 106/ Nidrf;csrf;pGmtwlwuGaeMuygpkdY ? (29 pufwifbm 1956) pm 3 107/ Nidrf;csrf;aomESpfopfjzpfygap ? (1 Zefe0g&D 1953) pm 3 113

108/ pum;rkdYqkd ? (30 pufwifbm 1955) pm 3 109/ pmoifausmif;awG zGifhMuNyD ? (19 ar 1956) pm 3 110/ pm;yGJay:wGifaoewfwifí raqG;aEG;ESifh ? (8 Mo*kwf 1956) pm 3 111/ pl;tufwl;ajrmif;ta&; ? (30 Zlvkdif 1956) pm 3 112/ apmifhMunfhaeonf ? (24 Mo*kwf 1956) pm 3 113/ ppf~uGif;ukd &Sif;ypfa&; ? (19 pufwifbm 1956) pm 3 114/ ppfjyifqifa&;orm;awG tvkdr&Sd ? (15 pufwifbm 1956) pm 3 115/ ppfyGJtaMumif; ppfom;todqkH; ? (27 ZGef 1956) pm 3 116/ pdwf0ifpm;bG,frdefYcGef; ? (25 ZGef 1956) pm 3 117/ qkdAD,uf*syefNidrf;csrf;a&;pmcsKyf ? (16 Mo*kwf 1956) pm 3 118/ qkdAD,uftm&yfqufqHa&; ? (26 ZGef 1956) pm 3 119/ qefpufykdifrsm;\ oydwfBuD; ? (2 ar 1956) pm 3 120/ nLuvD,mvufeufrsm;prf;oyfrI&yfyg ? (29 ZGef 1956) pm 3 121/ wu,fwef;ajz&Sif;MupkdY ? (21 ar 1956) pm 3 122/ wBudrfowday;vkduf&jyefonf ? (3 pufwifbm 1956) pm 3 123/ wckwnf;aomxGufayguf ? (18 pufwifbm 1956) pm 3 124/ w&m;oavm ? (31 ar 1956) pm 3 125/ w½kwfjynfESifhtwlwnfaea&; ? (9 ZGef 1956) pm 3 126/ w½kwfjynfESifhtm&yfEkdifiHrsm; ? (29 ar 1956) pm 3 127/ w½kwfArmcspfMunfa&; ? (2 Mo*kwf 1956) pm 3 128/ wuúokdvfwm0efcHrsm;okdY ? (24 Zlvkdif 1956) pm 3 129/ 11 ESpfjynfh [D½kd&SD;rm;aeY ? (6 Mo*kwf 1956) pm 3 130/ xDukdomykdírJvmvdrfhOD;rnf ? (20 pufwifbm 1956) pm 3 131/ 'Da&tvm;wufaeykH ? (23 pufwifbm 1956) pm 3 114

132/ "eo[m,yl;wGJjyefwrf; ? (9 Zlvkdif 1956) pm 3 133/ aeYaphaeNyDjzpfonfh ukdvkdeDpepfqkd; ? (21 ZGef 1956) pm 3 134/ eef&SefuRef;ta&; ? (22 ZGef 1956) pm 3 135/ aESmifBuKd; ygryg wcgxyfí jrif&jyefNyD ? (27 Zlvkdif 1956) pm 3 136/ yrnwnDvmcHokdY ? (28 Mo*kwf 1956) pm 3 137/ ygupöweftpkd;&opf ? (14 pufwifbm 1956) pm 3 138/ yDyDjrnfjrnfaxmufcHyg ? (15 Mo*kwf 1956) pm 3 139/ ay;um;ay;\ r&yg ? (20 Zlvkdif 1956) pm 3 140/ ykdíqkd;vmaom em*ta&; ? (28 ZGef 1956) pm 3 141/ ayguf½IH;jzpf&NyD ? (6 Zlvkdif 1956) pm 3 142/ yifv,ful;oabFmvkyfief; ? (8 ZGef 1956) pm 3 143/ jyif;jyaomwrf;wcsuf ? (13 ZGef 1956) pm 3 144/ jyif;xefaomajrivsif ? (18 Zlvkdif 1956) pm 3 145/ jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;vrf;pOf 2 &yf ? (25 pufwifbm 1956) pm 3 146/ jynfolUvTwfawmfwGif;rS arwåmw&m; ? (7 pufwifbm 1956) pm 3 147/ Armhvufa0SYESifh vmrnfhtkdvHypf ? (21 Mo*kwf 1956) pm 3 148/ AkdvfcsKyfwkdYusqkH;onfhaeY ? (19 Zlvkdif 1956) pm 3 149/ b0ukd t½IH;ay;olrsm;okdY ykdí axmufyHhpkdY ? (11 pufwifbm 1956) pm 3 150/ bmwmpepfESifhArmhvGwfvyfa&; ? (7 ZGef 1956) pm 3 151/ bmvkyfMurvJ ? (12 pufwifbm 1956) pm 3 152/ b,folawGu Ncdrf;ajcmufovJ ? (25 Mo*kwf 1956) pm 3 153/ rMunfvifaomtem*wf ? (2 ZGef 1956) pm 3 154/ rl 2 rlESifh tcsKyftjcmtmPm ? (23 Mo*kwf 1956) pm 3 115

155/ rJvbkef; tkdvHypf ? (28 pufwifbm 1956) pm 3 156/ rufx&pfatmifpm&if;awG xGufawmhrnf ? (4 ZGef 1956) pm 3 157/ rifZDrpf&Sif ? (29 Mo*kwf 1956) pm 3 158/ rpöwmae½l;ESifh vef'efuGefz&ifh ? (10 Mo*kwf 1956) pm 3 159/ rnfolrQ rprf;oyfpwrf;[k aMunmyg ? (12 Zlvkdif 1956) pm 3 160/ rEÅav;ESifh jrLeDpy,f ? (4 Mo*kwf 1956) pm 3 161/ ref;jrL trIxrf;rsm;ta&; ? (17 pufwifbm 1956) pm 3 162/ rdef;rwkdYtcGifhta&; ? (26 pufwifbm 1952) pm 3 163/ rEÅav;NrKdUwGif;vrf;rsm; ? (17 Mo*kwf 1956) pm 3 164/ ,ckESpf 0gqkdvjynfh ? (21 Zlvkdif 1956) pm 3 165/ ,aeY*syefjynf ? (25 pufwifbm 1952) pm 3 166/ ,aeYjynfolUaq;½kHrsm; ? (20 ZGef 1956) pm 3 167/ ,aeYtar&duef ? (22 Mo*kwf 1956) pm 3 168/ ,lbDatat ? (3 Zlvkdif 1956) pm 3 169/ a&ab;ukd txl;owdxm;Mu&ef ? (5 Zlvkdif 1956) pm 3 170/ &JESifh 0efxrf;pdwf ? (5 ZGef 1956) pm 3 171/ &efpG,f&efokwfukdEIwfypfEkdifrSat;rnf ? (27 Mo*kwf 1956) pm 3 172/ &,fp&mjzpfatmif rvkyfoifh ? (14 Mo*kwf 1956) pm 3 173/ vlemrsm;rcHcsNyD ? (28 Zlvkdif 1956) pm 3 174/ vlESifht*FgN*Kdvf ? (4 pufwifbm 1956) pm 3 175/ vlrsKd;pka&G;aumufyGJ ? (21 ar 1956) pm 3 176/ vlowf0g'pGefYvTwfMu ? (30 ZGef 1956) pm 3 177/ vlUorkdif;\BuKH&cJaom tkH~uGrIBuD;w&yf ? (18 Mo*kwf 1956) pm 3 178/ vlUtajrmufqHrsm; ? (24 pufwifbm 1952) pm 3 116

179/ avaMumif;twwf ? (1 Mo*kwf 1956) pm 3 180/ avwyfrawmfaeYzdwfMum;csuf ? (30 ar 1956) pm 3 181/ av,mOfc&D pdwfcs&a&; ? (13 Mo*kwf 1956) pm 3 182/ avmjynfolokdY ? (11 Mo*kwf 1956) pm 3 183/ vufeufavQmhaygha&; ,aeYtajctae ? (1 ZGef 1956) pm 3 184/ vGwfvyfa&;ay;&rnf ? (6 ZGef 1956) pm 3 185/ owdBuD;pGm&SdbkdYvkdNyD ? (9 Mo*kwf 1956) pm 3 186/ orwtkdufqifa[mif0g ? (13 Zlvkdif 1956) pm 3 187/ omoem 2500 ESifh Arm ? (23 ar 1956) pm 3 188/ oD[kdVf - owd ? (18 ZGef 1956) pm 3 189/ olvQkKdawGukdowdxm; ? (30 Mo*kwf 1956) pm 3 190/ ao'Pftjypf ? (12 ZGef 1956) pm 3 191/ oufomacsmifcsda&;jzpfrnfavm ? (16 Zlvkdif 1956) pm 3 192/ okH;buftjrif ? (12 ar 1956) pm 3 193/ tcsKyfusw&m;cHrsm; ? (19 ZGef 1956) pm 3 194/ tajccHjrefrmbmom ? (11 ZGef 1956) pm 3 195/ tpkd;&opf\0g' ? (15 ZGef 1956) pm 3 196/ tar&duef\ wynfhcHrI ? (10 pufwifbm 1956) pm 3 197/ trSwfrxifa~uG&Smonfh Mu,fwyGifh (jrajcusif; raiGNrKdif) ? (26 pufwifbm 1956) pm 3 198/ t&m&SdBuD;rsm;odatmif rnfokdYjyKMurnfenf; ? (7 Zlvkdif 1956) pm 3 199/ t½kyfqkd;aomtzrf;tqD; ? (5 pufwifbm 1956) pm 3 200/ ta&SUawmiftm&SEkdifiHrsm; ? (31 Mo*kwf 1956) pm 3 201/ touf 120 ausmf &Snfapa&; ? (1 pufwifbm 1956) pm 3 117

202/ toQifOD;0dpm&okdY ? (22 pufwifbm 1956) pm 3 203/ tm&Stmz&duausmif;om;nDvmcH ? (14 ar 1956) pm 3 204/ tm;rusbJaernfr[kwfay ? (7 Mo*kwf 1956) pm 3 205/ tD*spfuomatmifyGJcHvdrfhrnf ? (31 Zlvkdif 1956) pm 3 206/ tD'iftpkd;&\ rvdr®mrIrsm; ? (15 ar 1956) pm 3 207/ at;csrf;pGmajyvnfrnfhtvm;tvm ? (20 Mo*kwf 1956) pm 3 208/ tkd;eif;cGufeif;tar&duef ? (16 ZGef 1956) pm 3 209/ t,f*sD;&D;,m;ta&; ? (26 ar 1956) pm 3 210/ t,f'DwmcsKyfa&TOa'gif;zrf;onfhudpö ? (11 ar 1956) pm 3 4/ aqmif;yg;rsm; 4 ? 1 / c&D;oGm; 211/ urmau;u a&vkyfom; ? ½Iaxmifh ? trSwf 49 ( 1 {NyD 1971) pm 9-10 ?

212/ uRefrjrifawGUcJh&aom uav;rsm;tzkdY pmtkyfxkwfa0&mXme ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 43 (Ekd0ifbm 1953) pm 30-35 213/ w½kwfjynfwGif rD;&xm;ESifh c&D;oGm;cJhpOfu ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 96 ('D 1954) pm 10-11 ? 22 ? 28 / 214/ w½kwfjynf rD;&xm;ay:0,f ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 83 (puf 1957) pm 5-6 ? w½kwfbkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;rsm;okdY a&mufcJhpOfu ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 49 (ar 1954) pm 11? 32 215/ awmifom ? pE´mr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 149 (ar 1985) pm 12-16 ? 46 118

216/ xef;awmifol ? vkHrav;r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 5 trSwf 3 ? (rwf 1989) pm 104 - 106 217/ a':BuD;pkd;wkdY&GmokdY ? pHy,fjzLr*¾Zif; ? (Zefe0g&D 1986) pm 53 - 56 218/ ----- ? pHy,fjzLr*¾Zif; ? (azaz:0g&D 1986) pm 105 - 109 219/ ----- ? pHy,fjzLr*¾Zif; ? (rwf 1986) pm 43 - 47 220/ ebwfBuD;&Gmu vlxkausmif; ? ½Iaxmifh*sme,f ? rSwf 51 (ar 1971) pm 6 - 8 ? 10 / 221/ ewfa&uef ? pHy,fjzLr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 26 (azaz:0g&D 1987) pm 126 129 222/ -----(2) ? pHy,fjzLr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 27 (rwf 1987) pm 68 - 71 223/ -----(3) ? pHy,fjzLr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 28 ({NyD 1987) pm 61 - 64 224/ -----(4) ? pHy,fjzLr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 29 (ar 1987) pm 74 - 76 225/ ycef;ewfyGJokdY ? pE´m ? rSwf 184 (Zlvkdif 1984) pm 36 - 40 226/ ----- ? pE´m ? rSwf 185 (Mo*kwf 1984) pm 20 - 24 227/ ----- ? pE´m ? rSwf 186 (pufwifbm 1984) pm 14 - 15 228/ yxrqkH;tBudrfvkyfwJhyGJ ? yef½kyfpkHr*¾Zif; ? (azaz:0g&D 1988) pm 77 - 80 / 229/ yGJawmfukdoGm;Mur,fvkdY ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 42 ? (atmufwkdbm 1953) pm 3 ? 37 - 39 / 230/ rnDrQaom wkd;wufjcif; ? uarÇmZr*¾Zif; ? 1987 - 88 ? pm 25 28 231/ armfpukdwd&pämef½kHrS acG;jcaoFhESifhusm; ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 44 ('DZifbm 1953) pm 12 - 14 / 232/ a&&Sm;vSwJh uHNrJZ*srf; ? ½Ir0 ? wGJ 26 ? rSwf 301 ? ({NyD 1973) pm 119

33 - 40 ? 172 - 183 233/ vufayGUtdwfaysmufwJhyGJ ? vlxk*Sme,f ? rSwf 45 ? (Zef 1953) pm 28 - 30 / 234/ vIyf&Sm;EkdifawmhNyDjzpfaom&JwkdufBuD; ? csufjynfwGif;&Sdcsm;&fbmPDwm;rif; &JwkdufBuD;twGif;rS ya'o&mZfacwf jrifuGif;rsm; / vlxk*sme,f ? (rwf 1950) pm 14 - 16 ? 25 / 235/ ----- ? aoG;aomufr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 425 ? (ar 1980) 236/ ----- ? aoG;aomufr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 426 ? (ZGef 1980) 237/ ----- ? aoG;aomufr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 427 ? (Zlvkdif 1980) 238/ ----- ? aoG;aomufr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 428 ? (Mo*kwf 1980) pm 175 180 239/ ----- ? aoG;aomufr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 429 ? (pufwifbm 1980) pm 59 - 61 240/ owif;BuD;onfh csif;wGif;c&D; ? aoG;aomuf ? rSwf 430 (atmufwkdbm 1980) pm 43 - 48 241/ tnmolrsm;yifv,foGm; ? pE´m ? rSwf 177 ('DZifbm 1983) pm 27 30 242/ ----- ? pE´m ? rSwf 178 (Zefe0g&D 1984) pm 8 - 15 243/ ----- ? pE´m ? rSwf 179 (azazmf0g&D 1984) pm 29 - 34 244/ ----- ? pE´m ? rSwf 180 (rwf 1984) pm 18 - 21 245/ ----- ? pE´m ? rSwf 181 ({NyD 1984) pm 181 - 190 246/ ----- ? pE´m ? rSwf 182 (ar 1984) pm 26 - 32 247/ ----- ? pE´m ? rSwf 169 ({NyD 1983) pm 25 - 38 248/ ----- ? pE´m ? rSwf 170 (ar 1983) pm 9 - 15 120

249/ ----- ? pE´m ? rSwf 171 (ZGef 1983) pm 19 - 22 250/ ----- ? pE´m ? rSwf 172 (Zlvkdif 1983) pm 26 - 30 251/ ----- ? pE´m ? rSwf 173 (Mo*kwf 1983) pm 22 - 26 252/ ----- ? pE´m ? rSwf 174 (pufwifbm 1983) pm 40 - 43 253/ ----- ? pE´m ? rSwf 175 (atmufwkdbm 1983) pm 38 - 43 254/ ----- ? pE´m ? rSwf 176 (Ekd0ifbm 1983) pm 31 - 36 255/ tr,frifhbefaumufNrKdUawmf ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 40 ? (Mo*kwf 1953) pm 16 -18 / 256/ ta&SU*smreDowif;pmynm r[mXmea&mufcJhpOfu ? ukd,fawGUowif;pmynm ? &efukef ? yif;,pmay ? 1962 ? pm 413 - 438 4 ? 2 / pme,fZif; 257/ yxr[Hom0wD ? [Hom0wDowif;pm (tcsyfykd) ? (1 atmufwkdbm 1969) ? pm C ? "mwfykH ----- / a&Tr*¾Zif; ? wGJ 3 ? rSwf 1 ? (ZGef 1995) pm 70 - 71 258/ r*¾Zdefav;wapmif ? ½Ir0 ? wGJ 24 ? rSwf 274 (ZGef 1970) pm 70 104 ?

----- ? a&Ta'gif;awmifaqmif;yg;rsm; ? rsufESmzkH;yef;csD ukdukdav; / rEÅav; ? vlxk-BuD;yGm;a&; ? Zlvkdif 1975 / 315 pm ? ½kyfykHrsm; ? 18 pifwD / 259/ NrKdUe,fr*¾Zif;&JUwefzkd; ? armfvkdufr*¾Zif; / 'DZifbm 1989 / 260/ vGrf;rdygw,f ? uvsmr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 2 ? (azazmf0g&D 1985) pm 75 261/ owif;pm ? vlxk*sme,f ? wGJ 1 ? rSwf 3 (1 pufwifbm 1950) ? pm 20 - 24 121

262/ owif;pma[mif; ? *sme,fa[mif; ? jynfolwkdY\pum;jyef ? rEÅav; ?

[Hom0wDowif;pmwkduf / 1970 ? pm 46 - 52 263/ owif;axmufAdrmef ? rkd;*sme,f ? wGJ 2 ? rSwf 12 (Zef 1993) pm 105 - 108 / 264/ owif;a[mif; ? rEÅav;q&mtwwfoifodyÜHESpfvnfpmapmif ? 1965 ? pm 148 - 154 / ----- ? a&Ta'gif;awmifaqmif;yg;rsm; ? rsufESmzkH;yef;csD ukdukdav; / rEÅav; ? vlxk-BuD;yGm;a&; ? Zlvkdif 1975 / 315 pm ? ½kyfykHrsm; ? 18 pifwD / 4 ? 3 / pmaya&;&m 265/ uav;rsm;tzkdY pmaywJh ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 31 (Ekd0ifbm 1952) pm 8-9/ 266/ urÇmYtBuD;qkH;pmtkyf ? vlUrdwfaqGpmtkyf ? rEÅav; ? vlxk BuD;yGm;a&; ? ar 1973 ? "mwfykHrsm; / 416 pm / 21 pifwD ?

267/ *EÅ0ifrSm &Sm;r,fhpmtkyf ? awmf0if*sme,f ? wGJ 1 ? rSwf 3 (rwf 1994) pm 94 - 97 ?

268/ pmrSefatmifa&;MupkdY ? pmay*sme,f ? wGJ 2 ? rSwf 1 ? (pufwifbm 1994) pm 29 - 31 ?

269/ pma&;Muw,fqkdwm ? pmay*sme,f ? wGJ 2 ? rSwf 2 (atmufwkdbm 1994) pm 57 - 59 / 270/ pmtkyfqkdifu vl0ifvlxGuf (1) ? tawG;tjrif ? rSwf 75 ? (Zefe0g&D 1992) pm 100 - 103 / 271/ -----(2) ? tawG;tjrif ? rSwf 76 ? (azazmf0g&D 1992) pm 120 122

121 / 272/ -----(3) ? tawG;tjrif ? rSwf 77 (rwf 1992) pm 125 - 130 273/ -----(4) ? tawG;tjrif ? rSwf 80 (ZGef+Zlvkdif 1992) pm 40 - 43 274/ -----(5) ? tawG;tjrif ? rSwf 82 (pufwifbm 1992) pm 97 100 275/ -----(6) ? tawG;tjrif ? rSwf 83 (atmufwkdbm 1992) 276/ -----(7) ? ukd,fykdifpmtkyfpiform; ? tawG;tjrif ? rSwf 84 (Ekd0ifbm 1992) pm 90 - 93 277/ -----(8) ? pmMunfhwkdufwckxDaygufjcif; ? tawG;tjrif ? rSwf 85 ? ('DZifbm 1992) pm 8 - 11 278/ -----(9) ? *sme,fawGvlzwfrsm;vSw,f ? tawG;tjrif ? rSwf 86 (Zefe0g&D 1993) pm 106 - 107 279/ -----(10) wrf;waeMuwJh pmtkyfa[mif;rsm; ? tawG;tjrif ? rSwf 88 ? (rwf 1993) 280/ -----(11) ckrSxGufvmwJh pmtkyf 2 tkyf ? tawG;tjrif ? rSwf 89 ({NyD 1993) pm 17 - 20 281/ -----(12) acwfay:pmtkyfrsm; ? tawG;tjrif ? rSwf 90 (ar 1993) pm 14 - 16 282/ -----(13) owif;pmrsm;t単Tef; 2 tkyf ? tawG;tjrif ? rSwf 91 (ZGef 1993) pm 13 - 16 283/ -----(14) ? tawG;tjrif ? rSwf 92 ? (Zlvkdif 1993) 284/ -----(15) t&yfom;vnf;zwfoifhwJhpmtkyf ? tawG;tjrif ? rSwf 94 (pufwifbm 1993) pm 17 - 19 285/ -----(16) ta&mif;&qkH; pm 2 tkyf ? tawG;tjrif ? rSwf 95 123

(atmufwkdbm 1993) pm 94 - 96 286/ -----(17) jrefrm-t*Fvdyftbd"mef ? tawG;tjrif ? rSwf 96 (Ekd0ifbm 1993) pm 20 - 22 287/ -----(18) ynmoifMum;a&; tulpmtkyfrsm; ? tawG;tjrif ? rSwf 101 ? (ZGef 1994) 288/ -----(19) umwGef;aygif;csKyfpmtkyfrsm; ? tawG;tjrif ? rSwf 102 ?

(Zlvkdif 1994) pm 29 - 31 289/ -----(20) aq;vdyfeJYpme,fZif; ? tawG;tjrif ? rSwf 103 ?

(Mo*kwf 1994) pm 17 - 19 290/ -----(21) jrawmifomoem ESpf 100 jynfhorkdif; ? tawG;tjrif ? rSwf 104 (pufwifbm + atmufwkdbm 1995) pm 69 - 72 291/ -----(22) vGrf;olwkdYpm ? tawG;tjrif ? rSwf 105 (Ekd0ifbm 1994) pm 38 - 41 292/ -----(23) pmtkyfaumif;av; wtkyf ? tawG;tjrif ? rSwf 106 (azazmf0g&D 1995) pm 17 - 19 293/ -----(24) Aef;armfwifatmif&JUvuf&mwtkyf ? tawG;tjrif ? rSwf 111 (ar 1995) pm 22 - 23 294/ -----(25) &Gufykef;oD;av;vkyfaevkdYrjzpfawmhwJhudpö? tawG;tjrif ? rSwf 112 ? (ZGef 1995) pm 96 - 98 295/ -----(26) acwfpma&;q&mrsm;taMumif; waphwapmif; ? tawG;tjrif ? rSwf 114 (Mo + puf 1995) pm 96 - 98 / 296/ rBuKdufwJhpum;vkH; tokH;tEIH;rsm; ? pmay*sme,f ? wGJ 2 ? rSwf 6 ? (azazmf0g&D 1995) pm 39 - 40 297/ jrefrmpum; ? pHy,fjzLr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 31 (Zlvkdif 1987) 41 - 43 124

298/ a&;p&mawGaygvkdufygbd ? ½Iaxmifh*sme,f rSwf 59 ? (pufwifbm 1970) pm 8 - 9 ? 18 / 299/ &Srf;ajrvwfu wkdif;&if;om;uAsm ? [Hom0wDowif;pm ? 6 'DZifbm 1971 ? pm 2 300/ [kdcsDrif;\ tusOf;axmifu ykavGoH uAsmrsm; ? vlxkowif;pm ?

(12 {NyD 1966) 301/ tEkynmpmtkyfawGukd bm&nf&G,fcsufeJYa&;ovJ ? pmay*sme,f ? trSwf 5 (ZGef 1989) pm 121 - 125 / 302/ tw¦KyÜwådpmay ? paepmay0kdif; ? rEÅav; ? [Hom0wDowif;pmwkduf ?

1976 ? pm 57 - 66 303/ tw¦KyÜwåda&;r,fqkd&if ? pmay*sme,f ? wGJ 2 ? rSwf 5 (Zefe0g&D 1995) pm 43 - 46 304/ tw¦KyÜwådta&;aumif; ? ½Ir0 ? (ar 1987) ? 71 - 72 4 ? 4 / pD;yGm;a&; 305/ jrefrmhuRef;om; ? "er*¾Zif; ? wGJ 4 ? rSwf 5 (atmufwkdbm 1993) pm 38 - 41 306/ jrefrmhqifzrf;enf;rsm; ? "er*¾Zif; ? wGJ 4 ? rSwf 7 ('DZifbm ?

Zefe0g&D - 1993-94) pm 100 - 103 307/ jrefrmhopfawm&JUtBuD;qkH;&wemqif ? "er*¾Zif; ? wGJ 4 ? rSwf 6 (Ekd0ifbm 1993) pm 112 - 115 308/ jrefrmhopfawm&wem ? tckacwfqifzrf;enf; ? "er*¾Zif; ? wGJ 4 ? rSwf 8 ? (azazmf0g&D 1994) pm 114 - 117 ----- ? &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; qiftrsKd;tpm;rsm; ? "er*¾Zif; ? wGJ 4 ? rSwf 9 125

(rwf 1994) pm 20 - 23 309/ jrefrmhom;a&zdeyf ? "er*¾Zif; ? wGJ 4 ? rSwf 11 (ar 1994) pm 90 94 310/ vufzufajcmufvkyfief; ? "er*¾Zif; ? wGJ 2 (Zefe0g&D 1992) pm 128 - 135 311/ vufzufajcmufvkyfief; ? vufzufcl;orm; ? "er*¾Zif; ? wGJ 2 ? rSwf 9 (azazmf0g&D 1992) pm 62 - 67 312/ vufzufvkyfief; ? "er*¾Zif; ? wGJ 2 ? rSwf 6 (atmufwkdbm 1991) pm 152 - 154 313/ oeyfzufvkyfief; (2) ? "er*¾Zif; ? wGJ 2 ? rSwf 5 (pufwifbm 1991) pm 154 - 158 4 ? 5 / aps;eJYyGJawmfaps; 314/ aps; ? rEÅav;wuúokdvfESpfvnfpmapmif ? (1969 - 70) pm 202 237 / ----- ? pE´mr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 25 ({NyD 1971) pm 153 - 158 / ----- ? a&Ta'gif;awmifaqmif;yg;rsm; ? rEÅav; ? vlxk-BuD;yGm;a&; ?

1975 ? pm 100 - 115 / 315/ aps;bk&m;yGJac:wJh ajrmifbk&m;yGJBuD; ? "er*¾Zif; ? wGJ 4 ? rSwf 1 (ZGef 1993) pm 136 - 139 316/ 12 yGJ aps;onf ? "er*¾Zif; ? wGJ 3 ? rSwf 8 (Zefe0g&D 1993) pm 96 - 98 317/ yckuúLoD[kdVf&Sifbk&m;yGJawmf ? "er*¾Zif; ? wGJ 3 ? rSwf 10 (rwf 1993) pm 96 - 98 126

318/ rvGefaps;u aps;aumuf ? "er*¾Zif; ? wGJ 3 ? rSwf 2 (Zlvkdif 1992) pm 80 - 84 319/ rvIdifyef;tkdifa&TrkaXmbk&m;yGJ ? "er*¾Zif; ? wGJ 3 ? rSwf 9 (azazmf0g&D 1993) pm 134 - 137 320/ rEÅav;u rvGefaps; ? "er*¾Zif; ? wGJ 3 ? rSwf 1 ? (ZGef 1992) pm 36 - 40 321/ rEÅav;aps;csKdawmf ? "er*¾Zif; ? wGJ 1 ? rSwf 4 (puf 1992) pm 162 - 163 322/ rEÅav;aps;csKdawmf a&Tqkdifwef; ? "er*¾Zif; ? wGJ 3 ? rSwf 12 (ar 1993) pm 52 - 55 323/ a&Tpm&H ? pHy,fjzLr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 62 (Zefe0g&D 1991) pm 92 - 97 324/ a&TbkdNrKdUaxmifhapwDyGJ ? "er*¾Zif; ? wGJ 4 ? rSwf 2 (Zlvkdif 1993) pm 29 - 31 325/ a&Tav;bk&m; &mjynfhyGJ ? rkd;*sme,f ? wGJ 4 ? rSwf 1 ? (azazmf0g&D 1994) pm 118 - 120 326/ vGrf;p&mhaps;csKd ? "er*¾Zif; ? wGJ 3 ? rSwf 6 ? (Ekd0ifbm 1992) pm 73 – 76 4 ? 6 / ½kyfykHvTmrsm; 4 ? 6 ? 1 / ½kyfykHvTm-pmay (ykyÜg;OD;ausmf&if) 327/ ykyÜg;OD;ausmf&ifESifh odyÜHarmif0\ b0c&D;Murf; ? tkd;a0*sme,f ? rSwf 82 (Zefe0g&D 1972) pm 7 - 8 127

(Z0e) 328/ ol&Sdprf;apcsifonf (Z0e) ? pHy,fjzLr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 3 ? (rwf 1985) pm 17 - 20 (aZ,s) 329/ yg&rDjznfhzuf (aZ,s) ? jr&nfeE´mrdw¦Dvmr*¾Zif; ? (azazmf0g&D 1984) pm 35 - 38 (aZmf*sD) 330/ trsKd;om;pmqkd aZmf*sD ? ra[oDr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 73 (Ekd0ifbm 1991) pm 104 - 106 ----- ? q&maZmf*sDtrSwfw&pmpkrsm; ? &efukef ? tm;rmefopf ? Zlvkdif 1994 / pm 11 - 14 (ndKjr) 331/ ukdnKdjr ? pHy,fjzLr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 10 (Ekd0ifbm 1985) pm 137 - 150 332/ aMumfjim (nKdjr) ? a&;oljrrÍÆL ? taemufoGm;nKdjr EIwfqufpmwrf; ? rsufESmzkH;yef;csD OD;nDnD ? &efukef ? BuD;yGm;a&; ? Zlvkdif 1939 / 333/ touf 80 jynfhwJhnKdjr ? ra[oDr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 116 (ZGef 1994) pm 146 - 148 / (eDarmif) 334/ tapmBuD;cGJoGm;wJheDarmif ? rkd;*sme,f ? wGJ 4 ? rSwf 11 ('DZifbm 1994) ? pm 113 - 114 / (yDrkd;eif;) 335/ ynmtvif;u ykdufqHBuD; ? yDrkd;eif;\b0ESifhpmay ? &efukef ? yDrkd;eif;txdrf;trSwfjzpfajrmufa&;aumfrwD ? 1973 / pm 207 - 240 / (pavOD;ykn) 128

336/ pavOD;ykn ? vlxkowif;pm (16 rwf 1963) (ay:OD;ouf) 336/ (u) ? armifay:OD;a& ? ay:OD;ouf ? rsufESmzkH;yef;csD ay:OD;ouf ? pmayavmupmtkyfwkduf (Zef 1994) / (a':rmvm) 337/ i,foli,fcsif;pma&;q&mr rmvm ? ra[oDr*¾Zif; ? (atmufwkdbm 1991) pm 110 - 115 338/ ESajrmp&m a':rmvm ? rkd;*sme,f ? wGJ 2 ? rSwf 10 (Edk0ifbm 1992) pm 125 - 127 (rkd;rkd;(tif;vsm;)) 339/ orD;av;rrkd;a& ? ayzl;vTm ? rSwf 103 ({NyD 1990) pm 24 - 25 340/ rkd;rkd;tif;vsm;twGuf tarhvufaqmif ? pHy,fjzLr*¾Zif;? rSwf 53 (ar 1990) pm 44 / (OD;jr) 341/ ausmufpm0efa[mif;OD;jr ? vlUrdwfaqGpmtkyf ? rEÅav; ? vlxkBuD;yGm;a&;? 1973 ? pm 410 - 416 / ----- ? av;rsufESmr*¾Zif; ? 1987 ? pm 64 - 67 / 342/ pmayynm&Sif bBuD;jr ? pE´m½kyfpkHr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 49 ({NyD 1973) pm 41 - 48 ----- ? [Hom0wDowif;pm ? (24 Zefe0g&D 1974) pm 84 (jrrsKd;vGif) 343/ q&mBuD; jrrsKd;vGif ? a&T0wf&nfr*¾Zif; ? trSwf 1 (Zefe0g&D 1990) pm 28 - 35 ? 47 / 344/ q&mjrrsKd;vGif&JUb0ed*kH; ? tkd;a0*sme,f ? rSwf 52 (atmufwkdbm 129

1970) pm 20 - 21 / (q&mBuD;ocifukd,fawmfrIdif;) 345/ q&mBuD;ajymjywJha&S;a[mif;aESmif;jzpfrsm; ? ½Ia'gifh*sme,f ? rSwf 9 (31 Zlvkdif 1969) pm 20 - 22 ? 38 / ----- ? ocifukd,fawmfrIdif;&mjynfhr*¾Zif; ? atmufwkdbm 1976 ? pm 34 - 38 / 346/ q&mBuD;ocifukd,fawmfrIdif;&JUpmaya0zefa&; ? pmaytiftm; ?txufArmEkdifiHpma&;q&mtoif; ? rEÅav; ? vlxk-BuD;yGm;a&; ? 1971 / pm 141 - 183 / ----- ? pE´mr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 83 ({NyD 1978) pm 142 - 153 ----- ? pE´mr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 84 (ar 1978) pm 84 - 95 / 347/ q&mBuD;ocifukd,fawmfrIdif;&JU rkHa&G;aMu;rkH / rkH&GmNrKdU&mjynfharmfuGef;r*¾Zif; ? rwf 1990 / pm 80 - 85 / 348/ q&mBuD;ocifukd,fawmfrIdif; okdYr[kwf Nidrf;csrf;a&;AkdvfcsKyfBuD; ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 48 (27 rwf 1953) pm 21 - 22 ? 36 / 349/ q&mBuD;ocifukd,fawmfrIdif;\BuKd;yrf;rI ? vlxkowif;pm ? (27 Zlvkdif 1964) pm 3 / 350/ q&mBuD;ocifukd,fawmfrIdif;\tdyfruf ? vlxkowif;pm (23 rwf 1963) 351/ xl;jcm;wJh jrawmifausmif;om;BuD; ? jrawmifomoemESpfw&m ?

(Zefe0g&D 1983) pm 26 - 28 / 352/ rdzk&m;acgifBuD;eJYq&mBuD;ocifukd,fawmfrIdif; ? rkd;a0r*¾Zif; ? ({NyD 1980)

130

(a&TjynfOD;bwif) 353/ a&Tjynfq&mBuD;OD;bwif ? "er*¾Zif; ? wGJ 5 ? rSwf 2 ? (pufwifbm 1994) pm 26 - 29 / 354/ uRefrwkdYq&m q&ma&Tjynf ? "er*¾Zif; ? wGJ 5 ? rSwf 3 ? (atmufwkdbm 1994) pm 56 - 59 355/ q&mBuD; a&TjynfOD;bwif (1894-1964) ? olUb0waphwapmif; ? "er*¾Zif; ? wGJ 5 ? rSwf 4 (Ekd0ifbm 1994) pm 106 - 110 / 356/ a&Tjynfq&mBuD; OD;bwif (4) ? "er*¾Zif; ? wGJ 5 ? rSwf 5 ('DZifbm 1994) pm 40 - 43 / (a&Tukdif;om;) 357/ uRefrwkdYodwJh OD;aombdw ? &wemrGefr*¾Zif; ? wGJ 14 ? rSwf 9 (pufwifbm 1987) pm 13 - 16 ? 18 - 20/ 358/ ----- ? &wemrGefr*¾Zif; ? wGJ 14 ? rSwf 10 (atmufwkdbm 1987) pm 25 - 28 / 359/ ----- ? &wemrGefr*¾Zif; ? wGJ 14 ? rSwf 11 (Ekd0ifbm 1987) pm 40 - 45 ? 48 / 360/ ----- ? &wemrGefr*¾Zif; ? wGJ 14 ? rSwf 12 ('DZifbm 1987) pm 16 - 20 / 361/ uRefrwkdYodwJh a&Tukdif;om; OD;aombdw ? cs,f&Dr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 85 ?

(Ekd0ifbm 1993) ? pm 122 - 127 / 362/ ----- ? ? cs,f&Dr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 86 ? ('DZifbm 1993) ? pm 90 - 93 / 363/ uRefrodwJh OD;aombdw (a&Tukdif;om;) ouFef;qD;oGm;awmh ? awmf0if*sme,f ? wGJ 2 ? rSwf 4 ({NyD 1995) pm 65 - 67 / 131

364/ ----- ? a&Tukdif;om;&JUuavmif ? awmf0if*sme,f ? wGJ 2 ? rSwf 6 (ZGef 1995) pm 68 - 70 / 365/ ----- ? a&Tukdif;om;eJUAdokumynm ? awmf0if*sme,f ? wGJ 2 ? rSwf 7 (Mo*kwf 1995) pm 43 - 46 / 366/ BuKd;yrf;íatmifjrifcJhol ? yef;csDq&m ? "mwfykHq&mESifh pma&;q&m a&Tukdif;om; ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 30 (atmufwkdbm 1952) pm 17 ? 20 / 367/ a&Tukdif;om;q&mawmf ? ½Ir0r*¾Zif; ? rSwf 484 ? (pufwifbm 1987) pm 91 - 94 / (a&TOa'gif;) 368/ q&mBuD;a&TOa'gif;&mjynfhyGJ ? pmay*sme,f ? trSwf 4 ? (rwf 1989) pm 14 - 17 369/ q&mBuD;a&TOa'gif;&JU&Gmrefusnf;wkH ? a&Ta'gif;awmifaqmif;yg;rsm; ? rEÅav;? vlxk-BuD;yGm;a&; ? 1975 ? pm 281 - 299 / (vlxkOD;vS) 370/ pma&;q&m owif;pmq&m vlxkOD;vS ? &eHYopf ? rSwf 3 (atmufwkdbm 1992) pm 142 - 144 / ----- ? vlxktrSwfw& vlxkOD;vS ? rsufESmzkH; 'DZkdif; ql;iSuf / rEÅav;? vlxk-BuD;yGm;a&; ? Mo*kwf 1994 / 162 pm ? 18 pifwD ? tkyfa& 1000 ?

45 usyf / 371/ arG;aeYvufaqmif ? vlxkcspforQ vlxkOD;vS ? rEÅav; ? vlxkBuD;yGm;a&; ? Mo*kwf 1984 ? pm 11 - 21 / 372/ vlxkOD;vS&JU r*Fvmpum; ? uvsmr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 93 (Ekd0ifbm 1992) pm 18 - 20 /

132

(okc) 373/ q&mBuD; OD;okcarG;aeY ? ra[oDr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 101 (rwf 1991) pm 124 - 128 / 374/ q&mokc OD;aygif;usm;ESifh jrif;usm;&Sif ? ayzl;vTm ? rSwf 110 ('DZifbm 1990) ? pm 78 - 81 / (odyÜHarmif0) 375/ odyÜHarmif0 trSwfw& ESpf 50 yGJ ? ra[oDr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 94 (Mo*kwf 1992) pm 108 - 111 / (0if;OD;) 375/ u/ ukd0if;OD; ? pE´mr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 234 ? ({NyD 1989) pm 10 / (tjcm;pma&;q&mrsm;) 376/ urÇmausmf axmifrif;om;BuD; ae½l; ? a&;ol cifv0if; ?

BuD;yGm;a&;r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 4 ? rSwf 9 (ZGef 1936) pm 6 / 377/ urÇmausmf tDwmvsHpma&;q&m tDwmvkdumvfADEkd ? pE´mr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 20 ? ('DZifbm 1985) pm 163 - 164 / 378/ pma&;q&mBuD;rsm;&JUZeD;ESpfa,muf ? rkd;*sme,f ? wGJ 1 ? rSwf 12 ?

(Zefe0g&D 1992) pm 85 - 88 / 379/ pma&;q&mr {nfhonf ? pmayvkyfom; ? rSwf 3 (Zlvkdif 1980) 380/ q&mBuD;bmx&ef&yfqJ ?[Hom0wDowif;pm ? (5 azazmf0g&D 1970) pm 2 381/ q&mBuD;bmx&ef&yfqJ\ rtkdaq;azmfenf;um; ? a&;ol bmx&ef&yfqJ ? bmomjyefol a':trm ? tkd;a0 *sme,f ? rSwf 37 (19 azazmf0g&D 1970) pm 20 - 21 ? 22 / 382/ q&mBuD;bmx&ef&yfqJeJY urÇmYjynfol ? ½Iaxmifh*sme,f ? rSwf 23 133

(28 azazmf0g&D 1970) pm 13 -15 / 383/ w½kwfpma&;q&m vif,lweftay: oabmxm;ykH ? a&;ol vl&Tef; ? bmomjyefol a':trm ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 27 (Zlvkdif 1952) pm 7 / 384/ rEÅav;ol&d,OD;xGef;&if ? rEÅav;ol&d,OD;xGef;&if ESpf (100) jynfh txdrf;trSwf ? &efukef ? apwempmay ? (rkd;Munfpmay) ? 1992 ? pm 5 10 / 385/ &SmrS&Sm; owif;pmq&m (t*¾gpEkd;)? ½Ir0½kyfpkHr*¾Zif; ? wGJ 26 ? rSwf 305 (atmufwkdbm 1952) pm 123 - 130/

('Dae&mrSm trSwfpOf 386 uae 388 aysmufoGm;w,f) 4 ? 6 ? 2 ½kyfykHvTm - pD;yGm;a&; 389/ qef OD;bkd; ? "er*¾Zif; ? wGJ 2 ? rSwf 11 ({NyD 1992) pm 25 - 27 / 390/ rkduform; rkdufolBuD; ? ra[oDr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 49 (Mo*kwf 1988) pm 97 - 100 / 391/ rEÅav;u opfpufykdifOD;omaX; ? "er*¾Zif; ? wGJ 4 ? rSwf 10 ({NyD 1994) pm 68 - 70 / 392/ rEÅav;NrKdUrsufESmzkH; pD;yGm;a&;orm;BuD;rsm; ? olaX;OD;ouf&SnfeJYom;OD;ausmf ? "er*¾Zif; ? rSwf 6 (atmufwkdbm 1990) pm 138 - 142 / 393/ ----- ? &wemykHqDpufOD;odef; ? "er*¾Zif; ? rSwf 8 ('DZifbm 1990) pm 46 - 49 / 394/ ----- ? [oFjy'g;ausmf ? "er*¾Zif; ? rSwf 9 (Zefe0g&D 1991) pm 116 - 119 / 134

395/ ----- ? AE¨KvOD;qkdif ? "er*¾Zif; ? rSwf 1 (ar 1991) pm 93 - 96 / 396/ rEÅav;ol yGJuawmfBuD;awG ? "er*¾Zif; ? rSwf 5 (pufwifbm 1990) pm 104 - 107 / 397/ rEÅav;olBuD;awG ? yef;uefonf a':jr ? "er*¾Zif; ? rSwf 3 (Zlvkdif 1990) pm 134 - 136 / 398/ ----- ? e*g;a':OD; ? "er*¾Zif; ? rSwf 4 ? (Mo*kwf 1990) pm 100 - 101 / 4 ? 6 ? 3 ½kyfykHvTm - yef;csD ? *Dw ? Zmwfobif 398/ u/ ukd0if;OD; ? pE´mr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 234 ({NyD 1989) pm 10/ 399/ urÇmYtEkynmonfBuD; csmvDcsufyvif ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 32 ('DZifbm 1952) pm 8 - 9 ? 18 / 400/ uG,fvGef&Smol aumvdyfpdef a':jrvGif ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 92 ? ('DZifbm 1957) pm 4 ? 6 / 401/ uG,fvGefol OD;b*srf;\ rarhEkdifaomvuf&mrsm; ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 36 (27 rwf 1953) pm 14 - 16 / 402/ csmvDcsufyvifBuD; qkH;&SmNyD ? [Hom0wDowif;pm (30 'DZifbm 1977) pm 2 / 403/ pma&;q&m a&Tref;wifarmif ? aoG;aomufr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 400 (azazmf0g&D 1980) pm 199 - 200 ? 127 - 128/ 404/ ----- ? aoG;aomufr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 411 (rwf 1980) pm 54 - 56 / 405/ ----- ? aoG;aomufr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 412 ({NyD 1980) pm 107 - 108 135

/ 406/ ----- ? aoG;aomufr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 413 (ar 1980) pm 94 - 96 / 407/ ----- ? aoG;aomufr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 414 (ZGef 1980) pm 408/ ----- ? aoG;aomufr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 415 (Zlvkdif 1980) pm 25 - 28 / (409 uae 415 aysmufoGm;jyefNyD) 416/ pdefaA'g&JUESpfpOftvSL ? obifr*¾Zif; / 417/ pdefaA'gBuD;&JU&mjynfhyGJ ? ½Ir0r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 36 ? rSwf 431 (rwf 1983) pm 157 - 162 / 418/ qkdif;NyKdifwD;&mrSm q&mpdefaA'gr½IrvS½IH;wJhyGJ ? obifr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 3 (Zefe0g&D 1984) pm 75 - 77 / 419/ Zmwfq&mOD;zkd;pdefeJYobiftvkyform;wkdufyGJ ? ½Ir0 ? wGJ 23 ? rSwf 270 ('DZifbm 1969) pm 107 - 129 / 420/ ZmwfqefvSwJhrif;orD;pdefvSMunf ? aMu;rkHowif;pm ? (4 atmufwkdbm 1977) pm 3 / 421/ ewfaeukdif;ygrcsefaom OD;b*srf;\vuf&mrsm; ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 37 (ar 1953) pm 24 -25 ? 36 / 422/ eef;awmfa&SUq&mwif ? tawG;tjrif ? rSwf 100 ? ({NyD + ar 1994) pm 108 - 116 / 423/ yef;csDq&mBuD; OD;cifarmif ? yefr*¾Zif; ? wGJ 2 ? rSwf 1 (azazmf0g&D 1984) pm 424/ yef;csDq&mBuD; OD;bouf ? "er*¾Zif; ? wGJ 4 ? rSwf 12 (ZGef 1994) pm 28 - 32 / 425/ ----- ? "er*¾Zif; ? wGJ 5 ? rSwf 1 (Mo*kwf 1994) pm 72 - 77 / 136

426/ raoaom OD;b*srf; ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 35 (rwf 1953) pm 32 35 / 427/ rif;om;ukdzkd;uGef; ? rEÅav;wuúokdvfESpfvnfr*¾Zif; ? 1960 - 61 ? pm 9 - 10 / 428/ jracsusif; raiGNrKdif ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 8 ('DZifbm 1950) pm 31 32 / 429/ a,musfm;rif;orD; arhvefzef; ? obifr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 20 (ZGef 1985) pm 41 - 44 / 430/ ----- ? obifr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 21 (Zlvkdif 1985) pm 37 - 40 / 431/ ----- ? obifr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 22 (Mo*kwf 1985) pm 41 - 44 / 432/ ----- ? obifr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 23 (pufwifbm 1985) 433/ ----- ? obifr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 24 (atmufwkdbm 1985) 434/ &Gmpm;BuD; OD;barmifokdY ? rkd;*sme,f ? wGJ 2 ? rSwf 9 (atmuf 1992) 118 - 120 / 435/ a&Tref;wifarmif&JU Zmwdjyóem ? ½Ir0½kyfpkHr*¾Zif; ? wGJ 24 ? rSwf 286 (rwf 1971) pm 98 - 104 / 436/ a&Tref;wifarmifb0ed*kH;qkH;wJhtcg ? aoG;aomufr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 280 (Zefe0g&D 1970) pm 137 - 141 ? 176 / 437/ vlxka':trma&;wJh a&Tref;wifarmifa0zefa&; ? ½Iaxmifh*sme,f ? rSwf 57 (1 Mo*kwf 1971) pm 29 - 30 / 438/ vl&TifawmfBuD;OD;tkH;oD; ? ra[oDr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 106 (Mo*kwf 1993) ? pm 122 - 125 / 439/ owif;BuD;onfhrif;orD; ? ref;&mjynfhr*¾Zif; ? 1959 ? pm 41 - 48 ?

155 - 157 / 137

owif;BuD;onfhrif;orD;raxG;av; ? yif&if;pum;ajyvufa&G;pif ? &efukef ? ausmif;okH;pmtkyfaumfrwD ? 1967 ? pm 145 - 149 / 440/ obiftEkynm&SifBuD; jracsusif;raiGNrKdif\ b0Zmwfodrf; ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 78 (atmufwkdbm 1956) pm 20 - 21 ? 37 / 441/ obifhOaoQmifBuD;okH;OD;&JU&mjynfhyGJ ? pmayvkyfom; ? rSwf 17 (pufwifbm 1985) pm 352 - 365 / 442/ olUpsmyeukd - ukdwifarmifjrifapcsifprf;vSbdygawmhw,f ? tkd;a0*sme,f ? rSwf 33 ? ('DZifbm 1969) pm 21 - 22 / 443/ tEkynmonfBuD; OD;b*srf;\EkdifiHa&;tjrif ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 38 (ZGef 1953) pm 26 - 27 ? 34 / 444/ t&if;&SifpepfatmufrSm tEkynmonf? okdYr[kwf NrKdUrNidrf; ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 66 (atmufwkdbm 1955) pm 33 - 34 ? 45 / 445/ ----- ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 67 (Ekd0ifbm 1955) pm 11 - 12 ? 38 / 446/ ----- ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 68 ('DZifbm 1955) pm 15 - 16 ? 36 / 447/ ----- ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 69 (Zefe0g&D 1956) pm 20 - 22 / 448/ tbpdefaA'g&JUaemufqkH;yGJrsm; ? obifr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 4 ? (azazmf0g&D 1984) pm 26 - 28 / 449/ at0rf; q&mn§m ? ra[oDr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 100 (azazmf0g&D 1993) pm 142 - 145 / 450/ atmifAv&mjynfhyGJtwGuf&SmykHawmf ? pmayvkyfom; ?

138

4 ? 6 ? 4 ½kyfykHvTm-taxGaxG 451/ urÇmYNidrf;csrf;a&;aumifpD OuúX uG,fvGef&Smol vDeifqk&Sif ygarmu©BuD; *sKd;a,mhusL&D ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 101 (pufwifbm 1958) pm 22 - 23 / 452/ usm;bNidrf;okdYpma~uG; ? ayzl;vTmr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 50 (Zlvkdif 1985) pm 52 - 57 ? 170 - 172/ 453/ uRefrwkdYq&mBuD;eJYvufa0SYtm;upm; ? olUwynfhrsm;uajymjywJhq&mBuD;OD;&mZwf / &efukef ? rEÅav;toif; ? puf 1995 ? pm 7 - 15 / 454/ aeukd&yfí urÇmukdvnfapol ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 41 (pufwifbm 1953) pm 27 - 28 / 455/ bk&m;trBuD; a':vS0kdif; ? "er*¾Zif; ? wGJ 2 ? rSwf 10 (rwf 1992) pm 74 - 77 / 456/ rEÅav;jrawmifausmif;wkduf r[m&wembkrfpHausmif;wkduf trBuD;&JUb0ed*kH; ? jrawmifomoemESpfw&m (Zefe0g&D 1983) pm 38 - 57 / 457/ rEÅav;NrKdU rsufESmzkH; (4) «vlom"kac: ewfom"kac:yk*¾KdvfBuD; OD;aiG» ? "er*¾Zif; ? rSwf 10 (azazmf0g&D 1991) pm 121 - 124 / 458/ rEÅav;NrKdYrsufESmzkH; (5) ? «usufoa&&SdvSwJhvlom; a':OD;ZGef;» ? "er*¾Zif; ? rSwf 11 (rwf 1991) pm 98 (1) - 98 (4) / 459/ rEÅav;NrKdYrsufESmzkH; (6) ? «&GufykH;oD;olawmfpifBuD; OD;ausmfvS» ? "er*¾Zif; ? rSwf 12 ({NyD 1991) pm 91 - 95/ 460/ rEÅav;NrKdYrsufESmzkH; (8) ? «jrefrmAdokumynm&Sif q&mqdkif» ?

139

"er*¾Zif; ? wGJ 2 ? rSwf 3 (Zlvkdif 1991) pm 71 - 75 / 461/ jrawmifausmif;om;a[mif;wOD; ? jrawmifomoemESpfw&m ?

(Zefe0g&D 1983) pm 37 - 38 / 462/ av;pm;tyfwJh rvGefrif;om;BuD; ? "er*¾Ziif; ? wGJ 3 ? rSwf 3 (Mo*kwf 1992) pm 9 - 13 / 4 ? 6 ? 5 ½kyfykHvTm-ukd,fa&;tw¦KyÜwåd (pE´mr*¾Zif;rSm wqufwnf;a&;cJhwJh aqmif;yg;rsm;) 463/ tarhZmwd&yf&Gm ? rSwf 204 (rwf 1986) pm 132 - 134 / 464/ woufrSmwcgBuKHr,f ? rSwf 206 (ar 1986) pm 103 - 105 / 465/ tazeJYtbkd; ? (Zlvkdif 1986) pm 108 - 115 / 466/ rEÅav;utbkd; ? (Mo*kwf 1986) pm 148 - 150 / 467/ rEÅav;eJYyvdyfa&m*g ? (pufwifbm 1986) pm 22 - 26 / 468/ tbGm;a':qkd; ? (atmufwkdbm 1986) pm 92 - 94 / 469/ tbGm;a':&if ? (Ekd0ifbm 1986) pm 99 - 102 / 470/ tbGm;&Sdwkef;ub0 ? ('DZifbm 1986) pm 96 - 99 ? 103 / 471/ jrefrmhuGrf;aq;vufzufeJY {nfh0wfapmif0wf ? (azazmf0g&D 1987) pm 93 - 97 / 472/ iSufaysmyifpkduf rdvkdufzyg ? (rwf 1987) pm 96 - 97 / 473/ tarwkdYacwfEkdifiHa&; ? ({NyD 1987) pm 160 - 164 / 474/ rEÅav;upum; ? (ar 1987) pm 144 - 147 / 475/ tarhtaMumif;waphwapmif; ? (ZGef 1987) pm 129 - 131 / 476/ om; 12 a,muftar ? (Zlvkdif 1987) pm 117 - 120 / 140

477/ ausmif;om;b0 ? (pufwifbm 1987) pm 41 - 43 / 478/ 'kwd,ausmif;om;b0 ? (atmufwkdbm 1987) pm 103 - 107 / 479/ jrefrmausmif;om;b0 ? (Ekd0ifbm 1987) pm 27 - 30 / 480/ uav;b0 oDv&Sif0wfcJhwkef;u ? ('DZifbm 1987) pm 97 - 102 / 481/ i,fi,fwkef;utjrif ? ( azazmf0g&D 1988) pm 45 - 47 ? 70 / 482/ ausmufxkd;q&mukd aiG 2d ay;&wJhacwf ? (rwf 1988) pm 114 - 118 / 483/ ae&Sife,fausmif;om; ? ({NyD 1988) pm 124 - 127 / 484/ tqkdtu xkdESpf0 ? (ZGef 1988) pm 48 - 54 / 485/ ausmif;aezufoli,fcsif; ? (Zlvkdif 1988) 486/ 'kwd,oli,fcsif; ? (pufwifbm 1989) pm 53 - 56 / 487/ wwd,oli,fcsif; ? (atmufwkdbm 1989) pm 133 - 136 / 488/ ae&Sife,fausmif;uoli,fcsif;awG ? (Ekd0ifbm 1989) pm 113 - 116 ? 126 / 489/ aumvdyfausmif;olb0 ? (azazmf0g&D 1990) pm 35 - 38 / 490/ Oypmaumvdyfausmif;olb0 (2) ? (rwf 1990) pm 107 - 110 / 491/ aumvdyfausmif;olb0 (3) ? (ar 1990) pm 30 - 33 /

uRefrwkdYi,fi,fu ? rsufESmzkH;yef;csD ql;iSuf eJY csrf;at; / vlxkBuD;yGm;a&; ? Ekd0ifbm 1994 / pm 286 ? ½kyfykHrsm; ? 18 pifwD / tkyfa& 1000 ? 100 usyf / pE´mr*¾Zif;rSmygcJhwJhaqmif;yg;awGukd pkpnf;xkwfa0wJhpmtkyf/ 492/ uRefrqkHcJhonfh 36ck ta&;awmfykH ? tkd;a0r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 1 ? rSwf 10 (1959-60) pm 45 - 48 / 141

493/ uRefrwkdYu rif;orD;av ? obifr*¾Zif; ? (ZGef 1984) pm 57 - 62 / 494/ pmayc&D;tp uRefrb0 ? vkHrav;r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 5 ? rSwf 2 (azaz,f0g&D 1989) pm 133 - 136 / 495/ pmrlctvSL ? ukrkj'mr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 1 (Mo*kwf 1988) pm 41 - 42 / 496/ jyefvnfqkHpnf;Muawmh ? pHy,fjzLr*¾Zif; ? wGJ 2 ? rSwf 1 (Zefe0g&D 1994) pm 30 - 31 / 497/ rSwfrSwfom;om; trSwfw&av;rsm; ? ra[oDr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 62 ('DZifbm 1989) pm 86 - 89 / 498/ a&mufwwf&m&m a&;rdwmav;rsm; ? pmay*sme,f ? wGJ 2 ? rSwf 7 (rwf 1995) pm 95 - 98 / 499/ ----- (2) ? pmay*sme,f ? wGJ 2 ? rSwf 8 ({NyD 1995) 500/ ----- (3) ? pmay*sme,f ? wGJ 2 ? rSwf 9 (ar 1995) 501/ ----- (4) ? pmay*sme,f ? wGJ 2 ? rSwf 10 (ZGef 1995) 502/ ----- (5) ? pmay*sme,f ? wGJ 2 ? rSwf 11 (Zlvkdif 1995) 503/ ----- (6) ? pmay*sme,f ? wGJ 2 ? rSwf 12 (Mo*kwf 1995) 504/ ----- (7) ? pmay*sme,f ? wGJ 3 ? rSwf 1 (pufwifbm 1995) 505/ ----- (8) ? pmay*sme,f ? wGJ 3 ? rSwf 2 (atmufwkdbm 1995) 506/ vrf;avQmufazmfwOD; ? cs,f&Dr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 48 (Zlvkdif 1988) pm 57 - 59 / 507/ oli,fcsif;ESpfa,muf ? awmf0if*sme,f ? wGJ 1 ? rSwf 12 ? ('DZifbm 1994) pm 135 - 137 / 508/ oGm;avoltwGuf &nfñTef;vsuf ? ra[oDr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 64 (azazmf0g&D 1990) pm 80 - 84 /

142

4 ? 7 / vlrIa&; 509/ uav;i,feJYvlUavmu ? pHy,fjzLr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 43 (Zlvkdif 1988) pm 58 - 59 / 510/ aumvif;rD;avmifajru b0wkdufyGJ ? [Hom0wDowif;pm (10 ar 1970) 511/ aus;vufvli,frsm; awGUqkHESD;aESmyGJobif ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 56 ('DZifbm 1954) pm 23 - 25 / 512/ Mumayr,fh rarhEkdifMuyg ? rkd;*sme,f ? wGJ 2 ? rSwf 8 (puf 1992) pm 94 - 96 / 513/ acgif;quftNrD;qufESpfyGJ ? rkd;*sme,f ? wGJ 3 ? rSwf 10 (Ekd 1993) pm 103 - 104 / 514/ csJxD csKdif;xD? &Srf;xD ? pHy,fjzLr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 23 (Ekd0ifbm 1986) pm 67 - 69 / 515/ q&mwkdYb0 tmp&d,*kaPmteaEÅm ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 48 (27 rwf 1950) pm 15 - 18 / 516/ qkd&S,fvpfa&;eJY ao&nfao&uf ? [Hom0wDowif;pm ? (25 ZGef 1972) pm 2 / 517/ awmtvSLeJY NrKdUtvSL ? rkd;*sme,f ? wGJ 4 ? rSwf 5 (ZGef 1994) pm 121 - 123 / 518/ xD xD - xD ? pHy,fjzLr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 22 (atmufwkdbm ? 1986) pm 53 - 55 / 519/ axmifqkdonfrSm ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 54 (atmufwkdbm 1954) pm 33 - 45 ? 48 / 143

520/ em;eJYrem z0g;eJYemyg wmhwm ? wmhwm ? aomif;ajymif;axGvmr*¾Zif; ? wGJ 18 ? rSwf 8 ({NyD 1983) pm 9 / 521/ ----- a&Trif;orD;av;a&m*g ? aomif;ajymif;axGvmr*¾Zif; ? wGJ 18 ? rSwf 9 (ar 1983) pm 9 / 522/ ----- ? acwfyJvkdY'Dtwkdif;xkdifMunfhaeMurvm; ? aomif;ajymif;axGvmr*¾Zif; ? wGJ 19 ? rSwf 1 (pufwifbm 1983) 523/ ya'o&mZfykHpHtvSL ? jreE´mr*¾Zif; ? (atmufwkdbm 1976) pm 41 42 ? 47 / 524/ ArmtrsKd;orD; ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 70 (azazmf0g&D 1956) pm 21 22 / 525/ ArmhtvSLuav;wck ? rkd;*sme,f ? wGJ 3 ? rSwf 1 (az 1993) tcsyfykd c - 8i,f / 526/ abmif;bDESifhtysKd ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 96 ({NyD 1958) pm 4 / 527/ r&P&Sifaorif;ESifh jynfolwkdY ppfcif;Ekdifa&; ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 59 (Zlvkdif 1958) pm 20 - 22 / 528/ rdef;reJYa,musfm; ? pHy,fjzLr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 1 (Zefe0g&D 1985) pm 25 27 / 529/ ,aeYArmrdcifwkdYESifhuRefrwkdY\om;a&TOrsuf½IaMu;rk Hrsm; ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 62 (ZGef 1955) pm 24 - 25 / 530/ vlvm; ? wd&pämefvm; cGJjcm;r&olrsm; ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 64 (Mo*kwf 1955) pm 24 - 31 / 531/ vifr,m;qkdwm ? uvsmr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 45 ? ZGef 1988) pm 77 - 78 / ----- ? wkdif;&if;aq;ynmr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 8 ? 1995 ? pm 31 - 33 / 144

532/ owdeJYvSLwJhtvSL ? bkd;bGm;&dyfompmapmif ? rSwf 24 ({NyD 1972) pm 6-8/ 533/ odomwJhwkd;wufrIawG awGU&atmif ? awmf0if*sme,f ? wGJ 2 ? rSwf 1 (Zefe0g&D 1995) pm 52 - 55 / 534/ 36 aumifxDukd owd&p&m ? pHy,fjzLr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 24 ('DZifbm 1986) pm 61 - 63 / 535/ tuRwftvGwfyGJ ? rkd;*sme,f ? wGJ 3 ? rSwf 12 (Zefe0g&D 1994) pm 98 - 100 / 536/ tarhowd&wJh yGJawmifNyKH; ? ra[oD ? rSwf 110 ('DZifbm 1993) pm 170 - 178 / 537/ tkdw,fqkdwm ? rkd;*sme,f ? wGJ 2 ? rSwf 2 (rwf 1992) pm 87 - 88 / 4 ? 8 / vIyf&Sm;aewJh urÇmYa&;&m 538/ uav;taz&SmykHawmf ? awmf0if*sme,f ? wGJ 1 ? rSwf 1 (Zefe0g&D 1994) pm 104 - 105 / 539/ uuf&SfrD;ukd rD;wif½IdUí tvpfokwfMurnfholrsm; ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 11 (rwf 1950) ? pm 18 - 20 / 540/ urÇmppf? a'oppf? jynfwGif;ppf tm;vkH;ukd &yfpJapa&;onf vlom;wkdY\ wm0efjzpfonf ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 103 (Ekd0ifbm 1958) pm 22 - 23 ? 43 / 541/ urÇmYNidrf;csrf;a&;ü blrdeufoef ae&mrSef Apfpwlvmjrpf0Srf;u Nidrf;csrf;a&;zefonf ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 46 (azazmf0g&D 1954) pm 11 145

14 ? 32 / 542/ urÇmESifh vufcsif;qufí a&SUwvSrf;wufygwJh rdef;rwkdYta&; ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 31 (pufwifbm 1953) pm 14 - 15 ? 25 - 26 / 543/ urÇmYuav;oli,frsm;ukd umuG,fMuyg ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 26 (ZGef 1952) pm 1 - 5 ? 20 / 544/ urÇmYvli,f? ausmif;om;yGJawmfBuD;ESifh Armvli,f vkHri,frsm; ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 63 (Zlvkdif 1958) ? pm 20 - 26 / 545/ urÇmYtvkyform;tzGJUcsKyf ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 43 (Ekd0ifbm 1953) pm 1 - 2 / 546/ urÇmYtvkyform;tzGJUcsKyfnDvmcHrSatmifjrifcsufrsm; ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 44 ('DZifbm 1953) pm 31 - 32 ? 34 / 547/ ausmufonf urÇmemavm? uRefemavm ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 71 (rwf 1956) pm 9 - 10 ? 14 / 548/ uREkfyfwkdYtm&S ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 88 (atmufwkdbm 1955) pm 28 / 549/ 7 ESpfMum tD&ef tD&wfppfyGJ ? owif;xl; ? rSwf 1 (Zefe0g&D 1988) pm 3 - 4 / 550/ csufukdpvkdaA;uD;,m;jynf opömazmufrIBuD; ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 34 (azazmf0g&D 1953) pm 12 - 13 ? 32 / 551/ *syefwkdY&JUaqmifMumNrKdifowif; ? rkd;*sme,f ? wGJ 3 ? rSwf 4 (ar 1993) pm 133 - 134 / 552/ Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf urf;vSrf;csufukd y,fcsí&rnfavm ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 104 ('DZifbm 1958) pm 22 - 23 / 553/ ppfqkdwm ? touf&Snf&SnfaevkdaomfESifh bufpkH / &efukef ? rSwf 2 ?

146

15 azazmf0g&D 1988 / pm 3 / 554/ n§yfyl;n§yfydwfrdaeol ESpfOD; ? tawG;tjrif ? (Zefe0g&D 1987) pm 59 - 63 / 555/ w½kwfpD;u&uf ? bufpkH ? rSwf 1 ? (1 azazmf0g&D 1988) pm 2 - 3 / 556/ wavSxJpD; wc&D;xJoGm;rsm;[k odvmMuaom Nidrf;csrf;a&;qE´jy urÇmYvlxk ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 37 (ar 1958) pm 24 - 25 ? 40 / 557/ jynfolwkdY\Nidrf;csrf;a&; vufwGJawmif;qkdrIBuD; ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 57 (Zefe0g&D 1955) pm 24 - 25 / 558/ zdvpfykdifppftajcpkdufrsm;ta&; ? bufpkH ? rSwf 10 (15 ZGef 1988) pm 13 - 14 / 559/ ArmhNidrf;csrf;a&;tiftm; ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 60 (rwf 1955) pm 6 - 25 / 560/ AD,uferfrS vGwfvyfa&;ta&;awmfykH ? vlxk*sme,f ? wGJ 1 ? rSwf 3 (1 pufwifbm 1950) pm 10 - 12 ? 37 - 38 / 561/ bmvif BuD; 4 BuD; EkdifiHjcm;a&;0efBuD;rsm; uGefz&ifh ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 47 (rwf 1954) pm 20 - 22 / 562/ arQmykdufBuD;awG&JU tpGrf; ? tawG;tjrif ? rSwf 55 (ar 1990) pm 99 - 102 / 563/ ajrmuftmz&durS rsKd;cspfrsm; bmukdvkdí taocHaeMuoenf; ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 65 (pufwifbm 1955) pm 24 - 25 / 564/ vmawmhr,fhN*Kdvfwkacwf ? rkd;*sme,f ? wGJ 3 ? rSwf 11 ('D 1993) pm 98 - 100 / 565/ vljzL vlrnf;jyóem ? a&;ol ZrÁL'DygatmifxGef; ? &eHYopfr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 14 (atmufwkdbm 1993) pm 116 - 117 / 147

566/ vufawGUtm;jzifh ppfa&;iifNyD; vufeufavQmhaygha&;ukd a&Smif&Sm;aeaom emwkd; ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 92 ('DZifbm 1957) pm 20 25 / 567/ vufeufjyí tnHhcHapa&;onf Nidrf;csrf;a&;ukd rwnfaqmufEkdif ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 95 (rwf 1958) pm 24 - 25 / 568/ vrf;ab;wJ&Sifrsm;ta&; ? tkd;ajctdrfajcrwnfArm*spfypD ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 58 (Zlvkdif 1954) pm 10 - 13/ 569/ vGefcJhaomESpfrsm;ESifhrwl toGifajymif;vmNyDjzpfaom urÇmYukvor*¾ ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 89 (pufwifbm 1957) pm 20 - 21 ? 35 / 570/ 00pm;Mu&zkdY ? arG;aeYrsm; aysmufqkH;rIESifh bufpkH / rSwf 3 / rwf 1988 / pm 5 - 7 / 571/ owif;-owif;-owif; qkdwm ? tawG;tjrif / rwf 1986 / pm 50 - 55 / 572/ om;arG;vGef;onfhjyóem ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 92 ('DZifbm 1957) pm 28 - 29 / 573/ a[m0k'f ,Ofaus;rItarG ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 28 (Mo*kwf 1952) pm 25 - 26 / 34 / ----- ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 29 (pufwifbm 1952) pm 11 -25 / 574/ [kdta&; onfta&; awG;rd&m&m? tdE´d,bmoma&;eJY EkdifiHa&; a&maxG;rIjyóem ? a&;ol ZrÁL'DygatmifxGef; / &eHYopfr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 8 (rwf 1993) pm 123 - 124 / 575/ ----- ? *smreDeJYemZDvufopfjyóem ? a&;ol ZrÁL'DygatmifxGef; / &eHUopfr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 9 ({NyD 1993) pm 119 - 120 / 576/ ----- ? ouú&mZf 2000 tkdvHypfyGJawmf ? a&;ol ZrÁL'DygatmifxGef; 148

/ &eHYopfr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 10 (ar 1993) pm 124 -125 / 577/ ----- ? urÇmYukvor*¾eJY Nidrf;csrf;a&; ? a&;olZrÁL'DygatmifxGef; / &eHYopfr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 11 (ZGef 1993) pm 120 - 121 / 578/ taemuftkyfpkrS ppf½l;rsm; rcsifhr&Jjzpf&NyD ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 59 (rwf 1955) pm 24 - 26 / 579/ ta&SUawmiftm&Sü taemufe,fcsJUwkdY\ pGufzufvmrIukd wkdufzsufMupkdY ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 96 ({NyD 1958) pm 24 - 25 / 580/ tvHawmfaygif;pkHatmufrSNidrf;csrf;vkdaomqE¾ ? a&;ol tD&mtm&ifbwf ? bmomjyefol a':trm ? vlxk *sme,f ? rSwf 45 (Zefe0g&D 1954) pm 20 - 22 ? 36 - 37 / 581/ tm&SESifh tmz&du awGUqkHaoG;pnf;&m befa'gif; ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 60 (ar 1955) ? pm 24 - 26 / 582/ tm&Staemufykdif; rNidrf;csrf;atmif b,folawGu vkyfBuHaeoenf; ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 90 (atmufwkdbm 1957) pm 20 - 21 ? 36 / 583/ tm;upm;eJY aq;0g; ? bufpkH / rSwf 2 ? 15 azazmf0g&D 1988 ? pm 4 / 584/ atmufwkdbmawmfvSefa&; tESpf 40 jynfhESifh qkd&S,fvpfN*Kdvfwk ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 91 (Ekd0ifbm 1957) pm 20 - 22 /

rSwfcsuf/ /]]vIyf&Sm;aeaom urÇmYa&;&mrsm;}}ukd vlxkowif;pmrsm; (1 ar 1961)u pNyD; owif;pm &yfvkduf&wJh (7 Zlvkdif 1967)txd &ufpOfa&;cJhw,f/ 'g Personal editorial ygyJ/ vlxkowif;pm (19611967)rS vlxka':trm aqmif;yg;tñTef;ukd 1992 ckESpfu vufESdyfpuf pmrleJY jyKpkcJhw,f/ pkpkaygif; aqmif;yg;yk'fa& 2791 &Sdygw,f/ odyfrsm;aevkdY 149

tckpmpkpm&if;rSm vlxkowif;pmrSmygwJh vIyf&Sm;aewJh urÇmYa&;&mrsm;ukd csefxm;cJhygw,f/ 4 ? 9 / omoem 585/ aus;Zl;rsm;vSwJhtvSL ? okH;ESpf&moD cgawmfrDpmapmif (ppfukdif;awmif½kd; 0g;csufaus;&Gm ZD0dw'ge oHCmhaq;½kH) (Ekd0ifbm 1987) pm 27 - 31 / 586/ BuKHawmifhBuKHcJ ylaZmfyGJ ? &wemrGefr*¾Zif; ? (rwf 1986) pm 29 - 31 / 587/ acwfumv&JUawmif;qkdcsuf ? y&d,wådwuúokdvfrsm; ? &wemrGefr*¾Zif; ? (a tmufwkdbm 1986) pm 7 - 10 / 588/ pkd&mrSpdrf; ? oDw*la&vSLarmfuGef; ? (3 ESpfajrmuf) 1984 / 589/ pdef&wkobif usif;yrnfh rvGefqefvSLtoif;BuD; ? tkd;a0*sme,f ? rSwf 74 (pufwifbm 1971) pm 23 - 24 / 590/ q&mawmfOD;uvsmP\ ,kHMunfcsuf ? vlxkowif;pm ? (9 Mo*kwf 1962) pm 7 / 591/ w½kwfjynfa&muf Ak'¨omoem ? &wemrGefr*¾Zif; ? (ZGef 1986) pm 41 - 43 / 592/ w½kwfjynfa&muf Ak'¨omoem ? &wemrGefr*¾Zif; ? (ar 1987) pm 17 - 21 / 593/ wdyd#u"&omoemhrdcifBuD; ? rif;uGef;wdyd#uedum,omoemjyKtzGJU yxrokH;ESpfc&D; ? (Mo*kwf 1982) pm 352 - 365 / ----- ÓPfvif;"r®pmya'om ? (Ekd0ifbm 1984) pm 54 - 75 / 150

594/ wuúokdvf"r®m½kHBuD;wGif ausmif;olrsm; 0wfwufMurnf ? a&;ol tif;vsm;ausmif;aqmifolwOD; ? bm;rm; *sme,f ? wGJ 2 ? rSwf 27 (10 'DZifbm 1937) pm 27 / 595/ awmifxdyfMumayguf ? oDw*la&vSLarmfuGef; ? (2 ESpfajrmuf) ? (azazmf0g&D 1983) pm 29 - 30 / 596/ wyfukef;NrKdUu ylaZmfyGJ ? &wemrGefr*¾Zif; ? (pufwifbm 1986) pm 16 - 19 / 597/ xGufayguf ? wyfukef;NrKdU y&d,wådpmoifwkdufa&T&wk ? Ekd0ifbm 1987 ? pm 140 - 143 / ----- ? wkdif;&if;aq;ynm r*¾Zif; ? 1995 / 598/ EkdifiHjcm;rSm omoem ? &wemrGefr*¾Zif; ? (azazmf0g&D 1987) pm 9 12 ? 59 / 599/ yDeHeJYr[mpnfomoem ? &wemrGefr*¾Zif; ? (pufwifbm 1985) 600/ yk*¾Kdvfxl; t&d,r*¾ifacsmifq&mawmfbk&m;BuD; ? &wemrGefr*¾Zif; ? (atmufwkdbm 1985) 601/ rkdif;aomufNrKdU ausmufeDawm& q&mawmfbk&m; ? &wemrGefr*¾Zif; ? (rwf 1988) pm 9 - 11 ? 60 / 602/ rEÅav;qefvSLtoif;BuD; ? pHy,fjzLr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 21 (pufwifbm 1986) pm 54 - 58 / 603/ jrawmifq&mawmfBuD; ? rkd;*sme,f ? wGJ 3 ? rSwf 9 (atmufwkdbm 1993) pm 101 - 104 / 604/ jrawmif&mjynfhyGJawmf ? &wemrGefr*¾Zif; ? wGJ 9 ? rSwf 9 (pufwifbm 1982) pm 45 - 48 / 605/ jrawmifa&T&wk ? [Hom0wDowif;pm ? (12 Zlvkdif 1976) pm 2 151

606/ ajrmif;jrq&mawmfbk&m;BuD; &mjynfhylaZmfyGJ ? qm;vif;BuD;r*¾Zif; ?

1988 ? pm 58 - 59 / 607/ &wembkHjrifhausmif;wkduf ESpfw&mjynfhtxdrf;trSwf ? &wemrGefr*¾Zif; ({NyD 1987) pm 19 - 22 / 608/ &wembkHjrifhausmif;wkduf ESpfw&mjynfhtxdrf;trSwf ? &wemrGefr*¾Zif; (ar 1987) / 609/ &[ef;yk*¾Kdvfrsm;uawmif av;pm;&wJh q&mBuD; a':"r®pm&D ?

[Hom0wDowif;pm ? (10 Mo*kwf 1971) pm 5 / 610/ &[ef;ysKdorkdif; ? [Hom0wDowif;pm ? (6 ZGef 1977) pm 2 / 611/ a&cHaumif; - ajrcHaumif; ? rEÅav; ? awmifpvif;wkdufopf r[matmifajr "r®Adrmefa&pufcs tEkarm'em pmwrf; ? (r 1348) 612/ owif;pmrsm;uajymwJh q&mawmfOD;0dZ, ? a&TrsufrSefOD;0dZ, ? rEÅav; ? vlxkBuD;yGm;a&;ykHESdyfwkduf ? 1986 / 613/ owd&SdwJh yk*¾Kdvfrsm; ? ig;ESpf&moDcgawmfrD r*¾Zif; ? (ppfukdif;awmif½kd; 0g;csufaus;&Gm ZD0dw'ge oHCmhaq;½kH) {NyD 1990 ? pm 83 - 87 / 614/ omoeme,fu yk*¾KdvfwOD; ? "er*¾Zif; ? wGJ 5 ? rSwf 11 (ZGef 1995) pm 130 - 134 / 615/ ----- ? q&mBuD;OD;odef;atmif ? "er*¾Zif; ? wGJ 5 ? rSwf 12 (Zlvkdif 1995) pm 112 - 114 / 616/ ----- ? q&mBuD;OD;odef;atmif ? "er*¾Zif; ? wGJ 6 ? rSwf 1 (Mo*kwf 1995) pm 134 - 137 / 617/ ----- ? q&mBuD;OD;aX;atmif ? "er*¾Zif; ? wGJ 6 ? rSwf 2 (pufwifbm 1995) pm 132 - 137 / 618/ omoemjyK'ora&Tusifomoemykdif ? jrwfqkrGefbmoma&;r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 152

1 ? rSwf 8 (ar 1989) pm 26 - 29 / 619/ omoemjyK'ora&Tusifomoemykdif (ajrmif;jrq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;) ? jrwfqkrGefr*¾Zif; ? wGJ 1 ? rSwf 9 (ZGef 1989) pm 12 - 15 ? 22 / 620/ omoem&JUajrcHa&cHaumif; ? &wemrGefr*¾Zif; ? (Mo*kwf 1987) pm ¿ ? "mwfykHrsm; / 621/ oDvwefckd; tusKd;ay;ayxifh ? jrwfqkrGefr*¾Zif; ? wGJ 2 ? rSwf 10 ? (ar 1990) pm 12 - 14/ 622/ oufawmf&SnfylaZmfyGJ ? rkd;*sme,f ? wGJ 2 ? rSwf 1 (azazmf0g&D 1992) pm 73 - 74 / 4 ? 10 / tEkynm 623/ BuKduf&wJhoDcsif;ESpfyk'f ? ra[oDr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 58 (Mo*kwf 1989) pm 81 - 84 / 624/ apwemay:atmif ? bufpkH ? rSwf 9 (1 ZGef 1988) pm 5 - 6 / 625/ Zmwfobif&JUa&S;a[mif;aESmif;jzpf ? ½Ir0r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 32 ? rSwf 376 (pufwifbm 1988) 626/ wdrfjrKyfaysmufuG,fawmhrnfhcspfpzG,f jrefrmh,Ofaus;rIuav;rsm; ? vlxk*sme,f ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 37 (ar 1953) pm 8 - 10 / 627/ ygwdwfyef;csD ? tawG;tjrif ? rSwf 106 ('DZifbm 1994) pm 23 25 / 628/ ay:OD;oufyef;csDjyyGJ ? tawG;tjrif ? rSwf 99 ? (az+rwf 1994) pm 98 - 100 / 629/ ArmoHawGaysmufukefNyD ? pmayvkyfom;tiftm;opf ? rEÅav; ? vlxk153

BuD;yGm;a&; ? 1971 ? pm 133 - 149 / 630/ ArmhzefusDvkyfief; ? pE´mr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 20 (Ekd0ifbm 1970) pm 25 31 / (631 eJY 632 aysmufoGm;jyefNyD) 633/ bk&m;BuD;u e&nf;oH ? [Hom0wDowif;pm ? 5 Ekd0ifbm 1975 ? pm 2/ 634/ bkef;BuD;ysHeJY {,ifusL; ? obifr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 10 (Mo*kwf 1984) pm 77 - 80 / 635/ ----- ? obifr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 11 (pufwifbm 1984) pm 49 - 56 / 636/ ----- ? obifr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 12 (atmufwkdbm 1984) pm 93 - 96 / 637/ r[m*Dw&JUa&S;a[mif;aESmif;jzpf ? ½Ir0r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 35 ? rSwf 400 (Zlvkdif 1980) pm 57 - 64 / 638/ ----- | ½Ir0r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 35 ? rSwf 401 (Mo*kwf 1980) pm 90 96 / 639/ ----- | ½Ir0r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 35 ? rSwf 402 (pufwifbm 1980) pm 37 - 41 / 640/ ----- | ½Ir0r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 35 ? rSwf 403 (atmufwkdbm 1980) pm 53 - 60 / 641/ ----- | ½Ir0r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 35 ? rSwf 404 (Ekd0ifbm 1980) pm 53 60 / 642/ ----- | ½Ir0r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 35 ? rSwf 405 ('DZifbm 1980) pm 79 84 / 643/ ----- | ½Ir0r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 36 ? rSwf 424 (pufwifbm 1982) pm ¿ 154

/ 644/ ----- | ½Ir0r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 36 ? rSwf 425 (atmufwkdbm 1982) pm 76 - 83 / 645/ ----- | ½Ir0r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 36 ? rSwf 426 (Ekd0ifbm 1982) pm 126 - 130 / 646/ ----- | ½Ir0r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 36 ? rSwf 427 ('DZifbm 1982) pm 141 - 146 / 647/ ----- | ½Ir0r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 37 ? rSwf 429 (azazmf0g&D 1983) pm 76 - 83 / 648/ rEÅav;aAsm ? [Hom0wDowif;pm ? 14 'DZifbm 1976 ? pm 2 / 649/ rEÅav;tNidrfh ? rEÅav;aqmif;OD;yef;r*¾Zif; ? (Mo*kwf 1983) pm 37 - 41 / 650/ jrefrmhaq;a&;yef;csD&JU acwfOD; ? ½Ir0r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 37 ? rSwf 441 ? (azazmf0g&D 1984) pm 160 - 164 / 651/ ----- | ½Ir0r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 37 ? rSwf 442 ? (rwf 1984) pm 68 73 / 652/ jrefrmhyef;ykaps;uGuf ? yefr*¾Zif; / 653/ jrefrmh½kyfpkHobifhaemifa&; ? obifr*¾Zif; ? ({NyD 1980) / 654/ jrefrmhobifa&S;a[mif;aESmif;jzpf ? ½Ir0r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 33 ? rSwf 353 (azazmf0g&D 1980) 655/ ----- | ½Ir0r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 33 ? rSwf 395 ({NyD 1980) 656/ ,aeYArmhoDcsif;rsm; ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 38 (ZGef 1953) pm 5 - 6 / 657/ a&Twav;umwGef;rsm;u orkdif;ukd ajymaeMuonf ? tkd;a0*sme,f ?

155

rSwf 18 ({NyD 1969) pm 20 - 22 ? 35 / 658/ a&T&wkusif;yr,fhNrKdUr ? [Hom0wDowif;pm ? 9 Ekd0ifbm 1975 ? pm 2/ 659/ vltkdayr,fh ? ½kyf&SifrsufrSef / (azazmf0g&d 1986) pm 59 - 62 / 660/ vGrf;&wJhe&nf;oH ? [Hom0wDowif;pm ? 19 atmufwkdbm 1975 ? pm 2 / 661/ oHpkHwD;0kdif;BuD; ? vkyfom;jynfolUowif;pm ? 23 Zefe0g&D 1978 ? pm 4/ 662/ tapmqkH;umwGef; ? yefr*¾Zif; ? (Mo*kwf 1986) pm 41 - 44 / 663/ txrf;½kyfao; ? obifr*¾Zif; ? (Zefe0g&D 1985) pm 61 -64 / 664/ tESpf 100 MumwJhtcg ? obifr*¾Zif; ? (Ekd0ifbm 1983) pm 61 64 / 665/ trsKd;om;obifawG&JU uaeYtajc ? a&Ta'gif;awmifaqmif;yg;rsm; ? rEÅav; ? vlxk-BuD;yGm;a&; ? 1975 ? pm 116 - 147 /4 ? 11 / taxGaxG 667/ urÇmausmf[efa*&DabmhvkH;toif; ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 52 (Mo*kwf 1954) pm 15 - 18 ? 36 / 668/ urÇmYtBuD;qkH;ausmufqif;wkawmf ? a&Ta'gif;awmifaqmif;yg;rsm; ? rEÅav; ? vlxk-BuD;yGm;a&; ? 1975 ? pm 9 - 38 / 669/ ausmif;BuD;a&Ttifyif ? "er*¾Zif; ? wGJ 3 ? rSwf 7 ('DZifbm 1992) pm 86 - 91 / 670/ uGrf; ? yef½kyfpkHr*¾Zif; ? wGJ 6 ? rSwf 1 (Mo*kwf 1988) pm 89 - 92 ?

121 / 671/ uRefb0 ? a&;ol jrwfxGef;atmif ? olwkdYacwfESifholwkdYtajym 156

olwkdYtawG;tac: ? &efukef ? wkdif;uif;pmay ? 19 - ¿ ? pm 71 / 672/ acwfESifhtajctae ? rkd;*sme,f ? wGJ 4 ? rSwf 9 (atmufwkdbm 1994) pm 100 - 102 / 673/ cspfp&mhapwem ? &GufEka0r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 2 ? rSwf 1 ? Mo*kwf 1995 ? pm 66 - 68 / 674/ csrf;oavref;ajru ? rkd;*sme,f ? wGJ 3 ? rSwf 2 (rwf 1993) pm 121 - 122 / 675/ *sif ? a&Ta'gif;awmifaqmif;yg;rsm; ? rEÅav; ? vlxk-BuD;yGm;a&; ?

1975 ? pm 71 - 108 / 676/ Nidrf;csrf;a&; ? a&;olarm&pfaumvpf ? bmomjyefol rtrm ?

BuD;yGm;a&;r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 7 ? rSwf 3 (rwf 1939) pm 30 - 32 / 677/ pmqkduH ? a&;ol jrrÍÆL ? pmqkdawmfr*¾Zif; ? 1297 / 678/ qifBuD;awG-qifBuD;awG ? tawG;tjrif ? rSwf 52 (azazmf0g&D 1990 jynfh) pm 120 - 123 / 679/ qifyGJ ? a&Ta'gif;awmifaqmif;yg;rsm; ? rEÅav; ? vlxk-BuD;yGm;a&; ?

1975 ? pm 39 - 70 / 680/ qifjzL&Sifr ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 19 (Ekd0ifbm 1951) pm 24 - 26 / 681/ aqmif;t0if ? rkd;*sme,f ? wGJ 5 ? rSwf 1 ? (azazmf0g&D 1995) pm 162 - 163 / 682/ ZGefyef;&moD ? pHy,fjzLr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 20 (Mo*kwf 1986) pm 57 -59 / 683/ u/ xkd;uGif;rSifaMumif ? t&mawmfNrKdUe,fr*¾Zif; ? (azazmf0g&D 1993) pm 24 - 26 / 684/ e*g; ? yefr*¾Zif; ? wGJ 6 ? rSwf 6 (ZGef 1988) pm 89 - 92 / 157

685/ ae½l;\axmifwGif;rS orD;xHay;pmrsm; ? pmeHygwf 1 / a&;ol ae½l; ? bmomjyefol cifv0if; ? BuD;yGm;a&; r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 4 ? rSwf 9 (ZGef 1936) pm 7 / 686/ ----- ? pmeHygwf (2) / a&;ol ae½l; ? bmomjyefol cifv0if; ?

BuD;yGm;a&; r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 4 ? rSwf 10 (Zlvkdif 1936) pm 20 - 21 / 687/ ----- ? pmeHygwf (3) / a&;ol ae½l; ? bmomjyefol cifv0if; ?

BuD;yGm;a&; r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 4 ? rSwf 11 (pufwifbm 1936) pm 35 - 36 / 688/ ----- ? pmeHygwf (4 ? 5) / a&;ol ae½l; ? bmomjyefol cifv0if; ?

BuD;yGm;a&; r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 4 ? rSwf 12 (atmufwkdbm 1936) pm 27 - 28 / 689/ ----- ? pmeHygwf (6) / a&;ol ae½l; ? bmomjyefol cifv0if; ?

BuD;yGm;a&; r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 5 ? rSwf 1 (Ekd0ifbm 1936) pm 15 / 690/ ----- ? pmeHygwf (7+8+9+10) / a&;ol ae½l; ? bmomjyefol cifv0if; ? BuD;yGm;a&; r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 5 ? rSwf 3 (Zefe0g&D 1937) pm 24 25 / 691/ ----- ? pmeHygwf (11?12?13) / a&;ol ae½l; ? bmomjyefol cifv0if; ? BuD;yGm;a&; r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 5 ? rSwf (ar 1937) pm 25 - 26 / 692/ ----- ? pmeHygwf 14 ? 15 / a&;ol ae½l; ? bmomjyefol cifv0if; ?

BuD;yGm;a&; r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 5 ? rSwf 8 (Zlvkdif 1937) pm 14 - 15 / 693/ ----- ? pmeHygwf 16 / a&;ol ae½l; ? bmomjyefol cifv0if; ?

BuD;yGm;a&; r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 5 ? rSwf 10 (pufwifbm 1937) pm 17 - 20 / 694/ ----- ? pmeHygwf 17 / a&;ol ae½l; ? bmomjyefol cifv0if; ?

BuD;yGm;a&; r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 5 ? rSwf 11 (atmufwkdbm 1937) pm 20 - 23 / 695/ ----- ? pmeHygwf 18 / a&;ol ae½l; ? bmomjyefol cifv0if; ?

BuD;yGm;a&; r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 5 ? rSwf 12 (Ekd0ifbm 1937) pm 10 - 12 / 158

696/ ----- ? pmeHygwf 19 / a&;ol ae½l; ? bmomjyefol cifv0if; ?

BuD;yGm;a&; r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 6 ? rSwf 4 (rwf 1938) pm 14 - 15 / 697/ ----- ? pmeHygwf 20 / a&;ol ae½l; ? bmomjyefol cifv0if; ?

BuD;yGm;a&; r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 6 ? rSwf 5 ({NyD 1938) pm 21 - 22 / 698/ ----- ? pmeHygwf 21 / a&;ol ae½l; ? bmomjyefol cifv0if; ?

BuD;yGm;a&; r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 6 ? rSwf 9 (ar 1938) pm 9 / 699/ ESpfw&myGJ ? rkd;*sme,f ? wGJ 2 ? rSwf 11 ('DZifbm 1992) pm 115 116 / 700/ 'DxufESajrmp&m r&Sdawmhyg ? [Hom0wDowif;pm (13 Zlvkdif 1975) pm 2 / 701/ 'DESpfoBuFef ? rkd;*sme,f ? wGJ 3 ? rSwf 5 ? (ZGef 1993) pm 121 - 123 / 702/ EkdifiHjcm;u pm ? uvsmr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 37 ? (Zefe0g&D 1987) pm 39 40 / 703/ yxrtBudrfvkyfwJhyGJ ? yefr*¾Zif; ? wGJ 6 ? rSwf 2 (azazmf0g&D 1988) 704/ ygawmfrl ? vkyfom;jynfolUaeYpOf ? 21 atmufwkdbm 1977 ? pm 4 / 705/ ykd;vkHcsnf ? rEÅav; ? 0dZÆmESifhodyÜHwuúokdvf ESpfvnfr*¾Zif; ? (196869) pm 357 - 370 / 706/ ----- ? pE´mr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 8 (Ekd0ifbm 1969) pm 39 - 46 / ----- ? a&Ta'gif;awmifaqmif;yg;rsm; ? rEÅav; ? vlxk-BuD;yGm;a&; ?

1975 / 707/ azazjzL;xH ? BuD;yGm;a&;r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 4 ? rSwf 10 (Zlvkdif 1936) pm 17 / 708/ AD,uferfrSjrifuGif;wck ? e,fcsJUomoemjyKrif; ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 159

34 (Zefe0g&D 1953) pm 5 - 6 ? 10 / 709/ aA'g ? rkd;*sme,f ? wGJ 1 ? rSwf 6 (Zlvkdif 1991) pm 50 - 53 / 710/ ab;eD;wm ta&;BuD;ygNyD ? rkd;*sme,f ? wGJ 5 ? rSwf 10 (Ekd0ifbm 1995) pm 89 - 90 / 711/ raumif;&ify,f aumif;&ifwG,f ? rkd;*sme,f ? wGJ 4 ? rSwf 2 (rwf 1994) pm 103 - 104 / 712/ rESif;qDrD;&xm;uav; ? pHy,fjzLr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 18 (ZGef 1986) pm 54 - 56 / 713/ rav;rSjrifuGif;wck (1) ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 19 (Mo*kwf 1950) pm 54 - 56 / 714/ ----- (2) ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 20 (1950) 715/ ----- (3) ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 29 (ar 1952) 716/ ----- (4) ? aMu;pm; ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 28 (Mo*kwf 1952) pm 5 ? 31 - 32 / 717/ ----- (5) ? olykef ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 29 ? (pufwifbm 1952) 718/ ----- (6) ? e,fcsJU'Pf ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 30 (atmufwkdbm 1952) 719/ rD;qkd&if &ifav;rd ? rkd;*sme,f ? wGJ 3 ? rSwf 6 (Zl 1993) pm 137 138 / 720/ rkd;*sme,f&JUtvSL ? rkd;*sme,f ? wGJ 4 ? rSwf 4 (ar 1994) pm 97 98 / 721/ rEÅav;utdrfawmf&mxD; ? pHy,fjzLr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 47 (atmufwkdbm 1989) pm 88 - 93 / 722/ rEÅav;"mwf&xm; ? pHy,fjzLr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 19 (Zlvkdif 1986) pm 45 160

- 47 / 723/ rEÅav;0gqkdjrifuGif; ? rkd;*sme,f ? wGJ 3 ? rSwf 8 (puf 1993) pm 161 - 162 / 724/ rEÅav;tdrfawmf&mrdausmif;wHwm; ? pHy,fjzLr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 49 ? ('DZifbm 1989) pm 46 - 49 / 725/ NrKdUcspfwJhom;ayrkdY ? cs,f&Dr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 45 ({NyD 1988) pm 113 115 / 726/ jrefrmpum; ? pHy,fjzLr*¾Zif; ? trSwf 31 (Zlvkdif 1987) pm 41 - 43 / 727/ jrefrmhtm;upm; (vufa0SYukdcspftkef;) ? "er*¾Zif; ? wGJ 5 ? rSwf 7 (azazmf0g&D 1995) pm 30 - 33 / 728/ ----- ? (vufa0SYukdcspftkef;) ? "er*¾Zif; ? wGJ 5 ? rSwf 8 (rwf 1995) pm 88 - 91 / 729/ ----- ? (vufa0SYukdcspftkef;) ? "er*¾Zif; ? wGJ 5 ? rSwf 9 ({NyD 1995) pm 94 - 98 / 730/ &efukefeJYrEÅav; ? rkd;*sme,f ? wGJ 3 ? rSwf 3 ({NyD 1993) pm 147 149 / 731/ ½kyfxkzGifhyGJwkef;u ajymMum;wJhpum; ? pmay*sme,f ? wGJ 2 ? rSwf 3 (Ekd0ifbm 1994) pm 41 - 44 / 732/ a&S;a[mif;aESmif;jzpf ? rkd;*sme,f ? wGJ 2 ? rSwf 3 ({NyD 1992) pm 78 - 79 / 733/ 0g0ifawmhr,f ? rkd;*sme,f ? wGJ 3 ? rSwf 7 (Mo*kwf 1993) pm 137 138 / 734/ vlBuD;awGu0kdif;NyD; xdef;MuygOD;pkdY ? rkd;*sme,f ? wGJ 4 ? rSwf 10 161

(Ekd0ifbm 1994) pm 138 - 140 / 735/ vlESifh vlUtokduftNrKH ? rkd;*sme,f ? wGJ 5 ? rSwf 2 (rwfv 1995) pm 99 - 101 / 736/ vdyfjymoefY&JUvm; ? rkd;*sme,f ? wGJ 4 ? rSwf 6 (Zlvkdif 1994) pm 137 - 138 / 737/ ordkif;&SdwJha&OD; ? a&OD;r*¾Zif; ? ar 1992 ? pm 28 - 29 / 738/ om;wkdY½kyf&nf ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 53 (pufwifbm 1954) pm 20 21 ? 29 - 30 / 739/ odcsifpdwf ? rkd;*sme,f ? wGJ 4 ? rSwf 3 ({NyD 1994) pm 113 - 115 / 740/ tcsdef&Sdao;orQ ? rkd;*sme,f ? wGJ 4 ? rSwf 7 (Mo*kwf 1994) pm 145 - 147 / 741/ tapmfum;cHae&onfh ynm&yf ? vlxkowif;pm ? (29 pufwifbm 1952) pm 3 742/ tESpf 5000 cefYu ausmufoabFm ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 51 (Zlvkdif 1954) pm 33 - 34 / 743/ taraeaumif;&JUvm; ? pmay*sme,f ? wGJ 3 ? rSwf 3 (Ekd0ifbm 1995) pm 22 -24 / 744/ tarha&S;pum; (aumf&if*sD) ? uvsmr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 108 (azazmf0g&D 1994) pm 21 - 22 / 745/ tarha&S;pum; (0HomEkacwf) ? uvsmr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 109 (rwf 1994) pm 39 - 41 / 746/ tarha&S;pum; (qif;&Jom;eJYavmif;upm;) ? uvsmr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 110 ({NyD 1994) pm 27 - 28 / 747/ tarha&S;pum; (rEÅav;o&uf) ? uvsmr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 111 (ar 162

1994) pm 28 - 31 / 748/ tarha&S;pum; (rrav;wkdYxbD) ? uvsmr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 112 (ZGef 1994) pm 27 - 28 / 749/ tarha&S;pum; (aps;oGm;ig;0,fudpö) ? uvsmr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 113 (Zl 1994) pm 27 - 28 / 750/ tarha&S;pum; (rEÅav;ig;ydcsuf) ? uvsmr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 114 (Mo 1994) pm 29 - 30 / 751/ tarha&S;pum; (jrefrmeJYabmvkH;yGJ) ? uvsmr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 115 (puf 1994) pm 27 - 29 / 752/ tarha&S;pum; (qif;&Jom;eJYyJjyKwf) ? uvsmr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 116 (atmufwkdbm 1994) pm 25 - 26 / 753/ tarha&S;pum; (yxrqkH;pmtkyf) ? uvsmr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 117 (Ekd 1994) pm 33 - 35 / 754/ tarha&S;pum; (pef;xaewJharmifausmufvkH;&JUjcaoFhBuD; 2pD;) ? uvsmr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 118 ('D 1994) pm 29 - 31 / 755/ tarha&S;pum; (tarhacwfpum;) ? uvsmr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 119 (Zef 1995) pm 34 - 35 / 756/ tarha&S;pum; (oDcsif;-oDcsif;-oDcsif;) ? uvsmr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 120 (az 1995) pm 27 - 28 / 757/ tarha&S;pum; (rdef;rwkdY£a`E´) ? uvsmr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 121 (rwf 1995) pm 26 - 28 / 758/ tarha&S;pum; ('kdifcGufacwfomqkd&ftcuf) ? uvsmr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 122 ({NyD 1995) pm 23 - 24 / 759/ tarha&S;pum; (½kyf&Sifpdef&wk) ? uvsmr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 123 (ar 1995) 163

pm 33 - 34 / 760/ tarha&S;pum; rEÅav;oBuFef (1) ? uvsmr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 124 (ZGef 1995) 761/ ----- ? rEÅav;oBuFef (2) ? uvsmr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 125 (Zlvkdif 1995) pm 23 - 26 / 762/ ----- ? rEÅav;oBuFef (3) ? uvsmr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 126 (Mo*kwf 1995) 763/ tarha&S;pum; (orD;rdef;uav;tzkdYtvkyf) ? uvsmr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 127 (pufwifbm 1995) pm 29 - 30 / 764/ tarha&S;pum; ? tarwkdYvlUtaqmufttkH (1) ? uvsmr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 128 (atmufwkdbm 1995) 765/ ----- ? tarwkdYvlUtaqmufttkH (2) ? uvsmr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 129 (Ekd0ifbm 1995) pm 24 - 25 / 767/ u/ ta0;a&mufom;orD;rsm; ? ½kd;r&dyf ? jzL;NrKdUe,fr*¾Zif; ? 1994 ? pm 22 - 23 / 768/ t*Fvdyftpnf;t½kH; ? a&;ol arm&pfaumvpf ? bmomjyefol rtrm ?

BuD;yGm;a&;r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 6 ? rSwf 11 (atmufwkdbm 1938) pm 9 - 10 / 769/ tdrfawmf&mbk&m;eJYqifBuD;vSLoGm;wJhwHwm; ? pHy,fjzLr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 48 (Ekd0ifbm 1989) pm 17 - 20 ? 102 /

164

5/ 0w¦Kwkd 5 ? 1 / yifukd,fa&; 770/ aus;Zl;&Sif ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 34 (azazmf0g&D 1953) pm 29 -31 ?

34 / 771/ cspfrdwfaqG ? a&;ol trm ? rEÅav;OypmaumvdyfESpfvnfpmapmif ? wGJ 9 ? rSwf 1 (1936-37) pm 57 - 58 / 772/ cspfolukd,fhrdef;r ? a&;oljrrÍÆL ? tkd;a0ESpfvnfpmapmif ? wGJ 6 ? rSwf 1 (1940) pm 52 - 53 / 773/ pmqkduH ? a&;oljrrÍÆL ? pmqkdawmf ? twGJ 1 ? rSwf 2 ? (Zefe0g&D 1936) pm 80 - 83 / 774/ apwem ? BuD;yGm;a&;r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 6 ? rSwf 5 ({NyD 1938) pm 7 - 9 / 775/ q&mrykHjyifOykofonf ? BuD;yGm;a&;r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 7 ? rSwf 7 (Zlvkdif 1939) pm 63 - 66 / 776/ w&m;½kH;awmf ? a&;oljrrÍÆL ? BuD;yGm;a&;r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 7 ? rSwf 6 (ZGef 1939) pm 27 - 28 / 777/ wkdYarmifr,f ? a&;ol jrrÍÆL ? wuúokdvfausmif;wkdufESpfvnfr*¾Zif; ? wGJ 28 ? rSwf 1 (rwf 1937) pm 57 - 58 / 778/ xm0& ? a&;ol jrrÍÆL ? *EÅavmu ? wGJ 23 ? rSwf 140 ? (pufwifbm 1936) ----- ? aMu;rkHr*¾Zif; ? wGJ 1 ? rSwf 3 (Ekd0ifbm 1951) pm 192 - 201 / ----- ? aiGwm&Dr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 19 (pufwifbm 1960) pm 33 - 39 / 779/ a'go ? a&;oljrrÍÆL ? BuD;yGm;a&;r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 5 ? rSwf 10 165

(atmufwkdbm 1937) pm 9 - 12 / 780/ ykwD;ESpfoG,f ? a&;ol jrrÍÆL ? BuD;yGm;a&;r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 8 ? rSwf 7 (Zlvkdif 1940) pm 32 - 36 / 781/ ajymufMum;wyfom; ? a&;ol jrrÍÆL ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 12 ({NyD 1950) pm 37 - 42 / 782/ rxGufao;aomtajz ? a&;ol jrrÍÆL ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 10 (azazmf0g&D 1951) pm 17 - 18 / 783/ ----- (2) ? a&;ol jrrÍÆL ? rSwf 22 (rwf 1951) pm 20 - 22 / 784/ arwåm ? a&;ol jrrÍÆL ? BuD;yGm;a&;r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 8 ? rSwf 6 (ZGef 1940) pm 39 - 42 / 785/ &ifNidrf;ppf ? a&;ol jrrÍÆL ? tkd;a0r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 9 ? rSwf 3 (Zlvkdif 1950) pm 22 / 786/ &ifaoG; ? a&;ol jrrÍÆL ? BuD;yGm;a&;r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 6 ? rSwf 11 (pufwifbm 1937) pm 24 - 27 / 787/ &efNiKd; ? a&;ol jrrÍÆL ? BuD;yGm;a&;r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 6 ? rSwf 8 (Zlvkdif 1938) pm 13 - 17 / 788/ vufzufajcmuf ? a&;ol jrrÍÆL ? BuD;yGm;a&;r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 7 ? rSwf 4 ({NyD 1935) pm 27 - 28 / 789/ olUypönf; ? a&;ol jrrÍÆL ? BuD;yGm;a&;r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 9 ? rSwf 2 (rwf 1941) pm 50 - 52 / 790/ orD;oHa,mZOf ? a&;ol jrrÍÆL ? BuD;yGm;a&;r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 5 ? rSwf 10 (pufwifbm 1935) pm 13 - 14 / 791/ oHawGcJ ? a&;ol jrrÍÆL ? BuD;yGm;a&;r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 7 ? rSwf 2 (azazmf0g&D 1939) pm 21 - 24 / 166

792/ t&Sifvwfvwf aoG;pkyfcH&jcif; ? a&;ol jrrÍÆL ? pmtjrKaw ? rEÅav; ? 1963 ? pm 65 - 70 / 793/ tavmif;tpm; ? a&;ol jrrÍÆL ? BuD;yGm;a&;r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 6 ? rSwf 12 (Ekd0ifbm 1938) pm 15 - 17 / 794/ atmifoG,fykqkd; ? a&;ol jrrÍÆL ? wuúokdvfausmif;wkdufESpfvnfr*¾Zif; ? wGJ 26 ? rSwf 2 (rwf 1935) pm 93 / ----- ? *EÅavmu ? wGJ 22 ? rSwf 138 (Zlvkdif 1936) pm 102 - 103 / 5 ? 2 / bmomjyef «w½kwf0w¦Kwkd» 795/ pyg;ESHESpfcuf ? pHy,fjzLr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 8 (Mo*kwf 1985) pm 137 141 / 796/ pyful;rwful; ? bmomjyefol a':trm ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 32 ({NyD 1950) pm 15 - 16 / 797/ xrf;ykd; ? rdw¦DvmaumvdyfESpfvnfr*¾Zif; ? 1983-84 / 798/ wbl;½kd;if; ? bmomjyefol a':trm ? vlxk*sme,f ? wGJ 1 ? rSwf 3 (pufwifbm 1950) pm 19 - 20 ? 29 - 32 / 799/ w½kwfjynf\ om;aumif;orD;aumif;rsm; ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 21 (Zefe0g&D 1952) pm 5 - 6 ? 30 / 800/ 'ku©dwtkd; wm½kd; ? rdw¦DvmaumvdyfESpfvnfr*¾Zif; ? 1981 - 82 / 801/ ESrtaxG;pl ? bmomjyefol a':trm ? BuD;yGm;a&;r*¾Zif; ? ({NyD 1940) pm 45 - 50 / 167

----- | ½Ir0 ? wGJ 13 ? rSwf 150 (rwf 1960) / 802/ EIwfrqufcsif ? bmomjyefol a':trm ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 19 (azazmf0g&D 1951) / 803/ abmif;bDeD ? bmomjyefol a':trm ? vlxk*sme,f ? wGJ 1 ? rSwf 2 (3 Mo*kwf 1950) pm 11 - 14 ? 16 / 804/ rkqkd;r ? bmomjyefol jrrÍÆL ? BuD;yGm;a&;r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 8 ? rSwf 3 ? (pufwifbm 1940) 805/ &xm;vkduft&m&Sd ? bmomjyefol vlxka':trm ? rEÅav; rD;&xm;pmMunfhtoif; ? tjrifopfr*¾Zif; ? (Zefe0g&D 1995) pm 48 - 55 / 806/ vlESifha~uG; ? bmomjyefol a':trm ? vlxk*sme,f ? wGJ 1 ? rSwf 1 (Mo*kwf 1950) pm 15 -16 ? 33 ? 36 / 807/ vlxkppf ? bmomjyefol a':trm ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 13 (ar 1951) pm 20 - 22 / 808/ avwcsufa0SU&ifjzifh ? bmomjyefol a':trm ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 10 (ZGef 1951) pm 22 - 24 / 809/ OD;av;ESifhEGm;r ? bmomjyefol a':trm ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 8 ('DZifbm 1950) pm 8 - 9 ? 37 - 38 / 810/ tdyf&m0ifykHjyif ? obifr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 25 (Ekd0ifbm 1985) pm ¿ / 811/ tdrfurdef;r ? a&eHacsmif;aumvdyfESpfvnfr*¾Zif; ? 1983-84 / «xkdif;0w¦Kwkd» 812/ uRJacs;wykH ? om&r*¾Zif; ? rSwf 10 ('DZifbm 1988) pm 68 - 72 / 813/ acsmif;½kd;xJ va&mifxkd;awmh ? &ifckefyGifhr*¾Zif; ? trSwf 12 168

(pufwifbm 1987) pm 16 - 21 / 814/ pmcsKyf ? pHy,fjzLr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 60 (Ekd0ifbm 1990) pm 112 - 117 / 815/ pufqkyfemMunf;rI ? om&r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 2 ? rSwf 2 ({NyD 1989) ? pm 58 - 61 / 816/ wrvGefyGJpm;rsm; ? om&r*¾Zif; ? (Ekd0ifbm 1988) pm 42 - 48 / 817/ awmausmif;q&m&JU okc ? om&r*¾Zif; ? (Zefe0g&D 1988) pm 43 48 / 818/ wvSnfhwywf ? om&r*¾Zif; ? rSwf 3 (rwf 1988) pm 5 - 10 / 819/ yif ? vkHrav;r*¾Zif; ? rSwf 10 (atmufwkdbm 1985) pm 129 133 / 820/ yÍÆavmif;vufu Mumyef; ? pHy,fjzLr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 6 (ZGef 1985) pm 132 - 136 / 821/ yef;a&mifaq;jym;uav; 2 jym; ? om&r*¾Zif; (ZGef 1988) pm 132 136 / 822/ b,foltokH;vkdovJ ? om&r*¾Zif; ? rSwf 4 ({NyD 1988) pm 87 90 / 823/ rdawm ? pHy,fjzLr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 57 (Mo*kwf 1990) pm 138 - 150 / 824/ rDcsD*efpmar;yGJwJhAsm; ? om&r*¾Zif; ? (ar 1988) pm 18 - 24 / 825/ rD;eJYESvkH;om; ? om&r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 2 ? rSwf 3 (ar 1989) pm 31 - 34 / 826/ rsKd; ? pHy,fjzLr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 68 (Mo*kwf 1991) pm 92 - 95 / 827/ ,mOfwkdufrI ? om&r*¾Zif; ? (Mo*kwf 1988) pm 77 - 79 / 828/ a&ewforD;yGJ? axmifuJBuD;eJYacG;waumif ? pHy,fjzLr*¾Zif; ? ({NyD 1992) pm 112 - 118 / 169

829/ &Gmawmf&Sif ? om&r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 2 ? rSwf 1 (Zef 1989) pm 133 - 136 / 830/ txufvTmu r*FvmyGJ ? om&r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 2 ? rSwf 4 (Zlvkdif 1989) pm 74 - 81 / 831/ tazray:wJhuav; ? om&r*¾Zif; ? (Zlvkdif 1988) pm 18 - 28 / 832/ atmif ? om&r*¾Zif; ? rSwf 2 (azazmf0g&D 1988) pm 61 - 65 / «b*FgvD0w¦Kwkd» 833/ pma&;q&mBuD; &rfwm&rf*sufwm&D (b*FgvD) ? uvsmr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 65 (Zlvkdif 1990) pm 28 - 36 / 834/ bk&ifrif;w&m; ? csnfrQifESifhtxnfpuf½kH ppfukdif; ? oufomacsmifcsda&;tzGJU 10 ESpfajrmuf txdrf;trSwf r*¾Zif; ? 1983 / «½k&S0w¦Kwkd» 835/ e,fjcm;apmifhwyfom; ? bmomjyefol a':trm ? vlxk*sme,f ? wGJ 1 ? rSwf 4 ( 3 pufwifbm 1950) pm 19 - 20 ? 30 ? 43 - 44 / e,fjcm;apmifhwyfom; ? vlxk*sme,f ? wGJ 1 ? rSwf 5 ( 1 atmufwkdbm 1950) pm 15 ? 33 - 36 ? 41 - 42 / 836/ vufaumufBuD; ? a&T0wfrIHr*¾Zif; ? (azazmf0g&D 1992) 102 - 105 / ----- (2) ? a&T0wfrIHr*¾Zif; ? (rwf 1992) pm 19 - 21 / ----- (3) ? a&T0wfrIHr*¾Zif; ? ({NyD 1992) pm 19 - 21 / 837/ 0wå&m; ? bmomjyefol a':trm ? BuD;yGm;a&;r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 7 ? rSwf 5 (ar 1939) pm 19 /

170

«avm0w¦Kwkd» 838/ uRefaemfhpmwapmif ? bmomjyefol zkd;omatmif ?½Ia'gifh*sme,f ? rSwf 51 (4 ar 1971) pm 33 / ----- ? bmomjyefol zkd;omatmif ?½Ia'gifh*sme,f ? rSwf 51 (15 ar 1971) / 839/ *vJhpm; ? bmomjyefol a':trm ? &eHYopfr*¾Zif; ? trSwf 6 ? 1989 ? pm 50 - 53 / 840/ aiGom;'*Fg;jym; 100 wJhAsm; ? bmomjyefol zkd;omatmif ? ½Iaxmifh*sme,f ? rSwf 56 (15 Zlvkdif 1971) pm 33 - 34 / ----- ? bmomjyefol zkd;omatmif ?½Ia'gifh*sme,f ? rSwf 57 (1 Mo*kwf 1971) pm 32 - 35 / 841/ rkd;awGu&Gm ? bmomjyefol zkd;omatmif ?½Ia'gifh*sme,f ? rSwf 49 ({NyD 1971) pm 16 - 17 / ----- ? bmomjyefol zkd;omatmif ?½Ia'gifh*sme,f ? rSwf 50 (15 {NyD 1971) pm 36 - 42 / 842/ rdef;uav;\atmifyGJ ? bmomjyefol zkd;omatmif ?½Ia'gifh*sme,f ? rSwf 58 (15 Mo*kwf 1971) pm 25 / ----- ? bmomjyefol zkd;omatmif ?½Ia'gifh*sme,f ? rSwf 59 (1 puf 1971) pm 30 - 34 / 843/ om;tza0pk ? bmomjyefol zkd;omatmif ?½Ia'gifh*sme,f ? rSwf 55 (1 Zlvkdif 1971) pm 30 - 32 / 844/ aoewfvG,fwJhausmif;q&m ? bmomjyefol zkd;omatmif ?½Ia'gifh*sme,f ? rSwf 53 (1 ZGef 1971) pm 30 - 34/ 171

----- ? bmomjyefol zkd;omatmif ?½Ia'gifh*sme,f ? rSwf 54 (15 ZGef 1971) pm 29 - 34 / «[if'D0w¦Kwkd» 845/ qkawmif;jynfh ? jr0ef;{&mr*¾Zif; ? (ZGef 1987) pm 126 - 131 / 846/ blwmpBuFefay:rSm ? uvsmr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 76 (ZGef 1991) pm 64 68 / 847/ abmhpf~uGvmwJhxrif;pm;yGJ ? uvsmr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 54 (Mo*kwf 1989) pm 56 - 61 / 848/ jrif;&xm;orm;rkd[mruf ? uvsmr*¾Zif; ? (Mo*kwf 191) ? pm 77 81 / 849/ toGifrwl ? uif;wm;r*¾Zif; ? 1984 ? pm 150 - 156 ? 160 - 162 / «tjcm;bmomjyef0w¦Kwkd» 851/ urÇmopfqDokdY ? a&;ol *sD&Da0gvwm ? bmomjyefol a':trm ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 27 ? (Zlvkdif 1952) pm 17 - 20 ? 32 - 34 / 852/ usKyfwkdYpydef (pydef0w¦K) bmomjyefol a':trm ? vlxk*sme,f ?

(Zefe0g&D 1959) pm 23 - 30 ? 36 / 853/ uRefawmfum;armif;vkdifpif,lcJhpOfu bmomjyefol a':trm ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 52 (Mo*kwf 1954) pm 27 - 34 / 854/ ig;&HUESpfaumif ? pHy,fjzLr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 4 ({NyD 1985) pm 32 - 36 ?

91 - 92 / 172

855/ qmwDukef; ? awmifwGif;a&Tjynfr*¾Zif; ? 1984 ? pm 44 -47 / 856/ aemifw ? uvsmr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 62 ({NyD 1990) pm 40 - 44 / 857/ awmolr (csuf0w¦K) bmomjyefol a':trm ? vlxk*sme,f ? rSwf 22 (azazmf0g&D 1952) pm 23 - 24 ? 30 - 31 / 858/ yuf&S0gNrKdUpm;uav; ? uvsmr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 72 (azazmf0g&D 1991) pm 88 - 92 / 859/ jyefvnfqkHawGUMu&m0,f (rav;&Sm;0w¦K) ? ra[oDr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 102 ? ({NyD 1993) pm 154 - 159 / 861/ rrNrKdUol ? pHy,fjzLr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 2 (azazmf0g&D 1985) pm 75 - 81 / 862/ a`rGeJYavSum; ? uvsmr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 60 (azazmf0g&D 1990) pm 86 90 / 863/ arG;aeYvufaqmif (a[mfvef) bmomjyefol jrrÍÆL ? BuD;yGm;a&;r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 7 ? rSwf 1 (Zefe0g&D 1939) pm 20 - 24 / 864/ &efolawmf ? bmomjyefol jrrÍÆL ? BuD;yGm;a&;r*¾Zif; ? wGJ 8 ? rSwf 10 (atmufwkdbm 1940) ? pm 70 - 76 / 865/ a&TusnfqH ? bmomjyefol a':trm ? ya'om½kyfpkHr*¾Zif; ? wGJ 1 ? rSwf 9 (atmufwkdbm 1948) pm 14 -18 / 866/ vleJYig; (tmoH) ? uvsmr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 83 (Zefe0g&D 1992) pm 48 / 867/ vlom;pm; ? bmomjyefol a':trm ? rEÅav;wuúokdvfESpfvnfr*¾Zif; ? 'DZifbm 1956 ? pm 14 - 16 / 868/ vif;,kefwkdYwkdif;jynf ? a&T0wfrIefr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 12 (azazmf0g&D 1991) ? pm 49 - 52 / 869/ olUtu (b*Fvm;'uf&Sf) ? uvsmr*¾Zif;? rSwf 89 (Zefe0g&D 1993) 173

pm 100 - 106 / 870/ tacGcH&ol uvsmr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 93 ({NyD 1993) pm 82 - 88 / 871/ tjrifopf ? bmomjyefol vlxka':trm ? a&Trif;*Hr*¾Zif; (ykodrfBuD;NrKdUe,f pmayESifh pme,fZif;) ? (Ekd0ifbm 1994) pm 138 - 148 / 872/ tolw&macsmuf (awv*l) ? uvsmr*¾Zif; ? (atmufwkdbm 1989) pm 95 - 98 / 873/ tonf;ESvkH;xJu ajymwJhpum; (*l*sm&wD 0w¦K) ? a&T0wf&nfr*¾Zif; ?

(Mo*kwf 1991) pm 52 - 54 / 874/ tdrfrSmr*Fvmaqmifvkyfwkef;u ? uvsmr*¾Zif; ? rSwf 57 (Ekd0ifbm 1989) pm 81 - 87 / 6/ pmtrnftñTef;

pmtrnfeJY ,SOfwGJazmfjyxm;wJh *Pef;awG[m pmpkpm&if; trSwfpOfukd ñTef;ygw,f/ (u) uav;i,feJYvlUavmu 509 uav;b0 oDv&Sif0wfcJhwkef;u 488 uav;rsm;tzkdY pmaywJh 265 uav;taz&SmykHawmf 538 urmau;u a&vkyfom; 211 aumvif;rD;avmifajru b0wkdufyGJ 510 aumvdyfausmif;olb0 489 174

aumvdyfausmif;olb0 491 ukdnKdjr 331 ukd0if;OD; 398 (u) uuf&SfrD;ukd rD;wif½IdUí tvpfokwfMurnfholrsm; 539 uifr&Gef;ppfwyfrS ppfAkdvfuav; 666 urÇmausmf axmifrif;om;BuD; ae½l; 376 urÇmausmf[efa*&DabmhvkH;toif; 667 urÇmausmf tDwmvsHpma&;q&m tDwmvkdumvfADEkd 377 urÇmppf? a'oppf? jynfwGif;ppf 540 urÇmESifh vufcsif;qufí 542 urÇmopfqDokdY 851 urÇmYuav;oli,frsm;ukd umuG,fMuyg 543 urÇmYNidrf;csrf;a&; 541 urÇmYNidrf;csrf;a&;aumifpD OuúX - usL&D 451 urÇmYvli,f - Armvli,f 544 urÇmYtBuD;qkH;ausmufqif;wkawmf 668 urÇmYtBuD;qkH;pmtkyf 1 urÇmYtBuD;qkH;pmtkyf 266 urÇmYtEkynmonfBuD; csmvDcsufyvif 399 urÇmYtvkyform;tzGJUcsKyf 545 - 546 usaemfhpmwapmif 838 usm;bNidrf;okdYpma~uG; 452 aus;Zl;rsm;vSwJhtvSL 585 aus;Zl;&Sif 770 175

aus;vufvli,frsm; awGUqkHESD;aESmyGJobif 511 ausmufpm0efa[mif;OD;jr 341 ausmufxkd;q&mukd aiG 2d ay;&wJhacwf 482 ausmufonf urÇmemavm? uRefemavm 547 ausmif;BuD;a&Ttifyif 669 ausmif;aezufoli,fcsif; 485 ausmif;om;b0 477 usKyfwkdYpydef 852 Mumayr,fh rarhEkdifMuyg 512 aMumfjim 332 BuKduf&wJhoDcsif;ESpfyk'f 623 BuKHawmifhBuKHcJ ylaZmfyGJ 586 uGefjrLepfw½kwfjynftiftm;NyKdifyGJ 27 - 28 uGrf; 670 uG,fvGef&Smol aumvdyfpdef a':jrvGif 400 uRJacs;wykH 812 uRefawmfum;armif;vkdifpif,lcJhpOfu 853 uREkfyfwkdYtm&S 548 uRefb0 671 uRefrqkHcJhonfh 36ck ta&;awmfykH 492 uRefrwkdYu rif;orD;av 493 uRefrwkdYi,fi,fu 2 uRefrwkdYq&mBuD;eJYvufa0SYtm;upm; 453 uRefrwkdYq&m q&ma&Tjynf 354 176

uRefrwkdYodwJh OD;aombdw 357 - 367 uRefrjrifawGUcJh&aom uav;rsm;tzkdY pmtkyfxkwfa0&mXme 212 (c) acgif;quftNrD;qufESpfyGJ 513 acwfumv&JUawmif;qkdcsuf 587 acwfESifhtajctae 672 csmvDcsufyvifBuD; qkH;&SmNyD 402 csJxD csKdif;xD? &Srf;xD 514 csufrS opömazmufrIBuD; 550 csif;wGif;rS yifv,fodkY 3 acsmif;½kd;xJ va&mifxkd;awmh 813 cspfp&mhapwem 673 cspfrdwfaqG 771 cspfolukd,fhrdef;r 772 csrf;oavref;ajru 674 7 ESpfMum tD&ef tD&wfppfyGJ 549 (8) *vJhpm; 839 *EÅ0ifrSm &Sm;r,fhpmtkyf 267 *syefwkdY&JUaqmifMumNrKdifowif; 551 *sif 675 *sKHESifhppfom; 35 177

(i) ig;&HUESpfaumif 854 i,fi,fwkef;utjrif 481 i,foli,fcsif;pma&;q&mr rmvm 337 Nidrf;csrf;a&; 676 Nidrf;csrf;a&;okdY 25 Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf urf;vSrf;csuf 552 aiGESifhvufeuf 24 aiGom;'*Fg;jym; 100 wJhAsm; 840 iSufaysmyifpkduf rdvkdufzyg 472 (p) pyg;ESHESpfcuf 795 pavOD;ykn 336 pmcsKyf 814 pmqkduH 677 pmqkduH 773 pmayc&D;tp uRefrb0 494 pmayynm&Sif bBuD;jr 342 pmrlctvSL 495 pmrSefatmifa&;MupkdY 268 pma&;Muw,fqkdwm 269 pma&;q&mBuD;rsm;&JUZeD;ESpfa,muf 378 178

pma&;q&mBuD; &rfwm&rf*sufwm&D 833 pma&;q&mr {nfhonf 379 pma&;q&m a&Tref;wifarmif 403 - 415 pma&;q&m owif;pmq&m vlxkOD;vS 370 pmtkyfqkdifu vl0ifvlxGuf 270 - 295 apwem 774 apwemay:atmif 624 pkd&mrSpdrf; 588 pufqkyfemMunf;rI 815 ppfqkdwm 553 pE´rmvm 20 - 21 pdefaA'gBuD;&JU&mjynfhyGJ 417 pdefaA'g&JUESpfpOftvSL 416 pdef&wkobif usif;yrnfh rvGefqefvSLtoif;BuD; 589 pyful;rwful; 796 (q) q&mBuD;ajymjywJha&S;a[mif;aESmif;jzpfrsm; 345 q&mBuD;bmx&ef&yfqJ 380 - 382 q&mBuD; jrrsKd;vGif 343 q&mBuD;a&TOa'gif;&mjynfhyGJ 368 q&mBuD;a&TOa'gif;&JU&Gmrefusnf;wkH 369 q&mBuD;ocifukd,fawmfrIdif; 4 q&mBuD;ocifukd,fawmfrIdif;&JUpmaya0zefa&; 346 179

q&mBuD;ocifukd,fawmfrIdif;&JU rkHa&G;aMu;rkH 347 q&mBuD;ocifukd,fawmfrIdif; okdYr[kwf Nidrf;csrf;a&;AkdvfcsKyfBuD; 348 q&mBuD;ocifukd,fawmfrIdif;\BuKd;yrf;rI 349 q&mBuD;ocifukd,fawmfrIdif;\tdyfruf 350 q&mBuD; OD;okcarG;aeY 373 q&mawmfOD;uvsmP\ ,kHMunfcsuf 590 q&mwkdYb0 - 515 q&mrykHjyif 775 q&mjrrsKd;vGif&JUb0ed*kH; 344 q&mokc OD;aygif;usm;ESifh jrif;usm;&Sif 374 qmwDukef; 855 qkawmif;jynfh 845 aq;vdyfeJYvlom; 6 qkd&S,fvpfwdkif;jynfrsm;okdY 5 qkd&S,fvpfa&;eJY ao&nfao&uf 516 qifBuD;awG-qifBuD;awG 678 qifyGJ 679 qifjzL&Sif 680 aqmif;t0if 681 qkdif;NyKdifwD;&mrSm q&mpdefaA'gr½IrvS½IH;wJhyGJ 418 qef OD;bkd; 389 q,fhESpfBuKd; 0w¦Kwkdrsm; 41 (u) 12 yGJ aps;onf 316

180

(Z) Zmwfq&mOD;zkd;pdefeJYobiftvkyform;wkdufyGJ 419 ZmwfqefvSwJhrif;orD;pdefvSMunf 420 Zmwfobif&JUa&S;a[mif;aESmif;jzpf 625 ZGefyef;&moD 682 (ps) aps; 314 aps;bk&m;yGJac:wJh ajrmifbk&m;yGJBuD; 315 (n) n§yfyl;n§yfydwfrdaeol ESpfOD; 554 (w) wwd,oli,fcsif; 487 wrvGefyGJpm;rsm; 816 w&m;½kH;awmf 776 w½kwfpma&;q&m vif,lweftay: oabmxm;ykH 383 w½kwfpD;u&uf 555 w½kwfjynfwGif rD;&xm;ESifh c&D;oGm;cJhpOfu 213 w½kwfjynf rD;&xm;ay:0,f 214 w½kwfjynfa&muf Ak'¨omoem 591 - 592 w½kwfjynf\ om;aumif;orD;aumif;rsm; 799 wdyd#u"&omoemhrdcifBuD; 593 181

awmausmif;q&m&JU okc 817 awmolr 857 awmtvSLeJY NrKdUtvSL 517 awmfvSefwJhw½kwfjynf uRefawmfrSwfrdorQ 32 wkdYarmifr,f 777 wuúokdvf"r®m½kHBuD;wGif ausmif;olrsm; 0wfwufMurnf 594 awmifxdyfMumayguf 595 awmifom 215 124 (u) tpkd;&ukd tMunfnKdysufaprI 683 wvSnfhwywf 818 woufrSmwcgBuKHr,f 464 wyfukef;NrKdUu ylaZmfyGJ 596 wdrfjrKyfaysmufuG,fawmhrnfhcspfpzG,f jrefrmh,Ofaus;rI 626 (x) xm0& 778 xD xD - xD 518 xl;jcm;wJh jrawmifausmif;om;BuD; 351 xkd;uGif;rSifaMumif 683 (u) axmifqkdonfrSm 519 xkdif;0w¦Kwkdrsm; 29 - 30 xef;awmifol 216 xrf;ykd; 797 xGufayguf 597 182

(') 'DxufESajrmp&m r&Sdawmhyg 700 'DESpfoBuFef 701 'kwd,ausmif;om;b0 478 'kwd,oli,fcsif; 486 a'go 779 a':BuD;pkd;wkdY&GmokdY 217-218-219 'ku©dwtkd; wm½kd; 800 (e) e*g; 684 ebwfBuD;&Gmu vlxkausmif; 220 em;eJYrem z0g;eJYemyg 520-522 aeukd&yfí urÇmukdvnfapol 454 ae½l;\axmifwGif;rS orD;xHay;pmrsm; 685 - 698 ae&Sife,fausmif;uoli,fcsif;awG 488 ae&Sife,fausmif;om; 483 aemifw 856 EkdifiHjcm;u pm 702 EkdifiHjcm;rSm omoem 598 ESpfw&myGJ 699 ewfaeukdif;ygrcsefaom OD;b*srf;\vuf&mrsm; 421 ewfa&uef 221 - 224 183

eef;awmfa&SUq&mwif 422 e,fjcm;apmifhwyfom; 835 ESrtaxG;pl 801 ESajrmp&m a':rmvm 338 EIwfrqufcsif 802 (y) yckuúLoD[kdVf&Sifbk&m;yGJawmf 317 ycef;ewfyGJokdY 225-226-227 ynmtvif;u ykdufqHBuD; 335 yxrqkH;tBudrfvkyfwJhyGJ 228 yxr[Hom0wD 257 yxrtBudrfvkyfwJhyGJ 703 ya'o&mZfykHpHtvSL 523 ygawmfrl 704 ygwdwfyef;csD 627 yg&rDjznfhzuf 329 yDeHeJYr[mpnfomoem 599 ykwD;ESpfoG,f 780 ay:OD;oufyef;csDjyyGJ 628 ykd;vkHcsnf 705-706 yuf&S0gNrKdUpm;uav; 858 yk*¾Kdvfxl; t&d,r*¾ifacsmifq&mawmf 600 yif 819 184

yÍÆavmif;vufu Mumyef; 820 yef;csDq&mBuD; OD;cifarmif 423 yef;csDq&mBuD; OD;bouf 424-425 yef;a&mifaq;jym;uav; 2 jym; 821 ykyÜg;OD;ausmf&ifESifh odyÜHarmif0\ b0c&D;Murf; 327 ajymufMum;wyfom; 781 jynfolcspfaomtEkynmonfrsm; 7 jynfolwkdY\Nidrf;csrf;a&; 557 jyefvnfqkHpnf;Muawmh 496 jyefvnfqkHawGUMu&m0,f 859 yGJawmfukdoGm;Mur,fvkdY 229 (z) zdvpfykdifppftajcpkdufrsm;ta&; 558 azazjzL;xH 707 (A) ArmoHawGaysmufukefNyD 629 ArmtrsKd;orD; 524 ArmhtvSLuav;wck 525 ArmhNidrf;csrf;a&;tiftm; 559 ArmhzefusDvkyfief; 630-632 AD,uferfrSjrifuGif;wck 708 AD,uferfrS vGwfvyfa&;ta&;awmfykH 560 185

aA'g 709 (b) b0csif;rwlonfh w½kwfjynf 26 bmvif BuD; 4 BuD; EkdifiHjcm;a&;0efBuD; 561 bk&m;BuD;u e&nf;oH 633 bk&m;trBuD; a':vS0kdif; 455 bk&ifrif;w&m; 834 blwmpBuFefay:rSm 846 ab;eD;wm ta&;BuD;ygNyD 710 abmhpf~uGvmwJhxrif;pm;yGJ 847 abmif;bDeD 803 abmif;bDESifhtysKd 526 bkef;BuD;ysHeJY {,ifusL; 634-636 b,foltokH;vkdovJ 822 (r) raumif;&ify,f aumif;&ifwG,f 711 rBuKdufwJhpum;vkH; tokH;tEIH;rsm; 296 rnDrQaom wkd;wufjcif; 230 rxGufao;aomtajz 782-783 rESif;qDrD;&xm;uav; 712 rrNrKdUol 861 r&P&Sifaorif;ESifh - 527 186

rav;rSjrifuGif;wck 713-718 rvGefaps;u aps;aumuf 318 rvIdifyef;tkdifa&TrkaXmbk&m;yGJawmf 319 raoaom OD;b*srf; 426 r[m*Dw&JUa&S;a[mif;aESmif;jzpf 637-647 rdawm 823 rdzk&m;acgifBuD;eJYq&mBuD;ocifukd,fawmfrIdif; 352 rDcsD*efpmar;yGJwJhAsm; 824 rD;qkd&if &ifav;rd 719 rD;eJYESvkH;om; 825 rkqkd;r 804 armfpukdwd&pämef½kHrS acG;jcaoFhESifhusm; 231 rkd;*sme,f&JUtvSL 720 rkd;awGu&Gm 841 rkd;rkd;tif;vsm;twGuf tarhvufaqmif 340 rkduform; rkdufolBuD; 390 r*¾Zdefav;wapmif 258 rif;om;ukdzkd;uGef; 427 rkdif;aomufNrKdU ausmufeDawm& q&mawmf 601 arwåm 784 rEÅav;upum; 474 rEÅav;u aAsm 648 rEÅav;u rvGefaps; 320 rEÅav;u opfpufykdifOD;omaX; 391 187

rEÅav;utbkd; 466 rEÅav;utdrfawmf&mxD; 721 rEÅav;qefvSLtoif;BuD; 602 rEÅav;aps;csKdawmf 321 rEÅav;aps;csKdawmf a&Tqkdifwef; 322 rEÅav;"mwf&xm; 722 rEÅav;eJYyvdyfa&m*g 467 rEÅav;jrawmifausmif;trBuD;&JUb0ed*kH; 456 rEÅav;NrKdUrsufESmzkH; pD;yGm;a&;orm;BuD;rsm; 392-395 rEÅav;NrKdYrsufESmzkH; (a':OD;ZGef;) 458 rEÅav;NrKdYrsufESmzkH; (Adokum q&mqkdif) 460 rEÅav;NrKdYrsufESmzkH; (OD;ausmfvS) 459 rEÅav;NrKdYrsufESmzkH; (OD;aiG) 457 rEÅav;0gqkdjrifuGif; 723 rEÅav;olBuD;awG 397-398 rEÅav;ol yGJuawmfBuD;awG 396 rEÅav;ol rEÅav;om;rsm; 8 rEÅav;ol&d,OD;xGef;&if 384 rEÅav;tNidrfh 649 rEÅav;tdrfawmf&mrdausmif;wHwm; 724 rdef;uav;\atmifyGJ 842 rdef;reJYa,musfm; 528 rsKd; 826 jracsusif; raiGNrKdif 428 188

jrawmifausmif;om;a[mif;wOD; 461 jrawmifq&mawmfBuD; 603 ajrmif;jrq&mawmfbk&m;BuD; &mjynfhylaZmfyGJ 606 jrawmif&mjynfhyGJawmf 604 jrawmifa&T&wk 605 NrKdUcspfwJhom;ayrkdY 725 NrKdUr*¾Zif;&JUwefzkd; 259 ajrmuftmz&durS rsKd;cspfrsm; bmukdvkdí taocHaeMuoenf; 563 jrif;&xm;orm;rkd[mruf 848 jrefrmausmif;om;b0 479 jrefrmpum; 297 jrefrmpum; 726 jrefrmjynfwGifppfaq;cJhaom trItcif;rsm; 22-23 jrefrmhuGrf;aq;vufzufeJY {nfh0wfapmif0wf 471 jrefrmhuRef;om; 305 jrefrmhaq;a&;yef;csD&JU acwfOD; 650-651 jrefrmhqifzrf;enf;rsm; 306 jrefrmhyef;ykaps;uGuf 652 jrefrmhr[m*Dw 9 jrefrmh½kyfpkHobifhaemifa&; 653 jrefrmhobifa&S;a[mif;aESmif;jzpf 654-655 jrefrmhom;a&zdeyf 309 jrefrmhopfawm&JUtBuD;qkH;&wemqif 307 jrefrmhopfawm&wem ? tckacwfqifzrf;enf; 308 189

jrefrmhtm;upm; 727-729 arG;aeYvufaqmif 371 arG;aeYvufaqmif 863 rSwfrSwfom;om; trSwfw&av;rsm; 497 rSefxJuopöm 49 (u) a`rGeJYavSum; 862 arQmykdufBuD;awG&JU tpGrf; 562 (,) ,aeYArmhoDcsif;rsm; 656 a,musfm;rif;orD; arhvefzef 429-433 ,mOfwkdufrI 827 (&) &wemykHrEÅav;? rEÅav;? uRefrwkdYrEÅav; 10 &wembkHjrifhausmif;wkduf ESpfw&mjynfh 607 &xm;vkduft&m&Sd 805 &[ef;yk*¾Kdvfrsm;uawmif av;pm;&wJh q&mBuD; a':"r®pm&D 609 &[ef;ysKdorkdif; 610 a&cH - ajrcHaumif; 611 a&ewforD; 828 a&&Sm;vSwJh uHNrJZ*srf; 232 a&;p&mawGaygvkdufygbd 298 a&mufwwf&m&m a&;rdwmrsm; 498-505 190

&ifaoG; 786 &efukefeJYrEÅav; 730 &efNiKd; 787 &efolawmf 864 ½kyfxkzGifhyGJwkef;u - 731 &ifNidrf;ppf 785 &Gmpm;BuD; OD;barmifokdY 434 &Gmawmf&Sif 829 &SmrS&Sm; owif;pmq&m 385 a&S;a[mif;aESmif;jzpf 732 &Srf;ajrvwfu wkdif;&if;om;uAsm 299 a&TbkdNrKdUaxmifhapwDyGJ 324 a&TusnfqH 865 a&Tpm&H 323 a&Twav;umwGef;rsm;u orkdif;ukd ajymaeMuonf 657 a&Ta'gif;awmif aqmif;yg;rsm; 11 a&Tjynfq&mBuD;OD;bwif 353 a&Tjynfq&mBuD;OD;bwif 355 a&Tjynfq&mBuD;OD;bwif (4) 356 a&Tref;wifarmif 12 a&Tref;wifarmifb0ed*kH;qkH;wJhtcg 436 a&Tref;wifarmif&JU Zmwdjyóem 435 a&T&wkusif;yr,fhNrKdUr 658 a&T½kd; buav; 13 191

a&Tav;bk&m; &mjynfhyGJ 325 (v) vmawmhr,fhN*Kdvfwkacwf 564 vlBuD;awGu0kdif;NyD; xdef;MuygOD;pkdY 734 vlxk*sme,facgif;BuD;rsm; 55-93 vlxkppf 807 vlxka':trma&;wJh a&Tref;wifarmifa0zefa&; 437 vlxkOD;vS&JU wkdif;&if;om;ykHjyifrsm; 52 (u) vlxkOD;vS&JU r*Fvmpum; 372 vleJYig; 866 vlESifha~uG; 806 vlESifh vlUtokduftNrKH 735 vljzL vlrnf;jyóem 565 vlvm; ? wd&pämefvm; cGJjcm;r&olrsm; 530 vl&TifawmfBuD;OD;tkH;oD; 438 vlom;pm; 867 vltkdayr,fh 659 avwcsufa0SU&ifjzifh 808 av;pm;tyfwJh rvGefrif;om;BuD; 462 vufaumufBuD; 836 vufeufjyí tnHhcHapa&;onf Nidrf;csrf;a&;ukd rwnfaqmufEkdif 567 vufayGUtdwfaysmufwJhyGJ 233 vufzufajcmuf 788 192

vufzufajcmufvkyfief; 310 vufzufajcmufvkyfief; 311 vufzufvkyfief; 312 vifr,m;qkdwm 531 vif;,kefwkdYwkdif;jynf 868 vdyfjymoefY&JUvm; 736 vrf;avQmufazmfwOD; 506 vGrf;p&mhaps;csKd 326 vGrf;rdygw,f 260 vGrf;&wJhe&nf;oH 660 vIyf&Sm;EkdifawmhNyDjzpfaom&JwkdufBuD; ? csufjynfwGif;&Sdcsm;&fbmPDwm;rif; &JwkdufBuD;twGif;rS ya'o&mZfacwf jrifuGif;rsm; 234 (0) 00pm;Mu&zkdY 570 0g0ifawmhr,f 733 0wå&m; 837 (o) owdeJYvSLwJhtvSL 532 owd&SdwJh yk*¾Kdvfrsm; 613 owif;BuD;onfh csif;wGif;c&D; 235-240 owif;BuD;onfhrif;orD; 439 owif;pm 261 193

owif;pma[mif; 262 owif;pmrsm;uajymwJh q&mawmfOD;0dZ, 612 owif;axmufAdrmef 263 owif;-owif;-owif; qkdwm 571 owif;a[mif; 264 oeyfzufvkyfief; 313 obiftEkynm&SifBuD; jracsusif;raiGNrKdif\ b0Zmwfodrf; 440 obifhOaoQmifBuD;okH;OD;&JU&mjynfhyGJ 441 orD;av;rrkd;a& 339 orD;oHa,mZOf 790 ordkif;&SdwJha&OD; 737 omoeme,fu yk*¾KdvfwOD; (OD;aX;atmif) 617 omoeme,fu yk*¾KdvfwOD; (OD;odef;atmif) 614-616 omoemjyK'ora&Tusifomoemykdif 618-619 omoem&JUajrcHa&cHaumif; 620 omoemhwefaqmifq&mawmfBuD;rsm; 15 om; 12 a,muftar 476 om;wkdY½kyf&nf 738 om;tza0pk 843 odcsifpdwf 739 oDvwefckd; tusKd;ayxifh 621 odomwJhwkd;wufrIawG awGU&atmif 533 oli,fcsif;ESpfa,muf 507 ol&Sdprf;apcsifonf 328 194

olUpsmyeukd - ukdwifarmifjrifapcsifprf;vSbdygawmhw,f 442 olUypönf; 789 olUtu 869 aoewfvG,fwJhausmif;q&m 844 oHpkHwD;0kdif;BuD; 661 oHawGcJ 791 oufawmf&SnfylaZmfyGJ 622 oufwefYa&mif 33-34 odyÜHarmif0 trSwfw& ESpf 50 yGJ 375 or®w[kdcsDrif; 16 36 aumifxD - 534 oGm;avoltwGuf &nfñTef;vsuf 508 ([) [kdcsDrif;\ tusOf;axmifu ykavGoH uAsmrsm; 300 [kdta&; onfta&; awG;rd&m&m 574 (t) tuRwftvGwfyGJ 535 tcsdef&Sdao;orQ 740 tacGcH&ol 870 tNidrfh 17-18 tapmBuD;cGJoGm;wJheDarmif 334 tapmqkH;umwGef; 662 195

tapmfum;cHae&onfh ynm&yf 741 tqkdtu xkdESpf0 484 tnmolrsm;yifv,foGm; 241-254 txufvTmu r*FvmyGJ 830 txrf;½kyfao; 663 tem;rnDBwd*H0w¦Kwkdrsm; 54 (u) tEkynmpmtkyfawGukd bm&nf&G,fcsufeJYa&;ovJ 301 tEkynmonfBuD; OD;b*srf;\EkdifiHa&;tjrif 443 tESpf 5000 cefYu ausmufoabFm 742 tESpf 100 MumwJhtcg 664 tazeJYtbkd; 465 tazray:wJhuav; 831 tbpdefaA'g&JUaemufqkH;yGJrsm; 448 tbGm;a':qkd; 468 tbGm;a':&if 469 tbGm;&Sdwkef;ub0 470 tarwkdYacwfEkdifiHa&; 473 taraeaumif;&JUvm; 743 tarhowd&wJh yGJawmifNyKH; 536 tarhZmwd&yf&Gm 463 tarha&S;pum; 744-765 tarhtaMumif;waphwapmif; 475 tr,frifhbefaumufNrKdUawmf 255 trsKd;om;pmqkd aZmf*sD 330 196

trsKd;om;obifawG&JU uaeYtajc 665 tjrifopf 871 t&if;&SifpepfatmufrSm tEkynmonf? okdYr[kwf NrKdUrNidrf; 444-447 ta&SU*smreDowif;pmynm r[mXmea&mufcJhpOfu 256 t&Sifvwfvwf aoG;pkyfcH&jcif; 792 tavmif;tpm; 793 ta0;a&mufom;orD;rsm; 767 (u) tolw&macsmuf 872 touf 80 jynfhwJhnKdjr 333 tonf;ESvkH;xJu ajymwJhpum; 873 toGifrwl 849 tmz&du0w¦Kwkdrsm; 36 Oypmaumvdyfausmif;olb0 490 OD;av;ESifhEGm;r 809 at0rf; q&mn§m 449 tkdw,fqkdwm 537 tkdb,fhwuúokdvf 767 tkd,ef;uD;wkdY 31 t*Fvdyftpnf;t½kH; 768 atmif 832 atmifAv? zkd;pdef? pdefuwkH; 19 atmifAv&mjynfhyGJtwGuf &SmykHawmf 450 atmifoG,fykqkd; 794 tw¦KyÜwådpmay 302 197

tw¦KyÜwåda&;r,fqkd&if 303 tw¦KyÜwådta&;aumif; 604 tdrfawmf&mbk&m;eJYqifBuD;vSLoGm;wJhwHwm; 769 tdyf&m0ifykHjyif 810 tdrfurdef;r 811 tdrfrSmr*Fvmaqmifwkef;u 874

198

tcef; ( 3 )

pmay*sme,f rsufESmzkH; pmqkd

vlxktar 1995? Ekd0ifbmvrSm xkwfcJhwJh pmay*sme,f twGJ 3? trSwf3? rSm touf (80) jynfh *kPfjyKtpDtpOftaeeJY rsufESmzkH;pmqkd qkdNyD; a0a0qmqm azmfjyay;cJhwmukd jyefvnf wifjyxm;jcif; jzpfyg w,f/

199

rsufESmzkH; pmqkd

vlxka':trm touf 80 jynfh (29?Ekd0ifbm?1995)

okdY pmay*sme,f rS trSwfw& 80

1 a':trm[laom trnfESifhvkdufatmif touf&mausmf&Snfum rmygap aMumif; qkawmif;arwåm ykdYovkdufygonf/ rif;ok0Pf (25?Mo*kwf?95) 2 a':trmonf ouf&Snfusef;rmcsrf;omí trsm;tusKd;ukd aumif;pGm aqmif &GufEkdifygap/ wufwkd; (21?pufwifbm?95)

200

3 r*¾Zif; tapmifapmifrSm pum;ajymovkd pma&;NyD; pma&;í pum;ajymaeaom vlxk a':trm/ toufw&mtxd temr&Sd pum;rsm;rsm; qufajymEkdifygap/ okc (2?pufwifbm?95) 4 vlxka':trm\ touf&Spfq,fjynfharG;aeYwGif touf&mausmf &Snfap aMumif; arwåmykdYtyfygonf/ xGef;at; (e*g;eD) (5?pufwifbm?95) 5 tw¦KyÜwåd ta&;aumif;vSqkd b,folb,f0g usefygao;w,f rckdif;aveJY cspfjrwfEkd;zG,f rawGU&ifra&;/ a'gufwmoef;xGef; (18?pufwifbm?95) 6 vlxka':trm touf&Spfq,f jynfhaomaeYtwGuf a'gufwmoef;xGef;u txdrf;trSwfwckjyK&ef aqmfMocJhygonf/ ,ckwzef pmay*sme,fuvnf; vlxka':trmtay:

rk'dwmyGm;rsm;ap&ef

ajymygonf/ 201

rSwfcsufwckck

a&;ay;yg[k

vlxka':trm\pmayrsm;ukd uRefawmfwkdY i,fpOfumvuyifvQif zwf&I vmcJh&m uRefawmfhpdwfxJwGifpGJaeaom tcsufwck&Sdygonf/ xkdtcsufrSm tjcm;r[kwf/ a':trm\ ta&;tom;wkdYonf uRefawmfwkdYcspfaom trd jrefrmEkdifiH\orkdif;ukd xkwfaz:a&;om;aom tzkd;wef trSwftom;rsm; jzpfonf[k awGU&Sd&jcif; jzpfygonf/ orkdif;trSwftom;[k ajymaomtcg a&S;jzpfa&S;a[mif; taMumif;t&mrsm;ukd ajymqkd&jcif;jzpfaomaMumifh jiD;aiGU zG,f[k,lqolrsm; &Sdaumif;&Sdygvdrfhrnf/ okdYaomf a':trmonf aeYpOf tjzpftysuf taMumif;t&mwkdYukd tekynmajrmufatmif pDukH;a&;om;wwf aom yk*¾KdvfjzpfaomaMumifh jrefrmhorkdif;twGuf tvGefta&;yg t&ma&muf aom yk*¾Kdvfjzpfonfukd aESmif;vlwkdY *&kwpkduf rSwfom;xkdufygonf/ aemifESpfaygif; 50 Mumaomtcg rEÅav;NrKdUrSm bmjzpfcJhonfukd odvkdaom vli,fonf a':trm\pmaywkdYukd vkdufvH&SmazGí avhvmayvdrfhrnf/ armifxif (5?pufwifbm?95) 7 vlxka':trm\ pmrsm;onf rvGwfwrf; zwfoifhzwfxkdufaom pmrsm; jzpfonf/ vlxka':trmonf ,cifu pmukd pmta&;tom;rsKd;ESifh a&;onf/ xkdYaemuf pum;ajymta&;ESifha&;onf/ okdY&mwGif vlxka':trm\pmrsm;onf pmzwf oltm; qGJaqmif ac:iifoGm;onfjzpfí pm\qGJaqmif&mokdY ygoGm;aom pmzwfolonf pmukd pum;ajymESifha&;aeovm;? pma&;ovkd a&;aeovm; [lonfh ta&;tom; uGJjym;jcm;em;rIqDokdYyif tm&kHra&mufawmhay/ yifukd,f tvS&Sdaom rdef;rysKdonf oeyfcg;a&usJvdrf;vdrf; EIwfcrf;eDqkd;qkd; vSNrJ 202

vSaernf/ vlxka':trm\ pmwGif yifukd,ftvS&Sdonf/ yg&*l (12?pufwifbm?95) 8 tpfrrm&JUtaMumif;

a&;&r,fqkd&if

pmwrf;&SnfBuD;

wapmifjzpfatmif

i,folawG rodao;wJh b0jzpfpOfawGukd uRefr jynfhjynfhpkHpkH a&;Ekdifygw,f/ tpfrrmu uRefrxuf wESpfeJYig;vBuD;aomfvnf; oluausmif;ol? uRefru orD;ESpfa,mufeJY cifyGef;onf&JUwm0efukd xrf;aqmifae&NyD; tpfrrm&JU ZGJowådeJY &ifhusufwJh pdwfaepdwfxm;rsKd; olU&JUajcrIefrQ uRefrrSmr&Sdyg/ wuúokdvfoydwfBuD; ay:vmawmh a&Twd*kHawmifzufapmif;wef;rSm npOf nwkdif; a[majymrIawG &SdcJhygw,f/ tJ'DrSm ]trm}qkdwJh wuúokdvfausmif;ol rdef;rvSuav;u owåd&J&ifh ZGJrmefw0ifh0ifheJY a[majymoGm;vkdufwm wu,fh tmZmenf ol&Jaumif;rav;vkdyJ qkdNyD; aeYpOfxkwf owif;pmawGxJrSm pmvkH;rnf;BuD;awGeJY csD;usL; az:jycJhwmaygh/ aemuf tpfr tdrfaxmifusNyD; om;orD;awG a`cGa`cG&H&HeJY wu,fhom,mcsrf;ajrUwJh tdrfaxmifpkBuD;ukd xlaxmif xdef;odrf;? xufjrufxl;cRefwJh &ifaoG;wkdY&JUrdcif? owif;pm q&mr? pma&;q&mrqkdwJh b0awGeJY avmu"HBuD;ukd BuHUBuHUcHjzwfoef;? aomu 'ku©rsKd;pkH BuKHawGU&ayr,fh wpufuav;rS tavsmhray; t&IH;ray; 'l;raxmuf vufrajr§mufwJh tpfrpdwf"mwfrsKd;ukd b,folurS ,SOfNyKdif Ekdif&JrSm r[kwfygbl;/ uaeY tpfrrm touf 80 jynfhNyD/ pmaumif; pmrGefawGa&;wkef;? wzufrSmvnf; pmay,Ofaus;rI ta&;udpö? &yfa&;&Gma&; udpö? bmom omoema&;udpöawGukd wwfEkdiforQ tm;BuKd;rmefwuf 203

aqmif&Gufaewkef;yJqkdwm Mum;odae&awmh tpfrrmukd uRefr raocif jrif&ygvkd\vkdY qkawmif;rdygw,f/ a':r[maqG (pma&;q&mBuD; r[maqG\ZeD;) (18?pufwifbm?95) 9 vlxka':trm&JU pmayaumif;rI tpkpkukd om"kac:qkdí arG;aeY&Spfq,fjynfh ausmfvGefí ESpfw&mwkdif a&mufygapaomf0f/ Ek,Of (12?pufwifbm?95) 10 rtrmvkd jrefrmyDowJh trsKd;orD;wOD;[m uRefrwkdY pmayavmu&JU "l0HMu,f jzpfaewmukdu usufoa&r*Fvm wyg;ygyJ/ 'D"l0HMu,f[m Nidrf;csrf;a&;ukd a&SUaqmifvrf;jyEkdifygap/ cifESif;,k (12?pufwifbm?95) 11 uavmifuvJ pmyGJpm;&JUvufxJu uavmifr[kwf? acwfwkdif; acwfwkdif; rSm tzdcHESdrfcHaoG;tpkwfcH urÇmYvlom;rsm;bufu tNrJ&yfwJh "m;vkdxufNyD; vSHvkdpl;wJh r[muavmif/ vluvJ vlYjynfukd pm;zkdY tdyfzkdY om;orD;rsm; yGm;pnf;zkdYtwGuf oufoufa&mufvmwJh rnfumrwå vlr[kwf/ vlYavmu 204

twGuf vlom;wa,muf&JU wm0efukd ausausyGefyGefBuD; xrf;&GufoGm;cJhwJh ]OD;av;} &JU ukd,fyGm; ]r[mvlom;}/ vlxkpdef0if; (28?pufwifbm?95) 12 ausmufaoG;ynm&Sif ausmuform;onf ausmufukdjrif&kHrQESifh ausmuf&kdif;vm;? tom;ausmuf vm;? t&nfausmufvm;[k odMuonfu rsm;ygonf/ owif;pmavmu 端vnf; t,f'DwmwkdYonf owif;axmuf\ owif;ay;ykHukdjrifonfESifh okH;r&aom ausmuf&kdif;vm;? &GufMurf;a&BuKd okH;Ekdifaom tom;ausmuf vm;? jynfolwkdY wu,ftm;ukd;Ekdifrnfh t&nfausmufvkd yk*他KdvfrsKd;vm;[k odEkdifaom t&nftcsif; &SdMu&ygonf/ t&nfausmufyif jzpfvifhupm; ynm&SifuaoG;ygrS tzkd;wefausmufaumif; jzpfvmEkdifygonf/ owif;pm avmu端vnf; owif;axmufrsm;ukd jynfolwkdY tm;ukd;Ekdifrnhf t&nftcsif; &Sdatmif t,f'Dwmu ausmufaoG;ynm&Sif ausmufaoG;ovkd aoG;&ygonf/ vlxka':trmonf touf&Sfq,f jynfhcJhayNyD/vlxkowif;pmwGif t,f'Dwm vkyfpOfumvtwGif;u a':trm aoG;ay;cJhaom owif;axmufrsm;? uAsm q&mrsm;? umwGef;q&mrsm;? aqmif;yg;&Sifrsm;? a0zefa&;q&mrsm; rnf鱈 rnfrQ &Sdonfukd rodEkdifaomfvnf; xkdtxJwGif uRefawmfvnf; wa,muf tygt0if jzpfygonf/ armifrJ (15?pufwifbm?95)

205

13 ck tcsdefxd a':trm pmrSefrSefa&;Ekdifwm ukd,fhtwGufa&m olrsm;twGufyg aumif;wJh tjcif;t&mygyJ/ wkdufpkd; (26?pufwifbm?95) 14 a':a':rmh pmrsm;zwf&wm txl;pdwf0ifpm;p&m? MunfEl;p&m? jrwfEkd;p&m aumif;ygw,f/ ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm pmqufa&;EkdifygapvkdY qkawmif;aeygw,f/ aomfaumif; (wuúokdvfrsm; A[kd pmMunfhwkduf) (24?Mo*kwf?95) 15 a':a':rm[m

tvGefwm0efauswJh

uavmifrsm;teuf

wOD;tygt0if

jzpfygw,f/ bmomjyefa&m yifukd,fa&;yg ESpfrsKd;pvkH; uRrf;usifEkdifeif;vSNyD; pma&;ykH uvnf; pum;ajymeJY ajyjypfpGma&;EkdifolrkdY tm;uszG,f&m uavmifykdif&Sif jzpfygw,f/ cifESif;OD; (wuúokdvfrsm; A[kd pmMunfhwkduf) (25?pufwifbm?95)

206

16 a':a':u pmawG trsm;tjym; qufvufa&;om;aewmrkdY 1978 ckESpfu jyKpkcJhwJh pmpkpm&if; qufvufjyKpkzkdY wm0ef uRefrrSm &Sdygw,f/ ,Of,Ofpdef (wuúokdvfrsm; A[kd pmMunfhwkduf) (25?pufwifbm?95) 17 a':a':hpmawGzwfNyD;wkdif; paepmay0kdif;rSm a':a':zwfcJhwJh pmwykd'fukd tNrJ owd&& aewwfw,f/ ]wm0efay;wkdif;vnf; a&;ay;zkdYrvG,fbl;/ jyKrl vkyfaqmifcsufawGeJYywfoufNyD; oabmusrS? ESpfoufrS? MunfnKdrS? 'grS r[kwf rcHr&yfEkdifavmufatmif rkef;wD;wm? emMunf;wm pwJh cHpm;rIawG&SdrS pma&;vkdY &r,f} vkdY ajymzl;w,f/ 'gaMumifhvnf; a':a':h ,kHMunfcsuf tawG;tjrifukdom &Ekdifwmr[kwfbJ &opmayuay;wJh cHpm;rIrsKd;ukdyg &aewm xifygw,f/ 0if;wifh (rdw¦Dvmaumvdyf pmMunfhwkduf) (20?pufwifbm?95) 18 uRefawmfh touf 70 jynfhNyDqkdwm a':trmu ]r,kHbl;} wJh/ wu,fwef; ajym&r,fqkd&if vlxka':trm touf 80 jynfhw,fqkdwm vkH;0 r,kHwmu 207

uRefawmfyg/ bmaMumifhvJqkdawmh a':trmh pmawG[m ckxd EkysKdvef;qef;aeqJrkdYyg/ vlxka':trm xm0pOf EkysKd vef;qef;ygap/ vif;,kefarmifarmif (10?pufwifbm?95) 19 tkdrif;vmwmeJYtrQ

odu©m&Sd&Sd

*kPf&Sd&Sd

aooGm;zkdY

ta&;BuD;ygw,f/

jrefrmh,Ofaus;rI jrefrmhpmayukd xdef;odrf; apmifha&Smuf&if; tkd& ao&wm[m *kPf&Sdygw,f/ raocifrSmawmh wwfEkdiforQ vkyfMu&OD;rSmygyJ/ uRefawmfvJ tJ'Dvkd aeEkdifatmif BuKd;pm;aeygw,f/ jroef;wifh (12?pufwifbm?95) 20 a':a':&JU 80 jynfhqkdawmh txl;yJ 0rf;om&ygw,f/ bmjzpfvkdYvJqdkawmh wpf tcsufu a':a': usef;rma&;aumif;aevkdYyJ/ ESpftcsufuawmh a':a': pma&;EkdifNyD; pmawGa&;aewJhtwGufygyJ/ 'ghxuf ta&;BuD;wJh okH;tcsuf uawmh a':a':h&JU cH,lcsufeJY pmzwfolrsm; tay:rSmxm;wJh apwem arwåm rajymif;vJwJh twGufygyJ/ xyfNyD; ajym&&ifawmh touf 80 jynfhwJhtxd jynfolawGbufu &yfwnfwJh pma&;q&mESifh owif;pmq&mwOD;tjzpf awGUjrifae&wJhtwGuf 208

*kPf,l&ygw,f/ ewfEG,f (8?pufwifbm?95) 21 þtouft&G,fwGif pmaumif;ayaumif;wkdYukd oGufoGufvufvuf NrKdifNrKdif qkdifqkdif a&;om;Ekdifao;onfh yg&rDonf awmf&kHwef&kH yg&rD r[kwfay/ jrefrmpmayavmu? rD'D,mavmu\ *kPfodu©mukd a':trmu jr§ifhwifay; aeí pmzwfolwkdYu aus;Zl;wifMu& ygvdrfhrnf/ armifpl;prf; (19?pufwifbm?95) 22 ]jrefrmjynfwGif ppfaq;aom trItcif;rsm;} ]pE´rmvm} [laom bmomjyef pmtkyfrsm;? ]oufwefYa&mif} [laom awmfvSefa&; bmomjyef pmtkyfrsm;ukd zwfNyD; a':trmukd csD;usL; tHhMordcJhygonf/ aemufykdif;rSmawmh txl; ajymp&mrvkdawmhyg/ þrQ touf&Snfukd 0rf;omrdonf/ onfhxufykdNyD; tMumBuD; touf&Snfí tpGrf;qkH; pmawG a&;aeapcsifygao;onf/ atmifoif; (7?pufwifbm?95) 23 tar (vlxka':trm)onf owif;pmq&m? r*¾Zif;t,f'Dwm? yifukd,fa&; pma&;q&mESifh bmomjyef pma&;q&m jzpfonf/ taronf ,ck touf 209

&Spfq,f jynfhonfh wkdifatmif pmaywm0efukd tm;rmeftjynfhjzifh wuf~uGpGm xrf;&GufaeqJyif/ tarum; jrefrmh*kPfaqmif ]uGrf;axmifukdif} uavmif&Sif trsKd;orD;BuD;ygay/ armifay:xGef; (13?pufwifbm?95) 24 vlxkcspforQ OD;av;vSeJY a':a':[m uRefr rdb&if;vkd cspfcJh&? jrwfEkd;cJh&?

MunfnKd av;pm;cJh&ygw,f/ uRefr ]pm} eJYvljzpfcJhwm a':a':rmh aus;Zl;awG trsm;BuD; ygygw,f/ ]oufwefYa&mif} bmomjyef0w¦K? ]pE´rmvm} 0w¦Kuae ]uRefrwkdY i,fi,fu} txdaygh/ a':a':rm touf&Snfoa&GU uRefrwkdY tEkynmonf

b0tvif;a&mif

vTrf;NcKHqJ/

a':a':

touf&mausmf

&Snfygap/aysmf&Tifaom? usef;rmaom? csrf;ajrUaom arG;aeYaygif;rsm;pGm jzwfausmfEkdifygapvkdY qkawmif;arwåm ykdYoygw,f/ cifaqGOD; (15?pufwifbm?95) 25 touf 120 &Snfapaomf/ armifom& (1?pufwifbm?95)

210

26 vlxka':trm[m bmomjyefolwOD;taeeJY pmayavmuxJ 0ifa&mufvmwm jzpfayr,fh owif;pmq&mrBuD; wOD;taeeJY jynfolvlxku todtrSwf jyKwmukd cH&wmjzpfw,f/ tJ'Dtqifh okH;qifhpvkH;rSm olukdifpGJwJh w&m; uawmh ]a&Ta'gif;awmif uavmifwrsKd;&,feJY jynfaumif;atmif aqmifrukd;} qkdwJh ocifukd,fawmfrIdif; vufokH;w&m;jzpfw,f/ 'gaMumifhvnf; ]jynfol cspfwJh tEkynmonf} wOD; jzpfvmcJh&wmjzpfw,f/ armifomEkd; (11?pufwifbm?95) 27 uRefawmfwkdY[m OD;av;eJYa':a':&JU ysKd;axmifrIukd cH,lcJhMu&olrsm;jzpfw,f/ OD;av;eJYa':a':&JU OD;aqmifrIatmufrSm pmayvkyfief;rsm; vkyfcJhMu&w,f/ OD;av;eJYa':a':u 0D&d,BuD;w,f/ pnf;pepfBuD;w,f/ EkdifiHeJY jynfol&JU tusKd;ukd rsufjcnfrjywf Munfh&I vkyfaqmifw,f/ uRefawmfwkdY&JU pHjy erlem aumif;awGygyJ/ OD;av;eJYa':a':wkdY&JU pmayaus;Zl;ukd uRefawmfwkdY rarh Ekdifbl;/

OD;av;eJYa':a':wkdY&JU

pmayt&dyf[m

at;jrcsrf;omcJhygw,f/

a':a':&JU 80 jynfh arG;aeYrSm OD;av;ukd owdr&bJ raeEkdifbl;/ a':a': touf&SnfygapvkdY qkawmif;ygw,f/ wkdif;jynftusKd;jyKolrSeforQ touf &SnfygapvkdY qkawmif;ygw,f/ wifrkd; (7?pufwifbm?95)

211

28 a':a':rm[m xufjrufpl;&SwJhtjrifeJY pma&;q&mrwa,muf/ tvkyfrSm arGUavsmfwJh vlom;wOD;/ urÇmukd olYa&SUarSmufrSmxm;NyD; okH;oyfEkdifpGrf;wJh pGrf;tm; &Sdol/ jrefrmh"avhukd jrwfEkd;pGm arGUavsmfwwfwJh jrefrmtrsKd;orD;/ NyD;awmh uRefawmfwkdYwokduf (wifrkd;? armifpGrf;&nf? Munfatmif pwJh trsm; BuD;) twGuf txGef;vif;qkH; vrf;jy rD;tdrf/ *kPfxl; armifodef;Ekdif (9?pufwifbm?95) 29 vlxkowif;pmrSm uRefawmfwkdYwawG aqmif;yg;? uAsmrsKd;pkH a&;cJhMuw,f/ a':a':u t&ifzwfw,f/ wcgrSry,fcJh?rjzwfcJhzl;bl;/ q&mBuD; a&TOa'gif; &JU pmukdom jzwfzl;owJh/ uRefawmfwkdYukd vGwfvyfcGifhay;cJhwm jyefawG;&if tHhMordyg&JU? aus;Zl;wif&w,f/ armifpGrf;&nf (9?pufwifbm?95)

212

30 a':a':touf 80 jynfhrSm trSwfw&a&;ay;zkdY awmif;vmygw,f/ a':a':h taMumif;? a':a':hpmawGu trSwfw& ay;aezkdYrS rvkdawmhbJ/ vlom;awG tay: apwemxm; vkyftm; ÓPftm; ay;cJholawGukd vlom;awG jynfol awGu wlnDwJh wkefYjyefrI ay;NyD;om;yJ/ 'gukdu obm0w&m;yg/ armifrkd;ol (17?pufwifbm?95) 31 t*¾gpEdk; uG,fvGefcsdefrSm vlxka':trmu &SmrS&Sm;wJh owif;pmq&m qkdwJh acgif;pOfeJY &Ir0r*¾Zif;rSm aqmif;yg;&SnfBuD;a&;NyD; t*¾gpEdk;&JU b0ESifhtvkyf awGukd jc,frIef; *kPfjyKcJhygw,f/ tJ'Daqmif;yg;ukd uRefawmf jzwfodrf;xm; cJhw,f/ ,ck a':a': touf 80 jynfh txdrf;trSwfumvrSm uRefawmfwkdY u a':a':eJYywfoufNyD; rSwfcsufay;zkdY pOf;pm;awmh &SmrS&Sm;wJh owif;pm q&mqkdwJh t*¾gpEkd;twGuf a':a':wyfcJhwJh acgif;pOf[m a':a':htwGufyg tvkdufzufqkH; jzpfaewm awGU&ygw,f/ wu,fyJ vlxka':trm[m jrefrmjynf&JU &SmrS&Sm;wJh owif;pmq&m ppfppfygyJ/ a':a':hb0eJY tvkyfawG ukd rSwfrd odrDorQ jyefpOf;pm;Munfhwkdif; a':a': b,fae&mu &yfwnfcJh w,f? b,folawGzufu &yfwnfcJhw,f? bmawG awG;NyD; bmawGa&;cJhw,f qkdwm xifxif&Sm;&Sm;BuD; awGUae&w,f/ vlxka':trmukd jrefrmjynfu ]t&awmfavjcif;}vkdY atmufarhrdygw,f/ rMumcif ESpftenf;i,fupNyD; ]tawG;tjrif}rSm a':a':a&;aewJh ]pmtkyfqkdifu vl0ifvlxGuf} aqmif;yg; awG[m jzwfoef;aewJh acwftaMumif;ukd a':a':u ajymjyaewmygvm;? tzkd;wefvSwJh tarGawG ay;aewmygvm;vkdY owdxm;rdygw,f/ uRefawmf wkdY ,lwwf&if&rSmygyJ/ ,lwwfMuzkdYyJ vkdygw,f/ touf&Spfq,f qkdwm 213

{&mr rSwfwkdifBuD; wckyg/ 'Dtouf 'Dt&G,fxd razgufrjyef wnfMunf rSefuefpGm wkdif;jynftusKd; vlom;tusKd; o,fykd;aqmif&GufaewJh vlxk a':trm [m ]aumif;uifarar wyg;tjzpf} ESpfumv&Snfvsm;pGm wnfae r,fvkdY uRefawmf ,kHw,f/ armif0Ho (tawG;tjrif) (12?pufwifbm?95) 32 wcsdefu tjyifxGufNyD; pD;yGm;&Smr,fBuHawmh ZeD;r,m;u wm;w,f/ tJ'D aemuf &nfrSef;csufodyfBuD;wJh om;BuD;u jynfyrSmynmquf&Smr,f BuKd;pm; jyefawmh om;BuD;ratu oabmrwljyefbl;wJh/ 'DvkdeJY rdom;pk b0vufwH [m tqkd;BuD;r[kwfaomfvnf; ,kdif,kdif&GJU&GJU wvIyfvIyf oGm;aeayr,fh tazeJYom;rsm;qkdwJh tiftm;u olrukd NyD;jynfhpkHjcif;eJY csrf;omjcif; okcukd jzpfapygowJh/ tdrfolqkdwm ukd,fhvifukd,fhom; tem;rSmrsm;&Sdae&if ylp&m yifp&m rvkdaygifvkdY oabmxm;MuwJh rdef;rom;awG r[kwfvm;/ aMomf tar&,f? topfjzpfapawmh? owd&apawmh r&nf&G,fygbl;/ tck tar touf 80 jynfhNyD/ vlYb0wck 70 wef; 80wef;eJY NyD;qkH;aeMu&wJh tcsdefawGrSm

tarhtouf

80

rxif&avmufatmif

usef;usef;rmrm

&Sifoefaewm? tarhtouf&JU okH;ykHESpfykHrSm tazmfrJh? taz;trrJh tjzpfeJY aecJh&? pm;cJh&? oGm;cJh&ayr,fh csnfheJYroGm;cJhwm/ tJ'gbmaMumifhvJvkdY om;wkdYtareJY om;wkdYukd ajymajymjy ae&w,f/ cifarmifjrifh (ra[oDr*他Zif;) (9?pufwifbm?95) 214

33 vlrSef;odwwfpuwnf;u uRefawmfh arG;ozcif&JU EIwfzsm;xGufvmwJh emrnfwcku

uRefawmhfem;pnfukd

&kdufcwfapcJhygw,f/tJ'Demrnfu

]vlxka':trm}wJh/ uRefawmfhtazu tdrfrSm ]rMunfa& ... a':trmuav} tpcsDNyD; ajymwwfavawmh uav;t&G,f uRefawmfhtzdkY OD;vS a':trm qkdwm {&mr pmayol&Jaumif;BuD;awG jzpfvmcJhygw,f/ uRefawmfh tazu bbeJYtarhukd oHa,mZOfBuD;w,fqdkwm olYaemufqkH;tcsdefjzpfwJY ta&SUykdif; aq;&kHay:rS pmawGu oufaocHaeygw,f/ tJ'Dwkef;u taru ta0; a&mufaeawmh bbOD;vSeJY tarhom; bkdnKdwkdYqDukd wywf ESpfBudrfavmuf pmawGa&;cJhw,f/ bbeJY ukdnKduvnf; tm;ay;pmawG rjywf a&;cJhMu ygw,f/ 'Dtcsdef[m uRefawmfwkdY rdom;pktwGuf aMuuGJp&m taumif;qkH; tcsdefawGjzpfvkdY tm;ay; pma&;MuwJh bbwkdY om;tzukd uRefawmf twdkif;rod aus;Zl;wifcJh ygw,f/ ayzl;vTmrSm uRefawmf pma&;awmhr,f qkdawmh tarh ]jynfolcspfaom tEkynmonfrsm;} pmtkyf[m uRefawmf vkyfr,fh pma&;q&m tifwmAsL;twGuf ausmif;ocFef;pm jyXmef;pmtkyf wtkyfvkd jzpfvmjyefwJhtwGuf tar[m uRefawmhfpmayaus;Zl;&Sif wa,muf tjzpf &ifxJrSm rSwfwrf;wifxm;cJhygw,f/ rdom;pkcsif; &if;ESD;qufoG,frI? pmay aus;Zl;BuD;rm;rIawGeJY tar[m uRefawmhfukd pmayavmurSm vlwvkH; olwvkH; jzpfapcJhwJh aus;Zl;&Sifwa,mufqkd&if rrSm;ygbl;/ 'DESpfqkd&if tar touf 80 jynfhawmhr,f/ 'gayr,fh tar[m uRefawmfwkdYukd 'DaeYxufxd t&dyftm0go ay;aeNrJrkdY aemufxyf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm usef;rm aeygapOD;vkdY uRefawmfqkawmif;aew,f/ uRefawmfhenf;wl tarh pmayom;orD;awG uvnf; qkawmif;aeMuOD;rSmrkdY uRefawmfeJY awGUwkdif; tarajymwwfwJh ]ig

215

raoaobl;? toufatmifhxm;OD;r,f}qdkwJh pum;ukd aemufxyf ESpf rsm;EkdiforQ rsm;rsm; taumiftxnf azmfay;ygOD;tar/ 0if;Nidrf; (a&TtjrKaw r*¾Zif;) (10?pufwifbm?95) 34 yk*¾Kdvfa&; qnf;uyfukd;uG,frI (Personal Cult) ukd uRefawmf rkef;ygw,f/ av;pm;oifh av;pm;xkduf &kdaooifh &kdaoxkdufolukd pdwfoefYoefYeJYyJ &kdao av;pm;ygw,f/ q&m'*kefwm&mukd av;pm;cspfcifovkd q&mjroef;wifhukdvnf; av;pm; cspfcifygw,f/ tvm;wl q&mrBuD; vlxka':trmukdvnf; av;pm;cspfcif ygw,f/ trsm;uawmh ]a':a':}vkdY ac:wwfMuayr,fh uRefawmfh taeeJY uawmh ]a':a':} rac:0Hhygbl;/ q&mrBuD;u uRefawmfwkdYtar? uRefawmfwkdY ]tBuD;}t&G,f r[kwfvm;/ q&mrBuD;&JU pmtm;vkH;ukd uRefawmf rzwfzl; ygbl;/ 'gayr,fh zwfcJhrdorQrSmvnf; q&mrBuD;&JU jzLpifrGefjrwfwJh apwem oabmxm;ukd jynfhjynfh00 cHpm;rd&ovkd csufcsif;yJ av;pm;cspfcifpdwf ay:aygufcJh&ygw,f/ jrefrmjynfrSm usefae&pfMuao;wJh oufBuD;&G,ftkd pmayynm&SifawGxJrSm wefzkd; rjzwfEkdifwJh yk*¾KdvfwOD; tjzpf uRefawmf xm0& av;pm; jrwfEkd;*g&0 jyKvsuf&Sdygw,f/ cspf0if;armif (&eHYopfr*¾Zif;) (4?pufwifbm?95) 216

35 vlxkxJu

b0

cHpm;csufrsm;ukdom

t"dua&;tm;&SdvkdY

vlxkxJu

pma&;q&m okdYr[kwf vlxka':trm &,fvkdY uRefawmfwkdY av;pm;cJhwmyg/ zsmykHvkHeDOD; (cs,f&Dr*¾Zif;) (18?pufwifbm?95) 36 rEÅav;NrKdUu ]vlxka':trm}ukd rjrifzl;cifuwnf;u av;pm; MunfnKd aecJhrdygw,f/ uRefr&JUr*¾Zif; xkwfcGifh&csdefupNyD; a':a':eJY cifrif&if;ESD;cGifh &&kHrua':a':&JU arwåmapwemrsm;ukdyg cHpm;cGifh&&SdvmcJhygw,f/ 'gaMumifh uRefr tvGefYtvGef MunfnKdav;pm; cspfcif&ygaom ]a':a': a':trm}&JU touf 80 jynfhcsdefrSpNyD; ukd,fa&mpdwfyg usef;rmygap/ a':a':&JU qE´wkdif; jynfhpkHEkdifygap/ touf&mausmf&SnfygapvkdY vIdufvSJpGm qkawmif; &if; &kdaopGm uefawmhvkdufygw,f/ uvsm (0dZÆm?odyÜH) (uvsm r*¾Zif;) (15?pufwifbm?95) 37 jrefrmjynfrSm wu,fawmfwJh? wwfwJh? cRefwJh trsKd;orD; pmayynm&SifawG &Sdygw,fvkdY uRefrwkdYtwGuf *kPf,l 0Hh~uGm;Ekdifp&m? vufn§Kd;ñTefjyp&mawG 217

&Sdygw,f/ tJ'DxJrSm a':a': ]vlxk a':trm}[m txifu& yk*¾KdvfwOD;ygyJ/ olYtay: b,fvkdjrifovJvkdYuRefrukdrar;ygeJY/ b,fvkdjrifovJqkdwmxuf olYaus;Zl; awGukd b,fvkdqyfrvJ qkdwmukdyJ awG;rdygw,f/ pmayaus;Zl;awG/ uRefr[m a':a':hvuf&m ]b0csif;rwlonfh w&kyfjynf} bmomjyefpmtkyfeJY yxrqkH; &if;ESD;cJh&w,f/ NyD;awmh ]jynfolcspfaom tEkynmonfrsm;}?

NyD;awmh }r[m*Dw}? NyD;awmh }a&Tref;wifarmif tw¦KyÜwåd}? NyD;awmh ]tmz&du 0w¦Kwkd}? bmomjyefawG? c&D;oGm;aqmif;yg;awG/ a':a':[m b,fpmukd b,fvkda&;a&; zwfolukd odapcsif? wwfapcsif? em;vnfapcsifwJh apwem a&SUxm;wmrkdY? olYpmawG[m zwfol&ifxJ? tvkdvkd avsmueJ 0ifa&mufoGm; &wmcsnf;yJ/ uRefr[m a':a':ay;wJh tarG? a':a':auR;wJh tpm tm[m& awGukd ckxd EkdYoufcH pkdYae&wkef;yJ/ tJ'DrSm bmpOf;pm;rdovJ qkdawmh? aMomf ouf&G,fBuD;&ifhonfxd olY&JUpGrf;tm;ay:rSm ukd,furSDckdae&wkef;ygvm;qkdwJh olY&JU *kPfaus;Zl;ukdvnf; atmufarh&if; ukd,fhajcaxmufay: ukd,f&yfEkdif NyDvm;/ bmawGrsm; odrf;qnf; okdrSD; &SmazGxm;EkdifNyDvJ/ olrsm;ukd bmawG ay;EkdifNyDvJ qkdwJh ukd,fhukd,fukd todw&m&apwJh jypfwifa0zefwJh ar;cGef; awGeJYom tzefzef xkd;ESufaerdyg&JU/ wifwifOD; (&kyf&Sifaw;uAsm r*¾Zif;) (9?pufwifbm?95)

218

38 a':a':\ ]r*Fvmw&m;jzifh} wnfxm;qJ 80jynfh arG;aeY (29?11?95)onf ESpfq,fhwpf&mpkukd BuKdaeaom &ifckefoH jzpfayvdrfhrnf/ atmifZifrif; (pwkdifopf r*他Zif;) (21?pufwifbm?95) 39 a':a': touf 80 jynfhNyDvkdY Mum;&awmh ]&Spfq,f tawG;awG}taMumif; pdwf0ifpm;vkdufrdygw,f/ a':a':eJY vlcsif; awGUzl;&kHom&SdNyD; ig;rdepfMumatmif pum;rajymzl;ayr,fh a':a':&JU [moeJY tm;rmeftaiGU toufawGukd cHpm;&ygw,f/ uRefawmf wkdYrsm; uHukokdvfaumif;vkdY touf 80 xd ae&r,fqkd&if uRefawmfh&JU ]&Spfq,ftawG;}[m b,fvdkrsm;jzpfrSmygvdrfh/ a':a':vkd [moawG?tm;rmef awGeJY BuHhBuHhrS cHEkdifyghrvm;/ armifopfqif; (oifhb0 atmifjrifa&; r*他Zif;) (8?pufwifbm?95)

219

40 tarrm&JU ]touf 80jynfh} arG;aerSm wefzkd;&SdwJh vlwkdif;&cJwJh jynfolY arwåm &&SdwmrkdY tarhtwGuf *kPf,l 0rf;ajrmufrdygw,f/ tar usef;rmpGm touf&SnfygapaMumif; vIdufvSJpGm qkawmif; vkdufygw,f/ rkd;csKdoif; (oifhb0 atmifjrifa&; r*¾Zif;) (9?pufwifbm?95) 41 pum;ajy a&;[efawGeJY ywfoufvkdY vlxka':trm&JU ]pum;ajya&;[ef} [m &Sif;vif;yDo uspfvspfNyD; &o*kPf eJY jynfhpkHvkdY ]pH}jyKrdygw,f/ aemuf q&mBuD;ocifukd,fawmfrIdif;eJYywfoufNyD; q&mBuD;[m (1) a&;oifha&;xkdufwJh a&;uGif; a&;uGufukd vufraES;/ (2) csD;ajr§mufoifholukd csD;ajr§muf? &Iwfcsoifholukd uJh&JU &Iwfcs/ (3) rSwfwrf;rSwf&m jzpfxkdufwJh t&mawGukd rSwfwrf;wifwwfwJh owif;pm q&maumif;wkdY&JU t&nftcsif;awG eJY jynfhpkHoljzpfaMumif; ]a&Ta'gif;awmif} pmtkyftrSmrSm

wifjyxm;ygw,f/

uRefawmfwkdYudk

owdjzpfapygw,f/

'gaMumifh vlxka':trm[m uRefawmfwkdY &ifxJtNrJ wnf&Sdaeygw,f/ MunfEkdif (w&m;&dyfNrKdif r*¾Zif;) (12?pufwifbm?95)

220

42 om;rsm;&JU rdcif xm0pOf usef;rma&;aumif;ygap/ armifpdrf;eD (ydawmufyGifhopf r*他Zif;) (13?pufwifbm?95) 43 uRefawmfu vlawGtaMumif;ukd pdwf0ifpm;w,f/ vlawGqkdwJh txJurS wu,fhvlawG taMumif;aygh/ wu,fhvlawG taMumif;ukd zwfcsifwmeJY pmwyk'f pmwtkyfrusef vSefcJh arTcJhawmh ]oydwfarSmufausmif;ol}ukd awGUw,f/ oydwfarSmufausmif;ol[m uRefawmf pmtkyfpifrSm uRefawmfh OD;aESmufxJrSm? uRefawmfh ]pH} xJrSm ,ckxd ]rtrm} b0uae? ]a':trm} b0uae? ]bGm;trm}xd? &SdaeqJ? zwfaeqJ? rSwfaeNrJygyJ/ ukda*s (a&T&kyfpkH r*他Zif;) (13?pufwifbm?95)

221

44 ukd,fwkdif ]pum;ajym} pum;ajy a&;enf;ukd tom;us a&;jzpfvmawmh 'Da&;enf;rSm y&d,m,f~uG,f0 uRrf;usifvSwJh q&mrBuD; a':trm&JU t&nf tcsif;ukd ykdrkdav;pm; tHhMo&ygw,f cifAsm;/ jrwfpk (awmf0if *sme,f) (8?pufwifbm?95) 45 t&G,fokH;yg;vkH; ESpfNcKdufonfh pmaumif;ayrGefrsm;? ,ckxuf ajrmufrsm;pGm qufvufa&;om;Ekdifygap/ azjrifh ('DvIdif;r*他Zif;) (18? pufwifbm?95) 46 q&mrBuD;a&;wJh ]uRefrwkdY i,fi,fwkef;u} ukdzwfNyD; uRefawmfwkdY ckb0rSm &ifarmvkduf&wm/ armifarmuf ('DvIdif;r*他Zif;) (18?pufwifbm?95)

222

47 vlxktwGuf vlxkpmayrsm;pGm a&;om;jyKpkol vlxka':trm oufawmf &mausmf &Snfygap/ armifacwfxGef; (&wemyef;cif; r*他Zif;) (7?pufwifbm?95) 48 taumif;qkH;pmawG ]tMumqkH;} tcsdefxd a&;EkdifpGrf;u tHhrcef;ygbJ/ rsKd;単GefY (pmayavmupmtkyfwkduf) (18?pufwifbm?95) 49 pmzwfolb0uae xkwfa0olb0 a&mufvmawmh ]tarh} pmtkyfawGukd odyf xkwfa0csifygw,f/ *kPf,lcsifvkdY jzpfygw,f/ vlxkBuD;yGm;a&; wkduf&Sdae awmh uRefawmf xkwfcGifhr&Ekdifyg/ 'gayr,fh zwfcGifh&aewJhtwGuf auseyf rdygw,f/ jrifhOD; (qkpmaywkduf) (19?pufwifbm?95)

223

50 vlxka':trm jynfolu av;pm;aom tEkynm&Sifrsm;\ *kPfukd? tEkynmajrmufpGm az:xkwfa&;zGJUEkdifaom? tEkynmonfBuD;tjzpf av;pm; MunfnKdrdygonf/ armifcifrif("EkjzL) (8?pufwifbm?95) 51 touf &mausmf &Snfygap/ pmay bkef;wefckd; BuD;ygap/ yef;csDpHwkd; (9?pufwifbm?95) 52 pmayynm&Sif? todynm&Sif? twwfynm&Sif? tEkynm&Sifrsm;? touf &Snf&Snf tvkyfvkyfEkdifjcif;[m? vlom;awGtwGuf aumif;arGyg/ ykcufvTJ aomvufonf urÇmukdukdifvIyfEkdifw,fqkdwJh tarrsm;&JU tqkdtrdefYukd ,kHMunfvsuf/ yef;csD,Ofrif;ykduf (10?pufwifbm?95) 53 a':a':eJY awGUwJhtcgwkdif; ]pmaumif;av;awG a&;Ekdifatmif BuKd;pm;uG,fh/ pdwf"mwfrusprf;ygeJYuG,f} qkdwJh qkH;rMo0g' ay;wwfw,f/ a':a':&JU 224

]pdwf"mwfrusprf;ygeJYuG,f}

qkdwJh

tm;ay;pum;[m

uRefawmfhtwGuf

vwfqwfwJhtiftm; tNrJjzpfxGef;apygw,f/ ukdav;jrwf (11?pufwifbm?95) 54 acwftqufquf? a&SUwufavQmufvSrf; b0Burf;c&D;? rnnf;nLcJh orkdif;&JU wm0ef? pmay wm0ef ausyGef ESpfq,fh wpf&mpk vGefapaomf/ pkd;jrifhvwf (17?pufwifbm?95) 55 ,aeY jrefrmpmay\ a'0Dav;yg;wGif wyg;tygt0ifjzpfaom

'journalist'

a'0D a':a': vlxka':trm&JU aqmif;yg;tcsKdUukd zwf&NyD;aemuf pmwvkH; bk&m;wqlqkdaom

qkd&kd;pum;rSm

]aemifjyifEkdif

cufonfhtrsKd;}

ukd

&nfñTef;jcif;om[k uRefawmf ,lqxm;jcif;rSm ykdí ckdifrmvmygawmhonf/ ausmfapmrif; (11?pufwifbm?95)

225

56 jynfolU bufu tNrJ &yfwJh? jynfolU tusKd; pOf onfykd; wJh? jynfolU twGuf uavmif oGufwJh? jynfol trsm; av;pm; MuwJh? tm;vkH; ol ig MunfnKd ygwJh? jynfol cspfwJh jynfolU pmqkd a':a':rm/ ukdukdBuD; (rkd; *sme,f) (25?pufwifbm?95)

226

57 touf 80 jynfhonfh tcsdefxd rdrd avQmufvSrf;aeaom pmayvkyfief;ESifh pmaywm0efukd rqkwfrepf ausmufwkdifyrm ckdifckdifrmrm &yfwnfEkdifcJhonfh q&mrBuD;\ pdwf"gwftiftm;ukd csD;usL; *kPfjyK vkdufygonf/ pkd;rif;OD; (13?pufwifbm?95) 58 a':a':\ pmaytEkynm aus;Zl;rsm;ukd uRefawmfwkdY tNrJwap wo tm;usae&ygonf/ [def;vwf (13?pufwifbm?95) 59 ]....olUtouf 84 ESpf&SdNyD/ usef;rma&; odyfraumif;awmhbl; qkdwmukd oGm;owd&NyD; oem;aew,f/ olUavmuf toufBuD;wJhtxd ukd,ftvkyf vkyfEkdifrvm;/ olUvkd tzkd;wefwJhpmawG a&;EkdifrwJhvm;/ olUvkd toufBuD; wJhtxd ukd,f tvkyf vkyfEkdifygapvkdY t&ifu qkawmif;cJh&wm tarm....} (vlxka':trm \ a&mufwwf&m&m a&;rdwmrsm;? pmay*sme,f? twGJ2? trSwf7?1995?rwf) 'kdif,m&D a&;avh r&Sd[kqkdaom a':a':onf vlxkowif;pm &yfpJcJhonfrSm 2 ESpfausmfaeNyDjzpfí ukd,fcHpm;cJh &onfrsm;ukd azmfjyp&mr&Sd jzpfaeojzifh aeYpOfrSwfwrf;oabmrsKd; csa&;rdonf[k qkdygonf/ txufyg aumufEIwf csuf uav;rSm (29?10?70) aeYpGJjzifh a':a':a&;cJhaom rSwfwrf;rS jzpf\/ 227

rSwfwrf;a&;jzpfjcif;

taMumif;rSm

owif;pmq&mrBuD;

]tifemvl0D

pxa&mif;} \ pmwkdufrSvmaom pmukd zwfNyD; tifemvl0Dpxa&mif;\ pmxJwGif olUtouf 84ESpf &SdNyDjzpfaMumif;? usef;rma&;vnf; raumif;? a&;vufp pmtkyfvnf; rNyD;ao;í

'Letters from China'

pmrsm;ukd

qufra&;awmh[k qkdxm;&m a':a':h&ifxJ xdckdufoGm;cJhavonf/ tifemvl0D pxa&mif;\ uavmif &yfem;oGm;rnfukd ESajrmvGef;vSí a':a':rSwfwrf; uav; aumufa&;cJhonf/ xkdrSwfwrf;a&;pOfu 1970 ckESpf/ tifemvl0D pxa&mif; 84 ESpf/ a':a': 55 ESpf/ ,ck a':a': 80jynfhNyD/ (olUavmuf toufBuD;wJhtxd ukd,f tvkyfvkyfEkdifrvm;/ olUvkd tzkd;wefwJhpmawG a&;EkdifrwJhvm;/ olUvkd toufBuD;wJhtxd ukd,ftvkyfvkyfEkdifyg&apvkdY qkawmif;cJh&wm tarm)[k a':a':qkdcJh\/ a':a':hqkawmif; jynfhygonf/ avmutusdK;twGuf touf&Sifaom tEkynm&Sifrsm;\ qkawmif;onf rjynfhbJ raeyg/ taMumif;rl xkdqkawmif;pum; aemufcHü oDvtm;? orm"dtm;? ynmtm;awG txktxnfESifh &SdaeaomaMumifhyif/ tifem vl0Dpxa&mif;tm; &nfñTef;vsuf a':a':a&;jzpfcJhaom xkd (29?10?70) aeYpGJ rSwfwrf;tqkH;wGif a':a': þokdY a&;xm;ygonf/ ]jynfolawG&JU vIyf&Sm; &kef;uefrIawGu &yfem;w,fr&Sdbl;/ tEkdifEkdifiHrSm? taeae&mrSm waeYwjcm; wkd;vkdY wkd;vkdYyJ &kef;uefaeMu&ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh tjzpftysufawGuvnf; wrsKd;NyD;wrsKd; wkd;wufjzpfxGef;aeMuygw,f/ 'gawGukd tHwD okH;oyfovkd okH;oyfjyr,fhvlawG vkdwmawmh trSefyJ tefwD þpmykd'fyg ]tefwD} ae&m wGif ]a':a':}[laom pum;vkH;ukd tpm;xkd;vsuf þpmrsm;ukd olUtwkdif; &Sdapvsuf a':a':\ 80jynfh arG;aeYukd &Sdckd;ylaZmftyfygaMumif;/ cspfOD;nKd (14?pufwifbm?95) 228

60 rdef;rom; wa,muf&JU xl;jcm;wJh *kPfusufoa&ukd &kdao av;pm;&wm uRefawmfhtwGuf jrefrmtrsKd;om; vli,frsm;xJrSm *kPf&Sdw,fvkdY ,lq ygw,f/ aqmif;0if;vwf (14?pufwifbm?95) 61 tarhukd cspfjrwfEkd;av;pm; MunfnKdNyD;rS rEÅav;ukd av;pm; jrwfEkd;&rSef; odvmwmyg/ ae0if;jrifh (14?pufwifbm?95) 62 rEÅav;NrKdU&JU a&TwHqdyfwck jzpfwJh tarvlxka':trm&JU 79ESpfajrmuf arG;aeYyGJwufa&mufcJhwm

b,fvkdvkyfarhEkdifrvJ/

jyefcgeD;rSm

tarhukd

uefawmhcJhw,f/ rEÅav;vkdY Mum;vkdufwmeJY tpDt&D jrifa,mifowd&rd? vGrf;rIdifrdwJh &kyfykHawGxJ tarhykH tNrJygw,f/ vSywJh rEÅav;[m ÓPfynm vnf; BuD;rm;vSw,f/ 0D&d,vJ aumif;w,f/ &kd;om; azmfa&GrIvJ &Sdw,f/ MunfvifoefY&Sif;wJh pdwfoabmxm;vJ &Sdw,f/ rEÅav;ukd 'Dvkd vu©Pm awG jynfhpkHoGm;atmif xif[yfay;wJh tBuD;rm;qkH; yk*¾KdvfawGxJu wa,muf uawmh tar vlxka':trmygyJ/ uRefawmfxifwm ajym&r,fqkd&if ol[m ouf&Sdyk*¾KdvfawGxJrSm ,aeYrEÅav;&JU txif&Sm;qkH; yk*¾KdvfygyJ/ pum;0kdif; awGxJrSm Mum;zl;aewmu rEÅav;taMumif; wm0eftausqkH; ajymjyolwJh/ 229

jrefrmpmayorkdif; bPfwkdufBuD;rSm tar aexkdif&r,fh tcef;u om;om; em;em; awmufawmufyy &SdaerSmyg qkdwmuawmh uRefawmfh oabmxm;yg/ armifnKdjym (15?pufwifbm?95) 63 rdcifvkd Muifemwwf? aEG;axG;wwf? pkd;&drfBuD;wwf? arwåmxm;wwf?

Nidrf;at;rIay;wwfwJh a':a':vlxk a':trmvkd pmayrdcifrsKd; uRefawmfwkdY pmayorm;awG&wm uHaumif;ygw,f/ rdcifpdwf&SdwJh trsKd;orD;rsm; jrefrm jynfrSm trsm;tjym; &SdaewmvJ uRefawmfwkdY vlrsKd;awG uHaumif;ygw,f/ armifwifqifh (15?pufwifbm?95) 64 orkdif; wacwfukd jzwfoef;&kef;uef aeMuwJh tcsdefrSm oDv? orm"d? odu©m? ÓPfynmeJY ESvkH;&nf jynfh0wJh vlxk&JUtarukd tm;usMunfnKd *kPf,lí rqkH;yg/ tarhqE´ rSeforQ jynfh0ygapvkdY orD;qkawmif;vkdufygw,f/ oef;jrifhatmif (15?pufwifbm?95)

230

65 ta':ht&G,ftxd uRefawmfvnf; pma&;csifygw,f/ pdefrsKd;jrifh (17?pufwifbm?95) 66 vlxktar vlxkeJY aysmfygap cifAsm;/ jrwfckdif (17?pufwifbm?95) 67 tar touf 80 wif;wif;jynfhcsdefrSm tpGJtvef;uif;uif;eJY &ifxJrSm cHpm;&wJhtwkdif; &Sif;&Sif;a&;&&if e,fcsJU qefYusifa&;? trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&; pmayorkdif;&JU zcifBuD;tjzpf q&mBuD; ocifukd,fawmfrIdif;ukdyJ ckdif;EIdif; pHwk *g&0jyKcJhMu&w,f/ 'DaeY acwfNyKdifpmayorkdif;rSmvJ tarvlxka':trmukdyJ trsKd;om;pmay rdcifBuD;tjzpf ckdif;EIdif;pHwk *g&0jyKoifhw,fvkdY jrifrdygw,f/ oef;pkd;Ekdif (18?pufwifbm?95)

231

68 a':a': touf 80 jynfhrSm r*Fvm trsKd;rsKd;jzifh jynfhpkHcsrf;omygap/ aemif ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm qufvufNyD; pmaumif;ayrGefrsm;jzifh tvif;jzefYa0 Ekdifygap vkdY qkawmif;ygw,f/ ñGefYat; (tif;0) (18?pufwifbm?95) 69 qD;ESif; jrLwdrf ol&defrD;ckd;awG Mum;rSm? wdrfqif wdrfusm; wdrf*VKefawG Mum;rSm? tvStjrif cufygbd? nyÍövuf&JU Mum;rSm? aomuAsmyg'awGukd cGmcs? r[l&m rkd;aumif;uifBuD;ukd azgufxGif;?

0if;yaom tvif;wef;BuD; wckjzpfay:? 'g[m vlxkcspforQ vlxka':a':&JU *kPfjyKylaZmfzG,f&m b0 Zmwfxkwf/ okdYr[kwf uREkfyfwkdY&JU vrif;a&Tpif rD;tdrf&Sif a[m'D urÇmajrjrif&JU rdcif tMuifem aA'&JU oauFw wck

232

vlxk cspforQ vlxktar

]r[mrmwm} oufawmf &mausmf &Snfapaomf0f/ armifckdifrm (19?pufwifbm?95) 70 uRefawmfh tar[m ]a':pk} yg/ a':a':hpmawG zwfNyD; ]uAsmq&m} jzpfvmolyg/ uRefawmhf ]pmaytar} [m ]a':a':}yg/ ocGyfeD (21?pufwifbm?95) 71 taru olU&ifaoG; om;awGukd &if;NyD; wjynfvkH;u uRefawmfwkdYvkd om;awGukd arG;xm;w,f/ uRefawmfuawmh taraysmuf pdwåZ jzpfjzpf&,f/ tareJY pum;ajymwkdif; ]tar? tar? vlxk tar}vkdY &ifxJrSm xpfcsKef; jrnf[nf; aeNrJ/ 'Dwkdif;jynfBuD;xJrSm tareJY uRefawmfwkdY uHMur®mcsif; wlMuw,f/ tar N*Kdvfwkdif N*Kdvfouf tpkH? tukef? touf 120 txd ]a&Ta'gif;awmif} ukdifEkdifa&;Ekdif ygapaom0f/ armifatmifyGifh (21?pufwifbm?95)

233

72 vlxk a':trm qdkwm wkdif;jynfBuD; wjynfygyJ/ q&mrBuD;ukd uRefawmf awGUqkH*g&0jyKzl;jcif; r&Sdao;yg/okdYaomf q&mrBuD; pmayrsm;xJu xufjrufwJh tawG;tjrif yg;yg;vTmvTm xdxd&S&S cyfaxhaxh ta&;tom;rsm;ukd (trsm;pk) BuKdufygw,f/ pkd;jrifhodef; (22?pufwifbm?95) 73 trsKd;om;a&;0g' rsKd;cspf0g' pwJh Passive tjrifrsm;xuf

ykdíwkd;wufaom ]rEÅav; ckcHrI}/

okdYr[kwf ]&mZ0ifrsm;&JU owkdYorD; igwkdY&JU rdcif {&m0wD} qkdwJh xl;tdrfoif oDcsif;eJY vlxk&JU a':trm/ atmifa0; (22?pufwifbm?95)

234

74 ]vl] &JU ESvkH;om;xJrSm pGrf;tifBuD;rm;wJh ]xk} wck&Sdw,f/ tJ'D xk&JU twGif;rSm euf&Idif; cufcJ El;nHh okd0SufwJh yef;uav;wyGifh yGifhaeygw,f/ yef;yGifhawGukd b,fvkd rsKd;aphcs &SifoefvmzkdY? tm;rmeftjynfheJY zGHUxGm; ysHYyGm;apzkdY tarGaumif;ukd ESpfaygif;&mausmf jyñTefjy&if; vufqifhurf; aeOD;r,fh tar/ cif0if;opf (22?pufwifbm?95) 75 NyD;cJhwJh 'DZifbmvwkef;u ukdcsKdxGef;eJYtwl armif;axmif&Gmu ocif ukd,fawmfrIdif;aumif;rI &Sifyifom'Gef;OD;apwDukd zl;NyD;tjyef rEÅav;rSm ocif ukd,fawmfrIdif;tw¦KyÜwådukda&;wJh q&mrBuD; vlxka':trmukd uefawmhcJh Muw,f/ q&mrBuD;[m olUpmawGvkdyJ &kd;om;yGifhvif;NyD; cifrifMuifemrIawG tjynfh &Sdwmukd awGU&vkdY 'Dwcg tnmbufukd c&D;xGufwm odyfwefoGm;NyDvkdY &ifxJu rSwfcsufcsvkdufrdyg&JU/ &JjrvGif (22?pufwifbm?95) 76 vlxka':trm[m yg&rD&Sif pma&;q&m? owif;pm q&mrBuD;yg/ywf0ef;usif vlUavmu vlUb0&JU uG,f0SufwJh trlt&mawGukd jrifwwfwJh tpGrf;&SdNyD; apwemrSefvkdYygyJ/ 235

vlcyfodrf; aumif;usKd;twGuf ajymifajrmufwJh pmay tEkynmeJY qufvuf o,fykd; Ekdifygap/ csKdxGef; (22?pufwifbm?95) 77 Z&m&JU ppfonf? ppfarmif;oH oJhoJhukd tHwk? b0&JU tESpfom&ukd xkqpfjy? tusnf;wefrIukdvnf; ykdif;ppf a0zef? pl;epfaewJh aus;Zl;awmfteEÅukd &kyfvkH; azmfrjyEkdifwm cGifhvTwfyg a':a':/ prf;prf;wif (22?pufwifbm?95) 78 vkyfoifhwm rvkyfrdrSm pkd;vGef;vkdY &SmazGNyD;uGufvyfawG jznfhae&wmeJY tarhrSm tcsdefukefvkdYukefrSef; odrSmr[kwfbl;/ tpm; rxkd;EkdifrSef; odavav ysufpD;qkH;&IH;oGm;rSm aMumufavavyg tar/ aus;Zl;awG rsm;vGef;vkdY teEÅig;yg;0if tartjzpf &kdaopGm uefawmh vkdufygw,f/ armifcifom (23?pufwifbm?95)

236

79 To mother Africa, so long in fetters:­ To all who love her and strive to set her free.

a':a':[m ESpfq,f&mpkrSm xGef;ajymifwJh rdcifwOD;jzpfovkd ESpfq,fhw&mpk rSmvnf; vlom;tm;vkH;&JU rdcifwOD; jzpfaerSmygvkdY/ cifarmifat; (w&m;&kH;csKyfa&SUae? pmay0goem&Sif) (18?pufwifbm?95) 80 vuf&maumif;awG zefwD;EkdifwJh tEkynm&SifawG[m wcsKdU toufwkdMu w,f/ wcsKdU touf&Snfayr,fh tEkynm rzefwD;EkdifawmhwmrsKd; &SdaeMu w,f/ wcsKdU tEkynm zefwD;Ekdifao;ayr,fh vuf&maumif;awG xGufrvm Muawmh/ vlxka':trm[m ck touft&G,fxd usef;usef;rmrmeJY vuf&maumif;awG zefwD;aeEkdifwm awGU&vkdY uRefawmfwkdY 0rf;om&ygw,f/ ouf&mausmfwkdif cktwkdif; quvufwnf&Sdaer,fvkdY arQmfvifh qkawmif;aeMuygw,f/ oef;Ekdif? nKdopf? rQm;eD? oef;tkef; (22?pufwifbm?95)

237

]trSwfw& 80}okdY 0kdif;0ef;ulnD urﾃ］f;xkd;ay;Muukefaom q&m? q&mrrsm;tm; txl;aus;Zl; wif&SdygaMumif;/

armifaoG;opf? cGef*smrIdif; (25?pufwifbm?95)

238

jrrÍÆL &kyfykH

'*kefwm&m uRefawmf olrukd jrrÍÆLtjzpf pwifod&Sdjcif; r[kwf/ oydwfarSmufausmif;ol rtrm tjzpfom pwifjrifzl;cJh& jcif;jzpfonf/ 1936 ausmif;om;oydwfwGif e,frS uRefawmfwkdY yxrqkH; EkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m nDvmcHokdY wufa&mufpOfu olrukd pwifjrifzl;onf/ *sLbvDa[mwGif usif;yonfY ,if;nDvmcHBuD;rS yxrOD;qkH;aom jrefrmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾ukd arG;zGm;ay;vkduf onf/ ,if;nDvmcHwGif tqkdwifoGif;aom tif;vsm;aqmifol rtrmukd awGU&onf/ pum;ajymaumif;onf[k cHpm;vkdufonf/ xkdYaemuf uRefawmf &efukefwuúokdvfokdY a&muf&SdoGm;pOf ]a'go} [laom 0w¦Kwkduav;ukd wuúokdvfausmif;wkdufr*¾Zif;wGifvm;rod zwfvkdufrdonf/ a&;olu jrrÍÆL/ *smref0w¦K? 0w¦Ka&;q&m [mrd\ Fury 0w¦Kukd bmomjyefxm;aom 0w¦K? uRefawmf ]a'go}ukd BuKdufoGm;onf/ okdYaomf jrrÍÆL 0w¦Krsm;ukd rzwfrd/ uRefawmfyJ rzwfrdovm;? jrrÍÆLyJ qufra&;ovm; rodawmh/ xkdYaemuf ppfrjzpfrDumvu BuD;yGm;a&;pmtkyfwkdufrS ]arm&pfaumvpf}\ ]trItcif; rsm;} pmtkyfbmomjyefukd zwf&onf/ xkdYaemuf ppfNyD;pwGif ]0gqDvkpum;} \ ]oufwefYa&mif} 0w¦K bmomjyefukd zwf&onf/ ,if; oufwefYa&mif 0w¦K

trSma&;olu

]ocifoef;xGef;}/

oluvnf;

pmta&;aumif;?

tzGJUtEGJUaumif;/ 1950 'DZifbmvu rEÅav;okdY a&mufoGm;onf/ pma&;q&m rdwfqufyGJ jzpfonf/ 0efBuD;csKyf ocifEku txufjrefrmjynf pma&;q&mESifh atmuf 239

jrefrmjynf pma&;q&m rdwfqufyGJvkyfay;onf/ xkdtcgu a':trmukd awGU& onf/ uRefawmfu touf 30 &G,f? a':trmu uRefawmfxuf 4 ESpfcefY BuD;onf/ rdwfqufyGJ jzpfojzifh [kd{nfhcHyGJ oGm;&? onf{nfhcHyGJ oGm;&jzifh a':trmESifh aumif;pGmyif pum;rajymjzpf/ 1939 uRefawmf rEÅav;a&mufpOf ukdb[def;u a':trmqDac:roGm;/ rawGUvkduf/ a&Tjynf OD;bwifxHokdY

ukdb[def;u

ac:oGm;onf/

a&TjynfOD;bwifESifhtwl

OD;xifukd awGU&onf/ aemufrS OD;xifonf a':trm\ zcifrSef; od&onf/ a&TjynfOD;bwifu uRefawmfwkdY &Srf;jynfe,f oGm;rnfqkdí &Srf;jynfe,fwGif a&ukd txl;*&kpkdufaomuf&ef rSmMum;aeonf/ OD;bwifrSm ,ck &o 'g&kdufwm ukd0if;az\ zcifjzpfaMumif; aemufrSod&onf/ aemufawmh rEÅav;a&mufvQif OD;vStdrfrSm wnf;ckdonf/ owif;pmzufwGif a&mufaeNyD/ xkdtcg a':trmonf vlxka':trm jzpfaeygNyD/ (c) pmayb0 qkdonfu ajym&tcufom;/ tuJjzwf&cufonf/ rdrdwkdY\ yk*¾vdub0ESifh qufpyfaeonf/ ukdvSESifh taMumif;ygaomtcg owif;pm q&mr jzpfoGm;[efwlonf/ ukdvSESifhuRefawmfwkdYu cifMuonf/ausmif;om; b0uwnf;u

oduRrf;onf/

uRefawmhfxuf

tawmfvnf;BuD;onf/

ppfjzpfcgeD;u ukdvS wm0ef,lxkwfaeaom BuD;yGm;a&; r*¾Zif;wkdufokdY 0w¦Kwkduav;wyk'f a&;ay;cJhonf/ xkdtcgu uRefawmf usKdufvwfokdY a&mufaeonf/ 0w¦Ka&;q&m armfygqGef;\ ]rGef;vkduf} trnf&Sd 0w¦Kwkdav;ukd rSD;um a&;vkdufonf/ ]tvS*kPf}[k trnfwyf vkdufonf/ BuD;yGm;a&;r*¾Zif;rSm xkd0w¦Kygvmonf/ ukdvSu uRefawmfzwf&ef pmtkyfrsm;pGm ykdYvkdufonf/ 1946u uRefawmf wm&mr*¾Zif; xkwfa0aomtcg a':trmxHu pm 240

a&mufvmonf/ uRefawmf\ wm&mr*¾Zif;twGuf ukd,fpm;vS,fvkyf&ef jzpfonf/ okdYaomf uRefawmfu vlxkwkduftwGuf ukd,fpm;vS,f ray;jzpfbJ tjcm;wkdufokdYay;jzpfoGm;onf/ uRefawmf tm;emaeonf/ uRefawmfu vkyfief;aumif;pGm rvkyfwwfí t&ifvmíajymolukd ay;vkduf[efwlonf/ uRefawmfu rEÅav; ta&mufenf;onf/ xkdYaMumifh a':trmESifh txdtawGU enf;onf/ rEÅav; a&mufvQifvnf;? vlxkwkdufwGif ukdvSESifhom pum; ajymjzpfonf/ ukdvSESifh pum;aumif;aepOf a':trmu 0ifajymwwfonf/ a':trma&;aom

ocifukd,fawmfrIdif;?

jynfolcspfaom

tEkynmonf

pmtkyfrsm;xGufvQif uRefawmfhxH ykdYwwfonf/ uRefawmf zwf&onf/ a':trmu tpktaqmif;aumif;/ rEÅav;rS tEkynm&Sif Zmwfq&mrsm; taMumif;

aphaphiSiS

a&;onfukd

Zmwfobif0goemygojzifh

zwfMunfhjzpfonf/

zwfjzpfonf/

uRefawmfonf

a':trmonf

Zmwfobif

avmu? *DwavmuESifh tuRrf;0if em;vnfonf/ ocifukd,fawmfrIdif; pmtkyfqkdvQif txlBuD;/ ususeeavhvmum tw¦KyÜwådukd a&;onf/ uRefawmfu &opmay ukd a':trmxHrS arQmfvifhonf/ jrrÍÆL\ pmay ta&;tom; tzGJUtEGJUukd odaeojzifh jrrÍÆLuJhokdY 0w¦Krsm; bmomjyefap csifonf/

okdYaomf

jyefonfukd

rawGU&/

jrrÍÆLu

jyefvnf&Sifoef

xajrmufjcif;r&Sd/ vlxka':trm[laom owif;pm q&m? tw¦KyÜwåda&;q&m oabmrsKd;om awGUae&onf/ pdwfxJu odyfrauseyf/ (*) owif;pmq&mESifh pma&;q&m (0g) &opma&;q&muawmh odyfrwl/ owif;pmq&mqkdonfuawmh owif;ukd tajcjyKí a&;zGJU&onf/ owif; qkdonfuawmh wu,fjzpfysufaeonfh t&mwkdYukd rSwfwrf;wif&onf/ &opma&;q&muawmh

wu,fhtjzpftysufukd 241

tajcjyKum

Zmwfvrf;

ZmwfuGufwkdYjzifh jc,fo&onf/ uRefawmfu jrrÍÆL jzpfapvkdonf/ olr\ tawGUtBuKHESifhqkdvQif olrjzwfoef;cJhaom? olrjzwfoef;aeaom orkdif; tawGUtBuKHESifhqkdvQif? jrrÍÆLtzGJtEGJUrsKd;ESifhqkdvQif 0w¦K&Snf a&;zGJUEkdifrnf[k xifxm;cJhonf/ okdYaomf owif;pmq&mtcef;uvnf; olUtcef;ESifhol &Sdonfukd uRefawmfem;vnfonf/ ,ckvnf; r*¾Zif;rsm;wGif olr\ tawGU tBuKHukd tajccHum a0zeftuJjzwfaompmrsm;ukdvnf; zwfae&í jrrÍÆLukd rawGU&aomfvnf; vlxka':trmtjzpf awGUae&í wrsKd; auseyfae&onf/ rESpfu tr&yl& *E¨m&kHausmif;wkdufteD; awmifav;vkH;ausmif;wkduftoGm; rEÅav;blwm&kHrSqif;vQif a':trmh tdrfokdY 0ifoGm;&onf/ q&mBuD; ocifukd,fawmfrIdif;\ qDaq;um;csyfBuD;a&SUwGif uRefawmfwkdYukd{nfhcHonf/ cPwjzKwfawmh pum;ajymonf/ rEÅav;u uAsmq&mESifh pma&;q&m rsm;vnf; ac:xm;í pkHpkHvifvif/ jrrÍÆLtaMumif; ajym&if; jrrÍÆLemrnfESifh a&;aom0w¦Krsm; pkxkwfrnf[k Mum;&í 0rf;omrdonf/ pum;ajymMu&if; wm&memrnfESifh pyfxm;aom tqkdawmf pma&;q&mtaMumif; a&mufoGm; onf/

]rdef;uav;vm;?

a,musfm;av;vm;

rodbl;}[k

uRefawmfu

ajymvkduf&m a':trmu NyKH;í ]&Sifu rdef;uav; jzpfapcsifwmvm;}[k uRefawmfhukd pvkdufonf/

(C) jrrÍÆL\ 0w¦K? bmomjyefpaom pmrsm;ukd rzwf&aomfvnf; ,aeYxGuf aeaom r*¾Zif;rsm;wGif a':trm\aqmif;yg;rsm;ukd zwfae&onf/ yxr rsKd;quf?

'kwd,rsKd;qufrsm;ukd

jzwfoef;oGm;NyD;

wwd,rsKd;qufukd

jzwfoef;qJ/ ,aeYacwfay:tajctaeukd olrcHpm;onfhtwkdif; a&;om;xm; onf/ ppfrjzpfrDacwfESifh ,aeYacwfukd EIdif;,SOfí azmfjyxm;ojzifh tod 242

wkd;&onf/ todqkdonfrSm EIdif;,SOfcsufrsm;jzifhom rSefuefaomtodukd awGUEkdifonf/ csKdonf[k t&omcHvQif omrefxuf rcsKdaom &o cHpm;csufrsm;om jzpfonf/ omrefxufcsKdvQif ,cktcsKdonf ayghoGm;ayrnf/ olr\ t,l tqrsm;? olr\ cHpm;csufrsm;ukd ,aeY wwd,rsKd;qufrsm; ykdízwfoifh onf/ okdYrSomvQif olwkdY\tjrif? olwkdY\vIyf&Sm;rI rnfonfhae&m a&muf&Sd aeNyDukd ykdí odEkdifaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ uRefawmfuawmh trsKd;om;aeY rsKd;qufcsif;jzpfí olr\ t,ltq? olr\ cHpm;csufwkdYukd zwfcsifaerdonf/ 1936 ausmif;om;oydwfrS pwifxdawGUcJh &aom oydwfarSmufausmif;ol rtrmukd ,aeYaps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepf[k ac:aom acwfwacwfwGifvnf; pl;&SxufjrufpGm &Tifvef;pGm a0zefpGm jzwfoef;aeonfukd awGUjrif&ayonf/ '*kefwm&m 2?10?95

243

oufwefUa&mif rdwfquf þpmtkyfrSm ,ck ta&;awmfykHBuD;twGif;wGif &k&Sm;jynfrS qkdAD,ufvlxk onf emZDzufqpfwkdY&efukd wuJhZGJjzifh ckcHwGef;vSefonfh taMumif;t&m rsm;ukd armfuGef;xkd;í xm;aom pmtkyfjzpfygonf/ pma&;q&mrBuD;onf ,lu&def;e,f&Sd &Gmuav;w&Gmukd aemufum;cHí 0w¦KZmwfvrf;qifum xm;jcif;jzpf&m? Zmwfvrf;yg ZmwfvkdufwkdYrSm rnfrQ ta&;ra&mufaom tcPf;wGif yg0ifonf jzpfapumrl o&kyfygvSojzifh zufqpf'Pfukd vufawGUcHpm;vkduf&aom Armwkdif;yif wuJhtjzpftysufrsm; rSef&rnf[k ,kHMunfum rdrdwkdYukd,fawGUrsm;jzifh ,SOfíMunfhEkdifMuayvdrfhrnf/qif;&Jom; vlxktm; zufqpfwkdYñSif;yef;ESdyfpufykHuav;rsm;ygrusef ¤if;wkdYtm; &GH&Sm rkef;wD;ojzifh awmfvSefvkdykH? rsKd;cspfajymufMum;rsm; zGJUpnf;í oJoJrJrJ wkdufckdufykH? &SyfeDwyfrawmfBuD;u vma&mufí w&GmNyD;w&Gm u,fq,f ykHwkdYrSm

pmukdbwf&onfESihfrwl?

&kyf&Sifum;ukd

Munfh&bdouJhokdY

tuGif;om; tuGif;om;ay:vmatmif uavmifukd Ekdifeif;pGm a&;om;í xm;avonf/ 0rfef'g0gpDvkpfum;\ xl;jcm;csufrSm &Gmuav;w&Gm\ &ufaygif;tenf;i,ftwGif; jzpfysufonfh tjcif;t&mrsm;ukd vufrSrcs Ekdifrnfh pmwapmif aywzGJUjzpfatmif zefwnf;Ekdifjcif;yif jzpfavonf/ 0rfef'g0gpDvkpfum;rSm

trsKd;tEG,ftm;jzifh ykdvefolwa,mufjzpfí rdrd

ukd,fwkdif yg0ifaqmif&GufcJhonfh rsKd;cspfvkyfief;rsm;ukd pmaywGifxnfhoGif; a&;om;jcif;jzifh emrnfausmfMum;aom pma&;q&mrBuD;wa,muf jzpfvm avonf/

wkdif;jynfESifhvlrsKd;\

vGwfvyfcsrf;omrIukd

wu,fvkdvm;

cspfcifojzifh olUwoufwmvkH;wGif þudpörsm;ukdom aqmif&Gufí ,ck 244

tcsdefwGifvnf; ykdvefjynf rsKd;cspf ,leD,ef cs,f,mrif &mxl;ukd ay;tyfjcif; cH&avonf/ ]oufwefYa&mif}ac: þ0w¦Kukd wuJhta&;awmfykH tcgBuD; jzpfaom 1942-ckESpfwGif a&;om;í ¤if;ESpfxGufpmtkyfrsm;wGif yXrwef; 0w¦Kjzpfonf[k a&G;cs,fowfrSwfí 1943-ck pwmvifqkjzifh csD;jr§ifhjcif; cH&avonf/ pwmvifqkrsm;ukd wESpfwESpfwGif xl;cRefaom avmu"gwfynm? pufrI vufrIynm? ay;jcif;jzpf\/

tEkynmESifh 1939

pmaywkdYukd

ckESpfwGif

qkdAD,uftpkd;&u

acgif;aqmifBuD;

a&G;cs,fí

*sKd;Zufpwmvif\

toufajcmufq,fjynfh txdrf;trSwfupí csD;jr§ifhcJhavonf/ rSwfcsuf rEÅav;BuD;yGm;a&;ykHESdyfwkdufESifh vlxk*sme,fwkdufrS 1945? atmufwkdbmv wGif ykHESdyfxkwfa0 jzefYcsdcJhaom vlxka':trm bmomjyefonfh ]oufwefY a&mif}

The Rainbow

pmtkyfrS ocifoef;xGef; (awmwGif;usqkH;)\

rdwfquf trSmpmjzpfygonf/ t,f'Dwm

245

tcef; ( 4 )

tarYarG;aeY*kPfjyKuAsmrsm;

246

Mum edrdwfykHopf tJNidrf;om toufuav;&,f wJh &Snfapvkd jreE´m a&ndKoef;w,f ref; awmif&dyfckd wJh tJ'D *E¦0ifukd vGrf;&if; wrf;csif; a&;zGJU ylaZmfvkdufyg&JU tar/ atmifyifv,f awmajcr,f tarmajzr,f wJh acsmareJY avmar umv a'o aiGpawG ae&majymif; rEÅav;a[mif;&Jh *Dw vSywJh pmom; tckawmh b0awG cg; edrdwf zwfMum; cJhavovm; 'gayr,fh tara& tNrdwfp wzGm;zGm;eJY pdwf"gwf "g;awGuawmh xuf&Saewkef;yg/

247

tusKd;rsm;ap waqmif wa,mifeJY trsKd;om;pmay&Jh acgif;aqmif taMumif; ay:vm&if ra&Smifwwf jrifhjrwf om;wkdY&JU yckH;awmifyH txyfxyfrSm tareJY q&m wm&m pmayeJY uAsm tawG;tac: topf tEkynmay: opömxm;vkdY cspf jynfolawGMum; OD;acgif; epf ESvkH;om;eJY arT;xkH&pf a'gif;waumifvnf; jzpf "g; wacsmif;vnf; jzpf tJ'g tm;aumif;wJh topf om;wkdY acwfNydKifxJ cspfNrJ &kdusKd; tm;ukd; arQmfvifh tar[m MumwyGifh jzpfcJhNyDyJ/ trsKd;om; pmay vIdif;xJu r[mrIdif;&JU orD; tvdr®m vlxkcspfwJh vlxka':trm apwem arwåm 248

rk'dwm tvif;w&m;eJY taersm; olU &SdwmawG tcsif; rrsm;&atmif ajzMum; rem;rae xkqpf tcspftpkdiftcJ ru uspfukdufwm aMomf acwfNyKdifxJu cspfwJh Mum/ tar&,f Mum qdkwm rdpämawG&JU rzG,fr&meJY t0dZÆmawG&JU tv,frSm &THU pe,f vGifjyifMurf; cufcJ yifyef; 0rf;a&; twGuf vSrf;&ayr,fh tMurf;cH wkd;xGuf rsKd;quf wnfaqmuf vIdif;atmuf avatmuf ol[mav a&waygufrS twif rcH trsKd;rmef rcs tzkd;wef b0eJY t&kd;cH tvSyg tar/ tar[m 0yfpif; EIH;acGaewJh 249

単GwfuGif; usKH;a&aoxJu Mum r[kwf uAsmtvkyf pmtvkyfeJY Z&m&kyfukd awmfvSef arSmfqefwJh tawG; tar ra&; ESvkH;aoG;pufwJh tNyKH;av; wcsuf tarhrsufvkH;rSm vufceJ ay: aeaysmf aoaysmf uRefawmfwkdY tar tar vkdY ac:yg&ap aemf/ zufqGwf v&dyf n rtdyfbJ tvGrf;pdwfeJY tarhukd rSef; tvif;EGrf;wJh v wjcrf; yifyef; acR;NyKduf 0kd;0g; rkdufqJ b0xJrSm tar[m ]Mum} topf t&kPfawGeJY yGifhvkdY vSpf tcspfqkdif tcspfcJ olU &kyfvTm acwfNyKdifxJu ]ukrkj'm}/

250

touf &Spfq,fjynfh tarh arG;aeY ta0;u taiGUom vIHcJh& &wemykH a&T rEÅav; atmifyifv,f&JU aw; 'kd;ajy;oH rkd;,H [def; Mum&kd; vufqpf Nidrf;csrf;a&;/ (tar vlxk a':trm touf 80 jynfh arG;aeYokdY)

251

vlxka':a': armifaoG;opf

(tydkif; u)

armifaoG;opf a&;cJhzl;w,f ]jrefrmjynf tv,fykdif;[m orkdif;aMumif; t& ta&;BuD;w,f}/ [kwfw,f jrefrmjynf tv,fykdif; ref;wkdif; ref;NrKdU[m &mZ0ifa&; t& bmoma&; t& ppfa&; t& pD;yGm;a&; t& ,Ofaus;rIa&; t& orkdif;aMumif; tpOftvm t& csufus puf0kdif;xJu teDy/ 252

&wemykHukd a[mh'D ref;NrKdU rif;aejynfawmfukd ya'o&mZf qkdolawGuvJ oabmus Oa&my jyifopfawGuvJ oabmus NAdwdoQ t*FvdyfawGuvJ oabmus tm&S *syefawGuvJ oabmus olUuRef rcHvkdolawGuvJ oabmus EkdifiHa&; orm;awGuvJ oabmus pD;yGm;a&; orm;awGuvJ oabmus tJ'Dvkd oabmus olawGxJrSm BuD;yGm;a&; ygw,f vlxk*sme,f ygw,f vlxkowif;pm ygw,f vlxk OD;vS ygw,f vlxk a':trm ygw,f/ vlawmh vlyJ vlcsif; wlpGayr,fh vlcsif; wlvSayr,fh EkdifiH vSzkdY ukd,fusKd; pGefYjyrS? jynfol vSzkdY tepfem (wu,f) cHjyrS? 253

vGwfvyfa&; twGuf trsKd;om;a&; twGuf aoG;pufeJY vJjyrS tm* owåd &SdrS ajzmifhrwf &kd;om;rS w&m; rQwrS tJ'grsKd; usjyefawmh vlxkOD;vS ygjyefa&m vlxka':trm ygjyefa&m/ BuD;yGm;a&;eJY vlxk[m ajymifajrmufwJh tpOftvm &Sdw,f owåd b,favmuf &Sdw,f qdkwm jynfhtusKd; b,favmuf ykd;Muw,fqkdwm vufwif tar&du u odw,f tmz&du u odw,f Oa&my u odw,f tm&S u odw,f EkdifiHwum em; rsufpdxJrSm jrefrmjynfrSm vlxk &SdrSef; a[m'D jrefrmjynfrSm ]vlxk OD;vS} &SdrSef; a[m'D rEÅav;rSm ]vlxka':trm} &SdrSef; urÇmw0Srf;u odMujyefa&m/

254

'DvkdeJY vlxkeJY OD;vS vlxkeJY a':trm vlxkOD;vS vlxka':trm vlxk*sme,f vlxkowif;pm BuD;yGm;a&;pmtkyfwkduf jynfolawG cspf BuKdufcJh wwkdif; wjynfvkH; ESpfjcKdufcJh jynfolcspfwJh pmay tEkynmonf ESpfOD; jzpfcJh jrefrmjynf&JU pmay ol&Jaumif; ESpfOD; jzpfcJh NyD;awmh uRefawmfwkdY cspfwJh OD;av;vS jzpfcJh NyD;awmh uRefawmf av;pm;wJh a':trm jzpfcJh tJ'Davmufukd crf;em; xnf0gcJh/ (tykdif; c) 1982 cifyGef; jzpfol vlxk OD;vS uG,fvGef om; okH;a,mufwkdY&JU rdcif rkqkd;ryif qkdjim; &Spfq,fem; eD;NyD qkdjim; 255

(uaeY 79 ESpf wif;wif;jynfh tcrf;tem;) tm;EGJUr,fvkdY xifovm; armif/ a[m'D rdcifBuD;rSm a&m*g r&Sdbl; tem &Sdw,f 'Pf&m &Sdw,f tJ'D a0'emawGuawmh jrefrmjynfeJY ywfoufvkdY/ a[m'D rdcifBuD;rSm Oayu©m 0g'ukd ykdif;uefY awmifukef;eJY ajrjyefYukd cspfw,f jrpf0uRef;ay:eJY urf;&kd;wef;ukd cspfw,f r[m ajrxkukd cspfw,f jrpdrf;a&mif awmtkyfukd cspfw,f tESpf csKyfvkdufawmh jrefrmjynfBuD; arSmifwkduf udk;yg;xJ epfrSm vlrsKd;jcm; pD;yGm; e,fcsJU AdkvfusrSm o&kyfysuf ,Ofaus;rI ukdvkdeD jyKrSm &kd;&m ajcmufaoGUNyD; trsKd; omoem aysmufarhrSm 'gawGukd pkd;&drf&SmvGef;vkdY 'gawGukd ylyef&SmvGef;vkdY 'gawGukd qwfqwfcg 256

emusifwwf&rSef; odvkdY r[mrked &Sifawmfjrwf xHyg; pdwfoGm; ukd,foGm; qkawmif;cJh trsKd;aumif; jrefrmawG wynfhawmfrwkdY wkdif;&if;om;awG a&ukdvJ ykdifqJ ykdif&ygvkd\ ajrukdvJ ykdifqJ ykdif&ygvkd\ avukdvJ ykdifqJ ykdif&ygvkd\ o,HZmwawGukdvJ ykdifNrJ ykdif&ygvkd\ tEkynm r[m ,Ofaus;rI trsKd;om; tarG tpkpkukdvJ NrJpGm xdef;odrf; jyKpkxm;&ygvkd\ tkd raumif;rI ab;Oyg'f tEÅ&m,f [l[lorQwkdYukd z,f&Sm; e*g;awG z,f oefYpif z,f&Sm;ay;awmfrlyg bk&m; 'g *VKefYe,f *VKefY {&d,myg bk&m;/ (tykdif; *) rSwfrdao;oy 1936 umv 257

'kwd, ausmif;om;oydwfBuD;u tkH~uG wuúokdvf ausmif;awmfolBuD; b0 t&G,fuvJ i,fao;vS touf ESpfq,fhwESpf ysKdrspfpG vSzkdY yzkdY ab;z,fcs trsKd;om;a&; t"du e,fcsJU vufatmufu vGwfajrmufrS oydwf arSmufMu qE´jy tv,fypö,H wcJeufy q&maZmf*sD trSwfw&

«jy'g;&Sif ay;csifiJh ck ta&; aZmf*sDarmif ig rppfvkdY pdwfnpfw,fav;» aZmf*sD 9?3?36 q&m rif;ok0Pf trSwfw&

«trmonf taysmh r[kwf tjzLonf trnf; r[kwf tajzmifhonf taumuf r[kwf trmukd raysmhapESifh tjzLukd rrnf;apESifh 258

tajzmifhukd raumufapESifh» rif;ok0Pf 9?3?36 (tydkif; C) oufwef; &Spfq,f eD;NyD tkdBuD; &G,fus jzpfNyD pdwfoGm;wkdif; ukd,fryg jzpf&NyD 'Dvkd qkdayr,fh vlUtouf &Spfq,f qkdayr,fh t,ltq rtkd tawG;tac: rtkd qkH;jzwfcsuf rtkd &yfwnfcsuf rtkd EkdifiHa&; rtkd tpOftvm xdef;odrf;jcif;rSmvnf; rtkd Ekopf ysKdqJ wuf~uGqJ ukd,fa&; tw¦KyÜwåd vSyqJ/ uJ nDtpfukd armifESrrsm; cifAsm; ta&mifwl tqif;vSwJh 259

wu,fh pmay tEkynmorm; taygif;wkdY cifAsm; tm;vkH; a[m'D a&;abmfawG tm;vkH; a[m'D tEkynmorm;awG tm;vkH; ]wkH;armif; acgufMuprf; wkH;armif; acgufMuprf; wkH;armif; acgufMuprf; emem acgufvkdufMuprf;} uaeY tcrf;tem;rSm pmayorkdif; tdrfOD;cef;rSm tpOftvm *kPf rsufESmyef; yGifhvef;aewJh awmifa0S;rygbJ vrf; qufavQmufaewJh vlxka':a': usef;rmapzkdY vlxka':a': usef;rmapzkdY vlxka':a': usef;rmapzkdY uREkfyfwkdY tm;vkH; uefawmhMupkdY/ armifaoG;opf 25?9?94

(vlxk a':trm 79 ESpfjynfh? 29? Ekd0ifbm? 94 arG;aeYwGif ukd,fwkdif a&;om; &GwfqkdcJhaom uAsm)

260

tarYuefawmYyef; wifrdk; aoEdkifyg&dk;vm;wdkYtar wdkYwdkif;jynfudkapmifYa&Smufae rmapomaparwåmydkY tarYrsuf&nfpdkY? igwdkY'ku©jrifwJYcg tarrcsrf;om u&kPmeJY arwåmzsef; zl;yGifYvmwJYyef;? vGrf;ygao;&JYtara& oufawmf&mausmf&Snfygap tar&dSutm;udk;& wdkYjynfcGeftm;y/ / ( tarvlxka':trm arG;aeYtMudKuefawmYyef; ) wifrdk; 23?10?2006 tar&du

261

(92)jynfh arG;rdcifodkY ay;pmwapmif zdk;oH (vlxk)

tJ'Dnuav ... tar .../ rdk;av;awGu wzGJzGJusvdkY roJvSayr,fh tonf;uawmh usifaew,f rcGJcsifwmawmh trSefyg t&ifqHk;jzwfwmu wHcGefwdkif aemuf ... t&mawmf awmifjrifh arSmifeJYrnf;rnf;xJrSm wae&mNyD; wae&m usef&pfcJhw,f pm;csifpdwfvnf; r½Sd tdyfcsifpdwfvnf; r½Sd pOf;pm;csifwmyJ &Sdayr,fh bmrSpOf;pm;vdkYvnf; ray: aMomf ... jrpfi,fawmif ausmfoGm;ygayghvm; .../ tazeJY tarudk uefawmhcJhygw,f nDeJY tr ESr 262

ighudk cGifhvTwfMuaemf wudk,faumif;qefwm r[kwf ol&Jaumif; jzpfcsifwmvnf; r[kwf tajctaeu wGef;ydkYawmh 'dkYrSm a½G;p&m r&SdvdkYom em;vnfMuyguGm tazeJY tarudk *½kpdkufMuyguGm ... vdkY/ tJ'Daemufawmh tar&,f awmifawG ... awmawG acsmif;awG ... tif;awG vTm;ueJ vTm;ueJ ... woGm;xJoGm; e,fpGefe,fzsm;xd uAsmwyk'fawmif a&;rdao;w,f tarrSwfrdr,f xifygw,f .... “taemufudk wcsufiJhMunhfvdkY ta&SUudkwJh xGufcJhw,f” qdkwmav jyu©'def pmrsufESmawG ouf½GufajcmufawGvdk wa0a0 vGifhus eDolawGjzL ... jzLolawGeD b0awG ... cspfcif&if;ESD;olawG aoGuGJa&m ... &SifuGJa&m 263

cGJcGmukefMu topfawGeJYvnf; wif;wif;MuyfMuyfyJ vufqGJEIwfqufMu bmompum;awmif tawmfpHkatmif wwfcJh ESpfaygif;oHk;q,fqdkwm enf;ordkYvm; tar&,f .../ tyg;rSm tazvnf;r½Sd usaemfwdkYvnf; r½Sd tarcsnhf wa,mufwnf; r[kwfbl; avScGufcsnf; r[kwfbl; jynfolawGeJY vufwGJvdkY om;ajr;opfawGeJY vufwGJvdkY tr,ftdkY ajcvSrf;rdkY olwdkYavmuf roGufvnf; 1936wkef;uvdkyJ csDqJ wufqJ tckvnf; vufwGef;vSnf;eJY &J&JBuD; csDwufaewJh tarh&JUom;rSm 1300&wD tarqdkwJh pdefem;uyfaMumifh yg;tajymifBuD; ajymifcJh&ygw,f .../

264

tarvnf; vSrf; usaemfvnf; vSrf; 'Dvrf;BuD; wavSsmufrSm armw,f wcGef;rajymygbl; 90 ausmfBuD; EIwfu wcGef;yJ xGuf&Smw,f bmt"dyÜm,fvJ uAsmzwfol awG;Munhfyg “ighom; usef;rmatmifae tarvnf; usef;rmatmifaew,f” wJh/ zdk;oH (vlxk) 1300&wD = 1300jynfh rsdK;qufudk ñTef;wmyg/

265

92 ESpfjynfh vlxktarodkY tvGrf;pm a'gufwmvGPf;aqG ‘tar aeaumif;vm; vdkY c&D;a&mufrqdkuf usaemfwdkY ajy;awGUawmh cyfaEG;aEG; &ifaiGUu usaemfwdkYqD jyefajy;vm ‘ighom;wdkY b,f&xm;eJY vmMuvJuGJU xdkifMu ... xdkifMu wJh aEG;axG;wJh tarh EIwfqufoH MunfarGUwJh tarh tjyHK; usaemfwdkYudk zHk;vTrf; c&D;yef;orSs usaemfwdkY vef;qef;cJh&ygw,f tar .../ ‘tar ... 'DrSm q&majrZm 'DrSm q&m0okef [dkbufcHkrSm udkatmifa0; 'Dab;u udkomcsKd [dkbufu udkcspf0if;armif vdkY cyf½dkU½dkU usaemf rdwfqufawmh ... taru ‘jrifwmaygh ighom; 266

tarhom;awG tm;vHk;udk tar tukefvHk; jrifwmaygh qdkNyD; jyHK;jyHK;BuD; MunhfaewJh tarh&JUyHk&dyf &ifxJudk ,dkzdwfpD;qif; at;jrwJh jrpfwpif;jzpfcJh&ygw,f tar .../ ‘ighom;awG t&uf odyfraomufMueJYaemf ‘tarwdkYbufuvlawG touf&SnfwmudkyJ tarjrifcsifw,f ‘udkcspf0if;armifwdkY? udkvGPf;aqGwdkY r*¾Zif;awG tajctae aumif;Mu&JUvm; tarhpmrlawG tcsdefrD&Mu&JUvm; tarvnf; a&;jzpfwmqdkvdkY udk0if;Nidrf;? uvsmeYJqdk 'Dav;tkyfyJ &Sdwm ighom;wdkY tqifrajy&if tarhudk pmrlc ray;eJYaemf vdkY wdk;vsvs toHeJY pdk;&drfylyefwJh pum; tarajymMum;avawmh usaemfhpdwfxJ yDwdawGeJY tm;jzpfcJh&ygw,f tar .../ OD;ydefwHwm;ay: vrf;avSsmuf&if; avnif;u ajy;0ifaqmifhawmh 267

usaemfhpdwfawG cyfajrmufajrmufjzpfoGm; tJ'D taMumif;w&m;xJrSm usaemfvdk t,f'Dwm icGßwfiwm;av;udk taru pmrlawG csD;jr§ifhNyD; todtrSwfjyKcJhwm[m t"du taMumif;w&m;yg tar .../ ESif;jrLawG a0aewJh awmiforef eHeufcif;rSm tarharwåmawGu ESif;jrLawGeJYtwl ½Gmus t,ltqwl ,HkMunfcsufwl &nfrSef;csufwl &ifbwfcsif;wlMuwJh tarhom; tarhorD;awGtm;vHk; tjyHK;udk,fpD ,Sufoef; tvGrf;udk,fpD ayGUaxG; tem*wfa&;twGuf wdkifyif awmiforef wcGifvHk; Nidrf;csrf;wJh &oawG jynfhzHk; aysmfvdkYrqHk; jyHK;vdkYr0 jzpfcJhMuygw,f tar .../

268

tckawmh tarhom; tarhorD;awGvnf; ppftmPm&SifawG&JU tMurf;zufrIatmufrSm wrvGef a&mufola&muf b0wuúodkvf a&mufola&muf vGwfajrmufe,fajr a&mufola&muf wwd,EdkifiH a&mufola&muf uarmufur upOfhuvsm;eJY ajy;vTm;½kef;uefaeMu&ayr,fh tarh arwåmxD;&dyfu usaemfhwdkYtay: xm0& tkyfrdk;ay;xm;vdkY pdwf"mwfcGeftm; razmufrjyefeJY ajzmifhrSefwJh vrf;ay:rSm usaemfwdkY qufavSsmufaeEdkifwmyg tar .../ tcktcgrSm vGwfajrmufe,fajra&muf tarhom; wa,muftaeeJY ‘tar aeaumif;vm; vdkY ajy;awGU EIwfqufcGifhr&wm oHk;ESpfoHk;vD MumcJhayr,fh tar[m usaemfeJY ra0; 269

usaemfh&JU tawG;? usaemfh&JUab;rSm jrifhjrwfwJh tbd"r®m jrifhjrwfwJh arwåmw&m; jrifhjrwfwJh pdwf"mwfcGeftm;awGeJY xm0& teD;uyf rwfrwf&yfaeqJvdkY ,HkjrJ,HkMunfvsufyg tar .../ / a'gufwmvGPf;aqG

270

tareJY om; (odkY) “o”0*fuxm (tarvlxka':trm 92ESpfjynfh arG;aeYodkY ) (1) tar usaemfhudk rwm;eJY usaemf a':atmifqef;pkMunftdrf oGm;rS jzpfr,f/ tar ... tarhudkawmh usaemf wm;yg&ap tar wrvGef c&D;udk roGm;ygeJYOD; usaemfwkdY 'Drdku&ufwpfEdkifiHawmfqD oGm;&OD;r,f tar .../ (2) tar usaemfhudk rwm;eJY usaemf aejynfawmfudk odrf;rS jzpfr,f/ tar ... tarhudkawmh usaemf wm;yg&ap tar ... vlYb0udk rodrf;ygeJYOD; usaemfwdkY aoG;pGef;aewJh ouFef;awG aoG;pGef;aewJh a'gif;tvHawG aoG;pGef;aewJh rsuf&nfawG odrf;&OD;r,f tar .../

271

(3) tar usaemfhudk rwm;eJY usaemf ppftmPm&SifrSeforSs owfrSjzpfr,f/ tar ... tarhudkawmh usaemf wm;yg&ap tar y&da'0rD;awG rowfygeJYOD; usaemfwdkY tpdk;&tMurf;zuf0g'udk owf&OD;r,f tar usaemfwdkY .................. tpdk;& tMurf;zuf0g'udk ...................................... owf&OD;r,f tar .../ / tarhom;-atmifa0; (23-10-2007) (acw책 ykef;cdkusif; wae&m)

272

tcef; ( 5 )

awmifav;vkH;rSewfuRef;txd trSwfw& rSmpum;

vlxka':trm

273

awmifav;vkH;rSewfuRef;txd trSwfw& rSmpum; vlxka':trm

vlxka':trm (82)ESpfjynfh arG;aeY txdrf;trSwftjzpf xkwfa0w,f yxrtBudrf 1997 ck? Ekd0ifbmv

trSm 'Dpmtkyfuav;[m uRefrvkH;vkH; r&nf&G,fbJeJY pmtkyfuav;jzpfvmwm jzpfygw,f/ uRefrrSm b,fawmhrSvnf; wkd;wufatmif rBuKd;pm;bJaewJh tnHhzsif;qkH; t&nftcsif;wck&Sdygw,f/ tJ'gu vlxJpum;ajymwJh twwf yg/ EkdYayr,fh taMumif;udpรถu &SdvmwJhtcgawmh uRefrukd pum;ajymzkdY wm0efay;Muw,f?

ay;wJhtcgwkdif;

pdwfnpfnpfeJY

vkyfay;vkduf&wm

csnf;yg/ vkyfay;vkdufayr,fh tJ'gawG[m NyD;NyD;aysmufaysmufyJvkdY uRefru xifcJhw,fav/ ckawmh q&mawmfukdynm? ausmf&ifjrifh? ql;iSuf polawGu uRefr pum;ajym pOftcg toHzrf;,lxm;wJh wdyfacGuav;awGxJu jyefxkwf,l? pmeJYul;NyD; uRefrorD;ukday;MuvkdY

ckvkd

pmtkyfuav;wtkyf

jzpfvm&ygw,f/

r&nf \rSwfbJ jzpfvmwJh 'Dpmtkyfuav;ukd (82)ESpfjynfh uRefrarG;aeYrSm pmayrdwfaqGawGukd ay;a0&wmyg/ tm;vkH;ukd aus;Zl;wif&ygw,f/ vlxka':trm 274

rmwdum 1/ OD;nKdjr (2) ESpf vnfwJhaeY 2/ trsKd;om;pmayqk&Sifrsm;ukd *kPfjyKwJhyGJ 3/ q&mBuD;a&TOa'gif; ESpfw&mjynfY 4/ touf (74) ESpf jynfhwJhaeY 5/ touf (77) ESpf jynfhwJhaeY 6/ OD;nKdjr txdrf;trSwf opfyifpkduf ausmufpmuyfwJhaeY 7/ wuúokdvf armifapmvGif trSwfw& opfyifpkdufwJhaeY 8/ a':ar&Sifukd *syefjynfu *kPfjyKwJhaeY 9/ rsKd;jrifhaqG (yef;csD OD;jraomif;) ig;ESpfvnf txdrf;trSwf 10/ vif;,kefarmifarmif arG;aeYyGJ 11/ OD;nKdjr (10) ESpf vnfwJhaeY 12/ touf (80) jynfhwJhaeY 13/ ay:OD;ouf trSwfw& yef;csDjyyGJ 14/ rsKd;jrifhaqG tEkynmbPfwkdufzGifhyGJ 15/ yef;csDq&mBuD; OD;atmifcifESpfywfvnf 275

OD;nKdjr (2) ESpf vnfwJhaeY

tr&yl&awmifav;vkH;ausmif; (29.9.87) ukdnKdjrukdvGrf;vkdY

txdrf;trSwfuav;vkyfwm

'DESpf

'kwd,tBudrfyg/

'ghaMumifh q&mawmfukdynmukd awGUwJh tcgusawmh a':a':u ar;csifw,f/ q&mawmfukdynm&JU ]ukdnKdjru ckxufxd ryl;ao;bl;vm;vkdY}/ bmjyKvkdY wkef;qkdawmh olu ewfjzpfw,fqkdwmukd odyfoabmuswm? oljzpfEkdif&if olukd,fwkdif 'DrSm pma&;q&mewfjzpfNyD;awmh aecsifrSmtrSefyJ/ ukdnKdjru awmiforeftif;apmif;rSm

a0grSL;BuD;ewfukd

ewfuGef;aqmufay;csifw,f

qkdwmvnf; aqmufcsifwmaygh/ olukd,fwkdifvnf; 'Dem;ewfjzpfcsifaerSmyJvkdY wynfhawmf xifw,f/ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;ukd olu b,fhES,fajymwkef;qkdawmh

Akdvfatmifqef;

ewfqkdwm jzpf&r,f &Sd&r,fwJh/ rvkyfygeJY ukdnKdjr&,f tvum;ae&if;rS ewfawGu ½IyfvGef;vkdY&Sd&wJhtxJvkdY uRefruajymawmh? tJ'g Armhenf;?

Armh[efyJ ArmhykHpHwJh/ aovkdY&Sd&if ewfjzpfw,f/ ArmawGu cspfw,f/ olUukdtNrJwrf; trSwf&w,f wifw,f ow,fwJh/ 'g ArmcspfwJh ykHpHyJwJh/ tJ'Dawmh Akdvfatmifqef;ewfvnf; &Sd&rSmayghwJh/ olu tJ'Dvkd uRefrukd ajymoGm;wmyg/ tJ'Dawmh

ukdnKdjruvnf;

olvnf;

ewfjzpfcsifrSmyJ

pma&;q&mewf

qkdNyD;awmh/ 'ghaMumifh OD;Zif;&,f ryl;ao;bl;vm;vkdY uRefru ar;csifwm/ wu,fvkdYrsm; yl;w,fqkd&if ]]ukd,fhukd ukdynmu trSwf&vkdY 'Dvkd 276

tcrf;tem;uav; vkyfaewm ESpfcg&SdNyD/ 'gayr,fhvkdY ukd,fBuKdufwJh[mav; awGuawmh rygao;bl;}} qkdNyD; EIwfcrf;BuD;aphNyD;awmh ajymrSm wynfhawmfu Mum;a,mifaew,f/ bmawG &SifBuKdufwmwkef;vkdY wu,fvkdYrsm; wynfh awmfuqpfar;vkduf &if ]],rumwkdY aq;ayghvdyfwkdY NrD;&SnfwkdYaygh}}vkdY olu ajymrSmbk&m;/ awmiforefrSm a&awGu abmifbifcwfaewmaemf/ ol'Dem;vmNyD;awmh ESpfwkdif; tNrJwrf;&ufawGtMumBuD;aeaewm/waeYu q&mawmfa&Tukdif;om; psmyeusif;yawmhvnf; olUukd owd&vkdufwm/ ol&Sd&ifawmhvmrSm/ ewfyGJ wGif;uvnf; odyfa0;awmhwm r[kwfbl;/ q&mhawmfhpsmyeuvnf; 0gqkd vjynfhausmf (8) &ufqkdawmh cgwkdif;xuf enf;enf; apmoGm;vkduf&if NyD;wmyJqkdNyD;awmh

ola&mufvmrSmqkdNyD;

wynfhawmfrsufpdxJ

olUukd

jrifa,mifvkdY aew,f/ ckwcg 'Da&mufawmh Owå&vGifjyifukdoef;aX;u ukdnKdjr i,fi,fwkef;u a&;cJhwJh uAsmav;awG ul;NyD;awmh pmul;pufuav;eJY vSnfhNyD; a0jyef awmhvnf; wynfhawmfwkdY ausmif;wkef;u twlwl aecJhxkdifcJhwmav;awG jyefNyD;awmh owd&aew,f/ 'DuAsmav;xJu yxrqkH;uAsmav; a'pDokdY qkdwmu wu,fyg? ausmif;olrav;wOD; a'pD0Idufqkdwm &Sdygw,f/ uRefr wkdYeJY wwef;wnf;yg/ olu armfvNrKdifu ausmif;olav;yg/ olUtukdawG uvnf; wuúokdvfrSm &SdwmyJ/ [m&SifAKdifqkdwm olUtukdwa,mufyg/ olwkdYu rGwfpvifawGyg/ a'pD0Idufu vSw,f/ cspfp&mav;/ NyD;awmh olu pE´,m;wD; aumif;w,f/ bif*sKdwD; aumif;w,f/ twD;trIwfrSm awmfawmf av; uRrf;uRrf;usifusif&Sdw,f/ tJ'g uRefrwkdYNrKdUrausmif;uyGJrSm wuúokdvfu wD;0kdif;eJY wyifwkdiftu tcef;wckxnfhwJhtcgusawmh

a'pDu 277

bif*sKdwD;ygw,f/

tJ'Da'pDukd

ukdnKdjru ykd;ygw,f/ ykd;NyD;vkdY olUtqkdt&ayghav? oydwfarSmufawmh oleJY a'pDeJY uGJMuw,fvkdYajymw,f/ aemufawmh a'pDu taumufcGefrif;BuD; uawmf jzpfoGm;ygw,f/ aemufawmh Ak'¨bmom jzpfoGm;ygw,f/ a,musfm; u Ak'¨bmomukd;/ odyfrMumvScifurS aooGm;&Smw,f/ ol 'DtaMumif;awG a&;awmh i,fi,fwkef;u uRefrwkdY twlwlaecJhxkdifcJhwmawG jyefNyD;awmh owd&w,f/ a'pDu oabmaumif;w,f r[kwfvm;/ cspfp&mav;/ rsufvkH; av; odyfvSwJh ukvm;rav;/ tJ'gukd ukdnKdjr ykd;wmu ajymifykd;wmyg/ &wm r&wmtyxm; b,folUukd olykd;w,f b,f0gholykd;w,f/ tJ'D ykd;wJh taMumif; armif;wD;aewmyJ/ 'golU0goem/ aemuf 'DxJu ygwJh iydaMumfqkdwJh uAsmxJuvnf; jcif;Mum;wkdY? ykyka'G;wkdY? rdykwkdY qkdwmawGu oleJY armifESr w0rf;uGJawGyg/ [kd0efaxmuf OD;a'G;&JU orD;awG/ jcif;Mum;qkdwm trtBuD;qkH; NyD;awmh ykyka'G;qkdwmu tykukd ac:wmyg/ tyku uRefrwkdYygarmu© q&mOD;rsKd;rif;uawmfyg/ausmif;emrnf uawmh tykvkdYyJ ac:Muw,f/NyD;awmh OD;0efuawmf a':MunfMunf? 'DolwkdY nDtrokH;a,mufu t&if;yg/ ukdnKdjreJYarmifESr w0rf;uGJ awmfwmawGav/ tJ'Dawmh olu tif;vsm;vmvkdY&Sd&if ESr0rf;uGJawG? tpfr0rf;uGJawGukd cvkwfwkduf ajcaxmufeJYcwfoGm;? NyD;awmh ykdufqHawmif;w,f/ acs;w,f wJh/ jyefray;bl;/ olu'Dkvd vkyfaeusyg/ rdyk igbmr&Sdbl;? nmr&Sdbl;? bmay;OD;? nmay;OD;/ [kdu ausmif;ydwfvkdY jyefvm&ifvnf; tJ'DiydaMumfwkdY bmwkkdYu olu wcgwnf;cGJ,loGm;wmyg/ tJ'gukd olu &nf&G,fNyD;awmh uAsmpyfxm;wmyg/ uRefrwkdYeJY oleJY twlwlaecJhwJhwacwfrSm ukdnKdjr b,fausmif;oleJYrS rpGHygbl;/ olykd;wmawGuawmh a&wufvkdY rukefygbl;/ tif;vsm;uvnf; trsm;BuD;yJ/ EkdYayr,fhvkdY olu t*Fvdyfpmawmfwmu vGJvkdY trsKd;orD;awG 278

pkHrufavmufp&m olUrSm bmrS r&Sdygbl;/ olu npfywfw,f/ pkwfyJhw,f/ ypövu©wfaew,f/

olUMunfhvkduf&if

b,fawmhrqkd

oefYoefY&Sif;&Sif;

aMumhaMumha&mha&mh rdef;uav;awG pdwf0ifpm;zkdY&m taetxkdif trlt&m bmrSr&Sdbl;/ aq;ayghvdyfBuD; wzGm;zGm;eJY jymawGeJY bmeJY tJ'Dvkd ½IyfwD; ½IyfyGawG 'Dvkdaewm/ tJ'Dawmh uRefrwkdY&SdwJh acwfwkef;u ausmif;ol b,folurS olUukd jyefNyD;awmhrBuKdufbl;/ olu ykd;wmawGuawmh cka'pDwkdY vkd[mawGuawmh trsm;BuD;/ olu 'dwfqkdwJh[mawG tukefykd;wmyJ/ uRefrwkdY ausmif;xGufNyD;wJhaemufusawmhrS cifoif;EG,feJY &wmyg/ tJ'Dus awmhvnf; r,fwuúokdvf &w,fqkdNyD; uRefrwkdYqDukd ~uGm;NyD;taMumif;Mum; wmyg/ olu r,fwuúokdvfeJY&w,f/ vSwmacsmwmukd olu BuKdufwmukd;/ ukdnKdjru tJ'Dvkdyg/ ukdnKdjr i,fi,fwkef;u 'Dvkd[mawG BuKdufcJhayr,fhvkdY ukdnKdjrowif;pm ynmawmfoifuae jyefvmNyD;awmh ArmjynfrSm tvkyfcGif xJ 0ifwJhtcgusawmh ukdnKdjru tJ'Dvkd acsmwmawG? vSwmawG? a&ay:qD awGaemuf olrvkduf&Smygbl;/ tcuftcJawGeJY &ifqkdifw,f/ a&eufxJukd qif;avQmufw,f/ olUowif;pmq&mb0[m

rajzmifhjzL;rom,mygbl;/

[kdwkef;u oleJY tmPm&aewJh vlawGeJYu zufvSJwuif; tifrwef w&if;wESD;&SdwJh vlawGcsnf;aygh/ wa,muf rS vlpdrf;rygygbl;/ tJ'gawGukd olBuKdufovkd olUtwGuf olUukd,fa&;ukd,fwmtwGuf olUowif;pmtwGuf tokH;csNyD;awmh [kdvlawGtBuKduf vkdufNyD;awmh olaqmifaer,fqkdvkdY&Sd&if ukdnKdjr[m olaX;wa,mufvnf;jzpfcsifjzpfaerSmyg/ enf;trsKd;rsKd;eJY apmifr Ekdifygw,f olUukd[kdvlawGu/ &mxl;ay;vkdYuvnf; 0efBuD;xdatmif wufjzpf Ekdifygw,f/ 'Dvkd r[kwf&ifvnf; pD;yGm;a&;t& tbufbufu ajyvnf atmif ulnDEkdifygw,f/ EkdYayr,fh ukdnKdjru 'Dvkdvrf;rsKd; rvkduf ygbl;/ ol,kHMunfwm olrSefw,fxifwmukdyJ b,ftcgrqkd ajymqkda&;om;NyD;awmh 279

aygufqdefyGJusawmhvnf; olUwkdufua&SUu cHcJh&wmyg/ tJ. . . tmrcH wifOD;[,f? bmOD;[,fqkdawmhvnf; olUcrsm tjcm;twkduftcH owif;pm awGeJYtwl yg&Smwmyg/ ukdnKdjru om,mwJhvrf;? yef;cif;wJhvrf;? ajzmifhjzL; wJhvrf;ukd b,fawmhrSra&G;ygbl;/ trSefw&m;vkdY ol,kHMunfwJhbufu wavQmufvkH; oGm;ygw,f/ 'Dawmh oli,fcsif;wa,muftaeeJY a&;abmfa&;bufwa,muftaeeJY olUukd pdwfxJu av;pm;ygw,f/ OD;Zif;u tckvkd trSwfw&yGJav; vkyfw,f qkdawmhvnf; 0rf;omw,f/ wjcm; b,frSmrS 'DvkdyGJ r&Sdygbl;/ ukdnKdjryGJ 'DrEร av;rSm 'Dae&mrSmyJ &Sdygw,f/ tJ'g . . . aMomf jzpfoifhjzpfxkdufwmukd jzpfatmif vkyfaewmyJ/ wkdY0rf;om p&maumif;w,f/

a&;abmfwa,muf

ukdnKdjrwa,muftwGuf

'DvkdyJ

&Sd&rSmyJ/ olajymovkd olBuKdufwJhenf;rsKd;eJY yowmrsKd; wifajrยงmufwmrsKd; r[kwfapumrl pma&;q&mawGtaeeJY a&;abmfa&;bufawGtaeeJY wav; wpm; wjrwfwEkd; &Sdw,fqkdwmukd azmfxkwfEkdifwJhtwGuf 0rf;om*kPf,l ygw,f/ q&mawmf ukdynmukdvnf; 'DtwGuf wynfhawmfwkdYu xl;xl;vnfvnf aus;Zl;wifygw,fbk&m;/ wwfEkdifoavmuf t&Sifbk&m; 'Dc&D;ukd qufoGm; yg/ wynfhawmfwkdYvnf; wwfEkdifoavmuf yg0ifyg&apvkdY avQmufygw,f/ 'gyg yJbk&m;/

280

]]pdefvGefwl;orm;ESifhtjcm;0w¦Kwkdrsm;}}eJY ukd½kd;uGefY ]]jrefrmhZmwm}}pmtkyfeJY wifrrckdif(ref;wuúokdvf) ]]uEÅm&c&D;onf}}bmomjyefeJY bkef;jrifh(rEÅav;) trsKd;om;pmayqk&Sifrsm;ukd *kPfjyKwJhyGJ (tr&yl&awmifav;vkH;ausmif;) (4.1.89) 'DyGJuav;u atmifatmifjrifjrif ckvkdjzpfoGm;wm 0rf;omygw,f/ a':a':u trsd;om;pmayqkxGufw,fvkdY

aMunmuwnf;u

wkdYa&mif;&if;awGxJu

okH;a,mufawmif 'DESpfwNyKdifwnf; qkawG&Muw,f/ tJ'Dawmh rEÅav;uae NyD;awmh *kPfjyKyGJav;wck vkyf&atmif? b,faeYvkyfrwkef;qkdawmh a':a':h arG;aeY? arG;aeYqkdNyD;awmh vkyfvkyfaewJh Opöm[m? tJ'g bmrSt"dyÜm,f r&Sdbl;/ 'DarG;aeYrSmyJ pmayqk&wJh pma&;q&mawGukd *kPfjyK&atmif/ tJ'g[m pmqkdawmfaeYeJYvnf; &ufcsif;uyfaew,f/ 'Dawmh okH;yGJwyGJjzpf atmif vkyfMupkdYqkdNyD; a':a':u &ufcsdef;wm/ csdef;ayr,fhvkdY taMumif; rnDñGwfbl;/ a':a':uauR;csifwJh MumqHomauR;vkduf&wm tzwfwif &pfw,f/ olwkdYu rvmEkdifbl;/ tJ'DaeYu &efukefu qif;cJh&r,fqkdNyD; aMu;eef;½kdufac:awmh

okH;a,mufpvkH;

qif;oGm;Mu&w,f/

pmayqk&

w,fqkdwm vG,fvG,fululr&ygbl;/ a':a':pma&;ouf tESpfig;q,f &SdygNyD/ tJ'DtESpfig;q,ftwGif;rSm pmayqk wcgyJ&zl;ygw,f/ tJ'Dawmh 281

tck om;wkdYorD;wkdY qk&Muw,fqkdawmh a':a':u odyf0rf;omw,f/ a':a':vkdyJ wjcm;a&mif;&if;awGvnf; 0rf;omMurSmyJ/ aemufNyD; pmtkyf uav;awGuvnf; tm;vkH; okH;tkyfpvkH;[m xkdufxkdufwefwef&wmyJvkdY a':a':,kHMunfw,f/ pmayqkay;wJhtcg wcsKdUESpfawGrSm bmbmnmnm ponfjzifhayghav/ wD;wkd;wD;wkd; ozef;ykd;aygh/ tJ'Dvkd tcgav;awG &SdwJhtcgvnf; &Sdw,f/ 'grsKd; tck 'Du&wJhuav;awG&JU pmtkyfawG[m wtkyfrS r[kwfbl;/ bmomjyefqkdvnf; bmomjyefrkdYaemf/ 0w¦Kwkdqkdvnf; 0w¦KwkdrkdY/ Zmwmqdkvnf; ZmwmrkdYvkdY BuKd;BuKd;pm;pm;eJY apwemtjynfheJY vkyfxm;wJh pmtkyfawGyg/ pma&;q&m[maemf/ a':a':woufvkH; cH,lxm; wJhrl? apwem&Sd&r,f/ zwfr,fhvltay:ukd ukd,fu apwem tBuD;BuD; xm;&r,f/ tJ'grS pmaumif;xGufr,f/ tck ukd½kd;uGefYqkd&if olUapwemu tifrwefcspfp&maumif;w,f/ olwkdYvkyfazmfukdifzuf twlwl? b0wltvkyf orm;awG? olwkdY&JU tjzpftysuf? olwkdY&JU tajctaeukd rSwfwrf;wifr,fhol r&Sdbl;/ 'ghaMumifhrkdYvkdY olUtaeeJY a&;wwf oavmuf olrSwfwrf;wifr,f [kwfvm;/

wHigtaMumif;ukd

Mu,feDu

a&;w,f/

qiftaMumif;ukd

zkd;ausmhu a&;w,f/ tJ'DvkdrsKd; olwkdYpdefvGefwl;wJh tvkyfukd a&;r,fhvl r&Sdbl;/ ola&;r,fqkdNyD;awmh b0wlawGtay:ukd BuD;rm;wJh apwemxm; NyD;awmh olvkyfwm/ 'ghaMumifh apwemtusKd;ay;wm/ bmomjyeform; qkdwmuawmh/ wbmomrSm&SdwJh taMumif;t&mukd t*Fvdyfpm rzwfwwf wJhvlawG zwf&ygapawmhqkdwJh apwemtBuD;BuD;xm;NyD;awmh bmomjyef wm/ a':a':wkdY bmomjyef&ifvnf; 'DvkdyJ apwemxm;NyD; t*Fvdyfpm rwwfwJh vlawG zwf&ygap? olwkdYem;vnfygap/ wkdYodwJhtaMumif;t&mrsKd; olwkdY

282

odygapqkdNyD;awmh jyefwmyJ/ tJ'Dawmh bmomjyeform; apwem[m tvGefBuD;yg w,f/ tJ'DvkdyJ wifrrckdifvkyfwJh okawoevkyfief;uvnf; awmfawmfukd BuD;BuD; rm;rm;/ olUcrsmrSm aiGukefvlyef;cHNyD; awmh vkyfwm/ 'g[m olrsm;ckdif;wJh Assignment wm0efay;csuf

r[kwfbl;/ olUapwemeJY olvkyfwm/ bmjzpfvkdY

'Davmuf tyifyef;cH&vJ? 'Davmuf tukefcH&vJ/ apwemtBuD;BuD;xm;vkdY vkyfwmaygh/ tJ'Dawmh olwkdYapwemawG okH;a,mufpvkH; tusKd;ay;w,fvkdY a':a': ,kHMunfw,f/ tJ'gukd a':a':wkdYu twlwl a&;om;aeMuwJh a&mif;&if;awG &JabmfawGu b,fhES,f 'Dvkdqk&w,fqkdawmh 0rf;romyJ&SdyghrvJ/ 0rf;omwm aygh/ 0rf;omw,fqkdwmuav;ukd ½kd;½kd;r[kwfbJeJY 'DvkdyGJuav;wck? *kPfjyKyGJ uav;wck vkyfcsifw,f/ vkyfcsifaywJh ckajymovkdyJ tajctaet&ayghav/ tvkduftxkduf Al;oD;~uGufukdufaygh/ BuD;BuD;us,fus,f crf;crf;em;em; r[kwfayr,fhvkdY

rSwfrSwfom;om;av;jzpfatmif

txdrf;trSwfuav;

jzpfatmif a':a':wkdY wwfEkdifoavmuf ½kef;Mur,fqkdNyD;awmh vkyfwJhyGJ uav;/ tJovkd jzpfoifhoavmufjzpfw,f? atmifjrifoifhoavmuf atmifjrifw,f/ a&T0wf&nfu vmNyD;awmh olwkdYvnf; yg0ifcsifw,fqkdawmh a':a':u 0rf;omvkdufwm? [m yg&rSmayghuG,f? rif;wkdY 'DvkdvkyfrSmqkd aumif;wmaygh/ 'kdYu BuKdqkdygw,f/ vmyg/ aemufwcg arNrKdU (jyifOD;vGif)uaemf? ukd&JEkdif a&mufvmw,f/ a':a': rzdwfrdygbl;/ rzdwfrdayr,fh tck a':a':wkdYqD ol ukd½kd;uGefYeJY qufNyD;awmh a&mufvmw,fqkdawmh 0rf;omvkdufwm/ ykdNyD;awmh us,fjyefYoGm;w,f [kwfvm;/ pmayorm;awG ykdNyD;awmh pkpnf;vmw,f/ 283

tJ'Dvkda':a':wkdY vkyfcsifwJh[muav;ukd wckaom ao;i,faom twkdif; twmtxd atmifjrifw,f/ aemufukd vnf; pmayorm;awG qufNyD;awmh BuKd;pm;Ekdifatmif? apwemaumif; xm;Ekdifatmif? a&;Ekdifom;Ekdifatmif? a':a':wkdY 'Dvkd[mav;awG vkyfwmyJ/ a':a':wkdY pma&;wJh acwfwkef;u 'Davmuf rrsm;bl;/ rdef;uav;vnf; rdef;uav;rkdY a,musfm;av;vnf; a,musfm;av;rkdY wufopfpuavmifawG 'Davmufrrsm;bl;/ tck trsm;BuD; ay:aygufvmw,f/ tJ'gukdu tifrwef tm;&p&m 0rf;omp&maumif;wJh tajctaeyg/ 'DtajctaerSm apwemrSefrSef/ apwemrSefrSefqkdwm pmzwfwJhvltay:ukd BuD;rm;wJhapwemxm;wm ajymcsifwmyg/ NyD;awmh ukd,fukdifpGJwJhtjrif/ ,kHMunfcsufrSefrSef/ NyD;awmh BuKd;BuKd;pm;pm;eJY vkHYv0D&d,eJY qufNyD;awmh a&;Mu/ 'Davmuf a&;vkdY&&if 'Davmuf a&;&rSmyJ/ [kdavmufa&;vkdY&&if [kdavmufa&;&rSmyJ/ 'Davmufqkd&if 'DavmufyJ/ tJ'D txJrSm jzpfatmifa&;/ BuKd;pm;a&;/ b,fawmhrS ukd,fhbufu ravQmheJY/ ukd,fhBuKd;pm;rI ravQmhygeJY/ tJ'gqkd&if pmaumif; xGufvmrSmygaemf/ a':a': tck vli,fawGjrifwkdif; jrifwkdif;av pdwfxJrSm b,fvkdcHpm;&rSef; rodbl;/ wuf~uGwm? tm;&wmaemf/ b,favmuf ola&;vkdYjzpfvnf; 'g olUt&nftaoG;yJ/ ukd,fjzpfvnf; ukd,hft&nftaoG;yJ qkdovkdyJ/ yef;aygif; w&m yGifhw,fqkdwm rSefw,f/ vlwkdif; vlwkdif;rSm vlawG&JU wDxGifrIpGrf;tm; [m wkdif;wmvkdY r&ygbl;/ &Sdaewm/ tJ'g[m vkdtyfwJh aygif;oifay;rI/ xkdufoifhwJhtm;ay;csD;ajrยงmufrI/

NyD;awmh

&Sdoifh&SdxkdufwJh

tcGifhtvrf;

uav;/ tJ'guav;awG&Sd&if ay:vmwm/ aygufvmwm/ a':a':wkdYu ajrawmifajrยงmufcsifwm/ 'grS trsm;BuD; yef;aygif;w&myGifhr,f/ yef;aygif; waxmifyGifhr,f/ yGifhvmavorQ[m aumif;wmcsnf;yJ/ vSwmcsnf;yJ/ 284

arT;wmcsnf;yJ/ olUtqif;eJY ol/ olU&eHYeJYol? olUtaetxm;eJYol/ 'Dvkdjzpfvmatmifaemf/ tck 'DrSm&SdwJh BuKH&wJhvli,fuav; awGukd a':a':u ajymcsifwm/ BuKd;pm;Mu/

bmyJjzpfjzpf

zwfp&m&Sd&ifzwf/

pmrzwf&if

pma&;q&m

rjzpfbl;/ aemufNyD;awmh Mum;emp&m&Sd&if Mum;em/ awG;p&m&Sd&ifawG;? pma&; q&m[m awG;&w,faemf/ awG;&w,fqkdwm ukd,fzwfwm? awGUwm? Mum;wm[m obm0,kwåd &Sdovm;/ 'g b,ftusKd;oufa&mufovJ/ b,fvkd jzpfwmvJqkdwm pOf;pm;&w,f/ awG;&w,f/ tJ'DtawG;tac:rSef&if odyfaumif;wm/ ukd,fhtzkdY odyftaxmuftuljzpfwm/ tJ'Dawmh zwfp&m &Sd&ifvnf;zwf/

awG;p&m&Sd&ifvnf;

a&;wmuvnf;av pdwfwkdif;rus&if

cPcP vufrvTwfeJY/

awG;/

a&;av

a&;p&m&Sd&ifvnf;

ykdykdaumif;avyJ/

rBuKdufao;&ifvnf;

a&;/

pmwyk'f[m vufrvTwfeJY/

jyefa&;/ jyifa&;/ tBudrfBudrfa&;/ a&;&if aumif;vmwmyJ/ tJ'Dawmh a&;yg/ BuKd;pm;Muyg/ tukeftm;xkwfMuyg/ 'Dvkd qk&wmawG cPcP a':a':wkdY yGJvkyfEkdifyg&ap/ [kwfvm;/ EkdYNyD;awmh tm;vkH; tm;vkH; wpdwfw0rf;wnf; armifvkd ESrvkd nDnDñGwfñGwf cspfcspfcifcifeJY vufwGJoGm;& atmifvkdU ajymNyD; a':a':ed*kH;csKyfygr,f/

285

q&mBuD;a&TOa'gif; ESpfw&mjynfh tr&yl&awmifav;vkH;ausmif; (24.10.89) q&mBuD; a&TOa'gif; 1989 ckESpfrSm toufw&mjynfhvdrfhr,fqkdwm q&mBuD; pmayukd xdef;odrf;MuwJh uRefrwkdYtzGJUu 'D&ufrwkdifcif vGefcJhwJh ESpfESpf avmufuwnf;u owd&ygw,f/ tJ'DtzGJUu b,folawGygwkef;qkdawmh OD;vS r&SdwJhaemuf uRefr&,f? q&mokc&,f? ukd0if;wif&,f? q&m aomfwm aqG&,f av;a,mufygygw,f/ tJ'DtzGJUu q&mBuD; toufw&mjynfh vkdY&Sd&if *kPfjyKyGJav; usif;yr,f/ aemufNyD;awmh q&mBuD;pmrlcav;awG &xm;wm pkNyD;awmh pmayqk ay;r,fqkdwJh vsmxm;csuf &Sdygw,f/ &Sdawmh usif;yjzpf&if b,fvkdvkyfr,f bmr,fqkdwmukd tao;pdwf r[kwfayr,fh tMurf;zsif; wkdifyifygw,f/ wkdifyifwJhtcgusawmh wjznf;jznf;eJY eD;eD; vmawmh q&mukd0if;wifu bmajymovJqkdawmh a':a':&,fwJh q&mBuD; &mjynfhyGJukd uRefawmfuawmh rEÅav;rSmyJ usif;yapcsifw,fwJh/ bmjyKvkdY wkef;qkdawmh tajctaet& uRefawmfwkdY &efukefrSm odyfNyD;awmh pnfpnf um;um;vkyfvkdY jzpfcsifrS jzpfr,fwJh/ rEÅav;rSm pnfpnfum;um; vkyf& atmif/ uRefawmfwkdYvnf; vmrSmaygh a':a':wJh/ b,fvkdpnfum;csifwm wkef;qkdawmh olu NrKdUv,facgifu "r®omvmrSm vlpkvla0;eJY tpnf;ta0; BuD;vkyfNyD; q&mBuD;&JU &mjynfhyGJrSm olUpmawGtaMumif; a[majymyGJBuD; vkyfwmrsKd;jzpfatmif uRefawmfwkdY BuKd;pm;Mu&atmif qkdawmh uRefruvnf; oabmwlw,f/ uRefrwkdY rEÅav;rSm a&S;u "r®AdrmefrSm pmqkdawmfyGJawG ESpfwkdif; ESpfwkdif; vkyfcJh wm pmay0gormygolawG b,foljzpfjzpfwufMu? &[ef;oHCmawGa&m ausmif;om;awGa&m aps;olaps;om;awGa&m onfhjyif 286

vlrsKd;pkHwufwJh pmayyGJawG vkyfaeMuqkdawmh tJ'Dvkd[mrsKd; vkyfcsifw,fwJh/ q&mBuD;yGJukdav/ q&mBuD; a&TOa'gif;&JUpmayu wEkdifiHvkH;eJY oufqkdifwJhpmay/ tJ'gaMumifh aumif;om;yJ ukd0if;wifvkdY tJ'Dvkd ajymxm;w,f/ EkdYayr,fhvkdY usif;yzkdY eD;eD;vmwJhtcgusawmh/ q&mokcu *syefjynfudk xGufoGm;w,f/ olu --------- ac:vkdYqkdNyD;awmh oGm;wmyg/ tJ'g [kdwavmwkef;u olUqDu pm&w,f/ atmufwkdbmvus jyefvmr,fwJhvkdY/ 'geJY uRefru pmjyefa&; w,f/ 24 &ufaeY atmufwkdbmvrSm uRefrwkdY q&mBuD;yGJvkyfr,f/ tJ'DyGJ trD q&m jyefcJhygaemf? uRefrwkdY rEÅav;ukdvnf; q&mvmjzpfatmifvmyg? rEÅav;rSm vkyfr,fq&mqkdNyD; pma&;ygw,f/ olUqDu pmjyefvnf; rvm bl;/ 'DaeYxdvnf; uRefr owif;r&bl;/ q&m b,fa&mufaeNyDvdkY owif; ra&muf vmygbl;/ aemufwcg ukd0if;wif/ ukd0if;wifuvnf; taMumif;rnDñGwfawmhygbl;/ 'DyGJuav; rwkdifcifuyg/ aemufwcg q&maomfwmawG/ ola&;om;aeaom aqmif;yg;awGukd zwf&jcif;tm;jzifh olUrdef;ru aeraumif;vkduf? olu aeraumif;vkdufeJY olwkdYrSm usef;rma&; tifrwef u,duxawG rsm;ae&Sm w,f/ EkdYayr,fh uRefru olUvnf;wkdifyifOD;rS qkdNyD;awmh oleJY w,fvDzkef; qufzkdY

tBudrfBudrfBuKd;pm;ygw,f/

olUukdawGUzkdY

aomif;ajymif;axGvm

qufvkdYvnf; r&? b,fvkdvkyfvkdYrS r&bl;/ 'Dawmh olUukd zdwfpm pmwkdufu vSrf;ykdYwmuvGJvkdY wjcm;bmrS uRefr tquftoG,fr&bl;/ tJ'Dawmh 'DyGJtwGuf uRefrwa,mufwnf; usefaewmyg/ usefaeNyD;awmh yGJvkyfr,fh &uf eD;vmav eD;vmav/ jzpfcsifwJh "r®omvmrSm vkyfvkdYjzpfyghrvm;? jzpfyghrvm;qkdwJh awG;p&mawGu jzpfvmav/ aemufydwfqkH;usawmh bmqkH; jzwf&rSef;rodbl;/ b,foleJY wkdifyif&rSef;rodbl;/ armifapmvGifukd owd& 287

vkdufwm/ 'Dvkdudpö 'DvkdyGJawG&Sd&if armifapmvGifu uRefr vufuokH; awmifa0S;/

ck

olvnf;r&Sdbl;/

armifukdav;eJY

armifMunfatmifwkdY

ESpfa,mufu armifapmvGifqkH;wkef;uav armifapmvGif r&Sdayr,fh a':a': tm;ri,feJY uRefawmfwkdY &Sdw,fwJh/ a[m-yGJvkyfawmh [kd raiGNrKdifqkdwJh oDcsif;vkd b,mwkyfauG;aMumifh av;v avmuf.....qkdNyD;awmh ay:rvmbl;/ zsm;aewmwJh/ [kdwa,mufvnf; ray:vmbl;/ uRefrrSmav b,fae&m vkyf&rvJ 'DyGJ/ vlb,fESpfa,muf zdwf&rSmwkef; b,fykHpHeJY vkyfvkdY jzpfrSm wkef;/ [m wa,mufwnf; pdwfqif;&Jvkdufwm/ uav;awGukd ac:NyD; uJ 'Dvkd 'Dvkd jzpfaew,f/ b,fvkd vkyfrwkef;? uav;awGeJY wkdifyifNyD; olwkdYeJY jzpfovkd pDpOf&ygw,f/ tJ'Dawmh 'geJYywfoufNyD;awmh zdwfpmr&bl;/ rsufESmvkdufw,f xifwmwkdY? rauseyfwJhvlawG &Sd&if&Sdr,f/ &Sd&if vnf; tjypfwifcsifwifr,f/ wifvnf; uRefrwkdYu tjypfwifcH½kHyJ/ bmrS rwwfEkdifbl;/ uRefrwkdYrSm 'Dvkd tcuftcJ awG Mum;xJu 'DyGJav;ukd aemufqkH;usawmh q&mawmfhqDukdvm acgif;eJYacGU NyD;awmh cgwkdif;vkyfaeus pmayyGJuav;rsKd;yJ vkyfMuygpkdY q&mawmf qkdNyD; awmh 'Dawmifav;vkH;ukd ajy;vmwmyg/ awmifav;vkH;ajy;vmawmhvnf; awmifav;vkH; qkdwmu xrif;yGJawGeJY vkyfwwfwJhyGJ/ tJ'Dawmh 'umrBuD; 0ufom;wydóm&Spfq,faps;eJY jzpfyghrvm;wJh/ tJ'Dvkd[mawG ayghav/ uRefrwkdYu ukdif;-jzpfatmifvkyfwmayghbk&m; qkdNyD;awmh ukef;½kef;NyD; tjzpf vkyfMuwJhyGJyg/ owd&vkdufwmuawmh tukefvkH;ukdygyJ/ rkd;olwkdYukdvnf; vmapcsifvkdufwm/ olu yg;pyfNyJBuD;eJY a':a': uRefawmfvmrSm uRefawmf 'DyGJvmrSm/ uRefawmf bmvkyfrSm nmvkyfrSm/ 'DjyifvlawGvnf; tukefvkH; owd&w,f/ rzdwf&wJhvla&m? zdwf&wJhvla&m/ EkdYayr,fh tJ'gawG[m owd&wmawGyJ &Sdw,f/ pum;tjzpf ajym&wmyJ&Sdw,f/ taumiftxnf 288

azmfvkdY rvG,fygbl;/ 'ghaMumifh uRefrwkdYukd rauseyfvkdY tjypfwifcsifvnf; wifygaemf/ 'DtajctaerSm uRefrwkdY 'gyJwwfEkdifvkdY 'DavmufyJ vkyf&ygw,fvkdY uRefr ajymcsifygw,f/ tJ'g yGJtaMumif;eJYywfoufvkdYyg/ aemufwcku q&mBuD;eJY ywfoufNyD;awmh q&mBuD;[m pma&;q&mBuD;/ pmtkyfaygif; ajrmufrsm;pGm a&;cJhw,f/ ola&;cJhwJhpmtkyfawG pmawG[m *EÅ0ifxJrSm raowmawG trsm;BuD;/ ckeu vif;,kefukdarmifarmifu ajymoGm;w,f/ q&mBuD;a&;wJh pkHaxmufBuD; armifpH&Sm;eJY jroef;wifhbmomjyef wJh ukdeif'GKdif;&JU &Sm;avmh[krf;eJY rwlwJh taMumif; olu ajymygw,f/ uRefru olUukdjznfhcsifao;w,f/ rwl½kHwif rubl;. ukdeif;'GKdif;a&;wJh &Sm;avmh[krf;ukd uRefrvnf; zwfygw,f/ t*Fvdyfpm txkduftavsmuf em;vnfygw,f/ zwfygw,f/ 'gayr,fh armifpH&Sm;vkd rBuKdufygbl;/ &Sm;avmh[krf;xuf a&TOa'gif;a&;wJh armifpH&Sm;u aumif;ygw,f/ aemufNyD; uRefrwkdY jrefrmhtonf;ESvkH;rSm jrefrmhOD;aESmufrSm a&TOa'gif;&JU armifpH&Sm; [m b,foleJYrSm rzvS,fEkdifygbl; . . . . / vJvS,fvkdY r&awmhygbl;/ tJoavmuf q&mBuD; uavmifu aumif;ygw,f/ aemufNyD;awmh rSD;wmeJY ywfoufvkdY q&mBuD;u olUzmom olxGifNyD;awmha&;wm/ a&omckdwm r[kwfygbl;/ oloufomcHwm r[kwfbl;/ olUukd ol&d, OD;bazwkdYu ckdif;wmyg/ olu &efBuD;atmif a&;NyD;awmh &efukefqif;w,f/ qif;wJhtcg OD;bazu olUukd jrefrmrIjyKay;ygqkdNyD;awmh t*Fvdyfvkd pmtkyfwtkyf xkd;tyfygw,f/ olwkdYu uRefrtxifajym&&if OD;bazwkdYuvnf; *sdrf;pf vSausmf&JU armif&ifarmif rr,frukd awGUwmeJY rSD;wmukd OD;bazwkdYu pdwful;&wmeJY wlw,f/ 'gaMumifhrkdYvnf; rSD;a&;zkdY pmtkyfxkd;ay;w,f 289

xifygw,f/ olwkdYckdif;vkdY &wemykHukda&;wm/ 'Daemufwcg &Sm;avmh[krf;ukd xkd;ay;wm/ xkd;ay;awmh 'gvnf; jrefrmrIjyKOD;qkdawmh olu &Sm;qkdwJh[mukd trdt& ,lNyD;awmh armifpH&Sm; emrnfrSnfhwmyg/ q&mBuD; vkyfvkdufykHu tJ'Dvkd/ &Sm;wvkH;wnf;eJY ArmarmifpH&Sm;jzpfatmif vkyfvkdufykH[m uRefrwkdY jrefrmh tonf;ESvkH;ukd b,favmuf ckdufapovJqkdwm tifrwef twkckd;p&m aumif;ygw,f/ uRefrwkdYuawmh t[kwfukd armifpH&Sm;qkdwm wu,fh t"dyÜg,ftm;jzifhvnf; wlolr&SdwJhvl/ pkHaxmufemrnfuvnf; aumif;vkduf wm/ armifpH&Sm;wJh/ armifpH&Sm;[m pkHaxmufemrnfygyJ/ aps;onfemrnf r[kwfbl;/ &xm;orm;emrnf r[kwfbl;/ pkHaxmuf armifpH&Sm;/ tJ'Dvkd jzpfatmif q&mBuD;u aoaocsmcsm vkyfay;vkdufwmyg/ tJ'Dawmh q&mBuD; &JU tawG;tac: q&mBuD;&JU

Choice

u odyfNyD;awmh oabmusp&m

aumif;wmyg/ q&mBuD;&JU pmawGeJY ywfoufvkdU ajymMuqkdMuwJhtcgr,f q&mBuD; owif;pmq&mvkyfwmeJY ywfoufvkdY ajymwJh a&;wJhvl enf;yg w,f/ 'gaMumifh owif;pmq&mBuD; a&TOa'gif;qkdNyD;awmh olUowif;pm tvkyfeJY ywfoufNyD;awmh enf;enf; ajymcsifvkdYyg/ t&SnfBuD;rajymygbl;/ uRefr wkdwkdvkyfxm;yg w,f/ pma&;q&m owif;pmq&mBuD; a&TOa'gif; (1889-1973) ESpfw&mjynfh 1889-1989 q&mBuD;a&TOa'gif;ukd vTwf½kH;pma&; OD;{&meJY pmawmfzwf we*FoD&Gmpm; a':a&TwkdYu 1889 atmufwdkbm (24) &ufaeY (urÇmYukvor*¾aeY)rSm rEÅav;NrKdU {csKdifh&yfrSm arG;zGm;cJhygw,f/ emrnf&if;u armifazodef;yg/ 290

touf (4) ESpf t&G,fuwnf;u r,foDv&Sifausmif;eJY bkef;BuD;ausmif;rSm pmpoifw,f/ olpmoifwJh bkef;BuD;ausmif;u tdrfawmf&mbk&m;awmifbuf 'u©dPm0efwkdufu Nrdwfbkef;BuD; OD;eE´&JUausmif;/ 'Dbkef;BuD;u tawG;tac: tajrmftjrif tvGefacwfrDwkd;wufrI &SdwmaMumifh ausmif;olausmif;om;awG [kdacwfuxkH;pH aem{u aemqkdwJh ukd;aMumif;wGufrsKd;ukd roifapbJ ocFsmeJY t*Fvdyfpmyg oifay;ygw,f/ Nrdwfq&mawmf OD;eE´ausmif;u (4)wef; atmifwJhtcg 'Dausmif;om;awG ausmif;qufaezkdY q&mawmfu rEÅav; NrKdUay:rSm Ak'¨bmomt*Fvdyf pmoifausmif;wausmif; ay:aygufatmif 'umrawGukd vkHYvxkwfckdif;NyD; Ak'¨omoemhEk*¾[ausmif;? twkdaumuf BTN bDwDtifausmif;qkdwmukd pwifwnfaxmif zGifhvSpfapcJhygw,f/ c&pf,mef omoemjyKrsm;u rEÅav;rSm bk&ifygawmfrl tNyD; (2)ESpfyJ Mumao;w,f/ tar&duefESpfjcif;

omoemjyKausmif;

t*Fvdyfvkdtwkdaumuf

ABM

(atbDtrf) ausmif;ukd q&m,k'óefwkdY*kdPf;u OD;pD;NyD; zGifhvSpfaeygNyD/ q&mBuD;a&TOa'gif;u BTN ausmif;rSm (5) wef;wufNyD; (5) wef;atmif awmh bDwDtifu (6) wef;rzGifhEkdifao;wmeJY atbDtrfausmif;ukd ajymif;NyD; pmqufoifw,f/ atbDtrfausmif;uyJ (9)wef; pmar;yGJ 1908 ckESpfrSm atmifygw,f/ tJ'Dwkef;u (9) wef;atmifNyD; ol[m wuúokdvfwkdY aumvdyf wkdYudk ausmif;wufvkdY &NyD/ (10) wef;qkdwm r&Sdao;bl;/ 'ghaMumifh (9) wef;pmar;yGJukd tifx&ifhpmar;yGJ (wuúokdvf0ifpmar;yGJ) vkdY ac:w,f/ NyD;awmh

'Djrefrmjynfu

tifx&ifhpmar;yGJawGukd

BuD;Muyfppfaq;wJh

wuúokdvfu umvuwåm;u wuúokdvf/ 'gaMumifh tifx&ifh pmar;yGJukd b*Fvm;pmar;yGJvkdYvnf; ac:w,f/ q&mBuD; a&TOa'gif;[m b*Fvm;pmar;yGJ atmifolaygh/ pmar;yGJatmifNyD; aumvdyfqufraeEkdifbl;/ 'gaMumifh tvkyf xGufvkyfw,f/ 291

q&mBuD; woufrSm tvkyfaygif; (20) ausmf vkyfzl;w,f/ b,ftvkyfrSmrS q&mBuD;u Mum&Snfav;jrifhvkyfwm r[kwfbJuvm;/ ol b,ftvkyfrSmrS (3) ESpfxuf ykdMumatmif rvkyfzl;bl;wYJ/ pma&;q&mjzpfzkdYtwGuf tawGU tBuKHawGayghav/ ausmif;uxGufxGufcsif; bDwDtifausmif;rSmausmif;q&m? aemuf

ABM

ausmif;rSm ausmif;q&m? aemuf a&Tbkdta&;ykdif½kH;rSm

tulpma&;? aemuf a&Tbkdopfawm½kH;rSm pma&;rsm; vkyfcJhw,f/ 1 ESpfausmf twGif; tvkyf (4)ck ajymif;wmyg/ 1909 ckESpfa&mufawmh v,f,m pkdufysKd;jcif;eJY or0g,rtoif; rif;BuD;½kH;rSm awmvkdufpma&; (3) ESpfvkyfNyD; jrefrmjynfweHwvsm;ukd rif;BuD;eJYtwl vkdufoGm;,if; vSnfhvnfcJh&w,f/ aemuf 'DtvkyfukdNiD;aiGUvkdY tvkyfxGufNyD; rdbqDuyfpm;aew,f/ okHlp&m pGJp&mr&Sdawmh pma&;prf;MunfhzkdY pdwful;&vmw,f/ ukdvkdeDacwfrSm t*Fvdyf pm[m ½kH;okH;bmompum;yg/ 'gaMumifh ausmif;aewJh ausmif;om;u t*FvdyfpmaawmfzkdY

vkH;yef;Muw,f/

'grSvnf;

rsufESmyGifh

tvkyf&

vG,fw,f/ q&mBuD;uvnf; t*FvdyfpmawmfcsifvkdY t*FvdyfpmtkyfawG odyfzwfcJhygw,f/ b,ftxdzwfovJqkd&if taysmfzwf yoDykHjyif waxmifhwn Nights

Arabian

vkd pmtkyfrsKd;upNyD; taysmfzwf a&;Ekd;&JU 0w¦KawG? 'daemuf

wqifhwufNyD; t*Fvdyf*E¦0if0w¦KawGukd tukefavmufeD;yg; zwfcJhw,f/ NyD;rSwcg pmta&;tom; aumif;vSw,fvkdY (t*Fvdyf*E¦0ifrSm) emrnfBuD;vS wJh rauúmav;&JU

Essays

awGukd zwfjyefw,f/ zwfwJhtcg 'Dq&mBuD;

rauúmav;&JU ta&;tom;awGu aumif;vGef;vkdY OD;av;odef;u BuKdufvGef; vkdY tm½kHpl;pkdufNyD; pmaygif;rsm;pGmukd zwfvmawmh olUta&;tom;awG[m OD;av;odef;txJ

pdrfh0ifaew,f/

NyD;awmh

OD;av;odef;u

waeYawmh

t*Fvdyfvkd a&;wwfwJh pma&;q&mjzpfcsifwmwJh/ (q&mBuD;u uRefrtareJY 292

OD;pGef;zkwft&G,f uwnf;u upm;zuf? tazeJYuawmh ausmif;aebuf oli,fcsif;? tazhxuf 42 &uf i,fwmrkdY uRefrwkdYu OD;av;odef; vkdY woufvkH;ac:wmyg/ 'gaMumifh uRefrpum;xJ q&mBuD;a&m OD;av;odef; a&m

a&maxG;aewmukd

rxifrSwfao;cif

cGifhjyKMuyg/)

tvkyfr&SdbJeJY

EkdYayr,fh

tJ'Dtqifha&mufNyDvkdY

okH;pGJp&musyfwnf;

jywfvyfvmawmh

jrefrmvkd0w¦Kwyk'f a&;prf;Munfhw,f/ t*Fvdyfvkda&;wJh 0w¦Kaygif; ra& wGufEkdifatmif zwfcJhbl;wJhig jrefrmvkd a&;prf;&if jzpfEkdifaumif;&JUqkdNyD; yxrqkH;tBudrf tazhZmwd refusnf;wkH&GmrSm ]]&efBuD;atmif}} 0w¦Kukd pa&;Munfhw,f/ OD;av;odef;

pmpa&;wm

uRefrrarG;cif

21

&ufrSm

a&;wmyg/

tJ'DyxrqkH;a&;wJh0w¦K &efBuD;atmif0w¦Kukd 2 veJY 13 &uf a&;&w,f/ pm;yGJukvm;xkdifeJY a&;Ekdifwm r[kwfbl;/ uRef;aowåmBuD;ay: wifa&;&wm/ pma&;q&mqkdwm

nrSmpma&;w,fqkdvkdY

aqmif;nawGrSm

rD;vif;zkdeJY

a&;w,f/ a&;NyD;orQ tdrfoltdrfom;awGukd zwfjyvkduf? olwkdYta0zefcH vkduf? olwkdYtdyfMuawmh qufa&;vkdufeJY a&;wmwJh/ taru 0dZ,um&D £E´m0HowkdYukd zwfvmwJhpmawmfzwf? tazu vTwf½kH;om;qkdawmh olwkdY b0ifruswmukd axmufjy jyifay;owJh/ q&mBuD;&JU taruawmh &SdNyD; 0dZ,um&DwkdYvkdY cHhnm;wJh pDa&;EIef;zGJUrI r&Sdayr,fh ZmwfuGufZmwftdrfeJY ZmwfvkdufawG&JU tusifhpm&dwå wnfMunfykHa&;wmu pdwf0ifpm;ESpfouf p&m aumif;w,fvkdY csD;usL;owJh/ 'D0w¦Kukd yxr rEÅav;wkdif; owif;pm wkdufukd ay;w,f/ pmjyifq&m q&moifu oljyifa&;csifw,fqkdvkdY jyef,l NyD; ol&d,OD;babqD ykdYvkdufawmh awmfawmfeJYtaMumif;rjyefbl;/tBudrfBudrf EId;aqmfpma&;awmhrS

0w¦Kpmrlzwfolu

OD;buav;jzpfaevkdY

csufcsif;

rod&wmqkdNyD; arvrSm 'D0w¦Kukd 100 usyfeJY 0,fr,fvkdY pmjyefvmw,f/ 293

tJ'Dpm&awmh ]]igonf pma&;q&mwa,muf jzpfacsNyD}} vkdY ykdif;jzwfvkduf owJh/ aemuf &efukefqif;NyD; OD;babeJY awGUwJhtcg OD;babu

East Lynn

ukdrSD;NyD; jrefrm0w¦Kwyk'f vkyfygvkdYckdif;vkdY &wemykHqkdwJhtrnfeJY rSD;ay;vkduf w,f/ tJ'gukd pmrlc 115 usyf? 0w¦K pmtkyf 25 tkyf ay;r,fvkdY oabmwlNyD;

ol&d,rSm

tJ'D'kwd,tkyfukd

t&ifxnfhoGif;azmfjyw,f/

yifukda&; &efBuD;atmifukd 'kwd,azmfjyw,f/ &efBuD;atmifrSm pmta&; tom;u rauúmav;ukd twkcdk;wm? Zmwfvrf;qifykHu a&;Ekd;ukd twkckd; wmygwJh/ 1917 ckESpfqef;awmh ol&d,r*¾Zif;rSm t,f'DwmvkyfzkdY ac:vkdY 1917 ck azazmf0g&Dv (1) &ufaeY r*¾Zif;trSwf 2 upNyD; r*¾Zif;t,f'Dwm pvkyfw,f/ vc wv (75)usyf? (3)vaphawmh vc&if; 100 usyf^- wESpf (10) wkd;eJY 180 usyftxd wkd;ay;w,f/ jrefrmrIjyKzkdYvnf;

OD;babwkdYu

q&mBuD;ocifukd,fawmfrIdif;

ckdif;wmyJ/

Sherlock Holmes

ukd

ol&d,a&mufoGm;wJhtcg

(q&mvGef;)wkdY yDrkd;eif;

(q&mausmf)wkdYeJY

tuRrf;w0if jzpfvmw,f/ q&mBuD;[m 1916 ckESpf touf 27 ESpfupNyD; uavmifukdifNyD; toufarG;vkdufwm touf 80 ausmft&G,f 1972 ckESpfavmuftxd ESpfaygif; (50) ausmf

pma&;oGm;ol

jzpfygw,f/

q&mBuD;woufrSm aESmif;vlawG woojzpfMu&wJh pmtkyfawG trsm;BuD; a&;cJhwmyg/ tJ'Dpmtkyf (50) ausmfxJrSm &efBuD;atmif? &wemykH? ½lyeE´D? pkHaxmufarmifpH&Sm;?

*sr'gukdukdBuD;?

½lyuvsmPD?

yxrHq&modef;?

ol&Jaumif;okH;a,muf ponfwkdY ygygw,f/ q&mMuD;u ola&;cJhzl;wJh pmawGeJY ywfoufNyD; olb,f'if;ukd tESpfNcKdufqkH;vJqkdwmukd olUrSwfwrf; rSm b,fvkd azmfjyovJqkdawmh ]]uREkfyf\woufwmtwGif; tcspf0w¦Krsm;?

294

bmomjyefrsm;? pGefYpm;cef;rsm;? vQKdU0Sufonf; zdkrsm;? pkHaxmufcef;rsm;? owif;pmacgif;BuD;rsm;? taxGaxG aqmif;yg;rsm; ponfwkdYukd a&;&jcif; xuf bmoma&;ac: avmukwå&maqmif;yg;rsm; a&;&jcif;onf t&om t&SdqkH;? tNrdef,SufqkH; jzpfyg\}} vkdY a&;ygw,f/ q&mBuD; olUb0rSm a&;wJh bmoma&;aqmif;yg;awGukd pmtkyf½kdufw,f/ 1960rSm yxrwGJ xGufw,f/ emrnfu 'daX'dX rwåH ]]ukd,fawGUusifhpOf}}wJh/ 'Dpmtkyf (1) vtwGif; a&mif;vkdYukefvkdY wESpfxJ 3cgjyef½kduf&w,f/ q&mBuD; u tJ'Dvkd a&;ayr,fh ola&;cJhorQ pmawGxJrSm owif;pmacgif;BuD;a&;cJhwmawGeJY ywfoufvkdY awmfawmftm;&auseyfwmukdvnf; azmfjy a&;om;zl;ygw,f/ q&mBuD;[m ESpfaygif; 50 ausmf pma&;jcif;eJY toufarG;cJh&mrSm 1917 u 20 ckESpftxd ol&d,r*¾Zif;acgif;BuD;ykdif; a&;cJhwm (3) ESpf? ol&d, owif;pmrSm 1936 ckESpfuae 42 ckESpftxd owif;pmacgif;BuD;ykdif; a&;cJhwm (6) ESpf? 1946 cku 1949 ckESpftxd vlxkowif;pmrSm acgif;BuD;a&;wm yxrtBudrf (3) ESpf? 1950 ckESpfupNyD; 1954 ckESpf txd vlxkrSm 'kwd,tBudrfvkyfwm (3) ESpf? vkyfom;owif;pmrSm acgif;BuD; a&;wmu 1963 u 1972 txd (9)ESpf pkpk aygif; (21) ESpf q&mBuD;u owif;pmacgif;BuD;awG a&;oGm;wmyg/ 'gayr,fh owif;pm ta&;tom; qkdwm pmtkyfawG a&;wmvkd vufqkyfvufukdifjyEkdifwJh[mrsKd; r[kwfbJ aeYwkdif;zwfw,f/ NyD;NyD;aysmufaysmuf jzpfoGm;w,fqkdwmrsKd;rkdY owif;pm q&mtvkyf[m vkyftm;ukd todtrSwfjyK rcH&wwfwJh vkyftm;&SifwrsKd;yg/ 'gayr,fh

jynfolawGtay:

MoZm&SdwJh

owif;pmrSef&if

aeYpOfeJYtrQ

jynfwGif;jynfyrSm jzpfyGm;ay:aygufaewJh EkdifiHa&;? vlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&; pwJh vlrIjyóemrsKd;pkHeJY ywfoufNyD; 'Dowif;pm&JU okH;oyfcsuf? vrf;ñTef wifjycsufrsm; a&;ae&ygw,f/ 'g[m tvGefta&;BuD;wJh pmyg/ aeYwkdif; 295

aeYwkdif; odoifhodxkdufwmawGukd rD;armif;xkd;jyaeNyD;? OD;aESmufukd tpmauR; aeovkdrkdY acgif;BuD;ykdif;a&;wJh t,f'Dwm[m wu,fta&;ygwJh pmay vkyfom;ygyJ/ ygwDpkH'Drkdua&pDacwfrSm EkdifiHa&;tmPmeJY uif;uif;a0;a0;aeNyD; owif;pm wapmifMoZm&SdvmzkdY xlaxmifr,fqkd&if 'Dowif;pm&JUta&;tom; txl; tm;jzifh acgif;BuD;ykdif;&JU tmabmfeJY xlaxmifMu&ygw,f/ vGwfvyfpGm oabmuGJvGJcGifh? Nidrf;csrf;pGmjiif;ckefa0zefcGifh&SdMuwJh acwfumvrSm owif;pm wapmif&JU acgif;BuD;ykdif;u ta&;tom;[m jynfoltwGif; tvGefta&;yg t&ma&mufygw,f/ owif;pmuvnf; jynfolawGMum;u jyóemwcktay: yxrjyóemeJY qkdif&m taMumif;t&mukd A[kokwtjzpfeJY pkHpkHvifvif rSefrSefuefuef&SmazG wifjyygw,f/ tJ'gu ynmay;tykdif;yg? NyD;awmhrS 'Djyóemukd

b,fvkdpOf;pm;oifhw,f?

b,fvkd

ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;&if

vlawGtwGuf taumif;qkH;jzpfr,fqkdwJh olUtBuHÓPfukd &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; wifjyygw,f/ owif;pmzwfw,fqkdwm wu,fuawmh pmwwfwJhvlu zwfwmjzpfavawmh ynmwwfvlwef;pm;twGuf OD;aESmuftpmukd owif;pm u rkd;vif;vm&if acgif;BuD;ykdif;uaeNyD; yxrqkH; ay;vkdufwJhoabmygyJ/ owif;pmwapmif[m jynfolUbufu &yfwnfykHrSefw,f? ay;wJh A[kokw pkHvif rSefuefaumif;rGefw,f? wifjywJhawG;ac:pOf;pm;p&mrsm;utxufwef; usw,f? ta&;tom;uvnf; tvGefaumif;w,fqkd&if tvGefaumif;wJh acgif;BuD;ykdif;awG

jzpfvmawmhwmygyJ/

jynfolawGrSmu

aeYpOfeJYtrQ

EkdifiHwumrSm jzpfyGm;ay:aygufaewJh jyóemawG ukd,fhjynfwGif;rSm jzpfyGm; ay:aygufaewJh vlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? EkdifiHa&;jyóemawG &SdMuw,f rIwfvm;/ 'gawGukd owif;pmu ay:vmwkdif; aumufumiifum a&;om;wifjyoGm; &wmyg/ 296

tJ'Dvkd wifjywm aumif;rGefwmeJYtrQ owif;pm&JU MoZmuvnf; xufjruf pl;&Svm&ygw,f/

owif;pmrSm

ESpfrsKd;ESpfpm;&Sdygw,f/

apmifa&rsm;wJh

owif;pmeJY MoZmwduúrBuD;wJh owif;pm? apmifa&rsm;wkdif; MoZmrBuD;bl;/ MoZmBuD; wkdif;apmifa&rrsm;bl;/ wcsKdUowif;pmu apmifa&rsm;zkdY BuKd;pm; w,f/ wcsKdUowif;pmu MoZmBuD;zkdY xlaxmifw,f/ MoZmBuD;wJh owif;pm &JU t&Sdeftapmfukd b,ftxd wefzkd;xm;MuovJqkd&if EkdifiHa&;tmPmukd &,lxm;Muolwkdif;u 'Dvkd owif;pmrsKd;&JU axmufcHcsufukd t½l;trl; &,lvkdMupNrJyg/ t*FvefrSm owif;pmacgif;BuD; ta&;tom;eJY ywfoufvkdY emrnftBuD;qkH; owif;pmBuD;wapmif &Sdygw,f/ tJ'guawmh vef'efwkdif; owif;pmBuD;yg/ oluvnf; acgif;BuD;rSm b,favmufrsm; emrnfBuD;ovJqkd&if owif;pm wapmifrSm

acgif;BuD;okH;cka&;xnfhay;NyD;

zwfwJhvluvnf;

tJ'gukdyJ

pkHa&rufa& zwfMu&ygw,f/ olu ynma&;? EkdifiH a&;? pD;yGm;a&;pwJh acgif;BuD;awGukd oufqkdif&m bmom&yfrSm uRrf;usifwJh vlawmfyk*¾KdvfawGukd ta&;ckdifwmjzpfovkd owif;pmavmurSmvnf; tmPmpuf tvGefBuD;wJh owif;pmvkdY emrnfBuD;ygw,f/ jrefrmEkdifiHrSm owif;pm xGufay:wJhoufwrf;[m &mrausmfao;ygbl;/ 'Doufwrf;twGif;rSm q&mBuD;a&TOa'gif;[m owif;pmacgif;BuD; ta&; tom;rSm tvGefaumif;wJh owif;pmq&mBuD;vkdY wOD;wnf; ausmfMum;vm olyg/ 'gaMumifh ygwDpkH'Drkdua&pDuaeNyD; wygwDpepfukd ul;ajymif;wJhtcgrSmvnf; vkyfom;owif;pmBuD;u q&mBuD;eJYyJ olwkdYowif;pmukd pwifwnfaxmif ygw,f/ OD;apmOD;wkdYu q&mBuD;ukdac:,lNyD; 1963 ckESpfrSmzGifhwJh vkyfom; owif;pmukd q&mBuD; t,f'DwmcsKyf vkyfapvsuf zGifhvSpfcJhygw,f/ tJ'DrSm 297

q&mBuD; (9)ESpfvkyfay;NyD; 1972 ckESpfurS yifpif,lvmygw,f/ rSwfrd aeygao;w,f/ q&mBuD; 1936 ckESpf ol&d,owif;pmwkdufrSm acgif;BuD; 0ifa&;awmh olUacgif;BuD;awGukd vlawGu aumif;ygayw,fvkdY woo ajymprSwfjzpfvmygw,f/ trsKd;om;

bmvkdYaumif;ovJqkdawmh

vGwfvyfa&;&yfwnfcsufeJY

ta&;tom;awGaMumifh

jzpfygw,f/

e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;

tvGefajymifajrmufwJh a&;wJh

pmawGxJrSm

jrefrmpm xdrdwJh

ajympum;av;awGn§yfa&;wmrsKd; q&mBuD;ocifukd,fawmfrIdif;u olUav;csKd; awGrSm yxrqkH; pokH;ovkd q&mBuD; a&TOa'gif;uvnf; olUpum;ajyawGrSm okH;vmygw,f/ ajympum;ukd pa&;wm q&mBuD; ocifukd,fawmfrIdif;NyD;&if q&mBuD;a&TOa'gif;vkdY ajym&if&ygw,f/ q&mBuD;u olUpmta&;tom; ywfoufNyD; jrefrmpm0guszGJUykH ckdifcHhuspfvpfrIukd ol rauúmav;qDu &cJhw,fvkdY ajymygw,f/ rauúmav;&JU pmawGukd q&mBuD;u cDs;usL;ykHu ]]rauúmav;\ 0guswnfaqmufykH oyf&yf uspfvpf ajyjypfjcif;ESifh tcsuf usatmif a&;wwfjcif;? acsmarGUvSyjcif;? cHhnm;atmif a&;wwfjcif;wkdYrSm MuufoD;xonfhwkdif t&omay:onfh ta&;tom;rsm;jzpfonf/ 0gusrsm; onf yGwfpifrS xGufvmonfh *sifuav;ozG,f acsmrGwfaooyf vSaom aMumifh tcsKdUukd tm*kHaqmifavh &dSonf/ olpmtzwf 0g&ifhvmwJhtcg olUpmu

pdrfhpdrfh0ifoGm;ovkd

&SdvmNyD;

(3)ESpf

ausmfawmh

olUpwkdif

jzpfvmonf}} vkdY a&;ygw,f/ aemifa&;ouf ESpfaygif; (30) ausmf&vmNyD; q&mBuD; touf (60) ausmfawmh a&;[efwrsKd; ajymif;vmw,fwJh/ 'Dt&G,frSm – (1) ½kd;½kd;uav;a&;jcif; (2) t"dyÜm,f&Sif;&Sif;a&;jcif; (3) zwfíacsmjcif;? a'gifa'gifajy;jcif; 298

ukd oabmusvmw,fwJh/ q&mBuD;u vli,fawGukd cGeftm;&SdwJhpmrsKd; a&;wwfcsif&if – (1) a&;csifwJhtaMumif;t&mu aoaocsmcsm odwJh[m jzpf&r,f/ (2) tcsufusus a&;wwf&r,f/ (3) BuHhckdifuspfvspfwJh0gusrsKd;eJY a&;&w,fvkdYvnf; qkH;rygw,f/ acwfrDvSwJht,ltq owif;pmacgif;BuD;ykdif;

a&;wmeJY

ywfoufvkdY

uRefru

q&mBuD;&JU

woufwmrSwfwrf;rSm tcef;wcef;tjzpfeJYa&;cJhzkdY awmif;yefvkdY owif;pm acgif;BuD;rsm;vkdY

acgif;wyfNyD;

pmenf;enf;a&;cJhygw,f/

tJ'DpmxJrSm

bufrvkdufzkdYvnf; a&;ygw,f/ NyD;awmh olUtaeeJY rSefw,fxifovkd a&;csifwm

tmPm&Sdolrsm;ukd

iJhraecsifwmukdvnf;

&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;

a&;jycJhygw,f/ uREkfyfrSm rsufESmrvkdufbJ rdrdrSefonfxifaombufrS axmufcHa&;om; vkdaom qE´jyif;xefol wa,muf jzpfonfhtavsmuf rSefonfhudpöESifh jzpfvsif rnfolrBuKdufBuKduf-BuKdufBuKduf rSefonfukdom 0efcHa&;om;vkd\/ wkdif;jynfpD;yGm;a&;pHepfwGif vuf0J0g'ukd oabmusapumrl vuf0Jorm; rsm;ü trSm;rsm;awGUvQifvnf; axmufíjycsifwwf\/ þuJhokdY axmufjyrd onfhtwGufaMumifh vuf0J0g' atmifjrifa&;twGuf taESmifht,Sufjzpfonf qkdvQifvnf;

uREkfyf*½krpkduf/

wkdif;jynfü

vuf0J0g'

atmifjrifvQif

vltrsm;pk acsmifcsdEkdifonf[k ,kHMunfaomfvnf; vuf0Jacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm; rSm;onf xifvQif zkH;zkH;zdzd rvkyfcsif uREkfyfvufvSrf;rDoavmuf azmfxkwf wifjy&rS auseyfonf/ uREkfyfü ygwDpdwf"mwfrsKd; 0g'pdwf"mwfrsKd; wwfEkdif orQ uif;atmif aecsifwwfonf ......... vkdY OD;av;odef;u a&;cJhygw,f/ 299

q&mBuD; tJ'Dwkef;u tJ'Dta&;tom;ukd uRefrpdwfxJrSm q&mBuD;u ynmwwfÓOf odyf&Sdw,fvkdY xifrdw,fvkdY/ q&mBuD;ukdawmh bmrSrajymrd ygbl;/ 'gayr,fh ckaecgrsm; OD;av;odef; toufxif&Sm;&Sdaeao;&if vuf0JtppfqkdwJh EkdifiHawGrSma&m vuf0JtwkqkdwJhEkdifiHawGrSma&m vuf0J qkdolawG

tm;vkH;rSm

'Drkdua&pDqkdwJhtoHawG

jrnf[D;aeygNyDaum

OD;av;odef;&,f ...OD;av;odef;&JU acgif;BuD;ykdif; vkdtyfwmawmh trSefyJaemf vkdYrsm;ajym&&if

OD;av;odef;

b,favmuf

*kPf,l0rf;om&SmrvJvkdY

atmufarhrdygw,f/ uRefrtaeeJY ajym&&if q&mBuD;&JU acgif;BuD;ykdif;awGukd *½kwpkdufzwfNyD; BuD;jyif;cJh& ESpfoufoabmuscJh&wm jzpfavawmh rauúmav;&JU ta&; tom; OD;av;odef;ukd,fxJ pdrfh0ifovkd OD;av;odef;&JU ta&;tom; uRefrqD pdrfh0ifwmvnf; trSefyg/ 'gaMumifh uRefr pma&;vmwJhESpfawG tawmf rsm;rsm;rSm q&mBuD;[efawG ygaeygw,f/ pum;ajymykHpHukd ajymif;a&;vmrS ukd,fykdif[ef&,fvkdY owif;pmta&;

yDyDoo tom;rSm

ay:vmw,f q&mBuD;[m

xifygw,f/

txl;ojzifh

jrifq&momru

oifq&m

vnf;jzpfygw,f/ vlxkowif;pmrSm OD;av;odef; ra&;awmhvkdY OD;vS a&;w,f/ OD;vS ra&;tm;&if uRefra&;w,fqkdwJhtcg OD;av;odef;u aeYwkdif; apmifhzwfaewmrkdY uRefra&;wJhacgif;BuD;u ta&;tom; trSm; t,Gif;yg&if csufcsif; vlvTwfNyD; axmufjywm? jyifckdif;cJhwmyg/ 'gaMumifh ckvkd ESpf (100) yGJ usif;ywJhtcg OD;av;odef;&JU pmayaus;Zl;awGukd xl;xl;vnfvnf

atmufarhowd&NyD;

trSefw&m;ukd

BuKdufwwfwJh

pmayaus;Zl;&SifBuD; opömav;yg; jrwfw&meJY,SOfwJh tkdjcif; emjcif; aojcif; uif;&mukd tjrefqkH; a&muf&SdygapvkdY arwåm ykdY&ygw,f . . . . ./

300

touf (74)ESpf jynfhwJhaeY tr&yl&awmifav;vkH;ausmif; (29.11.89) 'DuaeY ewfawmfvqef; (2) &ufaeYyg/ raeYu pmqkdawmfaeY/ ESpfpOf ESpfwkdif; usif;ywJh pmqkdawmfyGJ uRefrwdkY rusif;yEkdifygbl;/ 'DESpfawmh a':a':harG;aeYeJY

qkHaeawmh

'g[m

pmqkdawmfyGJyJvkdY

pdwfxJu

atmufarhygw,f/ NyD;awmh rEÅav;u 'DESpf trsKd;om;pmayqk okH;qk&ygw,f/ wa,mufu ukd½kd;uGefYyg/ olu 0w¦Kwkdqk &ygw,f/ wa,mufu wifrrckdifyg/ jrefrmh ZmwmqkdwJh pmtkyfeJY/ wa,mufu armifbkef;jrifhyg/ olu bmomjyefpmay qk&ygw,f/ tJ'Dawmh olwkdYokH;a,mufawmif rEÅav;u 'DESpf&wJhtwGuf olwkdYukd *kPfjyKwJhyGJuav; 'DESpf vkyfr,fqkdNyD;awmh a':a':wkdY wkdifyif ygw,f/ wdkifyifNyD; tm;vkH;pDpOfNyD;awmh cgwkdif;cgwkdif; 'DrSmq&mawmfu xrif;eJY 0ufom;[if;av; auR;aeusyg/ 'DESpfawmh xl;xl;vnfvnf jzpfatmif 0ufom;[if;av; rauR;bJeJY MumZH[if; auR;&atmifbk&m;vkdY q&mawmfukdavQmufNyD;awmh tJ'D vli,fokH;a,muf&JU pmayqk&wJh *kPfjyKyGJ uav;yg wGJusif;yzkdY pDpOfwmyg/ EkdYayr,fh taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm olwkdY okH;a,mufu uaeY rwufEkdifMubl;/ bmjzpfvkdYwkef;qkdawmh pmayqkay; rSmuawmh (8) &ufaeYrS ay;rSmvkdY ajymygw,f/ EkdYayr,fh &efukefu (27) &ufaeY tukefvmMuygqkdNyD; aMu;eef;vnf; ½kdufw,f/ w,fvDzkef;vnf; qufac:w,f/

qufac:awmh

olwkdYu

tapmBuD;

bmvkdYac:ygvdrfh

qkdNyD;awmh wa,mufu jyefar;wJhtcgusawmh 0efBuD;eJYawGUzkdYvnf; &Sdw,f wJh/

aemuf

wDADGeJY

tifwmAsL;vnf;&Sdw,f/ 301

tJ'gawG

vkyfcsifvkdY

apmqif;cJhygqkdawmh olwkdYcrsm 'DyGJ wufcsif&ufeJY rwufEkdifyJeJY (27) &ufaeYu tukef &efukef qif;Mu&w,f/ tJ'Dawmh 'DuaeYyGJ[m olwkdYawmh r&SdMubl;/ 'gayr,fh olwkdYukd *kPfjyKwJhyGJvkdY a':a':uawmh &nfrSef;xm; wJhtwkdif; atmufarhrdygw,f/ wu,fvkdY taMumif; nDñGwf&ifvnf; vkyfEkdifMuzkdYyg/ &awmifh&cJ okH;a,mufawmif &wmrkdYvkdY vkyfcsifwmyg/ pmayeJY ywfoufNyD;awmh tckvkd pk&a0;&wmyg/ pmayorm;awG w&if;wESD; nDtukdarmifESrom;trd om;tz awGvkd awGU&qkH&w,fqkdwm odyfNyD;awmh 0rf;omp&maumif;ygw,f/ r*Fvmvnf; &Sdygw,f/ uRefrwkdY tcsif;csif; b,favmuf cspfcifw,f/ b,favmuf&if;ESD;w,f/ wkdifwkdifyifyif b,fvkd aeMuxkdifMuw,fqkdwm/

tJ'Dvkd[mrsKd;

vkyf&wmukd

0rf;omygw,f/

EkdYayr,fh tarharG;aeY arG;aeYqkdNyD;awmh vkyfae&wmuawmh taru odyfNyD; awmh pdwfxJurausvnfbl;/ wcgrSvnf; t&ifwkef;uvnf; vkyfcJhzl;wm r[kwfbJeJY 'gukd ESpfoufjrwfEkd;wmvnf; r[kwfbl;/ onfhxufykdqkd;wm u vufaqmifqkdNyD;awmh wcgay;MujyKMu tJ'gawGvnf; taru ESpfwkdif; ESpfwdkif; odyfpdwfnpfw,f? vufaqmif,l&wmukd/ tJ'Dawmh tar 'DESpf twdtvif; tukefvkH;ukd awmif;yefyg&ap/ aemufukd b,folrS arG;aeY vufaqmifqkdNyD;awmh tarhray;MuygeJY/ arG;aeYuawmh tar raoao;oí usif;y&OD;rSmaygh/ vkyfvmcJhMuNyDukd;/ vkyfvmcJhwm 'gygeJY av;ESpf &SdaeNyD qkdawmh touf&Snfae&if vkyf&OD;rSmyg/ 'gaywJh 'Dvkd touf&Snfaeao;vkdY vlvnf; usef;rmaeao;w,fqkd&if taru arG;aeYvkyfwJhtcgrSm touf wESpf ykd&SnfvmwJhtwGuf tar bmvkyfEkdifao;w,fqkdwmav;udk om;awG orD;awGukd jycsifw,f/ 'DESpfqkd&if tar pmtkyfuav;wtkyfyJ xGufEkdif w,f/ topf/ [kdwtkyfu topfr[kwfbl;/ ta[mif;/ a&SUESpfcg wu,fvkdYrsm; touf&Snfao; usef;rmao;wm (75)ESpfjynfhqkd&if taru 302

pmtkyfuav; wtkyfESpftkyfeJY tarhtouf wESpfykd&SnfwJhtwGuf a[m'g av;awG vkyfEkdifao;w,fvkdY jycsifwm/ tJ'g tarhpdwfxJ &Sdaeao;wJh qE´yJ/ bmjzpfvkdYwkef;qkdawmh OD;av;vS aooGm;w,f/ aooGm;awmh aow,f qkdwmtm;vkH; NyD;oGm;wmyg/ b0wck edXdwHoGm;wm/ t*Fvdyfvkduawmh ydwfxm;vkdufwJhpmtkyfvkdY ajymMuwmyg/ bmqkdbmrS quf&efr&Sdawmhygbl;/ tJ'DvkdyJ a':a':vnf;ao&if tukefNyD;oGm;rSmyJ/ tJ'Dawmh raoao;vkdY vlusef;rmaeao;w,fqkd&if ckdif;csifw,f/

tvkyfuav;

a':a':u

ukd,fhukd,fukd

bmav;

ckdif;&oavmuf

vkyfcsifw,f/

tvkyfuav;

qkdwmuvnf; pma&;csifwmayghav/ ukd,fu pmyJ a&;wwfwmukd;/ tck a':rmvmwkdY b,folwkdYu odyfNyD;pma&;Ekdifw,fvkdY csD;rGrf;Muw,f/ tJ'g wjcm;aMumifh r[kwfbl;/ ukd,fh tpGrf; ukd,fhtp r[kwfbl;/ rlvwkef;uav OD;vSeJY taMumif;ygawmh OD;vSu 'gyJvkyfwwfwm/ olu 'djyifolbmrS vkyfcsifwm r[kwfb;// rif;pma&;avuGm rif;pma&;avuGm olu tJ'Dvkd tNrJwrf; wkdufwGef;wm/ aemufNyD;awmh [kdwkef;uvnf; olu r*¾Zif;xkwfwJhvl/

udk,fu

aqmif;yg;wkdY

bmomjyefwkdY

a&;ay;wJh

aqmif;yg;&Sifqkdawmh woufvkH;vnf; ukd,fhpdwfxJrSm ukd,vkyfcsifwJhpdwf aygufwJhtcgrS vkyfwm/ oluaawmh 'gtvkyf/ olUwoufvkH; pma&;wm[m olUtvkyfyJvkdY owfrSwfcJhwmyg/ tJ'Dawmh olvnf; vkyfw,f/ a':a':hukd vnf; rif;vkyfvuGm? rif;vkyfvuGmqkdawmh olwkdufwGef;whJtcg ukd,fa&; csifpdwf aygufvm&if ukd,fu a&;vkdufwm/ 'DvkdaevmcJh&muaeNyD;awmh olu

owif;pmxkwfw,fqkdawmhvnf;

tjrifrawmf

raeomawmh

0ifvkyf&w,f/ awmfMum olu bmvkyfw,fqkdwm tjrifrawmf aemufu vkdufNyD; odrf;& qnf;& vkyf&? oltjyifoGm;? ukd,fu twGif;xkdif& 303

tJ'DvkdrsKd;eJY aevmcJhwm/ ol&Sdwkef;uav rif;pmtkyf topfuav; wtkyf pawmhav? 'DaeY aeYaumif;w,f &ufomw,f/ vkyfawmhav a&;awmhav olu

tJ'Dvkd

wckwckvkyfzkdY

tNrJwrf;wkdufwGef;yg tNrJwrf;

w,f/

pDpOfaewmyg/

olvnf;yJ

a':a':u

tm;vkdY&Sd&if

b,fvkdajymajym

ukd,fhpdwfxJ a&;csifpdwf rayguf&if ra&;aygif rvkyfaygif tJvkdyJ aevkduf wm/ tck olaooGm;wJhtcgusawmh vl[m aooGm;&if bmrS vkyfvkdY &awmhwm r[kwfbl;/ ukd,f b,favmuf vkyfcsifvkyfcsif? bmawG pkxm;pkxm; tvum; jzpfukefwmyJ/ tJ'Dawmh igaorS raoao;bJ igvkyfEkdifoavmuf vkyfygaomfaum qkdNyD; awmh rkqkd;rb0usawmhrS pmawGykdNyD;awmh BuKd;pm;NyD;awmh a&;ygw,f/ aor,fhab; awG;NyD;awmh a&;aewmyg/ raocif igvkyfOD;r,f raocif igvkyfOD;r,f tJ'gygyJ/ a':a': pmawG trsm;BuD; a&;xGufaew,fqkdwm/ aoab; r&Pm Ek贸wdayghav/ aoab; pOf;pm; NyD;awmh ukd,fhukd,fukd ckdif;vkdY&oavmuf ckdif;r,f igusef;rmaewkef; ckdif;r,fqkdNyD; ckdif;aewmygyJ/ tck tarharG;aeY qkdNyD;awmh [kd ukdpkd;Ekdifu oDcsif;qkdvkdY aq;ausmif;om;av;awGu qkdvkdY wD;vkdY [kwfvm;/ 'DrSm tukefvkH;pkMua0;MuwJh vlawGMunfh&wJhtcgusawmh wcsKdUu ausmif;q&mrav;awG? olwkdYpma&;aeMuwm/ wcsKdUu 0efxrf;awG tJ'g pma&;aeMuwm/ tvTmtoD;oD;u ukd,fhrSm&SdwJh yef;uav;awG yGifhMuwm/ tJ'Dawmh wu,fvkdYrsm; a':a':u atmufarhw,f? yef;wkdif; yGifhEkdifvkdY&Sd&if b,favmufrsm; pdwfcsrf;omp&m aumif;rwkef;aygh/ tck [kd q&mukdav;uvnf; 0ifNyD;awmh wD;vkdufwm olwwfw,fukd;/ wwfrSmaygh olu olrsm;rS r[kwfbJ/ ul;wkdYtkyfOD;a&TZH&JU trsKd;/ olu wdwfwdwfuav; aMumifvufonf;0Sufvkyfaewmuvm;/

olUrSm

enf;wJhADZ

r[kwfbl;/

rif;wkdUa&SUu olu tomav; wdwfwdwfuav; &Sdaewm/ 'ghaMumifh tckvkd 304

tarhukd uefawmhMuwJhvlawGtukefvkH;ukd tarwkdYtm;vkH; aysmfaysmf&Tif&Tif eJY&SdwJh yef;uav;awG tvSqkH;yGifhEkdifygapvkdY xyfNyD;awmh qkawmif;vkduf ygw,f/

305

touf (77) ESpf jynfhwJhaeY tr&yl&awmifav;vkH;ausmif; (29.11.92) q&mawmf ukdynmudk taru tarharG;aeYawG rvkyfcsifbl;? 'gayr,fh olwkdYu ESpfwkdif; jzpfatmif vkyfaeMuw,fvkdY ajymoGm;ygw,f/ tar rvkyfcsifwmu wjcm;aMumifh r[kwfygbl;/ tarharG;aeYrSm tm;vkH;awGUMu qkHMu&wmukd 0rf;omvkdY vkyfcsifwm tarem;vnfygw,f/ 'gayr,fh vlawGu rpkHbl;[kwfvm;? vlawG pkHw,fqkd&ifawmh aysmfp&mBuD;aygh/ NyD;awmh arG;aeYvkyfwJhtcg tarhzdkY vufaqmif,lvmMuwmukd taru xkdifNyD; vufcHae&wmukdvnf; rvkyfcsifbl;/ 'gaMumifh uav;r[kwf bmr[kwfeJY tarhukd arG;aeYvufaqmif bmrSray;MuygeJY? bmrS r,lcJh MuygeJYvkdY taru awmif;yefyg&ap/ tarharG;aeYeJY ywfoufNyD; &efukefu q&mokcu 'DESpf olrvmEkdifwmukd zkef;qufygw,f/ olu wyg;oDv qkdwJh AD'D,kdum;uav; ol½kdufaewm tckrS tNyD;owfae&owJh/ tJ'gav;ukd toHxnfhzkdY&,f? um;qufzkdY&,f usefaeao;vkdY olrvmEkdifwmjzpfowJh/ 'gayr,fh q&mu olomrvmEkdif wm? vm&if olajymcsifwJhpumav;wckawmh pOf;pm;xm;owJh/ tJ'Dpum;ukd olrvm&vkdY rajym&&if rtrmu olUukd,fpm;vmwJh y&dowfukd ajymay; ygwJh/ olajymapcsifwJhpum;u arG;aeYusif;yw,fqkdwm bmt"dyÜm,fvJvkdY pOf;pm; Munfhw,f/ pOf;pm;awmh ]]taruarG;vkdYarG;aeY&,fvkdY jzpfvmwm? 'gaMumifh 'DaeY[m tarhaus;Zl;w&m;ukd owd&NyD; uefawmhxkdufwJhaeYyJ jzpfxkduf w,f}} vkdY olu ajymcsifygowJh/ 'gukd uRefrarG;aeYrSmrS ajymr,fvkdY 306

pOf;pm;xm;wmwJh/ 'DESpf rvmtm;vkdY rvm&awmh olUukd,fpm; uRefru ajymay;ygwJh/ OD;okcu taraeY usif;ycsifaeolqkdawmh taraeY b,faeY vkyf&&if aumif;rvJqkdwmu olUacgif;xJtNrJ&Sdaew,f xifyg&JU/ vlqkdwJh owå0guvnf; ukd,fvkyfcsifwmav;awGukdawmh wckr[kwfwck vkyfae&rS aeEkdifw,f xifyg&JU/ uRefrrSm rdwfaqGwa,muf&Sdw,f/ olu i,fi,fausmif;om;b0 uwnf; u EkdifiHa&;vkyfvmawmh ESpfawGukd trsm;BuD; EkdifiHa&;rSm ykHpHtrsKd;rsKd;eJY vkyfzl;w,f/ a[mwaeYusawmh EkdifiHa&;ukd NiD;aiGUvkdYwJh bmoma&;yJ vkyfawmhr,fqkdNyD; yxrbk&m;wnfw,f/ olwnfwJhbk&m;u 0dwkd&d, awmifxdyfrSm/

aemufawmh

tuRwftvGwfyGJqkdwmukd

vkyfjyefw,f/

OD;yÍÆif;wkdYuvnf; wynfhawmfarG;aeYukd rSefrSefvkyfaeMuwmyJ/ vlrpkHvnf; vkyfaewmyJ/ vkyf&if;eJY pkHvmvdrfhraygh/ wynfhawmfwkdYtm;vkH;vnf; touf &Snf&rSmaygh/

307

OD;nKdjrtxdrf;trSwf opfyifpkduf ausmufpmuyfwJhaeY tr&yl&awmifav;vkH;ausmif; (2.8.94) taygif;toif; rdwfaqGo*F[awG &SdwJhtwGuf olr&Sdawmhayr,fh olaooGm; wJhaemuf olUukdowd&NyD;awmh olBuKdufwmav;awG csufjyKwfauR;NyD;awmh olUtcrf;tem;av;vkyfMuw,f/ ckeu olUtrSwfw& opfyifuav;wyif pkdufcJhao;w,f/

tJ'Dopfyifuav;uvnf;

waeYus

r,fZ,fyifBuD;

jzpfvmNyD;awmh atmf - ukdnKdjrukd atmufarhvkdY olUrdwfaqGawGu pkdufcJhwJh tyifBuD; qkdNyD;awmh OD;Zif;u ausmufpmxkd;r,fqkdawmh [kwfvm;/ 'gav; rSwfrdaerSmyg/ 'gaywJh OD;Zif;ukd wck wynfhawmf owday;OD;r,fbk&m;/ ukdnKdjru olu awmiforeftif;apmif;rSm pma&;q&mewfeef; aqmufcsifwJhol jzpfygw,f/ tJ'g

olraocif

tvGeftm;xkwfwmyg/

taoapmoGm;vkdY

rapm&if

wynfhawmf xifw,f/ 'DESpfavmufqkd&if 'Dae&mrSm bkef;BuD; OD;paE´mukd cGifhawmif;NyD; &wJhae&mrSm ewfeef;aqmufNyD; a&mhr,f xifygw,f/ tck t&Sifbk&m opfyifpkdufxm;w,f r[kwfvm; bk&m;/ t&Sifbk&m; r&SdwJhtcsdef wynfhawmf r&SdwJhtcsdefusawmh 'Dae&mrSm 0ufom;[if;av;eJY ukdnKdjr txdrf;trSwf rjzpfbJeJY pma&;q&mwa,mufa,mufukd ukdnKdjr 0ifyl;&if b,fheJYvkyfrvJ/ usKyf 'DtyifrSmaew,f/ [kwfvm;/ 0ufom;[if;av; eJYvnf; usKyf rwif;wdrfbl;/ usKyfBuKdufwJh ,rumav; rygbl;vm;qkd&if b,fhES,fhvkyfygh/ pma&;q&mewfyGJ jzpfawmhrSm/ tJ'DawmhrS ukdnKdjrBuKdufwJh ykHpH wcgwnf; 0ifrSmyJ/ olu odyfvkyfcsifwm pma&;q&mawG pka0;NyD;awmh aomufMu?

pm;Mu?

uMu?

ckefMu 308

pma&;q&mewfyGJayghav/

olu

vkyfcsifwm/ wynfhawmfawmh t&Sifbk&m; r&SdwJhtcg? wynfhawmfwkdY r&SdwJh tcga&mufawmh 0ufom;[if;av;eJYwGif NyD;r,frxifbl;/ aumif;ygw,f bk&m;/ cifwJhrifwJhvlawGukd 'DvkdyJ trSwf&Muw,f/ usef&pfwJholawGrsm;u atmufarhwoMuw,fqkdwm aumif;ygw,f/ wynfhawmfwkdY 'g0w책&m;aygh/ wjcm; &Snf&Snfa0;a0; ajymp&m r&Sdygbl;/ ukd,feJYtwlwl a&;abmfawG rdwfaqGawG o*F[awG ckvkd BuKH&qkH&wJh awGUp&mae&myGJuav;wck vmjzpf wmvnf; 0rf;omp&maumif;ygw,f/ 'gygyJuRefrajymcsifwm/

309

wuúokdvfarmifapmvGif trSwfw& opfyifpkdufwJhaeY tr&yl&awmifav;vkH;ausmif; (2.8.94) wuúokdvfarmifapmvGifqkH;wm

2-8-94aeUu

6

ESpfjynfhwJhtwGuf?

armifapmvGiftwGuf trSwfw&opfyif pkdufxm;NyD; tJ'DrSm ausmufjym;uyfzkdY a'gufwmoef;xGef; a&mufvmw,fav/ awmifav;vkH;q&mawmf ukdynmu armifapmvGifukd trSwf&zkdYtwGuf olUausmif;ta&SUbufem;u awmifrif; BuD;bk&m; taemufayguf txGufem;rSm r,fZ,fyifwyif pkdufxm;w,f/ 'Dr,fZ,fyifajc&if;rSm

ausmufjym;av;

uyfMur,fvkdYyg/

'DtwGuf

armifapmvGifukdcspfwJh orkdif;ygarmu© q&ma'gufwmoef;xGef; a&mufvm w,f/ OD;vSu 1982 ck? Mo*kwfv 7 &ufaeYrSmqkH;wm? armifapmvGifu 1988 ck?

Mo*kwfv 2 &ufaeYrSm qkH;wm/ olwkdYwl0&D; qkH;wJh&ufcsif; 5 &ufyJ uGmw,f/ armifapmvGifu 88 ckESpfqkdawmh OD;vSqkH;NyD; 6 ESpfMumrS qkH;wmav/ olwkdYaoqkH;oGm;NyD; wynfhawmfwkdYu usef&pfaeao;olawGrkdY olwkdYqkH;wm b,fESESpf&SdNyD? b,favmufMumNyDeJY a&wGufrSwfom;aeMuwmukd;/ wu,f awmh tckvkd &ufawG a&wGufNyD; rSwfaeae? raeae olwkdYu arhoGm; Mur,fhvlawG

r[kwfygbl;/

olwkdY

olrsm;twGuf

vkyfay;cJhwmawG

2

a,mufpvkH;u

tifrwefrsm;wJhvlawGyJ[m/

olwkdYb0rSm tJ'Dawmh

olwkdY&SifoefusifvnfoGm;wJh vlUtzGJUtpnf;u olwkdYukd owd&aeMurSmyg/ q&mu ajymzl;w,f/ ]]armifapmvGif[m orkdif;ukd trsm;BuD; taxmuftul 310

jyKzl;w,f/ tultnDawG ay;zl;w,f}} wJh/ armifapmvGifu orkdif;ukdom r[kwfygbl;? bmav;rqkd bmrqkdrSmyg/ uRefru ]]armifapmvGifa&? 'kdY bmukd b,fvkdvkyf&atmifvm;}} vkdY ajym&if ]][kwfuJha':a':}} qkdNyD; vkyfwmyJ/ OD;vSqkH;oGm;NyD;wJhaemuf uRefrrSm armifapmvGifudk trsm;BuD; tm;ukd;&wmyg/ ]]armifapmvGifa&?

'kdY

bmvkyfMur,f}}

qkd&if

jzpfatmifvkyfwmyJ/

trsm;eJYqkdifwJh udpรถawGrSm b,fawmhrSrjiif;wJh vlwa,muf/ tJ'Dvkdvlukd taygif;toif; a&mif;&if;eJY ywf0ef;usifvlUtaqmufttkHu b,fhES,fvkyf NyD; arhEkdifyghrvJ/ 'Dopfyif &Sd&Sd r&Sd&Sd olUukd rarhygbl;/ 'gayr,fh r,fZ,fyifBuD; &Sdaeawmh ykdNyD; owd&rSmaygh/ 'Dr,fZ,fyifBuD;uvnf; waeYaomtcgrSm tBuD;BuD;jzpfvmrSm rkcsyJ/ tif;apmif;u r,fZ,fyif BuD;aawGu tr&yl&aumif;pm;pOfu pkdufcJhwJh tyifBuD;awG r[kwfvm;/ 'Dr,fZ,fyifvnf;aemf ESpfaygif; 100? 200 &SdwJhtcgrSmawmh tyifBuD;u tBuD;BuD;?

tyif&if;u

xkdifckHav;eJY

ausmufjym;av;

pmav;eJYrkdY

xkdifrdolawGu ]]aMomf . . . 'Dvkdvlwa,mufukd trSwfw& pkdufxm;wJh r,fZ,fyifBuD;ukd;}} vkdU odMurSmaygh/ armifapmvGif[m oltouf&Sif aepOftcgwkef;u olrsm;twGuf olvkyfay;wmawG[m olUom; olUr,m; twGufvkyfay;wmeJY b,fvkdrS EIdif;pmvkdY r&EkdifwJhvlyg/ olUrSm olrsm; twGuf vkyfzkdYyJ tcsdef&SdovkdygyJ/ olUtdrftwGuf ol bmrS rsm;rsm;pm;pm; rvkyfbl; xifwmyJ/ ol[m olrsm;twGuf vljzpfwJholvdkY wynfhawmfuawmh ajymcsifw,f/

'gaMumifh

olr&SdwJhaemufvnf;

opfyifBuD;u

t&dyfawG

olrsm;ukd

olUtwGuf pkdufay;wJh

at;atmifjratmif

vkyfay;aerSm

jrifa,mifygao;&JU/ olUb0eJY vkdufzufwJh tpDtpOfvkdYyJ wynfhawmfawmh ajymcsifygw,f/ 311

a':ar&Sifukd *syefjynfu *kPfjyKwJhaeY atmifawmfrl&yf? rEÅav;/ (19.1.95) *syefjynfa&muf rGefynm&Sif q&mEkdifyef;vSeJY &if;ESD;wJh rdwfaqGawGukd zdwfMum;NyD; a':ar&SiftdrfrSm tckvkd pka0;MuwJh udpöuav;uawmh q&m Ekdifyef;vSu olUukd,fpm; uRefrwkdYu a':ar&Sifukd olwwfEkdifwmuav; olUukd,fpm; csD;jr§ifhay;ygqkdvkdY aiGwodef; vmay;wJhyGJuav;yg/ vGefcJhwJh wywfcGJESpfywfavmufu q&mEkdifyef;vSu uRefrqDukd *syefjynfuaeNyD; w,fvDzkef;qufygw,f/

q&mEkdifyef;vSu

*syefjynf

tkdqmumNrKdUrSm

ta&SUawmiftm&S ,Ofaus;rIeJY orkdif;Xmeuygarmu©jzpfygw,f/ q&m tJ'D a&mufaewm awmfawmfav; MumygNyD/ q&mu OD;vSeJY cifrif&if;pGJ a&S;uwnf;u oduRrf;aeMuolrsm;rkdY uRefrwdkYeJY tquftoG,f rjywfcJh olyg/ vGefcJhwJh&uf

tenf;i,fwkef;uawmh

q&mEkdifyef;vSu

uRefrqDukd

zkef;qufNyD;awmh a':ar&SiftaMumif; ra[oDrSm q&mrMuLMuLoif; a&;xm; wJh aqmif;yg;ukdzwf&vkdY cktxd usef;usef;rmrm &Sdaeao;w,fqkdwmukd olod&vkdY 0rf;omowJh/ oleJY a':ar&Sifu jrefrmjynfrSm olaewkef;u a':ar&Sif jrefrmEkdifiHtoHvTifh½kHrSm tvkyfvkyfawmh rMum rMumawGUzl;vkdY odygowJh/ tckvkd a':ar&Sif usef;usef;rmrm &Sdaew,fqkd&if [kduaeNyD; olwwfEkdifwm uav;eJY csD;jr§ifhcsifvkdufwm b,fvkdvkyf&rwkef;vkdY uRefrukd vSrf;ar;yg w,f/ 312

q&mEkdifyef;vS

*syefjynfu

zkef;qufajymw,fqkdwm[m

wcgquf&if

tenf;qkH; em&D0ufMumwwfygw,f/ tJ'DrSm q&mu a':ar&Sifukd olwwf EkdifwJh aiGuav;eJY csD;jr§ifh&if aumif;yghrvm;vkdY ar;&wmu wjcm;aMumifh r[kwfbl;/

a':ar&Sifu

½kyf&Sifrif;orD;qkdayr,fh

tvGefapmifhpnf;wJh

trsKd;orD;wJh/ toHvTifh½kHrSm olu rGef,Ofaus;rIeJY ywfoufvkdY toHvTifhzkdY rMumrMumvmwJhtcg a':ar&Sifu toHvTifh½kHu tcrf;tem; tpDtpOfrSL; tjzpfeJY awGUwwfw,f/ awGUMuvkdY EIwfquf&if ar;wcGef; ac:wcGef; uvGJvkdY wjcm;pum;ykd bmrS ajymavhr&Sdbl;/ tvGef£a`E´&w,f/ 'gaMumifh ar;wmygwJh/ aiGeJY ay;wm[m aumif;yghrvm;? oluaum aiGaMu;ukd vufcHyghrvm;wJh/ uRefru q&mOD;okcwkdY r&SifqDoGm;wJhtcg r&Sifpm;zkdY okH;zkdYqdkNyD; ay;wm uRefrjrifygw,f/ r&Sifuvnf; vufcHygw,f/ tJ'Dawmh q&m csD;jr§ifhwmukdvnf; vufcHr,fxifygw,fvkdY ajymawmh q&mu yxrawmh aiG 25000d ay;csifwmwJh/ aemuf 2 &ufavmufMumawmh zkef;wcgvmjyefw,f/ 25000d r[kwfbl;/ 50000d ay;csifwmwJh/ aemuf 2 &ufavmufaejyefawmh ig;aomif;r[kwfbl;? wodef;ay;csifwmwJh/ q&mu ay;r,fqkdNyD; pdwful;awmh pdwful;&if;ul;&if; o'¨guwkd;wkd;vm w,fxif yg&JU/ q&may;csifwmay;yg/ uRefrwkdYjzpfatmif &Gufaqmifay;ygr,fqkdawmh zkef;xJu rEÅav;rSm olUrdwfaqG AkdvfrSL;cifarmifnKd&Sdovm;? ygarmu© OD;csrf;jr &Sdovm;eJY ar;ygw,f/ uRefru &Sdygw,fqkdawmh olwkdYw,fvDzkef; eHygwf awGygar;NyD; q&mEkdifyef;vSu olUtvSLukd vmMuzkdY *syefjynf uaeNyD; olukd,fwkdif zkef;eJYvSrf;zdwfxm;wmyg/ r&Sifuvnf; q&mEkdifyef;vS u

ckvkdulnDw,fqkdawmh

0rf;yef;wom

vufcHwJhtjyif

tJ'DaiG&&if

olUarG;aeYrSm vSLOD;rSmwJh/ q&meJY r&Sif&JU oabmwlnDcsuf&awmh uRefreJY MuLMuLoif;wkdY wkdifyifpDpOfNyD; q&mzdwfapcsifwJhrdwfaqGrsm;eJY vl 20 313

avmufwufa&mufwJh 'DyGJuav;ukd r&Sif&JU tdyfcef;xJrSmyJ pDpOfMuwmyg/ tm;vkH; atmifatmifjrifjrif jzpfoGm;ygNyD? q&mBuD;OD;csrf;jrwkdY AkdvfrSL; cifarmifnKd wkdYukdvnf; ckvkdvma&mufwm aus;Zl;wifygw,f/

( jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rfwGif udk bigpig wifxm;jyD;orSsudk ul;,lazmfjyxm;jcif; jzpfygw,f/ tjynfYtpHk ryg0ifEdkifao;jcif;twGuf em;vnfcTifYvTwfay;yg&ef awmif;yeftyfygw,f/)

314

tcef; ( 6 )

tara':trm&JYpmwcsdKY

315

tar aeaumif;vm; vlxka':trm uRefrukd vli,fawGuawGU&if ]taraeaumif;vm;} vkdY EIwfqufwwfMu w,f/ uRefruvnf; ]at; ckxdawmh aeaumif;ygao;&JU}vkdY ajzrdwwfw,f/ NyD;awmh pdwfxJ q&mBuD;ocifukd,fawmfrIdif;ukd csufcsif;owd&rdNyD; q&mBuD; ajymwwfvSwJh ]aumif;w,fqkdayr,fh vlBuD;aumif;ayghuGm} qkdwJh pum; av;ukd em;xJMum;a,mifNyD; tar aeaumif; vm; ar;olukdvnf; q&mBuD; ajymwwfwmuav;ukd qufajymcsifaerdw,f/ bmvkdYvJqkdawmh aevkdYawmhaumif;ygao;&JU/ 'gayr,fh [kdwkef;uvkd tvkyf awGwGifatmif vkyfEkdifawmhwmrS r[kwfbJ/ wcsKdUuawmh tarhpmawG r*¾Zif;awGrSm rjywfwrf; zwfae&vkdY taraeaumif;aer,fqdkwm odNyD; 0rf;omaew,fvkdYvnf; pma&;Muw,f/ [kwfwmayg/ tarhpmawGu r*¾Zif; awGrSm ygaeao;wmukd;/ 'gayr,fh tcktdrfrSm tarhpmtkyfa[mif; wcsKdUukd jyef&kdufvkdY taru 0ifNyD;pmrSm;&Smay;? y&kzwfay;&wJh tcgawmh ]ig [kdwkef;urkdY 'Dvkda&;Ekdifwm? ck 'DpmrsKd; igra&;Ekdifawmhbl;} vkdY ukd,fhpdwfxJ atmufarh&if; 0rf;enf;ESajrmovkdeJY/ ck tara&;aewJh pmawGtay: tm;r& odyfjzpf&ygw,f/ t&nftaoG;csif;u uGmwmukd;/ vltyifyef; cHEkdifcsif; uvnf; uGmNyD [kwfvm;/EkdYayr,fh bmwwfEkdifrSmwkH;/ OD;vS ajymwwfvSwJh Z&m [kwfvm;/ vlxkOD;vSu olUtouf 60 ausmf 70wGif; a&mufvmawmh y&dowfxJrSm pum;ajymwJhtcg urÇmausmf eyrf;orm;BuD; ykHjyifukd &,fum armumeJY rMumcP xnfhxnfhajymwwfw,f/

316

olUykHjyifu wcgwkef;u tvGefoefrmwJh eyrf;orm;BuD;wa,muf &SdowJh/ b,foleJYowfowf oluEkdifwmcsnf;yJwJh/ &IH;yGJwyGJrSr&SdcJhzl;bl;wJh/ 'gaMumifh vlUavmurSm

oleJY,SOfowf0HhwJh

eyrf;orm;

ray:xGufawmhbJ&SdaevkdY

waeYrSm oluawmifxdyfwufNyD; rkd;ay:u odMum;rif;ukd arw책m&yfcHowJh/ ]odMum;rif;BuD; cifAsm? uRefawmf[m eyrf;rowf&&if raeEkdifwJhvlrkdY vlUjynfrSm uRefawmfeJY ,SOfowf0HhwJh eyrf;orm;r&SdawmhvkdY odMum;rif;BuD; &JU ewfjynfrSm eyrf;owfcsifwJh ewfom;&Sd&if wa,mufavmuf uRefawmfhqD vTwfay;prf;yg}vkdY awmif;owJh/ odMum;rif;u 'DvlUpum;Mum;awmh rif; 'gavmuf eyrf;vkH;csifae&if ewfjynfu[mukd rac:eJYOD;/ tJ'D rif;&yfaewJh awmifatmufu awmifajcrSm awmif,mpkdufaewJh tbGm;BuD;eJY t&ifvkH;/ tJ'D tbGm;BuD;ukdEkdif&if ewfom;wa,muf ewfjynfu vTwfay;r,fvkdY qdkowJh/ eyrf;orm;BuD;u odMum;rif;rkdYvkdYom vufcHvkduf&w,f/ 'Dpum;udk vkH;vkH; rauseyfbl;/ 'gayr,fh olu eyrf;vkH;csifaeolqkdawmh bmwwfEkdifrSmwkH;/ odMum;rif;ay;wJh bufukdyJ vufcHvkduf&wmaygh/ pdwfxJ rausrvnfeJY awmifatmufqif;vmNyD; awmif,mpkdufaewJh tbGm;BuD;ukd olu bmrajym nmrajym 0ifzufvkH;awmh eyrf;orm;BuD;[m olcsnf; tBudrfBudrf atmufu usaeowJh/ tbGm;BuD;ukd ol vkH;vkH; rEkdifbl;/ 'ghaMumifh ig b,fwkef;urS 'Dvkdrjzpfzl;bl;/ b,foleJYrqkd cg;ukd csKd;ypfEkdifcJhw,f/ b,fvkdjzpfwmvJ/ ig txifrSm;vkdY vm;qkdNyD; wcgjyefvkH;w,f/ olyJ atmufuusjyefw,f/ tBudrfBudrf&Sdawmh ]odMum;rif;&,f? b,fhES,fvJ? uRefawmf 'DtbGm;BuD;ukd rEkdifEkdifbl; jzpfaew,f? bmaMumifhvJ}vdkY ar;&awmh odMum;rif;u NyKH;NyD; ]rif; olUukd b,fEkdifvdrfhrwkH;? olu Z&mav}vkdY ajymowJh/ OD;vS&Jh ykHjyifav;u/ 317

uRefrwkdYvnf; Z&mukd touf 40 ausmf 50 upNyD; rodcsifbJeJY odvmcJh&wmqkdawmh b,frSm rpH&Sm; vkyfvkdY& rvJ/ 'gaMumifh Z&muawmh &mrSmyJ/ 'gayr,fh wwftm;orQawmh vIyf&Sm;&OD;r,fqkdNyD; a&;pGrf;orQ a&;ae&wmyg/ 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD; jzpfwkef;u uRefrwkdYaqGrsKd;wokduf rEÅav;ajrmufbuf awmifNyKH;&Gmem;u uykdifawmifilpk ausmif;rSm a&Tref;q&mawmf OD;auo&&JU t&dyfukdckdNyD; ppfajy;aeMuawmh q&mawmfOD;auo&u uRefrwkdYtarukd ]rpk? toufBuD;vm&if vlomusyap? pdwfrusapeJY} wJh/ ]vlurS tkdaewJhtxJ pdwfygcsypfvkduf&if t0wfpkwfvkd ykHoGm; vdrfhr,f} wJh/ uRefrwkdY taru ]wifygh? wynfhawmfr rcsbl;bk&mh} wJh/ uRefrtouf 68ESpfrSm rkqdk;r jzpf&w,f/ OD;vSeJYuRefru usef;rma&;csif; tvGefuGmjcm;vmNyD; usef;rm atmifaewmcsif;vnf; tvGefjcm;em;ygvsufeJY olu uRefrt&if b0ed*kH; tqkH;owfoGm;awmh aMomf b0qkdwm xifovkdrjzpfbJ jzpfcsifwm jzpfwm yguvm;qkdNyD; ukd,fvnf; jzpfvmwJh b0ukd &ifqkdif&ygawmhw,f/ 'Dvkd jzpf&mb0rSm aevkduf&awmh uRefrvkyfwwfwmu pma&;wm[kwfvm;/ 'gaMumifh olUvkdraoao;vkdY ae&ao;&if igvkyfwwfwmav; vkyfaeOD; r,fqkdNyD; a&;wwfwmuav;awG awma&;awmifa&;a&;&if; aorif;tac:ukd apmifhyg w,f/ touf 70 a&mufvmawmh b,folawGu pdwful;aygufMuw,frodbl;/ tr&yl&u awmifav;vkH; ukdynmeJY pmayvli,fawG aygif;rdMuNyD; uRefr arG;aeY vkyfMuowJhav/ uRefrwkdYu arG;aeYusif;yw,fqkdwm yk*¾Kdvfa&;vkdY jrifwmyg/ 0goem rygygbl;/ 'gaMumifh rvkyfMuygeJY? wkdYvifr,m; 0goem rygygbl;?

b,fawmhrSvnf;

rvkyfcJhygbl;vkdY

ajymNyD;

tBudrfBudrf

awmif;yefygw,f/ 'gayr,fh r&cJhbl;/ 'gaMumifh arG;aeYvkyfcsifolawGukd 318

t&IH;ay;vkduf&w,f/ EkdYayr,fh arG;aeYvkyfw,fqkdwkdif; OD;vSukd owd&w,f/ ol&Sd&if ighukd bmajymrSmygvdrfh/ ]rif; bmawGvkyfaewmvJ} vkdYvnf; ajymvdrfhr,f xifwmygyJ/ wESpfaom arG;aeYrSmawmh tar pum;ajymygOD;vkdY vli,frsm;u rkdufcGufxdk;ay;NyD; pum;ajymckdif;Mujyefw,f/ 'geJY uRefru bmrSpOf;pm;raebJ pdwfxJ&SdwJhtwkdif; ]touf&SifwJhvlrkdY ckvkd arG;aeYvkyf Muwm[kwfyg&JU/ 'gayr,fh ukd,fuawmh pmav;bmav; a&;EkdifOD;r,fqkd&if touf&Snf&usKd;eyfygao;&JU/ 'Dvkdr[kwfbJ vltkdvlykdBuD; wa,muftaeeJY awmhvnf; touf&Snfraecsifygbl;} vkdYajymrdw,f/ 'Dpum;ukd pma&;ol wa,mufu aumufa&;w,fxifyg&JU/ uRefr om;wa,mufu ]tar? tarhusef;rma&; odyf*&kpkdufyg? taru pmra&;Ekdifawmh&ifjzifh touf r&Snfcsifawmhygbl;vkdYajymw,f? b,f'Dvkdjzpf&rvJ/ tar usef;rmaeao; w,fqkd&if

uRefawmfwkdY tm;&Sdwmaygh/ usef;rma&;ukd

odyf*&kpkdufyg

tar}wJh/ [kwfwmaygYav/ ] wkdYrSmtar&Sdao;w,f } qkdNyD;awmh tm;&SdrSmaygh/ 'gayr,fh i,f&G,folawGu vltkdawG&JU pdwf"mwfukd em;rvnf EkdifpGrf;Mu bl;/ vlqkdwm tkdrif;vmwJhtcg igrpGrf;awmhbl;qkdwm odyg&JUeJY tJ'Dtjzpf ukd ao&rSmxuf aMumufygw,f/ 'gaMumifh tbkd;BuD;awG? tbGm;BuD;awGu olpGrf;aqmifEkdifao;wJh udpöav;awGtaeeJY ajr;xdef;ay;w,f/ xif;acGay; w,f/ a&cyfay;w,f/ NcH&Sif;ay;w,f/ usD;apmifhay;w,f/ MuufESifay; w,f/ wukyfukyf wvIyfvIyf vkyfEkdiforQuav;awGukd vkyfay;ae&Sm Muygw,f/ 'gukd om;rsm;ajr;rsm;u 'Dtbkd;BuD; tbGm;BuD;[m auR;xm;&if NidrfNidrfpm;aewm

r[kwfbl;/

awmifvkyfajrmufvkyfeJY

usKd;uef;ae&if

tvum;'ku©awGrsm;aeOD;r,fvkdY armif;Mu? rJMu? tjypf wifwwfMuw,f/ olwkdYu olwkdYrauR;EkdifvkdY 'Dt&G,fBuD;usrS vkyfukdifay;ae&w,fvkdY? olrsm; 319

jrif&if olwkdY*kPfodu©mukd xdckdufw,fvkdU jrifw,fav/ 'gaMumifh olwkdYu olwkdYtvum; auR;xm;Ekdif&if NidrfNidrfxkdifpm; at;at;aeMuvkdY qkdcsif w,f/ vltkdawGtaeeJYuawmh b,f 'Dvkd[kwfvdrfhrvJ/ b,fom; b,forD; b,fajr; b,faqGrsKd;u b,favmufBuD; tvum; auR;xm;xm;? xrif;yGJ a&SUa&muf b,favmufBuD; pm;ae&ae&/ NidrfNidrfuav;aeNyD; NrdefYNrdefYBuD; xkdifpm; rae&mukefygbl;/ vlrSef&if vlwkdif;rSm vlom;&JUtm;rmef tjynfh &Sdygw,f/ ig[m vlUtzGJUtpnf;ukd ig pGrf;aqmif&mbufu tusKd;jyKae ao;wJh vlom;wa,mufqkdwJh tm;rmefukd aorSpGefYcJhwmyg/ bkef;BuD;awG qGrf;cH~uGwJhvrf;? &yfol&Gmom;awG oGm;MuvmMuwJhvrf;ukd reuftapmBuD; xNyD; wHjrufvSnf;wJh tbkd;BuD; tbGm;BuD;awG? vlu vIyfvIyfuav; &Sdawmh&ifvnf;

awmif;pkwfyvkH;pkwfuav;awGukd

zmax;&ufoDaewJY

tbGm;tbkd;awG 'gaMumifh&Sdaewmaygh/ ig bmvkyfEkdifao;ovJ/ vkyfEkdiforQ igvkyfOD;r,fqkdNyD; vkyfaeMuwmav/ om;awGu tarusef;rmatmif ae& r,fwJh/ vlvkyfvkdY &wJh[mrsKd;awmh tar BuKd;pm;rSmayghuG,f [kwfbl;vm;/

vlxka':trm 5-8-95

320

c&D;oGm;aqmif;yg;

aps; rESpfu qef;uzD;u OD;av;BuD; OD;wifyGeJY a':a': a':wifhwkdYudk yk*Hbk&m; awGzl;&atmif edAÁmeful;wkdY vkdufykdYcJhw,f/ uRefrwkdY bk&m;zl;tzGJUu tpkpk vlESpfq,fausmfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh yk*H anmifOD;eJY ykyÜm;c&D;twGuf 'Dvlokduf BuD;pm;zkdY? aomufzkdYawGukd

rEÅav;uyJ

wwfEkdifoavmuf csufjyKwf

aMumfavSmf,loGm;&w,f/ yk*H[m te,fe,f t&yf&yfu bk&m;zl;awG tvGef vmwwfwJh ae&mjzpfayr,fh ntdyfnae wnf;zkdYckdzdkYae&m? pm;zkdYaomufzkdY ae&mawG vG,fvG,fulul b,frSmrS rpDpOfEkdifao;bl;/ 'gaMumifh vlwtkyf BuD;twGuf

pm;a&;aomufa&;ukd

tdrfu

xnfhokd,liifoGm;&wm[m

0eftav;om;/ yk*Hukd a&mufMuvkdY wnvJtdyfrda&m reufvif;awmh yk*Haps;xJrSm [if; csufp&mawGtwGuf vkdcsifwJh om;ig;toD;t&Guftm;vkH; 0,fvkdYjcrf;vkdY &w,fvkdY

Mum;&yga&m/

'ghaMumifh

pm;tkd;BuD;vSwJh

uRefrwkdYtzGJUu

trsKd;orD;okH;av;a,muf yk*Haps;ukd tajy;vmcJhMuw,f/ aps;a&mufawmh olUNrKdUvlOD;a&eJY ol oifhawmf&kH cif;usif;xm;wJh aps;uGif;ukd awGU&ygw,f/ a&mufw,fqkd&ifyJ uRefrwkdYvlokdufu om;ig;a&mif;wJhtwef;ukd yxrqkH; &SmNyD; 0ifMuw,f/ ig;awG om;awG[m uRefrwkdY NrKdUBuD;aps;awG vkdawmh tajrmuftjrm;

rawGU&bl;aygh/

EkdYayr,fh

a&mif;orQujzifh

tm;vkH;

vwfvwfqwfqwfawGcsnf;yJ/ aps;awGukd ar;MunfhvkdufawmhvJ Muufu ckepfusyfaps;wJh/ 0ufuvJ ckepfusyfaps;wJh/ ig;uvJ av;usyf? ig;usyf?

321

ajcmufusyfu

&Spfusyf?

udk;usyfaps;txd

ig;vkdufvdkYyJ/

trJom;wkdY?

qdwfom;wkdYuvJ 0,fcsifhpzG,f/ tom;wkH;BuD;awG &JvkdY cJvkdY/ csdefa&mif;r,fh tav;awGukd MunfhvkdufawmhvJ jynfhr,fhykHyg/ 'ghaMumifh Muuf0,fwJhvlu 0,f? 0uf0,fwJhvlu 0,f? ig;0,fwJhvlu 0,f? wkdifyifrxm;&bl;/ qkd;qwfeJY uRefrwkdYvlokdufu tm;vkH; vlcGJNyD; csdefMu wG,fMu 0,fMuw,f/ NyD;awmhvnf; rEÅav;xuf trsm;BuD; aps;aygw,f/ wkdYrEÅav;rsm;jzifh 0ufqkd&if ukd;usyf? Muufqkd&if ukd;usyf? wq,f/ 'DrSmawmh ZvkwfvJ rygbl;? aygvkdufwmvkdY t*Fvdyfvkd ajymwJhvluajym? toHtkyfuav;eJY vufukwfajymwJh vluajymeJY aysmfvkdYaygh/ om;ig;wef;uNyD;awmh [if;oD;[if;&Gufa&mif;&m oGm;Mujyefa&m/ tJ'D rSmvnf; ocGm;oD;? bl;oD;? c&rf;oD;awG aygvkdufwm/ ZGefyef;ukH;awG uvnf; wukH;rS ig;jym;wJh/ rEÅav;rSmqkd&if q,fhig;rsm;? jym;ESpfq,f ay;rS&r,fh twkwfukH;MuD;awG/ uRefrwkdY vlokdufu waps;vkH; odrf;0,f awmhrvm; atmufarh&avmufatmif avmbwBuD;avQmuf0,fNyD; aysmfaysmf BuD; jyefvmMuw,f/ wnf;&mae&m a&mufawmhvJ tdrfu 0,fcsufcJhrdwm rSm;wJhtaMumif;? yk*HrSm 'Dvkd0,fvkdY &rSef;od&if 'ku©cHNyD; csuf,lvmrSm r[kwfwJhtaMumif;? 'DrSm aygvJaygao;? vwfvJvwfao;? odyfaumif;wJh taMumif;awGukd ajymajymNyD; &,fMuarmMueJY csufvkduf jyKwfvkdufMuwm qlvkdY/ aemufwaeY a&mufawmhvJ ykyÜg;rSm pm;zkdY 0,f&OD;r,fqkdNyD; yk*Haps;ukd raeYuvdkyJ ajy;Mujyefyga&m/ aps;a&mufawmhvJ ig;onf? Muufom;onf?

0ufom;onfawGqDu 0,fcsifwmawG qkd;qwfeJY 0,fMuwmyJ/ 'gayr,fh uaeYawmh

aps;taMumif;ukd

odNyDrkdY

raeYuavmuf

r[m;w&m;

rvkyfMuawmhbl;/ cyfrSefrSefyJ 0if0,fMuw,f/ tJ'Dvkd0,fawmh uRefrwkdY 322

0,faewJh aps;qkdifawGu 0,fol vkH;vkH; r&SdwmrS r[kwfbJ uvm;/ aps;qpfaewJh yk*Hol? aps;ar;aewJh yk*HolawG &SdaewmrkdY olwkdYu uRefrwkdYukd armhMunfhNyD; NyKH;Muw,f/ NyD;awmh uRefrwkdY 0if0,f&if aemufqkwfay;w,f/ 'gukd uRefru 0,fae? csdefwG,faewkef;uawmh ukd,fhavmbaZmeJY ukd,frkdY owdrxm;rdbl;/ aps;0if;xJu xGufvmawmhrS ]wkdYaps;0,f&if yk*HolawGu z,fay;Muygw,f}vkdY owd&vmw,f/ 'gaMumifh wkdYz,fay;wm[m yk*Hol awG&JU ,Ofaus;rIyJ/ yk*HolawGu rEÅav;u bk&m;zl;awGyJ 0,f&SmygapqkdNyD; aemufqkwfay;wm xifyg&JUvkdY atmufarhwmeJY yxrawmh aus;Zl;wif vkdufao;w,f/ EkdYayr,fh awmfawmfav;Mumawmh rEÅav;bk&m;zl;awGrkdY om;ig;&apcsifwJh apwemcsnf;rS u ygavp/ olwkdYqDrSm aps;onfukd aps;0,fwa,mufu aps;ar; aps;qpfae&if wjcm;wa,mufu 0ifNyD; ar;&kd; qpf&kd;xkH;pH r&Sdbl;/ yxrvleJY ta&mif;t0,fwnfhNyD;rS? 'grSr[kwf rwnfh awmhrS aemufwa,mufu0ifNyD; aps;ar;w,f/ 0,fw,fqkdwJh xkH;pHrsm; &Sdavovm;vkdY awG;rdw,f/ tJ'DtawG;vJ0ifvmyga&m

],Ofaus;vSygw,f}

qdkwJh

rEÅav;olawG?

wufx&GefawG ygwdwfawGeJY 0ifvmMuwJh rEÅav;olawG yk*Haps;xJ0ifNyD; trsm;olwum 0,fa&mif;aewJhMum;xJ bDvl;o&JawGvkd vk,uf0,foGm; ovkd&Sdr,fh ukd,fhtjzpfukdawG;rdvkdY &Sufvkdufwm rajymygeJYawmh/ yk*Hol trsKd;orD;awGu uRefrwkdYukd armhMunfhw,f/ NyD;awmh NyKH;w,f/ NyD;awmh olwkdY0,fcsifvkdY ukdifNyD;aps;qpfaewmukd vTwfcsNyD; z,fqkwfay;w,f/ tJ'Dtao;pdwfuav;awGukdyg jyefjrifa,mifawmh &SufvkdYukd rqkH;awmhyg bl;/

olwkdYpdwfxJrSmawmh

b,fvkdrsm;

xifMur,frodbl;/

uRefrwdkY

i,fi,fu yGJMunfhwJhtcg vljyufawGu ajymwwfw,f/ ]a[h? ,Ofaus;wJh ae&mrSmawmh 'l;jzwf &ifbwfeJY vrf;oGm;w,f/ igu rEÅav; a&TNrKdUawmf 323

om;tppf eef;awmfwkdif zufarG;wmrkdY Akduf a&TawG ckawmif&Sdao;w,f} vkdY oltvGef,Ofaus;wJhtaMumif; pum;EkdifajymoH Mum;&zl;ygw,f/ rEÅav;u vlawGu ya'o&mZf,Ofaus;rIukd tvGeftrTrf;wifygw,f/ yk*Haps;xJrSm awmh uRefrwkdYaMumifh rEÅav; t&SufuGJcJhygNyD/ ruGJvJ cHEkdifa&mhrvm;/ uRefrwkdY NrKdUBuD; awGrSm aps;0,f&w,fqkdwmu uaeY vlaerI&JU tBuD;qkH; b0wkdufyGJ wpdwfwa'o r[kwfvm;/ aps;qdkwm qefay;&if aq;&w,f qkdwJh ae&mrsKd; r[kwfygbl;/ ÓPf&Sdoavmuf ykdufqH&Sdoavmuf vnfovkd vTmpm;MuwJhae&myg/ 'gaMumifh NrKdUaetdrf&Sifrwa,muf edpö"l0 aps;0,fwJh udpöukd omreftdrfrIudpö&,fvkdY oabmxm;&if rSm;ygvdrfhr,f/ tdrf&Sifr wa,muftzkdY reufvif;vkdY rsufpdESpfvkH; zGifhvkdufwmeJY wNyKdifeuf reuf 6em&D? 7em&D? 8em&D? 9em&DrSm tvkyfoGm;? ausmif;oGm;Mur,fh vifom;eJY om;orD;rsm;

apmapmBuD;

roGm;cif

pm;oGm;p&meJY

aeYcif;pm;p&mukd

tcsdefrDusufatmif tjrefqkH; csufjyKwfauR;arG;NyD; xnfhay;vkduf&w,f/ tJ'Dwm0efNyD;wmeJY wNyKdifeuf aps;qGJjcif;ukf qGJNyD; teD;qkH;aps;ukd tjrefqkH; ajy;vmcJh&w,f/ cifyGef;onf[m wv &Spfq,fhESpfusyfpm; jzpfcsifjzpfr,f/ vc 1500pm; jzpfcsifjzpfr,f/ &Spfq,fhESpfusyfpm;qkd&if aps;zkd;tjzpf wusyf? wusyf jym;ig;q,fxuf ykdrokH;Ekdifygbl;/ vc waxmifausmfpm; jzpf&if waeY aiGwq,f ywf0ef;usifrSm okH;Ekdifyg vdrfhr,f/ 'DaiGukdukdifNyD; tdrf&Sifr u aps;0,fvmcJhw,f/ aps;ukda&mufawmh uaeY bmawG trsm;qkH; usovJqkdwmukd Munfh&if;? raeYu bm[if; pm;cJhovJqkdwmukd pOf;pm;& ygw,f/ ukd,f0,fEkdifwJh ykdufqHeJY bmcsufp&m 0,f&rvJ pOf;pm; &w,f/ NrKdUaps;qkdwm [if;oD;[if;&Gufjzpfjzpf? toD;tESHjzpfjzpf? om;ig;jzpfjzpf aps;xJukd rsm;rsm;BuD;a&mufvmrS ypönf; vJ aumif;w,f/ aps;vJ aygw,f/ 'ghaMumifh bmoD; bm&Guf bmig; trsm;BuD; a&mufaeovJqdkwmukd 324

t&SifqkH;rsufpd eJY avQmufMunfhwwf&w,f/ 'guvJ odyf cufcufcJcJ r&Sm&wwfbl;/ aumif;w,f aygw,f qkd&ifjzifh vlawG 0kdif;tkHaeygNyD/ tJ'Dukdom aps;jcif;awmif;qGJNyD; taomhESifyga&mh/ a&mufNyDqkd&if bm0,fMu wmvJ/ bmonfrkdY 'Davmuf 0kdif;&wmvJvkdY wkd;Munfhyg/ vlMum;xJ acsmif;Munfhyg/ jrif&w,f/ ukd,f0,fcsifwJh ypönf;yJ aumif;w,fqkd&if b,faps;vJvkdY aps;onfukd rar;eJY/ olu rajztm;bl;/ t0,form; tcsif;csif;ukd ar;? aps;vJoda&m aygwm aocsmw,fqkd&ifjzifh 'DvltkyfxJukd wkd;ygawmh/ wkd;vkdY ab;u qJ&ifvJ tomikHYcHyg/ wukd,fvkH; wkd;r&&if vufwzufjzpfjzpf aps;onf&Sd &mudk oGif;ESifhNyD; ig;jzifhvJ ig;? iSufjzihfvJ iSuf? toD;t&GufjzifhvJ toD;t&Guf ukd,fhrwGuf &&mwckukd qGJxm;? OD;xm; yg/ ]'g uRefr,lrvkdY uRefray;yg}vkdYvJ yg;pyfu jrnfaeyg/ 'grS vl&Sif;awmh usoifhwJh ykdufqHukd ay;NyD; 'Dypönf;ukd ukd,f&vkdufw,f/ 'Dvkd rvkyfEkdifvkdY tçww qkd&if vlxJwkd;&rSmaMumufvkdY rwkd;EkdifwmeJY r&vkdufbl;/ jzKwfqkd ukefoGm;a&m/ ukd,fu&csifw,f? vkdcsifw,fqkd&ifjzifh 'DykHpH[m taocsmqkH; ygyJ/ ]wuwnf;awmf? tvum;ay;wm usaewmyJ? aomufusKd;enf;}vkdY r&vkdufwJhvlu qJcsifvJqJygap/ 'gavmufawmh ta&xlxm;yg/ r[kwf&if NrKdUaps;uvm; vufaES;&if vGwfw,f/ ukd,fhNcHuxGufwm? ukd,fhtcif;u xGufwmrsKd;uav;awGukd yk*¾vdu vma&mif;wm? wqifhcHvmNyD; a&mif;wm rsKd;qkdawmh 'Dvkd0,f&wJh ykHpHrsKd;u trsm;pkyg/ tJ'Dawmh aps;0,fwm rsufpd&Sif&w,f/ vufoGuf&w,f/ 'Dvkd vufoGufrIuvJ awmf&kH tavh tusifh vkyfxm;vkdY r&ygbl;/ tdrf&SifrBuD; tjzpfeJY ESpfaygif; vaygif;rsm;pGm aps;0,fwwfaerS jzpfwmyg/ r[kwfvkdY tdrfaxmifusp tdrfaxmifwm0efukd ckrS p xrf;p? rD;zkdacsmifukd ukd,fhbmom ckrS p 0ifp trsKd;orD; qkd&ifawmh 325

aps;0,fzkdY aps;jcif;ukd qGJxGufvmayr,fh aps;xJa&mufawmYbm0,f&rSef;rod? bmcsuf&rSef;rodvkdY aps;onfawGukdMunfh&if; aps;wef;ukd avQmuf&if;eJY wa,mifayay

jzpfaevdrfhr,f/

tdrfeD;csif;

tdrfaxmif&Sifr

aemufu

waumufaumufvkdufNyD; ol bl;&Gufwpnf;0,f&if ukd,f bl;&Gufwpnf; vkduf0,f? ol ZD;jzLoD; 10vkH;0,f&if ukd,f ZD;jzLoD; 10vkH;vkduf0,f? ol trJom; tpdwfom;0,f&if ukd,f trJom; tpdwfom; vkduf0,f&wJh tjzpfrsKd; a&mufwwfw,f/ ukd,fh[if; ukd,frpyfwwf? ukd,hfaps; ukd,f r0,fwwfao;bJ[mukd;/ 'Dvkd tdrfaxmifonf a,mifeersKd;ukdawmh aps;onfvlvnfawGu rsufpdeJY awmif MunfhzkdYawmifrvkdbl;/ wcsuf0ifhvkduf&kHeJY vluJcwfrdNyD; jzpfaevdrfh r,f/ 'gaMumifh tpdwfom; 0,fayr,fh ESpfq,fom;xuf ykdr&aybl;/ tav;ckd;,lvkdufvdrfhr,f/ ig;uav; pm;&atmif 0,fjyefawmhvnf; tykyfukd taumif;vkyfNyD; aigufa&mif;vkdufvdrfhr,f/ aps;0,fu ig;ukdifMunfhNyD; ukd,fhbmomrodvkdY ]vwfuJhvm;}vkdY ar;&if ig;onf rdef;ryg;BuD;u 'Drdef;r [m ig;jrifvkdYrS vwfrSef;? ykyfrSef;rodwJh tpm;xJuyJvkdY csufcsif;odvkdufNyD; olUig;yg;[uf nKd&kHruvkdY 0rf;AkdufBuD; b,favmufyGaeae ]usKyfwkdY tykyf ra&mif;bl;/ 'gavmufvwfwJh ig;ukd vwf&JUvm;vkdY ar;raeeJY}vkdY aigufNyD; ajymvkdufygvdrfhr,f/

ig;vwfrvwf

rod&Smwwfao;wJh

tdrf&Sifru

olUpum;ukdyJ ,kHpm;NyD; 0,foGm;rdwwfw,f/ tdrfa&mufvkdY ig;ukd ckwfrd vSD;rdrS ykyfrSef;odvdrfhr,f/ ig;pdrf;onfu ig;ykyfukd taumif; vkyfa&mif;& rvm;vkdY 0,folbufuMunfhawmh tjypfwifp&myJaygh/ EkdYayr,fh olUcrsmvJ olUpm;tkd;ukd

xdef;&wJhae&mrSm

tcuftcJawGu

trsm;om;aerSmyJ

aps;onf&,f bmvkdY tav;ckd;&ovJ/ BuKdufwJhaps;eJYa&mif;NyD; tav;u awmh jynfhjynfhuav; ay;ygawmhvkdY uRefrwkdY aps;0,fawGu tjypfwifcsif 326

w,f/ EkdYayr,fh aps;onfbufu tajzu wyd贸mukd 15usyfeJY 0,fcJhw,f/ 10 usyfom;csif; vDcsdefawmh csdefcGifvQmomwmeJY tqpfawmif;vkdY xnfh& wmeJY wyd贸m[m jyefcsdefa&mif;awmh 90usyfom;? 85usyfom;yJ xGufawmh w,f/ aps;usawmhvJ olu 10usyfom;ukd 1usyf 75jym; a&mifcsifayr,fh wjcm; oleJY ukefwlorm;u 10usyfom;ukd 1usyf 50jym;eJY a&mif;aeawmh aps;oufomwJh tJ'DqkdifukdyJ 0,fwJhvlawGu oGm;wmrkdY oluvJ 1usyf 50jym;aps;yJ vkdufa&mif;&w,f/ tJ'Dawmh 0,f&if;aps;twkdif; jyefa&mif;& w,f/ vDcsdef&vkdY 15usyfom; 10usyfom; avQmhwm&IH;&OD;r,fqkd&if bmeJY oGm;pm;rvJ/ olYtdrfu om;orD;awGukd b,folu vmauR;rvJ/ ukd,fhwGuf tjrwfu ygOD;rSaygh/ 'ghaMumifh a&rxkd;csifbJeJY a&xkd;&w,f/ tav;rcdk; csifbJeJY tav;ckd;&w,fvkdY ajymygvdrfhr,f/ tJ'gaMumifh aps;onfuvJ tNyKdiftqkdifa&mif;MuwJh aps;BuD;xJrSm olUxrif;tkd;uav; ajyvnfatmif olwwfoavmuf BuHzef vkyfaqmif&ayr,f/ uRefrwkdY aps;0,fawGuvJ ukd,fhykdufqHuav;eJY b,f'if;ukd 0,fEkdifrvJ/ b,f[m taumif;qkH;? txkdufwefqkH;&rvJqkdwmukd trsm;BuD; pOf;pm;&ygw,f/ ukd,fqkyfukdif vmwJh ykdufqHav;eJY aps;onfawGu a&mif;r,fqkdwJh a&mif;aps;eJYuvJ tBudrfBudrftcgcg pdwfxJrSm wGufMunfh&ygao;w,f/ rdef;rawGu twGuf tcsuf BuD;w,f/ ESajrmw,f/ jrifajrmfw,f/ tlwkdw,f/ bmw,f nmw,f pwJh pwJh rdef;rukd ESdrfenf;? qJenf;awG trsKd;pkH atmifajymyg/ udp枚r&Sdygbl;/ tdrf&Sifr[m 'gukd wwfukdwwf&r,f/ 'g[m olUb0 &yfwnfa&;yg/ ukd,fhvufxJu ygvmwJhaps;zkd;u 3 usyfwnf;/ pm;r,fhvlu ukd,f vifr,m;&,f? om;orD; 3a,muf&,f? 5a,muf&Sdaeawmh 'D5a,muf ESpfeyfpm pm;zkdYtwGuf om;ig;0,fr,fqkd&if tpdwfom;eJY ravmufbl;/ aemufxyf t0ufom;avmuf 0,fEkdifygrS nreuf pm;avmufr,f/ 'gvJ 327

Avmtom;csnf; rauR;Ekdifbl;/ toD;tESH ta&mtaESm uav;eJY csufauR;rS vkHavmufr,f/ 'ghaMumifh

0ufom;

wyd贸m

9usyfaps;eJY

tpdwft0uf

0,f&if

50usyfom;u 4usyf 50jym;? tpdwfom;u 2usyf 25jym;? t0ufom;u wusyf 15jym;? tpdwft0ufqdk&if 0ufom;zkd; 3usyf 40jym;ukefw,f/ ygwmu 3usyfrkdY ]0ufom;em; ruyfEkdifygbl;av} qkdNyD; tdrf&Sifru 0ufom;qDu aemufqkwf&w,f/ 0ufrS r0,fEkdif&if Muufqkdwmawmh a0vma0;a&m/ Muufu 9usyfaps;? 10usyfaps;/ ajcaxmufeJY? vnfacsmif;eJY? acgif;eJY? ZvkwfeJY ypfp&mawGu trsm;BuD;/ NrKdUxJuMuufqkdwm aoNyD;rS vnf;ZvkwfxJtpmawG w0wNyJBuD; Muufonfu oGwfxm;ao;wm/ ZvkwfxJu MuufvJ

xrif;ukd r0,fEkdifbl;/

a&SmufMunfhvkduf&w,f/

Muufom;vkyfNyD;a&mif;&atmifvkdYwJh/ ig;uav;rsm;

aps;aygovm;vkdY

wefaqmifrkef;vrkdY

'ghaMumifh ig;wef;rSm

ig;uswmaMumifh

ig;rIef

ig;zGJuav;awG tpdwfom;ukd 75jym;wJh/ 'g rqkd;bl;/ EkdYayr,fh qDukefr,fh ig;awmhvJ

0,frpm;Ekdifjyefbl;/

tkd;uyfcsufvkdY&r,fh

ig;usjyefawmh

tpdwfom;ukd 2usyfu ratmufjyefbl;/ ig;tpdwfom; tkd;uyf&ifvJ weyfyJ pm;&r,f/ 'DaiG okH;usyfeJY rjzpfao;ygbl;/ 'ghaMumifh tdrfuvifonfukd om;uav; ig;uav;eJY NrKd;NrKd;jrufjruf wcgwav csufauR;csifayr,fh 0rf;bJO aMumfuav;rsKd;? c&rf;oD;tkd;uyfuav;rsKd;ukd csOfa&[if;uav;eJY iydzkwfavmufeJYyJ pDrHEkdifygawmhw,f/ c&rf;oD;&,f? ig;yd&,f

0,fNyD;wJhaemuf

c&rf;csOfoD;uav;?

csOfaygif&Guf&,f? i&kwfoD;pdrf;uav;?

MuufoGefeDuav;uvnf; 0,fOD;rS/ ykdufqH 10jym;qkd&if eHeHyifzkd;&w,f 'ghaMumifh tdrf&Sifru 5jym;ukdvJ wGufwGufcsufcsuf okH;&w,f/ 10jym; ukdvJ ukefoifhrS ukefap&w,f/ 'Dyp枚nf;u 10jym;avQmh,l renf;bl;rkdY 328

qpfvJ qpf&w,f/ NrKdUaps;qkdwmu olUc&rf;oD; a&mif;csifwmu 10vkH;ukd jym;50jzpfayr,fh 'gb,favmufvJ ar;vkduf&iff 75jym;vkdY aps;wifqkdwmyg/ ravQmhbl;vm;ar;&if b,fESpfvkH;,lrSmvJ? 10vkH;vm;? 10vkH; pvkH;,l&if jym; 60 ay;oGm;wJh ukd,fu 0,fcsifwmu 3vkH;wnf;/ 10vkH;ukd jym; 50 aps;xm;yg/ 15jym;zkd; a&mif;ygvkdY qpfcsifw,f/ EkdYayr,fh aps;onfrsufESm vSrf;Munfhvkduf&ygao;w,f/ 'Daps;onfu tqpfrS cHyghrvm;qdkwm/ wcsKdUu aps;OD;BuD; vmrqpfeJYvkdU aigufvTwfwwfwmuvJ &Sdao;awmh olwkdYu

aps;wifqkdwwfrSef;

odayr,fh

t&rf;rqpf&Jbl;/

rqpf0HhvkdY

'Dtwkdif;xGufoGm;jyef&ifvJ wcsKdUaps;onfu ]r0,fbJeJY ujrif;vkdY ar; ovm;}vkdY vSrf;qJwwfao;w,f/ 'ghaMumifh MunfhuGuf MunfhuGufvkyf ae&if qif;&JykHaygufwJh aps;0,fusawmh aps;onfu ]uJ ,lrSmvm; ,l? awmh

wa,mufwnf;

aps;0,fusawmh

a&mif;aewmr[kwfbl;}wJh/

]0,fygtr&,f?

10

vkH;

csrf;omw,fxifwJh

jym;60

rrsm;ygbl;}wJh/

aps;0,fu tqpfaumif;&if jym; 50eJY &wmyJ/ tqpfnHh&if jym;60ay;NyD; 0,fcJh&wmyJ/ ]NrKdUaps; a,mu©r rodapeJY} qkdwJh ykHckdif;&Sdygw,f/ NrKdUaps;rSm ukefypönf;[m uaeY 2usyfaps;a&mif;ayr,fh eufjzefcgawmh ypönf;rusvkdYqkdNyD; 4usyf jzpfcsif jzpfaewm/ tJ'Dawmh raeYu 2usyfyJ ay;&w,f/ uaeY 4usyf ajym&rvm;vkdY a,mu©rvkyfwJh vlu r,kHMunfaybl;/ olYukd tukeftod ray;eJYvkdY owday;wJh ykHckdif;aygh/ NrKdUqkdwm aps;0,fawGuvJ aygvkdufwm BudwfBudwfwkd;yJ/ vqef;p we*FaEGaeYrsm;qkd&if wu,fyJ wkd;rayguf atmif pnfygw,f/ aps;0,fcsnf; pnfwmr[kwfbl;/ aps;onfuvJ aygvkdufwm'if;Murf;/ wjcm; tvkyftukdifawG ae&mrusvkdY &wJh0ifaiGeJY ravmufvkdYwJh/ aps;a&mif;wJhvlawG 'gavmuf aygvmwm jzpfw,fvkdY 329

aps;onfawGu ajymMuw,f/ jrLeDpy,f trIxrf;awGu aps;xJovm;aeNyD; vrf;ay:rSm csa&mif;vkdY aigufwm? irf;wm? zrf;wm? qD;wmawGuvJ aeYwkdif;ygyJ/ aps;0,fw,fqkdwm wu,fawmh tenf;qkH; ESpfESpf? okH;ESpf tdrfaxmif &SifrjzpfNyD;rS 0,fwwf? jcrf;wwf? ukd,fu temrcH&wJh b0? wef&mwefuJ ay;0,fvkdY &wJhb0ukd a&mufwmyg/ aps;t0,f0g; r0ao;&if aps;onf taigufcH&wmu cPcP/ tav;ckd;cH&wmu aeYwkdif;yJ/ NrKdUrSm aps;onf ukdifwJhtav; jynfhw,fvkdY tvGefenf;ygw,f/ ravQmhygbl;qkd&if wyd贸m acgif;rSm 5usyfom; 10usyfom;awmh avQmhwwfwmyJ/ wcsKdUrsm; 20 usyfom;txd avQmhw,f/ olwkdYuawmh yGef;vkdY avQmhw,fvkdY qkdygw,f/ wu,fuawmh

oHav;awG[m

aoG;ypfawmifrS

'gavmuf

yGef;p&m

r&Sdygbl;/ tav;avQmhwJhudp枚 aps;BuD;awGrSm jrLeDpy,fu csdefcGifawG csdwfNyD; vlapmifhcsdefay;ae&w,f

[kwfvm;/

tjynfh&a&mayghvkdY

ajymp&mygyJ/

jrLeDpy,fu tav;eJY csdefcGifeJY tvkyform;wa,mufxm;ay;NyD; rouFmvkdY csdefcsifwJhaps;0,f

b,folrqkd

csdefay;wJhae&m

&Sdygw,f/

'gayr,fh

tJ'Dtvkyform;&JU tav;uukdyJ rjynfhbl;/ aps;onfawGu rkefYzkd;yJzkd; ay;xm;w,fqkdwJh toHrsKd;vJ Mum;&zl;ygw,f/ csdefay;wJh tvkyform;u aps;pnfcsdef vufzuf&nfaomufxGuf&atmif rkefYzkd;ay;wJhvl &Sdw,fqkdwJh pum;rsKd;vJ Mum;&zl;ygw,f/ NrKdYaps;[m vnfovkd pm;MuwJh ae&mBuD;ygyJ/ aps;onfu tav;ckd;? &m&Dckd;ovkd aps;0,fuvJ vpf&if vpfovkd EIduf,lwmrsKd;vJ &SdwmyJ/ 'ghaMumifh aps;0,foGm;&if tdrf&Sifru wwfEkdif&if t0wftpm;

vwfvwfukd

0wfoGm;&w,f/

r[kwfvkdY

t0wftpm;

EGrf;yg;pkwfyJhae&if aps;onfu aps;ckd; tpGJcH&wwfao;w,f/ 'Dvkdrsm; cH&rvm;qkd&if tpGJcH&wJholu ]rsufESmMunfhajymaemf/ 'Dvkdvkyfr,fh tpm; 330

vm;} vkdY jyefNyD; a[muf&w,f/ vufqkyfvufukdif rrd&ifawmh tJ'D avoHrsKd; ypfvkdufrS pGyfpGJwJhvlu aemufqkwfw,f/ vufqkwfvufukdif rdjyefawmhvJ aps;onfawGu 0kdif;NyD; &kdufMuESufMuvkdY ypönf;ckd;rdwJhcrsmrSm zGwfzGwfausrwwf &SdwJhtcgvJ &Sdygao;w,f/ aps;xJrSm bmEIdufajy;vkdYwJh? bmqGJajy;vkdYwJhqkdNyD; &kwf&kwf &kwf&kwfjzpfwmawG? vkduf[ zrf;[ ajy;[ jzpfwmawGuvJ ukd,f,lvmwJh

rMumrMum ykdufqHuav;eJY

awGU&wwfao;w,f/ pm;aumif;r,fh

tJ'DMum;xJurS

pm;p&m

csufp&mawG

trsKd;rsKd;ukd Munfh&if; wwfEkdifwmav;awGukd oGufoGufvufvuf 0,fvkduf &w,f/ tdrfeD;csif;qDtyfxm;cJhwJh ukd,fhuav;rikdcif? orD;i,fukd xdef;&pf ygvkdY rSmcJh&wJh uav;ti,f rvJruGJcif ajcukefokwfjyefzkdYu &Sdao;w,f/ taraps;ujyefvmawmh rkefY0,fcJhr,faemfvkdY acsmhxm;cJh&wJh uav;i,fpm;zkdY rkefYyJom;a&pm uav;uvJ 0,fvkdufcsifao;/ cifyGef;onfeJY om;BuD; orD;BuD;rsm;pm;zkdY

csKdcsKdcsOfcsOfuav;uvJ

ykdufqHuav;uvJ

ravmufriSrkdY

ygvkdufcsifao;/

&wwforQ

uav;eJY

ygvmwJh yifhoufcs

okwfacswif jyefcJh&wwfygw,f/ uRefrwkdYrSm 'DtavhtusifhawGu &csifwkdif;&aeawmh yk*Haps;rSm vwfvwf qwfqwfeJY aps;aygvSwJh om; ig; toD;t&GufawGukd awGU&wJhtcg uRefrwkdYwawGu avmbwBuD; 0,fcJh jcrf;cJhrdw,f/ tvkt,uf 0,f&avh r&Sdao;wJhaps;rSm tusifhBuD;ygaewJh uRefrwkdYwawG avmb wyfcJhykHawG ukdawmh 'Dae&muyJ BuKHwkef;BuKHckduf yk*HolawGukd awmif;yef&awmhrSmyJ/ vlxka':trm rEÅav; 0dZÆm? odyÜHwuúokdvf ESpfvnfr*¾Zif; 1969-70? 242-247/ 331

pmwrf;

tw¦KyÜwådpmay vlxk a':trm tw¦KyÜwådpmay[m urÇmYpmayrSmawmh ae&m us,fus,fjyefYjyefY ,lxm;wm MumygNyD/

ArmpmayrSmawmh

ppfNyD;'DbufacwfrSmrS

wpwp

ykdrkdus,fjyefYvmw,f xifygw,f/ ppfrjzpfcifwkef;u

tw¦KyÜwådpmay&,fvkdY

ArmpmayrSm

&Sdawmh&Sdyg&JU/

'gayr,fh pmqkdcHawG[m vlUtvTm rpkHvSbl;/ bmoma&;qkdif&m yk*¾KdvfawG&JU tw¦KyÜwåd? txl;ojzifh bkef;awmfBuD;awG&JU ax½kyÜwådawGu tw¦KyÜwådpmay rSm ae&mrsm;rsm;,lxm;NyD; wjcm;vlrsm;taMumif; a&;om;rIu awmfawmf enf;cJhygw,f/ 'Dvkdenf;wm[m tw¦KyÜwådpmay jzpfay:wkd;wufrI&JU tpOftvm xifyg w,f/

taemufEkdifiHawGrSmvJ

a&S;u

bmoma&;qkdif&m

yk*¾KdvfawG&JU

tw¦KyÜwådawGyJ tw¦KyÜwåd pmayabmifxJrSm &SdcJhwmyJ/ aemufrS wjznf;jznf; tw¦KyÜwåd pmayabmif[m us,fjyefYNyD; vlUtvTmtoD;oD;&JU taMumif;awGukd a&;om;&if; xGef;um;vmcJhwmukd;/ ArmpmayrSm ax½kyÜwådqkdwJh q&mawmfBuD;awG&JU b0jzpfpOfukd a&;om;wJh pm[m [kdapmapmBuD;u pNyD; &SdcJhw,f/ ,aeYxdvJ &Sdaewkef;ygyJ/ tJ'Dvkd &Sd&mrSm a&;ykHa&;enf;uvJ w,frajymif;cJhbJ tMumBuD; wykHpHwnf;eJY oGm;cJh ygw,f/ uRefr owdxm;rdoavmufawmh touf 102 ESpftxd&SnfwJh e0rajrmufa&Tusifomoemykdif pHuif;q&mawmfBuD;&JU ax½kyÜwåda&;wJhtcg 332

rSmawmh ykHpHu awmfawmf ajymif;vmwmawGU&ygw,f/ a&;ykHrSm ygVd tvGefenf;vmNyD;

acwfArmpum;ajyukd

acsmacsmarGUarGU

a&;wJhtjyif

q&mawmfBuD;&JU b0jzpfpOf taMumif;t&mawGukdomrubJ q&mawmfBuD; odrD BuKHBuKdufcJhwJh ta&;BuD; vlrIa&;? EkdifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m a&;uGif; a&;uGufawGukdvJ

q&mawmfBuD;u

ajymjywJhtwkdif;

xnfha&;vmwm

awGU&ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh pHuif;q&mawmfBuD;&JU ax½kyÜwåd[m ESpf 100 acwfaMu;rkHBuD;

Munfh&ovkdyJ

pdwf0ifpm;p&m

tvGefaumif;ygw,f/

'Dt&ifuay:cJhwJh bkef;awmfBuD;OD;oDv ax½kyÜwådrSmvJ anmifav;yif awm& q&mawmf OD;t&d,u OD;oDv oDwif;okH;cJhzl;wJh awm&awGukd ukd,fwkdif ukd,fus a&mufatmif~uG? tJ'D a'oawGrSm&SdwJh bkef;awmfBuD; OD;oDvukd odrD vkdufMuzl;wJh &[ef;&SifvlawGqDu owif;ar;? txyfxyf ppfaq;? trsKd;rsKd;pkaqmif;NyD;rS a&;w,fvkdY od&ygw,f/ 'D ax½kyÜwåda&;aeus ykHpHu cGJxGufNyD; acwfvli,fawG zwfcsifhpzG,fjzpfatmif a&;xm;wJh ax½kyÜwåd jzpfygw,f/ 'gayr,fh ax½kyÜwådtrsm;pkuawmh orm;&kd;usykHpHeJYyJ a&;qJ jzpfygw,f/ vlawG&JU taMumif;a&;wJh tw¦KyÜwåd[m ax½kyÜwådawG&JU Mum;uaeNyD; 20&mpkESpf tpykdif;avmufrSmrS wa,muftaMumif;? ESpfa,muf taMumif; qkdovkd ay:xGufvmcJhw,f/ 'gvJ b0jzpfpOfukdyJ tMurf;rsOf;oabm a&;xm;wJh tw¦KyÜwådrsKd;yJ &Sdao;w,f/ aemufawmhrS us,fus,fjyefYjyefY pkHpkHaphapha&;wJh tw¦KyÜwådawG wtkyfcsif; ESpftkyfcsif;qkdovkd xGufay:vmcJh w,f/ tapmykdif;uay:wJh

tw¦KyÜwådawGxJrSm

1927

ckESpfu

&Siftm'dpö0Ho

ukd,fwkdifa&;wJh ]tm'dpöax&myg'gef}[m ukd,fa&; tx¦KyÜwådxJrSm trSefukd &J&J0Hh0Hha&;w,fvkdY emrnfBuD;ygw,f/ tJ'Daemufawmh q&mBuD;yDrkd;eif;a&;wJh 333

]yDrkd;eif;\ yDrkd;eif;} eJY q&mBuD; a&TOa'gif;a&;wJh ]b0woufwmrSwfwrf;} wkdY ukd,fa&;tw¦KyÜwådpmayrSm rm;rm;BuD; &yfvmMuygw,f/ r[maqG a&;wJh ]bkd;0ZD&} tw¦KyÜwådeJY ukdodef;aza&;wJh ]q&mvGef;} tw¦KyÜwådvJ Arm tw¦KyÜwådpmayrSm tOD;a&; tapmay: jzpfwmvJwaMumif;? ta&;cH yk*¾Kdvf rsm;&JU BuD;jrifhxif&Sm;rI&SdwmvJ waMumif;aMumifh xif&Sm;ausmfMum;cJhyg w,f/ EkdYayr,fh ArmhpmayrSm tw¦KyÜwådpmayabmif0ifwJh? ay:vGifwJh pmtkyf[m 'kwd,urÇmppfNyD;umvtxd odyfrrsm;cJhbl;/ ppfNyD; 'DbufrSmrS wjznf;jznf; ta&twGufvJ rsm;jym;vmw,f/ ta&;cHvlrsm;&JU e,fy,f[mvJ us,fjyefY vmw,f/ vlxkOD;vSukd zqyvtpkd;&u yk'fr5eJY 3ESpfausmf csKyfaESmif xm;cJhwkef;u OD;vSu axmifxJrSm tjypf'PftoD;oD; uscHae&wJh tusOf; om;awG&JU b0taxGaxGukd ar;jref;rSwfom;vmcJhNyD; tjyifa&mufwJhtcg 'DvlawG&JUtaMumif;ukd pmtkyfawGa&;xkwfw,f/ tJ'DtcgrSm vltw¦KyÜwåd qkdwm b0wkdufyGJtwGuf ykHpHtrsKd;rsKd;eJY 0if&ykHawGukd azmfjywmrkdY b,fvkd tvTmu vltaMumif;ukdyJa&;a&; pdwf0ifpm;p&m aumif;wmcsnf;ygyJuvm; qkdwmukd oabmaygufvmMuw,f/ tw¦KyÜwådpmay&JU e,f[mvJ us,fcsif wkdif; us,fvmygawmhw,f/ OD;vSa&;cJhwJh ]uRefawmf AsL½kdu&uf}? ]uRefawmf avSolBuD;}? ]uRefawmf pwD;yGJpm;}? ]uRefawmf owif;axmuf} qkdwhJ pmtkyfawGukdawmh yg&*l (OD;vSBuKdif)u ]ukd,fwkdif ra&;wJh ukd,fa&;tw¦KyÜwådawG}vkdY owfrSwfxm;NyD; 'DpmtkyfawG [mvJ tw¦KyÜwådpmayrSm wcef;opfapw,fvkdY ajymzl;ygw,f/ uRefra&;wJh 1/ jynfolcspfaom tEkynmonfrsm; 2/ atmifAv? zkd;pdef? pdefuwkH; 334

3/ a&T½kd; buav; 4/ a&Tref;wifarmif 5/ tNidrfh qkdwJh pmtkyf 5tkyfukdvJ tw¦KyÜwådpmayxJrSm oGif;xm;w,feJY wlyg&JU/ 'gaMumifh [Hom0wD paepmay0kdif;u uRefrukd 'DtaMumif;t&m aqG;aEG;ygvkdY wm0efay;ar;xm;wm jzpfygvdrfhr,f/ [Hom0wDomru pmayAdrmefuvJ uRefrukd tw¦KyÜwådpmtkyfawGa&;wJh pma&;q&mwa,muftaeeJYvJ jrifykH&ygw,f/ 1971 ckESpfu usif;ywJh tw¦KyÜwådpmayESD;aESmyGJrSm uRefrvJ pmwrf;wapmif zwfygvkdY pmayAdrmef tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL; OD;xifBuD;u arwåm&yfcHzl;ygw,f/ zwfapcsifvJ zwfwm ayghvkdY uRefruvufcHawmh OD;xifBuD;u zwf&if pmwef;ukd pum;ajym [eftwkdif;yJ jyifcsif&ifvJ jyifcJhwmaygh/ 'gayr,fh 'Dpmwrf;ukd olwkdYu pmtkyf&kdufOD;rSmrkdY pmtkyf&kdufwJhtcgawmh uRefr pmwrf;ukf olwkdY&JU pma&;ykHpH twkdif; ajymif;NyD; jyifa&;&kdufyg&apwJh/ uRefru 'Dvkdawmh rjyifapcsifbl;/ uRefrwkdY a&;wJh ykHpHtwkdif;yJ &kdufay;yg/ uRefrwkdYvJ 'Dtwkdif;yJ pmtkyfawG &kdufaewmyJvkdY ajymwJhtcg OD;xifBuD;u vufrcHEkdifbl;/ jyifra&;&&ifawmh rjzpfbl;/ 'gvkdjzifh uRefawmfvmNyD; pmwef;zwfzkdY ajymwJhudpöukd arhypfvkdufygawmhvkdYajymNyD; olUarwåm&yfcHcsuf udk jyef&kyfodrf; oGm;ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh OD;xifBuD;wkdYeJY aps;rwnfhvkdufvkdY rzwfvkduf&bl;/ tckajymcsifwJh udpöu 'Daps;rwnfhwJhudpöawmh r[kwfbl;/ pmayAdrmefuvlBuD;rif;rsm;uvJ uRefrukd tw¦KyÜwåda&;q&mvkdYyJ owfrSwf [efwlw,fqkdwJh taMumif;ukdom ajymcsifwmyg/ tw¦KyÜwådqdkwm bmvJvkdY ygVdpum;vkH;ukd pum;wvkH;rkdY tbd"mefrSm &SmMunfhwJhtcg q&mOD;0efjyKpkwJh wuúokdvfjrefrm owfñTef;usrf;xJrSm tw¦KyÜwådqdkwJh pmvkH;ukdyJ &Sifr[m&Xom&u pwk"r®om& ukd;cef;ysKdUrSm 335

]ÓP cRef;tkyf? ,OfatmifcsKyfrS? tXKyÜwåd? qkdzG,f&Sdom;} vkdY X0rf;bJeJY a&;w,f/ 'Dq&mawmfyJa&;wJh bl&d'wf Zmwfaygif;ysKdUrSm awmh ]aygu©&0of? tw¦KyÜwfaMumifh? qcwåd,m} vkdY xqifxl;eJY a&;w,fvkdY ESpfrsKd;ESpfpm; a&;wmukd wifjyxm;wmukd awGU&ygw,f/ xqifxl;eJY a&;wJh tw¦KyÜwåduawmh tw¦+OyÜwådqkdwJh ygVd pum;ESpfvkH; aygif; tusKd;taMumif;\ jzpfay:jcif; qkdwJh teufxGufw,fvkdY OD;[kwfpdef &JU ygVdjrefrm tbd"mefu qkdygw,f/ OD;tkef;a&T&JU owfykHtbd"mef rdwfvif pkH uawmh xqifxl;eJY a&;a&;? X0rf;bJeJYa&;a&; tw¦+OyÜwådyJ/ jzpf&if; tajctaejypmapmifukd tw¦KyÜwådac:wmyJvkdY jyqkdygw,f/ uRefr a&;cJhwJh tJ'Dpmtkyf 5 tkyfteufu obifeJYqkdif&m 4tkyfukd wcsKdUuawmhvJ a':trmhpmtkyfawG[m trsKd;om;obiforkdif;yJvkdY ajymMuygw,f/ a&T&kd; buav;uawmh ArmhumwGef;orkdif;twGuf tvGeftzdk;wefwJh pmtkyfvkdY qkdMuygw,f/ wu,fawmh tw¦KyÜwådeJY orkdif;[mvJ eD;pyfqufoG,frI trsm;BuD; &Sdygw,f/ EkdYayr,fh uRefr 'DpmtkyfawGukd a&;cJhwJh tcgwkef;u 'DpmtkyfawG[m tEkynm&SifawG&JU tw¦KyÜwådBuD;awG jzpfua&mh? orkdif;wapmifwzGJU jzpfa&mh [JhvkdY atmufarhNyD; a&;cJhwmawmh r[kwfvSbl;/ bmvkdYa&;ovJ uRefra&;wkef;u uG,fvGefoGm;NyDjzpfwJh tEkynmonfawGukd vGrf;vGrf;&Sdwm vJ waMumif;? olwkdYr&SdwJhaemuf 'DacwfrSm tvkyfvkyf&pfwJh aemufynm onfawG[m olwkdY t&nftaoG;ukdrDatmif rBuKd;pm;Mubl;/ tEkynm t&nftaoG;[m waeYwjcm; wkd;wufBuD;xGm;&r,fhtpm; qkwf,kwfusqif; aeyguvm;vkdY jrifwmvJ waMumif;aMumifh 'DynmonfawG&JU taMumif;ukd 336

uRefrodrDovkd pmeJYayeJY a&;jyr,fqkdNyD; a&;wmygyJ/ uRefra&;wJh vlawG&JU taMumif;ukd wcsKdUvlawGvJ a&;zl;Muygw,f/ Oyrm zdk;pdefwkdY? a&Tref; wifarmifwkdY taMumif;awGukd OD;aomfZifwkdY? ukdodef;azwkdY a&;zl;ygw,f/ EkdYayr,hf olwkdYeJYuRefreJY taMumif;&mwlukd a&;Muwm rSefayr,fh ukdifwG,fykH csif; rwlMubl;/ pma&;q&mu ukd,fhukd,fukd xm;MunfhwJhaxmifhcsif; rwlMubl;/ uRefru yGJMunfhwa,muf&JU axmifhuaeNyD; a&;wmjzpfygw,f/ uRefrwkdY yGJMunfhw,f/ yGJMunfhNyD; tdrfjyefa&mufawmh yGJMunfhcsif;qkHrdwJh tcg nu ukd,fMunfhcJh&wJh yGJtaMumif;awGukd pm;NrKHUjyefavh &SdMuw,f [kwfvm;/ tJ'DyGJ pm;NrKHUjyefovkd a&;wmyg/ yGJMunfhcJhMuwJh vlcsif; vljyufjyufvkH;awGukd jyefajymNyD; &,fvkdufMu? rif;orD; rif;om;qkdwJh oDcsif;awGxJu ukd,frSwfrd&m [kdwykd'f'Dwykd'f aumufqkdMunfhvkdufMu? ZmwfaumifawG? Zmwf0ifawG olUtcef;eJYol ajymwmqkdwmawGukd jyefajym vkdufMueJY yGJt&omukd jyefcHavh&SdMuw,f/ tJ'Dtwkdif; jyefa&;wmyJ/ uRefri,fi,fu aq;vdyfvdyfwJh tvkyform;awGMum;xJrSm BuD;jyif;cJh&wm qkdawmh olwkdYwawG yGJpNrKHUjyefMu wmawGukd uRefrem;u em;a&0aew,f/ tck 'DpmtkyfawGa&;wJhtcg olwkdYavawGu uRefrem;xJrSm trsm;BuD; 0ifaewmrkdY uRefrta&;tom;awGrSm olwkdYavawG trsm;BuD;ygvdrfhr,f/ 'Dvkda&;wJhtcgr,f yGJpm;NrKHUjyefrIcsnf; r[kwfbJ olwkdY tEkynmqkdif&m taMumif;t&mawG pkHpkHaphaph ygEkdiforQ ygygapawmh? olwkdYvkyfcJh ukdifcJhykH awGukd wwfEkdifoavmuf rSwfrSwfom;om; usef&pfygapawmhvkdY olwkdY vIyf&Sm;oGm;wJh acwfu b,fvkdacwf? olwkdY vkyfvkyfoGm;wJh ttkHtzGJUu b,fvkdtzGJUttkH? olwkdY&JU ywf0ef;usif acwfNyKdif taMumif; t&mawGu b,fvkdqkdwmawGukd owif;pmq&mwa,muf jrifwJhvyfeJY pkHvifatmif xnfhoGif;ay;w,f/ apwemaumif;aumif;eJY pkHoxufpkH rSefoxufrSef 337

aumif;oxufaumif;atmif vufukefEIdufNyD; &SmazGpkaqmif; xnfhoGif;yg w,f/ pma&;wJhae&mrSm pmzwfr,fhvltay: xm;wJhapwem[m ta&;BuD;ygw,f/ pmzwfr,fh vlawGtay: ukd,fhzufu apwem oefvJ oef&ygw,f? apwem rSefvJ rSef&ygw,f/ ukd,fwwfwmjycsifvkdY? ukd,fodwm ~uGm;csifvkdY? ukd,fhukd pmzwfwJhvlawG txifBuD;apcsifvkdYqdkwJh apwemrsKd;eJYa&;&if pmaumif; rxGufwwfygbl;/ pm~uGm;awGyJ txGufrsm;wwfygw,f/ trSefukd odap csifwJh apwem? oufqkdif&mukd pkHpkHvifvif odapcsifwJh apwem[m owif;pm orm; wa,muf&JU apwemygyJ/ uRefra&;cJhwJh 'DpmtkyfawGrSm tJ'D apwemawG ygygw,f/ jynfolcspfaom tEkynmonf pmtkyf jynfolcspfaom tEkynmonfxJuygwJh vl 8 a,mufteufu raxG;av;eJY q&mykukd uRefr wcgrS rMunfhzl;bl;/ rrDvkdufbl;/ usef 6 a,mufuawmh ukd,fwkdif Munfhzl;wm? vlawGukdyg odaewmawGyJ/ EkdYayr,fh vlod&kH? cifrif&kHeJY olwkdYtaMumif; 'Davmufa&;Ekdifatmif tcsuftvuf r&Sdygbl;/ 'gaMumifh olwkdYeJY tvkyfvkyfbufawG? olwkdYeJY acwfNyKdifawG? olwkdYukd Munfhzl;olawGeJY awGUqkH&ygw,f/ 'gu olwkdYtvkyf? olwkdYynmeJY ywfouf vkdY pkHatmifodcsifwJh twGufyg/ olwkdY ukd,fa&;ukd,fwmeJY ywfoufwm usawmh

aqGrsKd;om;csif;eJY

eD;pyfwJhvlawGukd

awGUqkH&jyefygw,f/

atmifAv? zkd;pdef? pdefuwkH;qkdwJh pmtkyfrSmawmh rif;orD;atmifAvukd uRefr rrDvkdufygbl;/ uRefr rarG;cifu atmifAv ao&Smwmyg/ olUtoHawmh Mum;zl;yg&JU/ uRefrwkdU i,fi,fwkef;u atmifAvygwJh Zmwfxkwf"mwfjym; 338

awG zGifhwm cPcPMum;zl;wmaygh/ 'gaMumifh olUtoHukdawmh cefYrSef; Ekdifw,f/ olUtrlt&mawmh olajym vlajymyJ&Sdwm/ EkdYayr,fh atmifAvu ynm&nfBuD;wJh rif;orD;ayukd;/ tJ'Dawmh olaoNyD;ayr,fh olYt&Sdeft0gu awmfawmfeJY raysmufbl;/ obifavmurSm tMumBuD; usefae&pfwm/ 'gaMumifh ynm&nfudk vuf&SdobifavmurSm vkdufNyD; ajc&m aumufwJh tcg &oavmuf &ao;w,f/ EkdYayr,fh tJ'Dajc&mu pmayeJY[mrS r[kwfbJuvm;/ boifonfawG&JU yg;pyfxJrSm &Sdaewmqkdawmh 'DvlawG r&SdwJh aemufqkd&if olwkdYajymEkdifqkdEkdifwJh taMumif;t&mawG[m olwkdYeJYtwlygNyD; aysmufuG,f awmhr,f/ 'gaMumifh ajymr,fhqkdr,fh vlawG&Sdwkef; t&ar;jref; rSwfom; odrf;qnf;xm;rSjzpfr,fqkdNyD; uRefru BuKd;pm;pkaqmif;ygw,f/ ESpf 50?

60MumwJh umvrsKd;rSm pmeJY ayeJY trSwftom; enf;vSwJh obifavmuukd 'Dvkd jyefajc&maumuf&wm vG,fawmh rvG,fvSbl;/ EkdYayr,fh ynmeJY ywfoufvkdYu &oavmuf &ao;w,f/ ukd,fa&;ukd,fwmeJY ywfoufawmh omyD;

tvkdufcuf

ygao;w,f/

atmifAvrSm

rdef;rvJ

rusef&pf?

om;orD;vJ rusef&pf/ atmifAveJY qufEG,fwmqkdvkdY vl0ifpm;qkdwJh AvjyefyJ &Sd&pfawmhwmukd;/ 'gaMumifh atmifAvtaMumif; &vkd&jim;qkdNyD; arSmf0ef;okH;cG olUZmwdqkdwJhae&mukd vkdufcJhw,f/ okH;cGa&mufawmh 'DrSm r[kwfbl;/ anmifav;yif&GmrSmqkdvkdY rkd;xJa&xJ anmifav;yif&Gmukd quf vkdufjyefw,f/ &Gma&mufawmh olYaqGrsKd;u &GmrSmraejyefbl;/ auR;xm;r,fh wlrrsm;&Sd&m &efukefOuúvmyrSmwJh/ 'gaMumifh anmifav;yif&Gm arSmf0ef; okH;cGu &efukefOuúvmyukd jyefvkduf&jyefw,f/ OuúvmyrSmrS atmifAv rdef;r&JU trsKd;ukd oGm;awGUygw,f/

339

zkd;pdefBuD;taMumif;usawmh uRefr BuD;jyif;cJhwJh ywf0ef;usif tokdif;t0kdif; xJuukdyJ zkd;pdefBuD; taMumif;awGukd trsm;BuD; odcJh Mum;cJh&ygw,f/ zkd;pdefBuD;u rEÅav;vmwJhtcg wcgwav tck uRefrwkdYaewJhae&meJY [kdzuf'DzufaxmifhjzpfwJh 84 vrf;eJY 33 vrf;axmifhu wkdufrSm wnf;wwf ao;w,f/ tJ'Dawmh *kEÅef0if;xJrSmaewJh uRefrwkdYu zkd;pdefBuD;qkdwmukd yGJu&mr[kwfwJh

tjyifrSmrsm;

jrifzl;&rvm;vkdY

wkdufa&SUrSma&mif;aewJh

rkefYa&qkdifukd rkHYoGm;0,f&wmu tarm/ aemufNyD;

uRefrtarwkdY

ta':wkdY&JU

taygif;toif;awGu

zkd;pdefyGJ

taMumif;rsm; ajym&r,fqkd&if b,fESpfn qufajym&rvJ/ rkd;tvif; ajymEkdif wJh tpm;awG/ uRefrukd,fwkdifvJ zkd;pdefyGJukd awmfawmfMunfhzl;w,f/ zkd;pdef "mwfjym;awGqkdwmuvJ ppfBuD;rjzpfcifuawmh [kduzGifh 'DuzGifheJY? ckumv uufqufawG zGifhovkd zGifhaeMuwmrkdY rMum;csif tqkH;yJaygh/ rif;om; pdefuwkH;usawmh uRefru rDyg&JU/ EkdYayr,fh zkd;pdefy&dwfowfrkdY pdefuwkH;ukd odyfrMunfhzl;bl;/ wcg ESpfcgyJ Munfhzl;w,f/ EkdYayr,fh pdefuwkH;BuD;u wu,fhynmonfBuD; [kwfvm;/ tJ'Dawmh ynmonfcsif;uukdyJ woHwnf; csD;rGrf;Muw,f/ pdefuwkH; bmrSm b,fvkdawmfw,f? pdefuwkH; pdwfapwem b,fvkdaumif;w,f? pdefuwkH; tvkyfukd b,fvkdBuKd;pm;w,f pojzifh 0d0g'ruGJ woHwnf; xGufMuw,f/ 'gaMumifh pdefuwkH;taMumif;u oHo,r&Sd &J&Ja&;vkdY&w,f/ aemufNyD; pdefuwkH;ukd uRefr MunfnKdwm wuGuf&Sdygao;w,f/ olUrSm zJ&kdufwJhtusifh? zJpGJwJh tusifhuvGJ&if rdef;reJY ywfoufwmrSm ya'o&mZfusifh rusifYbl;/ rif;om;qdkwm trsm;tm;jzifh Zmwfykdif&SifawGrdkY a0ykHBuD;,lolawGyg/ pD;yGm;a&;rSm tJ'Dvkd tcGifhxl;cH xm;awmh trltusifhrSmvJ Zmwfolrdef;uav;awGtay: tvGeftEkdif usifh wwfw,f/ OD;pdefuwkH;BuD;u 'DbufrSm owif;arT;wJhvlyg/ wu,fawmh 340

OD;pdefuwkH;BuD;

taMumif;eJYywfoufvkdY

cka&;xm;wmxuf

ykda&;oifh

ygao;w,f/ a&;p&mawGvJ &Sdygao;w,f/ a&Tref;wifarmifuawmh uRefra&;orQ vlawGxJu uRefreJY t&if;ESD;qkH;? olUtaMumif;t&mudk todqkH; wa,mufaygh/ EkdYayr,fh 'gvkdod&kHeJY pmwtkyf jzpfatmif a&;vkdY&wm r[kwfao;bl;/ 'gaMumifh olUtaMumif; a&;awmh r,fqkdawmh olUZmwfxJu ta&;ygwJh oleJY vkyfazmfukdifbufawGtm;vkH;ukd ac:awGU&ao;w,f/ olUrefae*sm? olUtBuHay;yk*¾KdvfurSpNyD; olUcsufjyKwf auR;wJh

vltqkH;vJ awGU&ao;w,f/ NyD;awmhrS

olUom;csif;awGaygh/

ukdwifarmif rEÅav;om; r[kwfbl;? b,ft&yfom;yJqkdNyD; owif;pmxJ uae wa,mufESpfa,mufu pdrfac:awmh ukdwifarmiftaMumif; uRefr b,favmufodw,fqkdwmukd 'DvlawG rod&SmvkdYukd;vkdY atmufarhvkdufrdyg w,f/ uRefra&;wJh pmtkyfawG[m trsm;tm;jzifh ukd,feJY odyfruGmvSrf; ao;wJhtcsdefu

jzpfysufcJhwJh

taMumif;t&mawGu

rsm;wmrkdY

tJ'D

taMumif;t&mukd odrDolawGeJY awGUNyD; ar;jref;rSwfom;rIawG awmfawmf vkyfcJhygw,f/ ukd,fa&;csifwJh taMumif;t&mukd odwJhvl? olwkdYukd,fwkdif yg0ifcJhwJhvl? olUrdbq&morm;? vkyfazmfukdifbuf awGajymwmukd Mum;cJhjrifcJholqkdwm awGukd csnfciftlayguf tp&Smovkd&SmNyD; pdwf&Snfvuf&Snf vkduf&ygw,f/ b,folb,f0gawGawmh odrSDvkdufav&JUvkdY owif;tp&wJhtcg tJ'Dtpu aeNyD; ukd,fvkdcsifwm xGufvmzkdYvJ awmfawmf yg;yg;eyfeyfeJY vkyfaqmif,l &ygw,f/ bmjyKvkdYvJqkdawmh obifu wjcm;ynmeJYrwlbl;/ obif[m i&JBuD;w,fqkdwJh t,ltqw&yfu ckxufxd&Sdao;wmrkdY obife,fu vlawG[m olwkdYtoufBuD;vkdY 'Dtvkyfukd rvkyfawmhbl;qkd&if obifynm awGukd arhypfzkdYBuKd;pm;avh&Sdw,f/ 'g[m tukokdvfyJvkdY,kHNyD; &wem 341

okH;yg;ukd qnf;uyfukdif;&Idif;avav obiftvkyfudk arhzkdY BuKd;pm;avavyJ/ olwkdYtm&kHxJrSm 'gawGrxm;awmhygbl;? r&Sdawmhygbl; qdkwmukd 0rf;om tm;& *kPf,lNyD; ajymavh&Sdygw,f/ NyD;awmh vlukdawGU&wJhtcg tcsdefumvMumanmif;cJhNyDrkdY? ukd,fawGUwJhvlu touft&G,fBuD;&ifhNyDrkdY ar;csifwJhtaMumif;t&mudk csufcsif;ar;vkdU r&wm awGvJ awmfawmf&Sdygw,f/ wcsKdUu olwkdYrSm Mumanmif;wJh umvtwGif; b0 tajymif;tvJ? toufarG;0rf;ausmif; tajymif;tvJawGu &SdvSNyDrkdY uRefrodcsifwJh taMumif;t&mawG olwkdYtm&kHxJrSm r&SdwmMumNyD/ 'gawGu arhaysmufcref; jzpfaeMuNyD/ 'gaMumifh bmtaMumif;odcsifvkdYyg? ajymjyprf; ygvkdY wkduf&kdufBuD; ar;vkduf&if wkdYb0awGu ajymif;ukefwmrkdY? MumvSNyDrkdY tvkyfrvkyfawmhvkdY

arhukefygNyDuG,fqkdNyD;

pum;ydwfajymvkdufw,f/

'gaMumifh 'DvlawGqDu ukd,fvkdcsifwm&atmif ukd,futar;wwfzkdY vkdyg w,f/ 'g[m tawGUtBuKHu oifay;wmyg/ Oyrmqkdygawmh/ vlBuD; wa,mufqDu

[kdvGefcJhwJh

ESpfokH;av;ig;q,fu

olyg0ifvIyf&Sm;cJhwJh

taMumif;t&mawG ukd,fuodcsifw,fqkd&ifjzifh olUrmaMumif;? omaMumif; ukdar;&if; uaeY olUb0b,fvkd&yfwnfaeovJ pwJh tv’myov’my uav;awGeJY tpysKd;&w,f/ awmfawmfav; pum;vufqkH usvmNyDqkdrS bBuD;i,fi,fwkef;uawmh

bmrSmjzifh

w,faumif;w,fqkd/

bBuD;u

tJ'Dwkef;u b,foleJY b,fvkdwGJzuf tvkyfvkyfvmwmqkd/ bBuD;wkdY taMumif;awGukd uRefrwkdYtaru b,fvkd ajymjyzl;wmuvm; qkdwmrsKd;eJY olUtwdwfukd jyefqGay;&ygw,f/ tJ'DrSmrS ukd,fzGifhay;wJh pum;aygufrSefrS olUtwdwfu t&dyfawG[m olUtm&kHxJrSm wjznf;jznf;jyefay:vmNyD; oluyg olUtaMumif;ukd pajymvm ygw,f/ 'DvkdjzpfvmwJhtcg olpvmwJh pum;awG[m ukd,fvkdcsifwm 342

r[kwf&ifvJ &Sdygap/ olajymcsifoavmuf ajymwmukd atmifhtnf; em;axmif yg/ olUtm&kHukd rzsufygeJY/ olUpum;awG[m ajym&if;ajym&if;u pdwfyg oxufygvmNyD; olUpdwfrSm tJ'DtwdwfawG[m tm;vkH; topfjyefjzpf vmygvdrfhr,f/ 'Dtcgusawmh ukd,fvkdcsifwmawGvJ ygvmygvdrfhr,f/ tJ'DawmhrS rodrom wcGef;p ESpfcGef;p axmufay;NyD; ukd,fvkd&muav;ukd qGJ,lyg/ vlawGUar;wJhtvkyfrSm vG,fovkdvkdeJY vkyfMunfhawmh rvG,fvSbl;/ ykHrawmf&if bmrSr&bJ jyef&wwfygw,f/ aemufNyD; 'DvkdajymjyMuwmawGukd tm;vkH; pdwfcsvufcs okH;rjzpfygbl;/ vlUrSwfÓPfu pdwfrcs&ygbl;/ 'gaMumifh tcsdefumvwkdY? ae&ma'owkdY pwJhwmawGukd olwkdYtcsif;csif; ajymjycsufawGeJYvJ wkdufqkdifñSdEIdif;&w,f/ tJ'DacwfrSmay:xGufaewJh owif;pm *sme,f r*¾Zif;awGeJY csdefukdufMunfh p&m&Sd&ifvJ csdefukdufMunfh&ygw,f/ pmeJYayeJY rSwfom;xm;wmurS pdwfcs vufcs tokH;jyKEkdifwwfygw,f/ olwkdYrSwfrdwmxJu ,Gif;wdrf;wmawG &Sdwwfygw,f/ obifqdkwm ynmw&yf r[kwfvm;/ tJ'Dawmh ukd,fwkdif rodrrDayr,fh orm;pOf trSwftom;wkdY? q&mhq&mawGqDu qif;oufvmwmvJqkdwmawG &Sdygw,f/ tJ'Dvkd EIwfeJY pmeJY rSwfcJh om;cJhwmawGukdvJ uRefru aemufawmh aysmufysufukefrSmpkd;vkdY pmay:rSm rSwfwrf;wifxm;vkdufcsif w,f/ 'gaMumifh obifynmonfawGeJY awGUqkHar;jref;wJhtcg olwkdYynm awGukdvJ wwfEkdifoavmuf rSwfom;,lxm;vkdufNyD; uRefrpmtkyfawGrSm tvsOf;oifhatmif zefwD;NyD; ykHawmfovkd azmfjyygw,f/ obifynm qkwf,kwfusqif;vmwJhtcg obifhxkH;pH okH;&wJh? pGJ&wJhpmawG? vuFmawGvJ aysmufuG,fvkduf vmw,f/ qkdif;qifhwJh? avajywJh? wdrfxkd;? cGef;axmufwJh? vuFmwJh? pmwJh qkdwmawGu obifrSm olUtokH;tEIef;eJY 343

ol&Sdw,f/ obifhpnf;urf;t& 'Dae&mrSm bmwD;NyD; bm&GwfrS jzpfw,f qkdwmawG &SdcJhw,f/ ck tJ'gawGu wjznf;jznf; aysmufuG,fvkdufvmNyD/ tJ'Dawmh 'Dpm 'DuAsmeJY pma&;q&mvlawmfawG&JU yDjyifwJh oDcsif;awG Mum&if aysmufukefrSmpkd; vkdY ESajrmweJY uRefr pmtkyfawGrSm ae&m&SmNyD; xnfhxm;ygw,f/ aemufNyD; olwkdY ynmtaMumif;? olwkdY tvkyftukdiftaMumif;ukd olwkdYu ajymjywJhtcg

olwkdYtvkyfeJYqkdif&m

olwkdYykdif

a0g[m&uav;awGvJ

&Sdao;wmukd;/ 'gav;awGukdvJ uRefru olwkdYavukd trdzrf;NyD;awmh t&,l a&;xnfh vkdufao;w,f/ wjcm;vlawGa&;wmeJY uRefra&;wmeJY uGm&mrSm 'DtcsufvJ wcsufygvdrfhr,f/ obif bef;pum;? obif a0g[m&awGukd obife,fuokH;wJhtwkdif; obifavtjynfheJY uRefru a&;jyzkdY BuKd;pm;xm; w,fav/ uG,fvGefol AkdvfrSL;baomif;u pmqkdawmfrsm;tw¦KyÜwådqkdNyD; usrf;wapmif a&;xm;ygw,f/ 'Dusrf;rSm pma&;q&m teEÅol&d,upNyD; owif;pmq&m ol&d,OD;odrf;armiftxd? ouú&mZf 474 ckESpfupNyD; 1328 cktxd ESpfaygif; 850avmuf twGif;rSm ay:aygufcJhwJh pmqkd 168 a,mufwkdY&JU tw¦KyÜwåd awGukd

pkaqmif;

wifjyxm;ygw,f/

olUpmtkyf[m

'DacwftwGif;rSm

ay:aygufwJh pma&;q&mrSeforQ&JU &EkdiforQ taMumif;t&mawGukd pkaqmif; wifjyxm;wm jzpfygw,f/ b,fckESpf b,fouú&mZfrSm b,frdbawGu b,folUukd b,ft&yfrSmarG;w,f? olbmawGa&;cJh? vkyfcJhw,fqkdwmawG azmfjyxm;ygw,f/ q&mukdbaomif;a&;wJh tw¦KyÜwådrsKd;[m oufrJhyk*¾Kdvfudkomru ouf&SdawG ukdyg a&;vkdY&Ekdifpaumif;ygw,f/ NyD;awmh b,fyk*¾KdvfrsKd;&JU tw¦KyÜwådrsKd; ukdrqkd

a&;ay;ygqkd&ifvJ

a&;vkdYjzpfpaumif;ygvdrfhr,f/ 344

uRefra&;wJh

pmtkyfawGuawmh a&;oifha&;xkdufvkdY a&;w,fqkdwmrsKd;vJ r[kwfvSbl;/ a&;ygvkdY wkdufwGef; awmif;qkdvkdY a&;wmrsKd;vJ r[kwfygbl;/ uRefrpdwfxJu olwkdYtaMumif;ukd a&;csifpdwfay:vmvkdY a&;xm;wJh taMumif;t&mawGyJ jzpfygw,f/ a&Tref;ukdwifarmif[m uRefrwkdYeJY awmfawmf &if;ESD;cifrifwJh rif;om;yg/ olu olUtaMumif;ukd uRefra&;ygvkdY wkdufwGef;vmwkef;u uRefrpdwfxJ ]'DvlUES,fcGusvkdufwm/ olUtaMumif;a&;ygvkdY ukd,fwkdifBuD; vmajymae w,f/ ighpdwfxJ a&;avmufw,fxifrS? iga&;csifwJhvlrS a&;awmhraygh}vkdY atmufarhvkdufrdw,f/ EkdYayr,fh ukdwifarmifukdawmh tm;emvkdY pdwfxJ&SdwJh twkdif; zGifhrajymvkdufbl;/ aMumiftrf;trf;eJY MunfhaerdNyD;rS ]a&;wmaygh? 'gayr,fh apmygao;w,f}vkdYyJ ajymvkdufygw,f/ wu,fvkdYom olraocif u olUtaMumif;ukd uRefra&;r,fvkdY qkH;jzwfrd&if olUqDu uRefr ar;jref; xm;rSm trSefyJ/ oluvJ a&;apcsifaewJhvl? olUtdrfeJY uRefrtdrfuvJ a0;wm r[kwfawmh uRefr ac:ar;&if ukdwifarmifu pkHaeatmif ajymoGm;rSmaygh/ uRefru

oltoufeJY&Sdaewkef;u

olUtaMumif;a&;zkdY

odyfpdwfrul;wm

trSefyJ/ waeYawmh yGJuae&if; udkwifarmif ZmwfckHay:rSm toufaysmuf oGm;NyD qkdawmhrS ArmZmwfobiftwGuf ta&;ygwJh rif;om;wa,muf qkH;&IH;&ygyaumqkdwJh ESajrmpdwfeJY olUtaMumif;a&;csifpdwfawG wzGm;zGm; ay:vm&w,f/ NyD;awmh

uRefra&;wJhykHpHrsKd;eJY

ouf&Sdvlwa,muftaMumif;ukd

a&;zkdYu

rvG,fwmvJ &Sdygao;w,f/ uRefrwkdY vlUabmifrSm a0zefa&;u aumif; aumif; rusifhokH;Muao;ygbl;/ tJ'Dawmh vlwa,muf&JU tm;aumif;csuf? tm;enf;csufawGukd uavmifwacsmif;u wdwdvif;vif; a&;cszkdYqkdwm awmfawmf 0efav;wJhtvkyfyg/ tm;aumif;csufukd a&;&wm 0efrav;ayr,fh 345

tm;enf;csufukd azmfxkwfwJhtcg um,uH&Sif rqkdxm;eJY um,uH&Sif pmqkdcHyk*¾KdvfaoqkH;NyD;jzpftkH;awmh usef&pfwJhaqGrsKd;u emMunf;rI &Sdwwfyg w,f/

tJ'Dawmh

aqGrsKd;rsufESmukd

axmufxm;&ygao;w,f/

a&T&kd;

buav; pmtkyfukd uRefra&;awmh OD;buav; t&ufawG tvGeftuRH aomufvm&wJh taMumif;wckxJrSm olUukd &kyf&Sif&kdufzkdY aiGxkwfay;aewJh tcspfqkH;oli,fcsif;u taMumif;wckaMumifh olUukd,fol tqkH;pD&ifoGm;vkdY OD;buav;

tvGefpdwfqif;&J&wmvJygw,fvkdY

xnfha&;xm;ygw,f/

'DpmtkyfxGufvmawmh OD;bav;&JU ESr0rf;uGJwa,mufu olwkdY rGwfpvifrSm 'Dvkdta&;cH&w,fqkd&if

tifrwef

epfemygw,f/

'gaMumifh

'D0gus

wckygwJhtwGuf 0rf;enf;ygw,fvkdY uRefrqD pma&;ygw,f/ tjzpftysufu rrSm;ayr,fh olwkdYbmoma&;t& olwkdYpdwfrSm xdckdufp&m jzpf&w,fqdkawmh 'gavmufjzpfr,frxifvkdY 'gaMumifh

a&;rdoltzkdY

ouf&Sdvlwa,muftaMumif;ukd

pdwfraumif;

jzpf&w,fav/

uRefra&;wJhykHpHrsKd;eJY

a&;vkdY

rjzpfEkdif? r&Ekdifygbl;/ q&mBuD; a&TOa'gif; &Sdwkef;u OD;av;odef;taMumif; uRefra&;vkdYaumif;w,fvkdY OD;av;odef;a&SUrSm vlwa,mufu ajymawmh uRefruvTwfceJ ] OD;av;odef;taMumif; uRefra&;&if OD;av;odef;u uRefrukd 'kwfaumufBuD;eJY x&kdufrSmaygh} vkdY OD;av;odef; rMum;wMum; ajymvkdufrdw,f/ 'Dvkdajymrdwmu wjcm;aMumifhawmh r[kwfygbl;/ OD;av; odef;u a':a':hukd wcsKdUae&mawGrSm wef;wl&nfwl tcGifhta&; ray;wm awGukd rBuKdufaevkdYyg/ OD;av;odef;u uRefrpum;ukd em;pGef em;zsm; Mum;oGm;avawmh ]bmajymw,f? trmu bmajymw,f}eJY ar;ygava&m/ uRefrvJt&kdufcH&rSm aMumufwmeJY ]bmrSr[kwfygbl;} vkdY vdrfajzvkduf &w,f/ wjcm;vlawGuawmh &,faeMuw,fav/ aemufNyD; uRefra&;wJh tw¦KyÜwådykHpH[m b,folb,f0g&JU tw¦KyÜwådukd a':trm a&;ay;ygqkdNyD; 346

wm0efvTJtyf vmvkdYvJ a&;ay;vkdY vG,fr,fr[kwfygbl;/ wOD;wa,muf&JU jyKrlvkyfaqmifcsufawGeJY ywfoufNyD; uRefr ukd,fwkdif oabmuswm?

BuKdufwm? ESpfoufwm? MunfnKdwm? 'grSr[kwf rcHr&yfEkdifavmufatmif rkef;wD;wm? emMunf;wm pwJh cHpm;rI taxGaxG&SdrS a&;vkdY &Ekdifygvdrfhr,f/ vlxka':trm ]tw¦KyÜwådpmay} paepmay0kdif; ar? 1975? 57-66

347

yifukd,fa&; 0w¦Kwkd

&ifaoG; jrrÍÆL (jrrÍÆLonf vlxka':trm\ uavmifemrnfcGJ wckjzpfonf/) bxGef;onf uav;ikdoHMum;ojzifh tdyf&mrS Ekd;vmaomfvnf; rsufpdukd rzGifhbJ ]zGm;oifuav;ikdaew,f}[k ajymvkduf\/ uav;rSm ikdNrJ ikdae aomfvnf; zGm;oiftoHukdum; rMum;&/ vufjzifh&rf;í prf;aomfvnf; rawGUojzifh xíMunfh&m zGm;oifrSm tcef;xJwGif tvsOf;r&Sdjzpfavonf/ tHhMoíoGm;aomfvnf; tdyf,mrS xESifhNyDxifojzifh ikdaeaom uav;ukd wcsufMunfhí zGm;oifum;

aemufaz;qDokdY

zGm;oif

b,frSmrSrawGUojzifh

ac:&ef

tcef;xJokdY

xGufíoGm;av\/ jyef0ifvm&m

nu

rdrdxm;aom aiGzvm;ukd oGm;ítrSwf&ojzifh uysmu,m tdrfwHpufNrdwf Mum;okdY oGm;í Munfhav\/ ESpfESpfcefY rvJbJxm;aom ewftkef;oD;onf ydefuyf ajcmufaoGUí Budrfqkdif;twGif;wGif rcsdw&d qGJvsuf&Sdaomfvnf; tkef;oD;txufem;&Sd t0wfxkwfum; r&Sdawmhay/ ckwifajc&if;&Sd zGm;oif\ t0wftpm;xnfhaom zmrSm z&kdz&JESifh xbDpkwf wcsKdUom ajrBuD;ay:wGif usíaeonf/

taumif;[lí

wxnfrQ

rusefawmh

ay/

þwGifrS

aemufusdíaeaom OD;aESmufwGif;okdY tvif;a&mifonf 0ifí vmavonf/ ]aiGzvm;vJ r&Sdbl;/ tif; 'Daumifr xGufoGm;NyD tppfyJ/ b,foleJYygvdrfh/ iwifeJY jzpfrSmayghav/ boef; aemufawmh rvkdufwef&mbl;/ oGm;yap/ azr/ raeYnu OD;cs,fqDu ckd;vmwJhzvm;/ olUvifi,f iwifu zvm; ac:wm? olUac:wmrSwfvkdY/ [if; ightwGuf 0efayghwmaygh} x&HokdY ypfceJ 348

wHawG; vSrf;í axG;vdkufav\/ xkdYaemuf uav;ukd vSrf;í MunfvkdufNyD; 'Duav;ukd igbmvkyf&rSmvJ/ awGUprf;csifw,f 'Daumifr/ a&mh eifhom; udkqkdNyD; tdrfayguf0rSm vTwfypfxm;cJhr,f/wpkHwckukd owd&ovkdjzpfNyD; rsufESmonf aoG;pkwfí oGm;ovkd xifvkduf&\/ txufEIwfcrf;ukd ukdufí xm;aomfvnf; vufrsm;rSm wkefí aeavonf/ uav;tem;okdY ESpfvSrf;cefY wkd;íoGm;&m tdyf&may:wGif uvefuvefESifhaeaom uav;onf vufoD; wzufukd yg;pyfwGifpkwfí ae\/ tikdwdwfNyD; NyKH;awmhrvkd vkyfíaeonf/ apmifpkwf wcsKdUum; uefaMumufíxm;ojzifh uav;tay:wGif r&SdbJ ab;em;wGif ykHíaeav\/ NyKH;ra,mifyg;pyfonf bxGef;pdwfü rdrdESifhod aom olwa,mufESifh wlonf[k xifrdaomfvnf; rnfol rnf0g [lí ruGJjym;ay/ uav;ukd Munfhae&mrS wzufokdY vSnfhí &SyftuFsDukd aumuf0wfNyD;aomf tdrfwHcg;ukd ydwfí xGufcJhav\/ rdrd b,fukdoGm;rnf[lum; &nf&G,fcsuf r&Sd/ ajcOD;wnfh&mukdom avQmufívmcJhavonf/ pdwfwGifum; rNidrfrouf a&muf,ufcwf jzpfíaeonf/ uav;ikdoHonf em;xJü tpOfMum;í aeonf/ wcgw&H yufvufvSefí ajcu vef? vufu vefESifhaeaom uav;o@efonf a&SUuqD;íaeovkd xifrd\/ em;u rxGufao;aom ikdoHonf jyefcJhyg[k ac:ovkd xifrd\/ ig jyefrSygyJ[k aemufjyefvSnfh\/ awGUomawGUvkduf &ifawmhuGm[k pdwfxJü atmufarhrdí vnfyif;zspfNyD; ukdifvIyfvkdufr,f/ vQmwpfvpf xGufvmrSmayg oaygufr [lívnf; Budrf;vkduf\/ vufzuf&nfqkdif wckwGif EkdYrkefYacsmif; wpfyJzkd; 0,fí tdrfzufokdY vSnfhcJh av\/ uav;onf tikd&yfí ,cifu tdyf&may:wGif yufvufuav; upm;íaeavonf/ tif; oluawmh upm;vkdY? acG;oaygufr om;uav;ukd 349

ausmay;í tdrfa&SUokdYxGufí vmjyefonf/ okdYaomf ajcukd vSrf;írjzpfovkd aemufqGJíaeav\/ em;xJurxGufaom ikdoHonf bxGef; tonf;ESvkH;ukd rcsdw&djzpfatmif zefwD;aeavonf/ vufoD;ukdqkyfí tdrfzufokdY jyefí vSnfhvmaomf uav;onf w0J0JESifh ikdíaejyef av\/ ikdoHum; bm&,f[k ryDoaomfvnf; bxGef;pdwfwGif ]tara&} [k ac:í ikdovkd xifrdojzifh ]w,fav? tar wae? vkdufoGm; eifhtar zmonfraemufukd} [k jrnfwrf; rdaomfvnf; olUvufum; tvkdtavsmuf uav;ukd aumufí csDrdNyD;om; jzpfav\/ pkdaeatmif 0aom uav;onf ikdxm;ojzifh tom;rsm; ylaEG;eDusefum azmif;aeatmif 0aom aygifuav; ESpfvkH;Mum;&Sd a&Tyef;uav;onf wkdí 0ifae av\/ vufay:okdYa&mufvQif uav;onf acgif;ukd b,fiJh nmiJh vkyfvsuf EIwfcrf;uav; ESpfckonf wvIyfvIyfjzifh wpkHwckukd &Smí aeouJhokdY xif&av\/ 'D[mvJ 'ifhom;ygyJ/ uJyguGm? wdwfprf;yg rif;uav;u/ rifh igawmif;yef ygw,f[k ajymNyD; uav;ezl;ESifh olUezl;ESifh xdí xm;av\/ uav;onf yg;pyfuav;

wvIyfvIyfESIihf

&SmNrJ&Smvsuf

acgif;uav;

ndwfcsnf?

vufuav; &rf;csnfESifh tazhvufxJwGif aysmfjrL;arovkd xif&avonf/ bxGef;onf uav;ukd yckH;ay:okdY arSmufvkdufNyD; bmvkyf&rnfukd ra0cGJEkdif ouJhokdY uav;aemufbufwGif tESD;pm; xm;aom tjzL&pfuav;ukdMunfhí ai;ae\/ xkdYaemuf tdwfxJwGifxnfhvmaom EkdYrkefYacsmif; xkyfuav;xJrS wacsmif; ,lí yg;pyfxJwGif 0g;avonf/ nufaomf vufjzifh,lí uav;tm; yckH;ay:rS vSefNyD; cGHUav\/ uav;onf 0g;zwfukd EkdYpkdYovkd pm;av&m yg;pyf0wGif 0g;zwftcsKdUrSm xGufcsnf0ifcsnfESifh jzpfíaeav\/ 350

pm;vdkuf? ighom; pm;vkduf/ rifhtaruawmh acG;rkdY acG;usifhusifhoGm;wm/ acG;r[kwfygbl;av/ wd&pämefacG;awmif ukd,fhom;orD;ukd ypfcJh&kd; xkH;pH r&Sdygbl;/ wdwfwdwf/ azaz rifhukd rypfcJhygbl;/ þtBudrfonf yxr tBudrftjzpfESifh rdrdukd,fukd azaz[k xnfhíajymvkduf&m bxGef;\ pdwfwGif olUyg;pyfu xGufrdaom ]azaz} [lonfh toHukd jyefíMum;ojzifh wkefvIyf acsmufcsm;í aMum&kd;xJwGif pdrfhoGm;ovkd xifvkdufrdonf/ EkdYacsmif;rsm; ukefaomtcg uav;onf rkefYacsmif;tm[m&xuf zcif\ wHawG;aMumifh auseyfESpfodrfhovkd tikdwdwfí MunfMunf&Tif&Tif jzpfvmjyefavonf/ bxGef;onf uav;ukd t0wfwckjzifh rwwfwwwf axG;NyD;aemuf ayGUcsDí tdrfxJrS xGufcJhav\/ bxGef;onf yxraomf b,fukd oGm;&rnfukd rodbJ þuav;tm;vnf; rnfokdYpD&if&rnfukd ra0cGJEkdifatmif &Sdav\/ aemufrS vrf;wumwGif uav;csDí avQmufaernfhtpm; todrdwfaqGrsm; &Sd&mzufokdYoGm;&aomf tBuHÓPf&Ekd;Ekd; pdwfoufomEkd;Ekd; atmufarhrdojzifh taemufykdif;wGif zJ'kdiftpOfcHaeaom ukdrkd;wkdYbufokdY OD;vSnfhcJhav\/ ukdrkd;onf bxGef;tm;vSrf;í ]bmawGwkH;[}[k ar;pOf ukdrkd; rdef;r rausmhonf tdrfwGif;rS xGufvmí vuf0g; uav;jzefYum vIyf&rf;aeaom uav;vufukd jrifojzifh ][if uav;av;? rifhom;vm;uG,fh}[k ar;&if; awmif;csDvkdufavonf/ ]tr,fav; cspfp&muav;/ 0vkdufwm/ ighay;yg awmhuG,f}[k ajym&if; azmif;~uGaeaom yg;pkefYuav;ukd w&Iyf&Iyferf;í tm;r&EkdifbJ

olUESmacgif;ukd

yg;ay:wGifjr§Kyfí

vSdrfhcgerf;íaeav\/

raMumhonf erf;í 0aomf txufokdY ajr§mufí csDNyD; wzef a&Tyef;uav;ESifh olUezl;xdí 'D'D upm;ovkd vkyfvkduf? ckefawmhrvkd jzpfvkdufESifh cspfí rqkH;jzpfaeykHukd

bxGef;onf

taMumifom;ai;í 351

Munfhaeav\/

ukdrkd;u bxGef;okdY vSrf;í ]uav; taruaum} [k ar;&m ]vifi,faemuf vkdufoGm;w,f/ zvm; wvkH;vJ ygoGm;av&JU} [k rajymcsif ajymcsifajymNyD; rdrda&SUa&;jyóem\ tajzukdom pOf;pm;íaeav\/ ]tif; taumif;om;yJuG/ 'gu rifhrdef;r rifhukd cRwfxm;cJhwmyguG/ olckd;bxGef;ukd tm,m; bxGef;jzpfatmif vkyfcJhwmaygh} ]tomaeprf;ygAsm/ bmcRwf&rSmwkH;/ oaE¨u ygvmwJh olckd;bxGef;yJ} uav;ukd raMumhvufrS jyefí,lNyD;aemuf ukdrkd;tdrfrS xGufcJhav\/ vrf;ay:wGif awGUorQvltaygif;u rdrdtm; oa&majymifavSmifvkdaom rsufESmxm;ESifh MunfhvkdufMuonf[k xifav\/ wcgw&H olUrdef;r zGm;oifESifh iwifwkdYonf uvlusDp,fae&mrS om;xrf;í vrf;avQmuf aeaom olUtm; wtdrftdrf\ twGif;rS vufñSKd;xkd;í oa&mfovkd aeMurnfxifojzifh

0J,m

tdrfrsm;twGif;okdY

vSnfhí

pl;pl;pkdufpkduf

Munfhvkdufrdonf/ þuJhokdY

rSwfxifrdvQif

rdrdcsDíxm;ao

uav;ukdyif

rpifxkyfukd

ukdifvm&ovkd &GGH&Smí vTwfypfcsifpdwfrsm; ay:aygufívmav\/ OD;wnfh&m xGufcJhaom ajcvSrf;onf NrKdUtpGefqDokdY a&mufrSef;rod a&mufí vmav\/ Z&yfuav;wckukd jrifojzifh bxGef;onf Z&yfqDokdY rSef;í oGm;av\/ xkdZ&yfokdY 0ifjcif;r[kwfay/ bmukd vkyf&rnfukd rodojzifh a,mif&rf;í 0ifoGm;jcif; jzpfavonf/ Z&yfay:okdYa&mufaomf vufrSuav;ukd aygifay:wGif wifíxm;NyD; ikHYMunfh aeav\/ uav;onf vufonf;uav;ukd pkwfí pOf;pm;awG;awm aeouJhokdY bxGef;tm; pkdufíMunfhaeav\/ xkdtwGif; aygifMum;rS aEG;ueJ jzpfojzifh bmygvdrfh[k prf;vkduf&m uav;ao;aygufcsrSef; od&av\/ 352

þuav;ukd b,fokdY pD&ifay;&rnfenf; [laom udpöonf c&D;a0;a0;ukd pl;pl;pkdufpkduf vSrf;íMunfhav uGJjym;pGm rjrif&avjzpfouJhokdY olUOD;aESmuf onf &Iyfonfxuf &Iyfíaeav\/ awmxJ ypfxm;vkduf&ifawmh at;wmyJ [k awG;rdaom cPü ]ighom;uav;ygvm;} [laom owd&csufonf &ifxJü

eifhueJ

jzpfoGm;av\/

awmifrodajrmufrod

&Sdao;aom

igeJYarG;xm;&if

ighaoG;uav;yJ[k

vlrr,fuav;ukd

oem;pdwfonf

wzGm;zGm; ay:ívmav\/ cGeftm;jcif;rQwaom &efolukd EkdifovkdESdyfpuf &mü 0efrav;aomfvnf; ao;i,faom owå0gtay:wGif vlUpdwfonf tEkdifusifh&mü

0efav;ovkd

rdrd\

&Spfvom;uav;ukd

xifovkd

rvkyf&ufay/ rícsDNyD; vufarmif;ay:wGif ukd,fESifhxdEkdiforQ xdatmifayGUí xm;vkdufaomtcg uav;onf olUykHyef;ESifhrjcm;wlonf[k atmufarh ojzifh0rf;ajrmuf jcif;onf wukd,fvkH; ylaEG;íoGm;onf[k rSwfxif&av\/ rif; ighom;yJr[kwfvm;? [if at;/ iguyJ arG;wmyJ/ ighom;aygh/ rifhtaruawmh om;eJYvifypfNyD; vifi,f aemufvkdufw,f/ igckd;vmwJh zvm;vJ vifi,fzkdY ,loGm;w,f/ aumif;w,fuGm/ tm;BuD;aygh/ rif;aum tarhaomufusifh vkdufrSmyJvm;/ bxGef;pdwfonf csmcsmvnfí Z&yfcg;yef; ukd rSDí&yfaeaom ajcaxmufatmufu ajrBuD;onf csKdifhí0ifoGm;onf xifojzifh ukdifí[efovkd vkyfvkdufav\/ xkdaemuf qwfceJ rwfwwf &yfNyD;aemuf acsmif;urf;yg;qDokdY avQmufíoGm;NyD; opfyif&if; acsmuf urf;yg;xdyfwGif uav;ukdodyfí ypfcJhav\/ opfyifuG,frS aeí uav; bmvkyfaeovJ[k ajcmif;Munfh&m ajcESpfacsmif;ukdaxmifí vufuav; ajr§mufí

uav;onf

rnDñGwfaom

us,favmifpGm ikdav\/

353

ajrBuD;aMumifh

emívm;rod

&kwfw&uf tikd&yfNyD;aomf acgif;ukd bxGef;zufokdY iJhNyD; Nidrfaejyefavonf/ ikdojzifh armíoGm;aom &ifuav;onf edrfhcsnfjrifhcsnfESifh jzpfíaeav onf/ opfyifwyifrS wyifokdY ul;ajymif;ívSnfhum MunfhoGm;aom bxGef;onf twefMumaomf tawmfa0;oGm;í uav;ukd vkH;0 rjrifawmhay/ xkdtcg ajcvSrf;rSefrSefrS uqkefcsí ajy;av\/ okdYajy;pOfwGif olUem;ü uav; ikdoHonf

0ifívm\/

þtBudrfwGifum;

pdwfuMum;onfhtoHjzpfí

a0;atmifajy;av qdwfzkdYa0;pG wkd;íus,fav jzpfav\/ acsmif;urf;yg;uaeNyD; vdrfhusavrvm; awG;rdojzifh olUacgif;onf rkdufceJ jzpfí oGm;\/ vnfíaeaom 'vufukd wkwfvQKdí ypfvkdufovkd b,fNyD; nmvSrf;aeaom

ajcESpfacsmif;onf

wkHYí&yfoGm;av\/

ajy;ojzifh

qwfqwfckefaeaom ESvkH;onf pufysufoGm;ovkd tvIyf&yfí oGm;onf[k xifvkduf&\/ okdYaomf [,f [k qkdí qufajy; jyefav\/ þtBudrf ajcvSrf;wkdYum; ,cifuJhokdY oGufvufawmhonf r[kwf/ txl;0D&d,pkdufí wvSrf;NyD;wvSrf; &kyfodrf;&ovkd

av;íaeav\/

okdYjzpfí

&yfwefYNyD;aomf

aemufokdY

vmvrf;twkdif; jyefíajy;jyefav\/ bxGef; odyfíxm;cJhaom opfyif &if;wGif uav;onf wtmtmESifh ikdíaeav\/ uav;ukd vsifjrefpGm aumufcsDí tm;&yg;& erf;NyD;aomf ]wdwfygom;&,f? tazeJY tdrfjyefMu wmaygh}[k qkdvkdufavownf;/ BuD;yGm;a&;? wGJ 6? rSwf 10? pufwifbm 1938? 25-27

354

bmomjyef 0w¦Kwkd

tkdb,hf NrKdUBuD; *sKd[mepöbwf vlxka':trm pma&;q&m tkdb,fh *sKd[mepöbwf qkdwJh 0w¦Kwkdukda&;wJh pma&;q&m eo,feD,,f emumqm[m *sKd[mepöbwfu vlrnf;owif;pmq&myg/ vlawmfwa,muf rkdY tar&duefu olUukd emrnfausmf ]vl0DebkdpD}eJYtwl [m;Awfwuúokdvfu ]zJvkd;&Spf} csD;jr§ifhw,f/ awmiftmz&du vljzLtpkd;&u tJ'DqkoGm;,lzkdYtwGuf jynfyxGufcGifh ywfpfykdY xkwfray;bl;/ 'ghaMumifh tNyD;wkdif xGufcGmwJhykHpHeJY xGufNyD; ,lcJh&w,f/ ]eo,feD,,femumqm} [m vlrnf;owif;pmq&m jzpfayr,fh vljzLrsm;u xkwfa0wJh

&efa';owif;pmrSm

ae&mwae&may;NyD;

a&;cGifh&wJh

wOD;wnf;aom vlrnf; jzpfygw,f/ vlrnf; vli,f tmz&du pma&;q&m av;awGukd tm;ay;tm;ajr§muf jyKEkdifzkdYtwGufqkdNyD; ]onfuvyfqpf} qkdwJh pmapmifukd ukd,fwkdifa&;om; xkwfa0cJholvnf; jzpfw,f/ touf 28 ESpfom;uwnf;u tar&duef*sme,fawGeJY e,la,mhwkdif; owif;pmrSm aqmif;yg;awG a&;xnfhvmcJholvnf; jzpfw,f/ 1965 ckESpfu e,la,mhNrKdUrSmae&if; olUukd,fol tqkH;pD&ifaoqkH;oGm;ygw,f/

355

tkdb,hf NrKdUBuD; *sKd[mepöbwf

cPwjzKwfom tvnfvmoGm;Muolrsm;uawmh *sKd[mepöbwfNrKdUBuD;[m aysmfp&mtaumif;om;yJvkdY atmufarhoGm;MurSmyJ/ tEkdYayr,fh 'DNrKdUBuD;rSm wvwefonf? ESpfvwefonf aeoGm;MuNyD;rS ukd,fha'oukd yifv,fBuD; jzwfNyD; av,mOfysHeJY ysHoef;oGm;olrsm;qkd&ifawmh olwkdYpdwfxJ rarhaysmuf EkdifwJhjrifuGif;awG olwkdYeJYtwl ygoGm;rSmtrSefyJ/ NrKdUxJu vlqif;&JawG vrf;usOf;uav;awGxJrSm aomufpm;rl;,pfaeMuykHukd ESmacgif; &IHUoGm;Mu wmvnf; uRefawmf jrifzl;wmyJ/ NrKdU&JUaemufykdif;u vljzL vlcsrf;omawG pnf;pdrfcHMuykHukd oGm;&nfus 0rf;yg;oGm;Muwmvnf; awGUzl;wmyJ/ 'Dvl awGu trsm;tm;jzifhawmh EkdifiHjcm;u owif;pmwkdufBuD;awGu owif; axmufawG? owif;pmorm;awGyg/ olwkdYu vlrnf;awGaewJh qif;&Jom; &yfuGuf

npfnpfywfywfawGxJrSmvnf;

axG;vkH;&pfywf

aeoGm;EkdifwJh

vlawGuvm;/ olwkdYu *sKd[mepöbwfNrKdUBuD;ukd bufpkHaxmifhpkHu NcKHikH avhvmokH;oyfw,fwJh/ owif;pmuGefz&ifhrSm

urÇmausmf

EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifBuD;wa,mufukd

owif;trJzsufovkd

vkyfMuwmav/

'DNrKdU&JU

taetxm;? 'DNrKdU&JU tajctae tusyftwnf;awGukd bmrSrod bmrS rpOf;pm;bJeJY ar;csif&mawG t&rf;uma&m pGyfar;&JUvm;ar;&JU/ uRefawmf olwkdYvkd pdwfxm;rsKd;xm;MunfhzkdY tBudrfBudrf BuKd;pm;zl;w,f/ *sKd[mepöbwf eJY bmrSrywfoufwJh vlwa,muf taetxm;rsKd;eJYav/ 'gayr,fh r&ygbl; cifAsm/ uRefawmf[m *sKd[mepöbwfNrKdUBuD;&JU wpdwfwykdif; tNrJjzpfae wmygyJ/ uRefawmftwwfEkdifqkH; vkyfEkdif&if q&ma,mifwa,muf&JU prf;oyf ukorIukd uRefawmfrodbJ cHvkduf&wJh tjzpfrsKd;avmufyJ &Ekdifr,fxifw,f/ *sKd[mepöbwfNrKdUBuD;ukd a&mufpESpfawGu uRefawmfcHpm;&csuf[m tJ'D 356

twkdif;yJ/ uRefawmf 'gbifNrKdUu rkdif (400) c&D;ukd rD;&xm;pD;NyD;vmcJhwm/ 'DrSm owif;pmq&m wa,muftjzpfeJY toufarG;r,fvkdYav/ tJ'Dwkef;u tvkyfodrf;NyDqkd&if &kH;xJu pm;yGJawG? ukvm;xkdifawGay:rSm tdyfcsifwJhtcg tdyfvkdufw,f/

oli,fcsif;rdwfaqGawGu

pm;aomufzkdY

zdwfauR;&if

olwkdYtdrfrSmyJ rkd;vif;csif vif;vkdufw,f/ uRefawmf 'Dvkd aewmxkdifwm[m ajcovkH;tdrfwkdif uavuacs aewwfwJh aumifrsKd;rkdYvkdYyJvkdYawmh rxifapcsifbl;/ uRefawmfu tJ'grsKd;vkH;vkH; r[kwf ygbl;/ 'gayr,fh Oya't& ]wkdif;&if;om;}vlrsKd;rsm;[m *sKd[mepöbwf u a[mfpw,fawGu tdyfcef;aqmifawGrSm uRefawmf[m wjcm;vlpdrf; (10) a,mufruwmawGeJY twltdyf&ae&r,f/ tJ'DtxJrSm &kH;pma&;vkd vlawG ygr,f/ rif;apawGrsKd;ygr,f/ napmifh '&0rfrsKd;awG ygr,f/ ausmif;q&m? vrf;jyiform;? ya,m*q&m pwmrsKd;awG ygr,f/ uRefawmfwkdYtm;vkH;[m vGwfvGwfvyfvyfyJ bm*smqGJwJhvlu qGJ? *pfwmwD;wJhvlu wD;? wcsKdUu pmzwf? wcsKDUu bD,mpkyfNyD; aecsifovkd aeMuaygh/ tJ'Dawmh

uRefawmfu

ajcovkH;tdrfwkdifb0eJYyJ

aevkdufawmhw,f/

wnf;ckdcef;wckckrSm uRefawmfhzkdY oD;oefYtdyf&m ae&mwck&zkdYu awmfawmf usJwJh udpöyg/ wcgwkef;u BuKd;pm;zl;wmukd rSwfrdygao;w,f/ uRefawmfu w,fvDzkef;ukd aumufukdifvkdufNyD; atmufpfzkdYwuúokdvfxGuf&JU av,l avodrf;twkeJY ]uRefawmfhemrnf b&kwfuif;a&Smyg/ cifAsm;wkdYwnf;tdrfrSm ae&mwae&mrsm; &Ekdifrvm;} ]uRefawmfwkdYrSm ckwifwcsKdU&Sdygw,f} vkdY wzufu ajzw,fcifAsmh/ ajzolu vljzLwnf;ckdcef; tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;eJY wlyg&JU/ ]'gayr,fh uRefawmfwkdYu ta&;BuD;wJh tvkyform; py,f&S,f{nfhukdom vufcHygawmhw,f} vkdY 357

ajymw,f/ uRefawmfu ]b,fvkd py,f&S,f tvkyform;{nfhawGvJ cifAsm;} vkdY ar;awmh ]py,f&S,f{nfhqdkwm ta&;BuD;wJh vkyfief;cGifrSm tvkyfvkyfaewJh vlawGukd qkdvkdwmyg/ Oyrm EGm;EkdYykdYorm;? oefY&Sif;a&;tvkyform;pwmawGaygh/ 'DvlawGu reufrvif;cif NrKdUxJa&mufMu&r,f/ nBuD;rkd;csKyfrS jyefvm w,fqkdwJh vlawGyg} ][m

'gjzifh

aumif;om;yJ/

uRefawmfhvluvJ

awmfawmfta&;BuD;wJh

vkyfief;cGifuyg/ NrKdUxJrSm rMumrMum awmfawmfrkd;csKyfwJhtxd ae&wwf ygw,f/ olu owif;pmq&myg} ][kwfuJh rpรถwm b&kwfuif;a&SmcifAsm;/ uRefawmf bmrSawmh tmr rcHyg&apeJY/ olUukd uRefawmfwkdYqDukd vTwfcsif vTwfvkdufyg/ uRefawmfwkdYu vlMunfhNyD; tqifajyovkd &Gufaqmifay;&ygw,f}wJh/ 'geJY uRefawmfvnf; tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;ukd oGm;rawGUawmhygbl;/ uRefawmf olwkdYqDu tdyfp&m ckwifvnf; rvkdcsifawmhygbl;/ owif;pmq&m b0u aeNyD; ta&;BuD;wJh py,f&S,ftvkyform;b0ukdvnf; rajymif;csifawmh ygbl;/ 'gaMumifh (18)vavmuf Mumr,fxifyg&JU/ uRefawmf tdyfp&mtdrf r&SdbJ jcovkH;tdrfwkdifb0eJY [kdtdyf 'Dtdyf vkyfaecJhw,f/ tJ'Dvkd ae&wJhtcg uRefawmfu uRefawmfhtjzpfukd tqkd;xJu tjrwfxkwfw,f/ b,fvkdvJ qkdawmh *sKd[mepรถbwfrSm uRefawmfjzpfae&wJh tawGUtBuKHu olwumtzkdY r,kHEkdifp&m tawGUtBuKHrsKd; r[kwfvm;/ bmyJjzpfjzpf uRefawmf 'Dvkd azmhawG;xm;Ekdifawmh uRefawmfhtzkdY pdwf"mwfodyfrusawmhbl;aygh/ NyD;awmh uRefawmfu NrKdUi,fuav;uae NrKdUBuD;*sKd[mepรถbwfukd a&mufvm&ol qkdawmh xkH;pHtwkdif; *sKd[mepรถbwf&JU zrf;pm;jcif;ukd cH&wmyJaygh/ wjcm; 358

vlrnf;awGu tvkyfodrf;wmeJY wNyKdifeuf tdrfukd tajy;tvTm; jyefMuwJh tcsdefrSm uRefawmfuawmh NrKdU'DbuftpGefuaeNyD; [dkbuftpGefxd at;at; aq;aq; vrf;avQmufw,f/ wcgwavusawmh &ef;a';ar;owif;pm wkduf&JU pmMunhfwkdufxJrSmyJ vef'efowif;pmawGukd nOfheufoef;acgiftxd xkdifzwfaevkdufw,f/ uRefawmfhukd npmzdwfauR;wJh oli,fcsif;awG&JUtdrfrSm a&yg0ifcsKd;wwfwmukdvnf; olwkdYu vufoifhcHwwfMuNyD/wcgwavvnf; uRefawmfu uRefawmfh&kH;apmifh '&0rfBuD;eJY olUtcef;av;xJrSm 0iftdyfw,f/ &kH;trkd;ay:rSm olUzkdY tcef;av;wcef; vkyfay;xm;w,fav/ napmifh '&0rfBuD;u t&yfBuD;uvnf; t&SnfBuD; tom;uvnf; rnf;vkdufwm arSmifvkdY? abmif;bDtjym tvkyform; 0wfpkHBuD; tNrJ0wfxm;w,f/ ol ajymwJhpum;u Zl;vl;vlrsKd;awG ajymwJhpum;yg/ olu uRefawmf olUtcef; vmwmukd

MunfMunfjzLjzLyJ

vufcHw,f/

EkdifiHa&;pum;awGvnf;

trsm;BuD; ajymygw,f/ wcgawmh oluar;ygw,f/ vljzLawG uRefawmfwkdY tay:urqif;bJ b,favmufMumatmif aeOD;r,f xifovJwJh/ uRefawmf wkdY trnf;awGu tay:a&mufr,fh acwf vmOD;r,fvkdY xif&JUvm; wJh/ ]bmoif tbdvefvk rma*s; vljzLawGu bmawGajymaeMuovJ} wJh/ olar;wJh tar;awGukd uRefawmfu ajzwm[m olUqD tdyfpufem;ae cGifh&wmudk aus;Zl;qyf&ma&mufw,fvkdY uRefawmfu xifw,fav/ olu vnf;

uRefawmf[m

tjzLawG&JU

pdwfxJ&Sdwmukd

wu,fajymjyEkdifol

twGif;od? tpif;odvkdY xifoav/ bmvkdYvJqkdawmh uRefawmhfrSm tjzL rdwfo*F[awGvnf; &Sdoukd;/ NrKdUpGefykdif;a&mufjyef&if vlawGu uRefawmfhudk aomufp&mav; wcGufwavwnfNyD; tmz&duefawGtaMumif; ar;jyefa&m/ 'Dtar;rsKd;uaeNyD; pum;qufMuawmh tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;a&;&JU tusKd; oufa&mufrIawGqDukd

a&mufukefNyD; 359

uRefawmfwkdY

pum;0kdif;awGu

ajcmufajcmufaoGUaoGUBuD; qkdwmrsKd;ukd

jzpfoGm;jyefa&m/

aqG;aEG;vmMuwJhtcg

aemufqkH;

uRefawmfu

tajctae

vlrnf;awGaeMuwJh

NrKdUe,fawGtaMumif; bmrS odyfodwmr[kwfawmh uRefawmfajymwmawGu rSefcsifrS rSefrSmaygh/ uRefawmfhtaeeJY wjcm;vlawGvkdyJ NrKdUe,fawGrSm w&m;r0ifbJ ckd;ae&if aevkdY&ygw,f/ 'gayr,fh uRefawmfu NrKdUrSmyJ aecsifwm/ NrKdUeJY 5 rkdif 10rkdif tjyifxGufcsifwJh vl r[kwfbl;/ uRefawmfu *sKd[mepöbwf&JU aeYxuf nukdykdNyD; pdwf0ifpm;ao;w,f/ *sKd[mepöbwfrSm vlrnf;tzkdY umjzL; trdefYu &Sdavawmh naeapmif;wmeJY wNyKdifeuf vlrnf;trsm;pku ukd,fhtdrf&Sd&m ukd,fjyefajy;Muwm/ vlrnf; axmifaygif;rsm;pGmukdwifNyD; rD;&xm;wGJnKdBuD;awG csdwfxm;wJh &xm;tpif; aygif; w'gZifru NrKdUjyifukd wa0ga0g ykdYay;aewmyJ/ n 11 em&D umjzL; pNyDqkdwmeJY wNyKdifeuf NrKdUxJrSm jrif&ao;orQ vlawGu vljzLawGcsnf;aygh/ aeYcif;rSmawmh

*sKd[mepöbwfNrKdUMuD;[m

tjzLawGa&m?

trnf;awGa&m

a&maESm &IyfaxG;aewmyJ/ ukrÜPDu ay;wJh pufbD;awGay:u acR;awGw&TJ&TJeJY vlrnf;awG?

tvkyf&Sm&if;

ajcwkdrwwf

yvufazmif;rSm

acR;w&TJ&TJeJY

vrf;avQmufaewJh eD*&kd;awGeJY jynfhaewmyJ/ tmz&du wwkdufvkH;upkNyD; ckrSac:vmwJh

]owåKwGif;vkyfom;vli,f}

qdkwJh

eD*&kd;awGMunfh&wm

ykdpdwfnpfp&m aumif;ao;w,f/ olwkdYausmay:rSm apmifwxnfacgufvkdY? csKdif;rSm aygifrkefYwvkH; ñSyfvkdY? rkdif;uay;wJh wnf;ckdcef;awGrSm ae&atmif NrKdUxJujzwfoGm;aeMuwmyg/ olwkdYukd Munfh&wm uRefawmfhrsufpdxJ awmh axmifxJuvlawGeJY odyfwlwmyJ/ wcsKdUu bmrSrodem;rvnf&Smwm twkdif;om; jrifae&w,f/ wcsKdUuawmh vnf; jzwfoef;oGm;vmaewJh? olwkdYrjrifbl;wJh trsKd;orD;awGukd rufarmwJh tMunfhrsKd;awGeJY ai;vkdY/ olwkdYvlpkxJu trsm;tm;jzifhu pma&;pmzwfrS 360

wwf&SmMuwm r[kwfavawmh aowyefoufqkH; 'Drkdif;vkyfom;b0eJYyJ t&kd;xkwfoGm;&SmMu&rSmyJ/ uRefawmfu olwkdYwawGukdjrifwkdif; pdwfqif;&J&w,f/ olwkdY 'Dvkdb0 rSmae&wm uRefawmfwkdYrSm wm0ef&Sdw,fvkdY tNrJwrf;jrifw,f/ wm0ef&Sd w,fvkdYom cH,lwm? bmrSvnf; vkyfay;Ekdifwmr[kwfjyefawmh pdwfqif;&J& wmaygh/ NyD;awmh uRefawmf jrifxm; xifxm;wJh *sKd[epöbwf NrKdUMuD;ukd vnf; olwkdYu tusnf;wefapw,fav/ uRefawmfu *sKd[mepöbwfNrKdUMuD; qkdwm tifrwef BuD;rm;wJh tiftm;pkBuD;wck? owåd&SdwJh EkdifiHa&;orm;awG? acwfynmwwfawG? vljzLwkdY&JU

tmPmukd

waeYrSm

wGef;vSefEkdifr,fh

tpkta0;BuD;vkdY jrifxm;wm r[kwfvm;/ tJ'D uRefawmfjrifxm;wJh &kyfykHvTmu *sKd[mepöbwf[m nrS ykdyDjyifygw,f/ uRefawmfvkd tjrif&SdwJh vlwa,mufvnf; &Sdao;&JU/ olu uRefawmhf rdwfaqG? olUrSmvnf; aep&mtdrf jyóem&Sdavawmh uRefawmfhvkdyJ NrKdUxJu ajcovkH;tdrfwkdifwa,muf/ *sKd[mepöbwfNrKdUBuD;rSm uRefawmfwkdYvkd vlrnf; rsm;tzkdY tjzLtrnf; cGJjcm;xm;w,f qkdwmawGtm;vkH;ukd vspfvsL&Ixm; Ekdif&if NyD;wmyJvkdY ESpfa,mufpvkH; oabmykdufxm;vkdufMuw,f/ 'Doabmxm;uvnf; wcgwavawmh awmfawmf[eftusom;/ uRefawmf wkdYESpfa,muf

aumfzDaomufoGm;MuwJh

wnu

tjzpftysufuav;ukd

rSwfrdaeao;w,f/ aumfr&Sifemvrf;rSm vljzLrsm;twGuf zGifhxm;wJh aumfzD qkdifwqkdif &Sdygw,f/ qdkif&Sifu tar&duefjynfaxmifpku wuúquf jynfe,fom;yg/ 'gaMumifh olUqkdifxJrSm tar&dueftvHvnf; pkdufxm;w,f or®wtkdufpifa[mif0g&JU &kyfykHvnf; csdwfqGJxm;wm&Sdygw,f/ tkdufqif a[mif0gykHu trsm;awGUaeMu &,faewJhykHaygh/ uRefawmfeJY oli,fcsif;u aumfzDbm;a&SUu xkdifckH ESpfckukd qGJxkdifNyD; aumfzDESpfcGuf rSmvkdufMuw,f/ 361

qkdif&Sif&JYom;u aumfzD,lzkdY txJ0ifoGm;w,f/ uRefawmfwkdY vlrnf; ESpfa,muf[m aumfzD&&if qkdiftjyifbuf wae&m&mrSm xGufaomuf vdrfhr,fqkdwJh todeJYaygh/ (vljzLawGzkdY zGifhxm;wJhqkdifxJ vlrnf;0ifxkdif raomuf&bl;av/) uRefawmfwkdY ESpfa,mufu aumfzDapmifh&if; or®w tkdufqifa[mif0g&JU ykHBuD;MunfhNyD; oli,fcsif;u p a0zefw,f/ ]ieJBuD;ukd aoaocsmcsm Munfhprf;Asm/ tar&duefawG olwkdY ol&Jaumif; a&G;wJhae&mrSm b,favmufrsm; rSm;vkdufovJvkdY/ cifAsm; pOf;pm;Munfh/ 'DykHukdjrifNyD; tar&duef uav;oli,f oef;aygif;rsm;pGmu 'Dvkd tESpf om&rJhwJh t&,ftNyKH;rsKd; vkyfwwfzkdY BuKd;pm;csifpdwf aygufMuawmhrSm {uefyJ/ 'gBuD;rsKd;ukd erlemykHpHxifrdrSawmh ig;yg;arSmufMu ukefa&mhaygh}wJh/ om;vkyfolaumfzDazsmf,lvmwJh

tcsdefrSm

olUtazu

'Dpum;eJYpyfNyD;

uRefawmfwkdYESpfa,mufeJY tBuD;tus,f jiif;ckHvkdY aeygNyD/ qkdif&Sifu ol[m EkdifiHa&;awmh

odyfem;rvnfygbl;vkdYvnf;

0efcHao;oAsmh/

'gayr,fh

bk&m;ocif&JU vl [kwfr[kwfqkdwmawmh vlwa,muf&JU Oy"d&kyfjrif&kHeJY odygowJh/

tdkufqifa[mif0g[m

ESpfa,muf

aumfzDaomufvkdY

olawmfaumif;ygwJh/

ukefMuwJhtxdawmh

uRefawmfwkdY

tjiif;tckHuawmh

r&yfao; rNyD;ao;bl;/ 'DtcsdefrSm vljzLvlrnf; cGJjcm;xm;wmukd ola&m ukd,fa&m b,folurS owdr&Muao;ygbl;/ wu,fawmh

*sKd[mepöbwf[m

udyfawmif;NrKdUuvGJ&if

tom;ta&mif

cGJjcm;a&;ukd rBuKdufwJh vljzLawG trsm;qkH;&SdwJhNrKdUyg/ 'Dvkd&Sdwm[m pufrI vkyfief;eJY pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;awG trsm;BuD; 'DNrKdUBuD;rSm wkd;wufvmwJhtwGuf jzpfr,fvkdY wcsKdUu qkdygw,f/ bmyJjzpfjzpf 0pf0g;wm;pf&if; wuúokdvf uawmh 'DNrKdU&JU vlrsKd;a&; 0g'BuD;tay:rSm trSwfxifxif jzpfapvkdufygNyD/ 362

uRefawmfwkdYukdqkd&if

owif;pmq&m

wa,mufjzpforkdY

'Dwuúokdvf

pmMunfhwkdufu pmtkyfawG iSm;cGifhay;ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh pmMunfhwkdufBuD; xJrSm pmzwfvkduf awG;vkduf ai;vkduf vkyf&wJh tcGifhta&;? vlrsKd;pkH ausmif;om;awG&JUMum;rSm pmtkyfpifBuD;awGxJu

yd#uwfwkduf pmtkyfawGukd

eH&HBuD;awGrSm &SmazGzwf&I&if;

axmifxm;wJh ynma&;qkdwm

vlom;wkdif;eJY qkdifw,fqkdwJh tqkdtrdefYukd taumiftxnfazmfjyaeovkd cHpm;&w,f/ NyD;awmh ausmif;om;awG ukd,fEIdufuvnf; tom;ta&mifaMumifh tcsif;csif; cGJjcm;cHae&rIudk ESpfzufpvkH;u cHpm;ae&awmh tJ'Dvkd cGJjcm;rIuif;wJh? vGwfvyfwJh 'Dvkdae&muav;rSm pdwfyg vufyg? [efvkyfrI ta,mifaqmif rIawG rygbJ wa,mufwa,muf zufvSJwuif; vkyfwJhvlu vkyfw,f/ yGifhyGifhvif;vif; cifrifaEG;axG;rIeJY EIwfquf ajymqkdwJhvlu ajymqkdw,f av/ 'Dvkd ausmif;om;rsKd;awGygyJ/ NrKdU&JUtaemufzsmu ukvm;&yfuGufxJvmNyD; OD;av;BuD;*sKd;&JU pm;aomufqkdifrSm 0ifMuxGufMuwm/ olwkdYu tJ'D zkdYb'f &yfuGufxJu

ukvm;qkdifukdvmNyD;

ukvm;[if;0,fpm;w,f/

*suf(Zf)

aw;*Dwukd em;axmifw,fav/ vljzLa&m vlrnf;a&m a&maESm0ifxGuf wJhqkdifqkdvkdY wNrKdUvkH;rSmrS 'DOD;av;BuD;*sKd;&JU qkdifwqkdifom &Sdwmyg/ OD;av;BuD;qkdifu ykvdyfpcef;eJYvnf; eD;eD;uav;yg/ 'gayr,fh vljzLawGeJY 'DvkdaxG;a&m,Sufwif vkyfaewmukd ykvdyfu bmrSvmNyD; raeSmifh,Sufygbl;/ ykvdyfu 'DvkdraESmifh,Sufwmu OD;av;BuD;qkdifu pm;aomufp&mawG olwkdY ta~uG;,lpm;vkdY &wmukd;/ Oa&myeJY tar&durSm vlcsif; pum;pjrnf ajymMurIrsKd; waeYwjcm; usqif; qkwf,kwfaew,fvkdY qkdygw,f/ tJ'D jyóem *sKd[mepöbwfukdvmNyD; 363

okawoejyKprf;ygvkdY uRefawmfu zdwfac:prf;csifvSw,f/ 'DrSmu usqif;&kH ruygbl;/ oGufcsmyg' vkdufaew,fvkdYawmif ajymEkdifygw,f/ uRefawmfwkdY awmiftmz&duEkdifiHu vlawGtm;vkH;ukd ajcmufvSefYaewm? aESmifh,Sufaewm [m tjzLtrnf; cGJjcm;rIBuD;ygyJ/ xrif;pm;yGJawG tm;vkH;rSm 'DudpöBuD;u yl;0ifajcmufvSefYxm;ygw,f/ pum;ajym aumif;vSw,fqdkwJh vlrsm;awmifrS 'D cGJjcm;a&;BuD;u 'ku©ay;ao;wmuvm;/ uRefawmfom 'Dudpöukd vkH;0 ab;z,fxm;vkdY aeEkdifwmukd;/ *sKd[mepöbwfrSm uRefawmf olrsm;eJY pum; pjrnfajymjzpf&if tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;a&; udpöu ygvmwmcsnf;yJ/ uHaumif;w,f ajym&rvm;rodbl;/ wcsKdUpum;awGu t"dyÜg,f&Sdygw,f/ wcsKdUpum;awGu tciftrif rysufapbJ ajymvkdY&w,f/ wcgwkef;u odyfrcsrf;omwJh vljzL&yfuGufwckrSm npmpm;&if; ajymjzpfMuwJh taMumif; uav;ukd

uRefawmf

rSwfrdaeao;w,f/

tJ'Dnu

xrif;pm;r,fh

{nfhwa,mufu vuf&majrmufwJh vljzL vlawmf yef;csDq&m wa,mufyg/ olu

ydefydefyg;yg;

rsufESmoG,foG,feJYrkdY

tmomrD;vm;eJY

wlw,fvkdY

uRefawmfu atmufarhw,f/ wlygw,fqkdumrS olu rsufrSef ygvkduf ao;w,f/ uRefawmfwkdYukd

xrif;auR;wJh

owif;ay;xm;w,f/

wumu

'Dyef;csDq&m[m

cyfapmapmuyJ ae&Sife,fvpf

uRefawmfhukd toif;om;wJh/

a'gufwm Am;avmh&JU vlrsKd;cGJjcm;a&; ay:vpDukd axmufcHwJholwJh/ 'gayr,fh 'Dyef;csDq&m u yvufazmif;ay: pGefYypfcJhwJh vlrnf;uav;i,fauav;ukd waeYcif;vkH; aEG;axG;aeatmif? aoroGm;atmif jyKpkapmifh a&SmufwJh vlyguvm;/ uav;ukd t0wf&SmNyD;axG;w,f? olYvufxJayGUxm;w,f/ aq;&kHukd w,fvDzkH;qufNyD; ac:ay;yg w,f/

364

oleJY uRefawmfwkdY yef;csDtaMumif;? *suf(Zf)*DwtaMumif;awG aqG;aEG;Mu awmh tom;ta&mif cGJjcm;a&;udpö vnf; 'Dpum;awGxJ ygvmawmhwmaygh/ 'geJY uRefawmfu ol[m ae&Sife,fvpf ygwD0ifwa,mufqkdwm trSefyJ vm;vkdY ar;vkdufwm olu [kwfygowJh/ oleJY uRefawmfwkdYu pum;ajym cJhwm MumNyDrkdY awmfawmfav; &if;&if;ESD;ESD; jzpfaeNyD/ olUukd pD;u&uf rD;ñSday;wm? pm;p&m jyifaewmMumvkdY twlwlarQmfMuwmawGvnf; jzpfae MuNyDrkdY uRefawmfu ]cifAsm; ae&Sife,fvpf ygwD0ifuvnf; b,fvkd ygwD0ifrsKd;vnf;Asm}vkdY ar;vkdufw,f/ ]bmvkdY 'Dvkdar;wmvJ}wJh olu/ ]aMomf

uRefawmfu

uRefawmfeJYvJ

b&ef'Dtwlwl

aomufEkdifw,f/

vljzLvlrnf; cGJjcm;a&; ay:vpDukdvnf; axmufcHrJ ay;w,f qkdvkdYyg} ]uRefawmfcifAsm;eJYtwl

t&ufaomufwm

bmjzpfovJAs/

'DrSmwGif

r[kwfbl;/ b,fae&mrSmrqkd uRefawmf cifAsm;eJYtwl t&ufaomufvkdY &wmyJ/ uRefawmfhtdrfrSmyJ jzpfjzpfaygh} ]uRefawmfu tdrf&SdwJhvl r[kwfbl;qkd&if b,fhES,fvJ} ]bmAs/ aep&mr&Sdbl;? cifAsm; b,fvkd ajymvkdufwmvJ} ][kwfygw,f/

uRefawmfhrSm

aep&mr&Sdygbl;/

tJ'g

cifAsm;axmufcH

rJay;wJhtzGJU vkyfwJhOya'awGaMumifhaygh} ]bmajymw,fAs/ cifAsm; 'gjzifh 'Dn b,frSmtdyfrSmvJ} ]rajymwwfao;bl;/ 'DrSm tdyfjzpfcsifvJ tdyfjzpfrSmyJ/ uaeYn tdyf&mwck awGUwJhae&mrSmayghAsm} yef;csDq&mu awmfawmf pdwfxdckdufoGm;ykH&w,f/ pdwf&IyfoGm;wJh olUrsufESm ukd uRefawmfawmh oabmusae w,f/ 365

]cifAsm;ajymwm trSefyJqkd&ifawmhAsm cifAsm; uRefawmfeJY vmaevSnf;yg/ uRefawmfaewJh tdrfxJrSm wcef;vkH;vkH; vGwfaewm &Sdygw,f}wJh/ 'Dwcgawmh uRefawmfolUukd oabmusaewm &yfoGm;ygNyD uRefawmfvnf; pdwfxdckduf&ygNyD/ uRefawmfwkdYMum; rSm wckck rSm;aewmawmh {uef{uyg/ ]'gayr,fh cifAsm;rJay;wJh ygwDu uRefawmfwkdYESpfa,muf wtdrfwnf;vJ rae&bl;/ tJ'g w&m;r0ifbl;qkdwJh Oya' xkwfxm;wmAs} yef;csDq&mu &SufNyD; rsufESmvTJvkdufNyD; t&ufcGufukd aumufukdifygw,f/ uRefawmfvnf; awmfawmfcHjyif;vm ygNyD/ 'gaMumifh ]cifAsm; uRefawmfeJY twlwlaecsif&if bmaMumifh ae&Sife,fvpfwa,muf vkyfae&wmvJ/ vlrsKd;uGJwmeJY cGJjcm; ae&wmukd vkdvm;vkdYvm;} vljzLyef;csDq&mu olYrsufrSefukd &kwfw&uf cRwfvkdufNyD; uRefawmfhukd awmif;yefwJh tMunfheJY ]uRefawmfu 'wf(cs)awGuqif;oufcJhwJh tmz&dum;em;? ae&Sife,fvpf ygwDu uRefawmfwkdY vlrsKd;awG&JU ygwD/ tJ'Dawmh uRefawmf 'DygwDukd rJay;rdwmayghAsm} wJh/

vlxka':trm tmz&du 0w¦Kwdkrsm; vlxkBuD;yGm;a&;pmtkyfwkduf?

1989? atmufwkdbm? 64-79

366

tcef; ( & )

jrefrmhobifrI pmayyifrÍÆLxufu arT;vGef;onfhyef;ig;yGifh

pkd;Ekdif (rEÅav;wuúokdvf)

367

(tarBuD;)? (BuD;BuD;)? (tar)? tazwkdYeJY pmayrdcifBuD; ]]vlxk a':trm}}&JU (76) ESpfjynfh arG;aeY 29-11-1991 okdY trSwfw& *g&0 pkd;Ekdif (rEÅav;wuúokdvf) ---------------------------------------------owdw& 'Dpmtkyfjzpfajrmufatmif pdwfa&m ukd,fyg ulnDMuwJh -ukdausmfpkd;0if;? 'DZkdif; pkd;0if;Nidrf;? "mwfykH xGef;rif;? a&SUokdY-tjref"mwfykH? ukdcspf0if;armif (&eHYopf)?

OD;ausmfEdkif-a':cifat; (arm&*D0g&yf)? OD;zkd;rm (&efrsKd;vkH&yf)? vufESdyfpuf pmrlukd arwåmeJY ulnDcJhwJh OD;armifav; (Z0e) rdom;pkeJY twl? 'Dpmwef; zwfwkef;u pkd;Ekdif (rEÅav;wuúokdvf)eJYtwl aw;*DweJY yg0ifoDqkd *kPfjyKcJh MuwJh jrefrmh r[m*DwtzGJUu ckdifckdifpkd; (pHod*Fg)? pkd;wif (jrpfom;)? apmif; armifarmifodef; (aq;-ref;)? ywåvm; wifausmfOD; (aq;-ref;)? pnf;-0g; odef;aZmf (tvkyfoifq&m0ef) eJY vlxkykHESdyfwkduf vkyfom;rsm;ukd rarhravsmh rSwfwrf;wif azmfjytyfygw,f/ ---------------------------------------------------1352 ckESpf ewfawmfvqef; (13-&uf)? 1990 - jynfhESpf? Ekd0ifbmv (29&uf)? Mumoyaw;aeYwGif tr&yl&NrKdU awmifav;vkH;ausmif;wkdufü usif;y jyKvkyfaom pma&;q&mESifh owif;pmq&mrBuD; vlxka':trm\ touf (75)ESpfjynfh arG;aeYtxdrf;trSwfukd *g&0jyKí wifoGif;aom pmwef;/ ----------------------------------------------------

368

]]jrefrmhobifrI pmayyifrÍÆLxufu arT;vGef;onfhyef;ig;yGifh}}

pkd;Ekdif (rEÅav;wuúokdvf)

uRefawmf&JU 'Dpmwef;rSm pma&;q&mrBuD; vlxka':trm 1964-ckESpfuae 1989-ckESpftxd (25)ESpfumv twGif;rSm a&;om;cJJhwJh1/ jynfolcspfaom tEkynmonfrsm; 2/ atmifAv? zkd;pdef? pdefuwkH; 3/ a&Tref;wifarmif 4/ tNidrfh (y? 'k) 5/ jrefrmh r[m*Dw pwJh jrefrmhobifrIe,fy,feJY oufqkdifwJh pmtkyf (5)tkyfukd ypöKyÜefuae twdwfukd oGm;wJhenf;eJY avhvmpkpnf;NyD; uaeYacwfeJY EIdif;,SOfxif[yf aqG;aEG;wifjyoGm;rSm jzpfygw,f/ 'Dpmwef;ukd a&;om;wifoGif;wJhae&mrSm (u) trsKd;om; ,Ofaus;rIukd xdef;odrf;jr§ifhwifa&; (c) jrefrmh tEkynm *kPf&nfeJY wefzkd;ukd jrwfEkd;? av;pm; apmifha&Smufa&;

369

(*) jrefrmh ,Ofaus;rI tEkynm&JU tpdwftykdif; wckjzpfwJh qkd-u-a&;-wD; u@ (4)&yf&JU t&nftaoG;aumif;rsm; tpOfwnfwHhckdifNrJa&; pwJh &nf&G,f csuf? trsKd;om;a&; OD;wnfcsufrsm;eJYtnD jyKpka&;om;xm;aMumif; OD;pGm wifjyvkdyg w,f/

1/ jrefrmhr[m*Dw

jrefrmhr[m*DwqkdwJh vlxka':trm&JUvuf&mpmtkyfu 1981 - ckESpfxkwf &Ir0r*¾Zif;rSm ]]r[m*Dw&JU a&S;a[mif;aESmif;jzpf}}qkdwJh acgif;pOfeJY vpOf tcef;qufa&;cJhwJh aqmif;yg;awGukd pkaygif;NyD; pmtkyfxkwfa0cJhwm jzpfyg w,f/ taMumif;oifhvkdY ajymjy&&if uRefawmftck wifoGif;wJh pmwef;rSmygwJh pmtkyf (5)tkyfxJrSm ]]jynfolcspfaom tEkynmonfrsm;}}eJY ]]atmifAv? zkd;pdef? pdefuwkH;}} qkdwJh pmtkyfESpftkyfukd pma&;ol[m b,folUwkdufwGef;rIrS rygbJ olUapwemeJYol? olUpdwfxJjzpfvmwm ola&;wmyg/]]a&Tref;wifarmif}} qkdwJh pmtkyfukdawmh OD;wifarmifu olUtaMumif;a&;prf;ygajymvkdYwaMumif;? a&;oifhwJhyk*¾KdvfjzpfwmwaMumif;rkdY a&;om;wmjzpfygw,f/ aemufwtkyf jzpfwJh ]]tNidrfh}} pmtkyfukdawmh pma&;q&m[m olUrSm wm0ef&Sdao;w,f?

'De,fy,fusefao;w,fqkdNyD; a&;cJhwmyg/ 'D ]]jrefrmhr[m*Dw}} pmtkyfus awmh wcsdefu rEÅav;r[m*Dw toif;0ifjzpfwJh 0wfvkHOD;cifarmifa'G; (a&Tjynfrif;BuD;vkdY ac:wJh a,mtwGif;0ef OD;zkd;vIdif&JU ajr;)u ajymjywm? a&;prf;yg? a&;prf;ygqkdwmukd a&;jywm? *DwrdcifBuD; a':apmjrat;Munf rEÅav;vmNyD; olukd,fwkdif qufoG,f`rGuf[ aqG;aEG;csufawGukd a&;rSwfNyD; jyefa&;jywm jzpfygw,f/ 370

'Dpmtkyfu r[m*DwvkdYac:wJh a&S;oDcsif;BuD; oDcsif;cefYawG? 'DoDcsif;awGeJY wGJzufwD;rIwf&wJh Armwl&d,m&JU odMum;rif;ac:ac:? jA[®mrif;ac:ac:? ac:vkdYjzpfavmufwJh ]]apmif;aumuf}}eJY wjcm;Armwl&d,mawG? a&S;utqkd ynm&Sif? twD;trIwf ynm&SifawG taMumif;ukd yxrydkif;? 'kwd,ykdif; cGJNyD; a&;om;xm;wJh pmtkyfjzpfygw,f/'Dpmtkyf[m pma&;oltaeeJY r[m*Dw tay:rSmxm;&SdwJh apwemaumif;eJY aygif;pyfNyD; a&;xm;wmrkdY tptqkH; zwfMunfhwJhtcg apmif;qkdwJh Armwl&d,mppfppf? wl&d,mxJrSm tqifh tjrifhqkH;vkdY ac:EkdifwJh 'Dapmif;aumufukd jrefrmawG jrwfEkd;pkHrufapcsif vSwJhapwem[m

uGufuGufuGif;uGif;

ay:vGifvSygw,f/

'Dpmtkyf&JU

]]a&;olUtrSm}}qkdwJh pmrsufESm[m vlxka':trm&JU oDcsif;BuD;? oDcsif;cH awGtay:rSmxm;wJh jrwfEkd;wem&SdrI[m owif;pmrsufESmzkH;acgif;pOf pmvkH; trJBuD;awGvkdxif&Sm;vSygw,f/ 'Dpmtkyfukdzwfvkduf&if apmif;wD;csifpdwfaygufvmrSmjzpfovkd a&S;u jrefrm oDcsif;BuD;awG[m tifrwef tqifhjrifhrm;wJh jrefrmh,Ofaus;rI tEkynm w&yfqkdwmod&SdNyD;? 'Dynmukd av;pm;orI? jyKpkxdef;odrf; apmifha&SmufvkdwJh pdwftm;xufoefrIrsKd; jzpfay:vmrSm aocsmygw,f/ 'Dtcsufukd jrefrmhr[m*Dwpmtkyf pmrsufESm 17rSm ]]Armwl&d,mapmif;ukd taemufEkdifiHu wl&d,mrsm;eJY rEIdif;,SOfoifhbl;? 'DvkdyJ r[m*Dwyg oDcsif; BuD; oDcsif;cefYrsm;ukdvnf; xif&mjrif&m vkyfrypfxkdufygbl;}}vkdY a&;om; xm;ykH[m tcsKday:ysm;&nfavmif;ay;wmygvkdY qkdEkdifygw,f/ ya'o&mZm wkdY? jr0wDwkdY? taemufeef;wkdY? vIdifwkdY? jyifpnfwkdY wpwp ajrawmifajr§muf vmMuwJh r[m*Dw&JU tzGHUNzKd;? twkd;wufqkH;umv (2) &yfukdaz:jyygqkd&if (u) rif;wkef;rif;eJY oDaygrif;vufxuf

371

(c)

ygawmfrlaemufykdif;eJY

rEÅav;r[m*Dwtoif;BuD;

rm;rm;rwfrwf

&yfwnfaewJhtcsdefqkdNyD; a,bk,s aumufcsufcsEkdifygw,f/ tJ'Dtcsdeftcg (2) &yfteuf ygawmfrlaemufykdif;rSm jrefrmEkdifiH txuf ? atmuftm;vkH; rlrwlayr,fh r[m*Dwu ae&m0ifqefYNyD;? yef;yefaewJh umvjzpfygw,f/ aemuf tckumvtac: acwfa[mif;oDcsif;ae&m,lvmwJh umvupNyD;? 'DaeY pwD&D,kdacwftxd r[m*Dw[m wjznf;jznf; aoG;qkwf vmwJhvlrrmvkd zkwfvIdufzkwfvIduf? ,ufuef,ufuefeJY &Sifaewm touf awmh rxGufao;ygbl;/ 'DaeY'D&ufrSm r[m*Dwukd wu,fvkdufpm;wJhvlawG tvGefenf;aeygNyD/ txl;ojzifh *Dwrdcif? zcifBuD;awGjzpfwJh a':apmjrat;Munf? pdefaA'g?

OD;boef;? q&mbBuD;? q&mbav;? OD;barmif? OD;cspfarmif? a':atmif MunfpwJh yk*¾KdvfawGeJY txdtawGUrsm;NyD; ukd,fwkdifukd,fus oif,lxm;vkduf EkdifwJh yk*¾KdvfawGu 'DaeY'DcgrSm toufu 50 ausmf? 60? 70eD;eD;qkdovkd jzpfaeygNyD/ 'DvlawG&JU vufxJrSm 'DynmusefcJhvkdY tajctae t&yf&yft& ay;a0Ekdifao;w,fqkd&ifjzifh olwkdYqDu &atmif,lNyD; acwfvli,fawG&JU yg;pyfu pwD&D,kdukd qkdMuovkd? oDcsif;BuD;vnf; qkdMuprf;yg? vufu *pfwmawG? atmf*ifawG wD;aeMuovkd? apmif;? ywåvm;pwmawGvnf; tifeJYtm;eJY wD;Mu? acgufMuprf;ygvkdY 'DuaeNyD; jrefrmhr[m*DwtwGuf tm;jznfhay;yg&ap/'Dpmtkyf[m jrefrmhr[m*Dw&JU tESpfcsKyfvkdYajymr,fqkd&if ajymvkdY&ygw,f/ r[m*Dw&JU orkdif;aMumif;ukd ya'o&mZm&JU wHxsmupç rajymayr,fh apmif;qkdwJh wl&d,mzGHUNzKd;vmwJh umvuae wjznf;jznf; wkd;wufvmwJh r[m*Dwa&pD;aMumif;ukd xdxdrdrd ajymoGm;ykH[m pmzwfolukd pmtkyfxJu pmvkH;av;awGaemuf t[kwfqGJac:oGm;Ekdifwmukd vSvSyy awGU&ygw,f/ 372

'gwifru *DwrSm om,mrIukdt"duxm;wJh (Orchestral) eJY ,Ofaus;rIukd t"duxm;wJh (Classic) u@ESpfck&JU owdxm;tyfwJh taetxm;eJY wuG - r[m*DwrSm ta&;tBuD;qkH;jzpfwJh pnf;0g; - twD;q&meJY tqkdq&m&JU ynm - trsKd;om; ,Ofaus;rI tEkynm&Jh tqifhtwef; pwJh r[m*Dw&JU yifraomhcsufawGukd

ykdifykdifEkdifEkdif

odomEkdifatmif

olUuavmifpGrf;eJY

wifjyxm;ygao;w,f/ uRefawmf&JU pmwef;rSm 'DpmtkyfeJY qufpyfNyD; r[m*Dwavmu&JU tusyf twnf;av; taMumif;vnf; tvsOf;oifhvkdY ajymjycsifygao;w,f/ ukd,fh bk&if? ukd,fht&Sif r&SdawmhwJh aemufykdif;rSm EkdifiHz&kdz&JjzpfoGm;ovkd vlrsKd;&JU ,Ofaus;rIvu©Pmw&yfjzpfwJh 'Dr[m*Dw[mvnf; olUrl? ukd,fhrlqkdNyD; uGJjym;vmcJhygw,f/ 'g[m bk&ifr&SdvkdY jzpf&wm ygyJ/ rEÅav;rl? ajrvwfrl? jrpf0uRef;ay:rl qkdNyD; tuGJuGJ tjym;jym; jzpfvmygw,f/ vlawGuvnf; [kda&muf'Da&muf eJY wuGJwjym;pDqkdawmh 'Dvkdjzpfwm qef;awmh rqef; ygbl;/ 'DvkdrluGJawmh ynmykdif;rSm ykdpkHvmw,fvkdY ajym&ifjzpfayr,fh pepf aumif; tpOftvmwckuawmh ysufpD;oGm;wm trSefygyJ/ 'DtwGuf [kdwkef;wcsdefu wm0ef&SdolawGtaeeJY ]]EkdifiHawmfrl}} qkdNyD; r[m*Dwykdif;uxdyfoD;awGeJY ñSdEIdif;wkdifyifNyD; jyKpkxm;vkdY twGJ (3)wGJ pkpkaygif; oDcsif; w&mhig;q,favmufawmh 'DrltaeeJY &SdaeygNyD/ 'Dpmtkyf xJrSm (bGJU) oDcsif;ykdif; taeeJY yk'fa&enf;aewmawGU&ygw,f/ Oyrmr*FvmoD&d? rif;crf;awmfpkHvS? qkdif;awmf &wemi,fav? ZrÁLa&mifuGefY pwJh NrKdUbGJU?

rif;crf;awmfpkHbGJU?

qkdif;bGJU?

apmif;bGJUawG

ygoifhw,fvdkY

,lqygw,f/ ywfysKd;ykdif;rSmqkd&ifvnf; oDcsif;BuD;orm;awGtBuKduf ]]&0def 373

a'gif;,mOfysH}}vkd oDcsif;rsKd;ukd jznfhpGufxkdufygw,f/ 'ghtjyif r[m*Dw oDcsif;awGukd &EkdiforQ pkMunfh&if yk'fa& (1000) eD;eD;&SdaevkdY tm;vkH; rlaumif;? rlrSef jzpfzkdY vkdtyfaeygao;w,f/ ppfrjzpfcifu q&mOD;cifaZmfwkdY vkyfaqmifxm;wJh jrefrmEkdifiHokawoetoif;ykdif "mwfjym;(22)csyf[mvnf; AkH;xJwcsKdU ygukefawmh tpktaqmif;aumif;wJhvlvufxJ usefoavmuf usefw,f? 'grSr[kwf tm;vkH;&Sdaeao;w,f qkd&ifawmh tifrwef 0rf;om p&maumif;ygw,f/ 'D"mwfjym;awGxJrSm BuKd;? bGJU? oDcsif;cefY? ywfysKd;? ,kd;',m; oDcsif;awG eJY &wk? &uef? tJ? {csif;? tkdifcsif;? vl;wm;? armfuGef;? av;csKd;awGtygt0if

e&nf;?

ajr§mufpnf?

AkHBuD;oHawGukd

a':apmjr

at;Munf? a':a'vDñGefY? ta0;a&mufrif;BuD;wkdYu oDqkdtoHoGif;ay;xm; NyD;? oDayg e&nf;awmfom;awG&JU vufoHukdyg Mum;EkdifvkdY 'Du@[mvnf; r[m*DwavmutwGuf ta&;ygvSwmukd awGU&ygw,f/ aemuftusyftwnf;wcku r[m*DwavmurSm r&Sdoifhr&SdtyfwJh ]]*kdPf;}} qkdwm &SdaewJhtcsufygyJ/ a&S;u trsKd;orD;BuD;awGxJrSm 'Dynm tppf trSefukd wu,fwwfNyD;? wu,fxdef;odrf;? wu,fzGHUNzKd;atmifvkyfcJhol (2)OD;[m 'Dorkdif; rSm txift&Sm;&Sdygw,f/ tJ'D (2) OD;uawmY 1/ tvuFmausmfpGm a':apmjrat;Munf (bDat) 2/ 0PÖausmfxifa':atmifMunfwkdY jzpfMuygw,f/ apmif;eJY ywfouf&if OD;zl;a*gif? a&SUawmfajy; armifarmifokduf? a'0£`E´m armifarmifBuD;wkdY ta&;BuD;ovkd qkdif;eJYywfouf&if pdefaA'g t&ma&mufovkdyJ? r[m*DweJY ywfouf&if 'DtrsKd;orD;BuD; (2) OD;vkH;[mvnf; ta&;ygvSygw,f/ b,folU*kdPf;&,fvkdY ruGJjym;xkdufygbl;/ 374

'D *kdPf;qkdwmeJY ywfoufNyD; ppfukdif;awmif½kd; uspGmacsmifq&mawmf&JU tqkH;tr[m erlem,lxkdufygw,f/ ]]wkdY omoemrSm 0dyóemeJY ywfouf &if rkd;ukwf? pGef;vGef;? r[mpnf pojzifh &Sdaeayr,fh owdyXmef av;yg;? r*¾if&Spfyg; w&m;omjzpfygap? 'g[m tppftrSefcsnfhyJ}} ]]ynwfrwlvkdY? vlawGruGJaumif;bl;}} wJh/ 'gaMumifh r[m*Dwukd vkdufpm;wJholenf;yg;vSwJh 'DvkdtcsdefrSm *kdPf;ruGJ xkdufbJ? trsKd;om;,Ofaus;rIukd wpnf;wvkH;xJ xdef;odrf;oifhMuNyDvkdY tBuHjyKcsifygw,f/ vlxka':trm&JU jrifhrm;vSwJh

'DpmtkyfrSm

,Ofaus;rIw&yf

xdef;odrf;xm;MuygvkdY

'DvkdtpOftvmaumif;NyD; raysmufpaumif;bl;?

wyfvSefYxm;wJh

tqifhtwef; xdef;odrf;EkdiforQ

apwemaumif;ukd

txift&Sm;

awGU&ygw,f/ 'DpmtkyfrSm

apmif;ynmykdif;eJYywfoufNyD; twdrf;t,drf;av; enf;enf;

ygygw,f/ 'g[mvnf; pma&;ol[m apmif;wD;aeol? oDcsif;qkdaeol r[kwfwm&,f? rSwfom;wJhtcg tenf;tusOf; vkdtyfoGm;wmav;awG &,faMumifh jzpfaumif;jzpfEdkifygw,f/ 'gav;uvGJ&if 'Dpmtkyf[m trsKd;om;,Ofaus;rIw&yf raysmufysufatmif ckepfarmif;wifay;xm;wJh trsKd;om;a&;tm;rmef tjynfhygwJYpmtkyfaumif;vkdY rSwfcsufcs&rSmjzpfygw,f/

375

2/ tNidrfh (y? 'k)

tNidrfhqkdwmu jynfolawGtlvIdufonf;vIduf ESpfNcKdufMuwJh tEkynmw&yf jzpfygw,f/ obifqkdwJh ywf0ef;usifu ,Ofaus;rI tqifhtwef;w&yfukd wkdif;wmMunfhr,fqkd&if ]tNidrfh}qkdwJh tpdwftykdif;wck[m wlwlwefwef ajymjyEkdifwJh &J&J0Hh0Hh rSwfausmuftwifcHEkdifwJhe,fy,fwae&m jzpfygw,f/ tNidrfh[m ae&m 2 ae&majymif;NyD; wjznf;jznf; zGHUNzKd;wkd;wufcJh&wJh obifvnf; jzpfygw,f/ tNidrfh&JUacwfOD;u eef;awmf? tdrfawmfxJrSm oaE¨wnfcJhayr,fh

xD;aysmuf?

eef;aysmufjzpfcJh&wJh

aemufykdif;rSmawmh

jynfoleJYteD;pyfqkH;obif? jynfolUtonf;pGJobif? jynfolU&ifeJY wxyf wnf;usvSwJh pifay:uobifvkdYqkdEkdifygw,f/ 'D tNidrfh&JU rdcifeJY zcifBuD; awGuawmh OD;cspfzG,f? a':pdefokHwkdYygyJ/ 'Dvkd jynfolUobif taMumif;ukd pma&;olu aphaphpyfpyf? ,Of,Ofaus;aus;? pkHpkHvifvif a&;zGJUxm;ykH[m ]]tNidrfh}} yGJuwmukdMunfhae&ovkdygyJ/ pmtkyfeJYtNidrfhpif? tNidrfhpifeJYpmtkyf [m t[yfuGmraebl;/ pmtkyfu tNidrfhpifay:wuf uvkduf? tNidrfhpifu pmtkyfxJ0ifNyD; 0guszGJUvkdufeJY pnf;pnf;0g;0g;&SdvSygw,f/ pma&;ol[m tNidrfheJYywfoufNyD; 'Dpmtkyf twGJ (2) wGJrSm tNidrfh? OD;cspfzG,f? a':pdefokH? tNidrfhrif;orD;? bkef;BuD;ysH{,mOfusL;? tNidrfhñGefYaygif;? uav;ESpfyg;oGm;? tNidrfhwl&d,m? tNidrfh'kd;? tNidrfhoDcsif;? tNidrfhvljyuf? tNidrfh ysufvkH;? vljyufrif;om;? tNidrfhvljyufMuD;awG? jrefrmñGefYtNidrfhBuD;? tNidrfhaxmifawG? &efukeftNidrfh? tNidrfhobif tvm;tvm pwJh acgif;pOfawG cGJjcm;NyD; a&;xm;ykH[m ]]jrefrmhtNidrfhobifeJYywfoufNyD; pdwf0ifpm;olawGtzkdY wxkdif wnf;eJY tNidrfhqkdwm

bmvJvkdY

ar;aep&mrvkdatmif 376

jzwfoef;cJh&wJh

tNidrfhorkdif;eJYwuG wifjyxm;wmrkdY jynfhpkHckdifrmvSwJh pmtkyfwtkyf vkdY qkdxkdufygw,f/ eef;awmfxJrSm ]]tNidrfhawmf}} vkdY ac:&wJh ,Ofaus;? odrfarGU? Nidrfhajimif; om,mvSwJh tajctaeuae tNidrfh rif;orD; Mobmaomif; (0PÖausmfxif tar a':Mobmaomif;)u tqwf? tvwf? tysH? t~uG? tjrL;? txawGeJY tNidrfhacwfwckukd wDxGifajymif;vJvkdufykH[m tNidrfhjzwfoef;cJh&wJh umv w&yfrSm ta&;ygvSwmrkdY ]]tNidrfhwacwfajymif; rif;orD; Mobmaomif;}}vkdY pma&;olu a&;om;xm;NyD; 'DudpöeJYywfoufNyD; aoaocsmcsm wifjyxm; wmukdvnf; awGU& ygao;w,f/ tNidrfh&JU cspfp&maumif;wJh ÓOfwcku tNidrfhrif;orD;eJYvljyuf tay;t,leJY uMu&wJh tcsufygyJ/ rif;orD; armvkdU armrSef;rodatmif ynmeJY ckay;wJh obiftwwf[m tqifhtwef;jrifhrm;vSw,fvkdY olUtEktnm

(Art)

ukd

*kPfjyKcsD;rGrf;Mu&rSm jzpfygw,f/ tcsdwftqufrdav? ÓPf&SdorQ tvkyf vkyfEkdifav? y&dowf&JU &ifxJutjrL;u 0g;ceJ yg;pyfzsm; a&mufvmav ynm&Sif&JU t&nftaoG;u awmufajymifavvkdY aumufcsufcs&rSm jzpfyg w,f/ 'DtEkynm 'D&ou ynmÓPf? [moÓPf? jzwfxkd;ÓPf EkHYaevkdY r&ygbl;/ umv? a'o tay:rSm vTmMunfhwwfwJh em;? rsufpdjzpfzkdYvnf; tifrwef vkdtyfygw,f/ 'Dtykdif;rSm OD;ocFgwkdY? OD;"mwfckd;wkdYtaMumif;[m erlem,lavmuf ygw,f/ aemufwck ta&;ygvSykHukd pma&;ol cs,frIef;xm;wmu ]]tNidrfhoDcsif;}} taMumif;yJ jzpfygw,f/ a&S;wkef;uawmh tNidrfhoDcsif;wyk'f[m rif;orD; wvufukd [kd;[kd;ausmfatmif pGrf;aqmifEkdifwmrdkY jynfolcspfwJh tNidrfh rif;orD;jzpfzkdY oDcsif;a&;q&m[m tc&maygh/ 'DvkdzufrSm &SmrS&Sm; pGrf;aqmif EkdifvSolu rrsm;vSwJh pmqkdawmfawGxJrSm xifay:vGef;wJh eef;awmfa&SU 377

q&mwifyg/ olUoDcsif;rqkdzl;wJh rif;orD;vnf; r&SdoavmufygyJ/ 'Dvkd wkdif;ausmf jynfausmf tNidrfhoDcsif;a&;q&m&JU tNidrfhpifay:a&mufvm&wJh tjzpfoepfukd

pma&;q&mu

olU&JU

uavmiftwwfeJY

jynfhjynfhpkHpkH

pDcs,fxm;yg ao;w,f/ avbmwDwkdY?

Ouúvmat;MunfwkdY?

raiGNrKdifwkdY?

Mobmaomif;wkdY

tNidrfhpifay:rSm uMuwJhtcg olwkdYEIwfzsm;u oDcsif;[m jynfolawG [uf[ufyufyuf vkdufqkdMuwJh oDcsif;rkdY ]]pmpDñTef;zGJUvQif? emrnftvGef xnfhcsif}}wJh eef;awmfa&SUwif&JU tvkdqE´u tvGefobm0usvSygw,f/ q&mwif[m jynfolUpmqkdyg/ jynfolUb0eJY tvGef[yfrdwJh oDcsif;a&;q&m yg/ tNidrfhuNyDqkdwJhtcg rif;orD;tu ~uGwufvmatmif zefqif;ay;EkdifwJh t&m[m ]]tNidrfh'kd;}}yg/ rif;orD;&JU tu tvS tqpfusKd;atmif ykdYay;Ekdif ol[m 'kd;q&myg/ 'Dq&mawG&JUtaMumif;ukdvnf; taru woD;woefY? wcef;wu@ taeeJY olwkdYtaMumif; rusefcJh&avatmif pmzGJUxm;yg ao;w,f/ avbmwDwkdY acwfuae [kdraeYwaeYutxdawmh tNidrfhobif[m jynfol Mum;rSm xD;xD;rm;rm;eJY pDpDjrnfjrnf &SdaecJhwm tm;vkH;todyg/ 'DaeY 'D&ufusawmh tNidrfhqkdwm acwfa&pD;aMumif;eJY ,SOfEkdifavmufatmif tm;yg; w& r&SdvSbl;vkdY qkdEkdifovkd? tNidrfh&JU tqifhtwef;uvnf; [kdwkef;[kdcg avmuf rjrifhrm;vSawmhbl;vkdY ajym&rSmyg/tNidrfh&JUonf;ajcraysmufatmif xdef;odrf;NyD; BuKd;BuKd;pm;pm; uaeMuwJh rif;orD;awG? vl&TifawmfawG &Sdaeao;ayr,fh t½kd;ukdt&GufzkH;NyD; tvkyfvkyfaeolawGvnf; &SdaeygNyD/ ukd,fykdifoDcsif;awGzufutvGefYtvGef oDcsif;rqkdawmhwJh

tm;enf;vmovkd

olawGawmif&SdaeNyDqkdawmh 378

tNidrfh&JU

yg;pyfuae t½kd;tom;u

aysmufrSef;rod aysmufaewJh ]]rdwfuyftNidrfh}}awG&JU tem*wf[m vSrSvSygh rvm;vkdY oHo,jzpfr,fqkd&if jzpfxkdufNyDaygh/ 'DaeY 'D&ufrSm tNidrfhrif;orD; awG&JU EIwfcrf;awmf a&Tyg;pyfu ]]vli,fa&qdyf? awmifxdyfopfyif? O,smOf yef;rmvf? a&uef? a&wGif;? ,rif;ysKdppf? 0wfpm;opfESifh jzLvSpf&dyfNidrf? vlUpnf;pdrf0,f? tcsdefomawmif;? naeapmif;wJh &Sif ..... qkdwJh ajcqif; rsKd;ukd tm? ESm? vQm awGeJY ypfcwfqkdNyD; tNidrfhoDcsif;qufqkdvkdY tNidrfheJYwlatmif uEkdifolawGenf; aeNyDrkdY? 'Dvkdtqif;rsKd; jyefa&mufatmif ]],Ofaus;rItodpdwf"mwf}} eJY BuKd;pm;MuzkdY 'Dpmwef;uwqifh ]]rD;0g}} jyvkdufyg& ap/ aemufwck tm;enf;csufu tNidrfhzufu vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm; pmzwftm; enf;aeao;wJh tcsufygyJ/ tNidrfhpif ay:rSm vuFm&GwfwmrsKd; r&Sdoavmuf jzpfaewm awGU&ygw,f/ OD;cspfzG,fwkdY p wDxGifcJhwJh pkHwGJoDcsif; qkdwmrsKd; awG

tNidrfhckHay:u

aysmufoGm;wmMumvSNyDrkdY

jyefNyD;qef;opfMunfh&if

rqkd;vSbl;vkdY ,lqygw,f/ a&S;u vl&TifawmfBuD;awGrSm pmayA[kokw u~uG,f? pum;uvnf;wwf? q&maumif;awG&JU enf;emvnf; &zl;vkdY olwkdYu a&SUuaecif;NyD; rif;orD;ukd qGJac:oGm;Ekdifygw,f/ tcktcgrSmjzifh 'Dvkdac:Ekdifcif;EkdifwJhzufuvnf;

a&S;uavmufawmh

yDyDoor&SdvS

awmhbl;vkdY ,lqygw,f/ acwfwkdif; acwfwkdif;rSm b,facwfjzpfjzpf xl;cRefwJhvluawmh &SdpNrJygyJ/ [moynmeJY ywfouf&if rsufarSmuf acwfrSm olUenf;olU[efeJY acwfukd xif[yfEkdifwJh xif&Sm;ausmfMum;olawG &Sdaeygw,f/ jynfoluvnf; wjcm; [moxuf acwfukd oa&mfwJh [morsKd;qkd&if ykdNyD;BuKdufwwfMuygw,f/ 'gaMumifh tNidrfhpif[m acwfeJYwom;wnf;&SdaewJh acwfrD tEkynmawG arG;zGm;&mae&mvkdY qkdEkdifygw,f/ 379

tNidrfhrSm avbmwDwkdYausmfwmukd pH wckxm;r,fqkd&if xm;avmufygw,f/ tJ'DrSm Ouúvmat;MunfwkdY vlBuKdufrsm;wmu wrsKd;? Mobmaomif; emrnfBuD;wmu wrsKd;yg/ olwkdYxJrSm Mobmaomif;u yefwsm&JU turdcif BuD;rkdY wynfhwyef;awG trsm;BuD; xm;&pfcJhEkdifygw,f/ xif&Sm;wJholawG uawmh yefwsmpef;pef;? a':cifpdef? trmpdef? EGJUEGJUpef;? a':jroef;? a':cif0if;EG,f? raA'g?

NyKH;csKd? yefwsmeDeD0if;?

nKdnKdqef;?

rdrdarmf

pwJholawGyJ qkdMuygpkdY/ 'djyif emrnf& rif;orD;awGvnf; trsm;BuD;yg/ rEÅav;rSmawmh touft&G,ft&a&m? 0gt&a&m? tu? tqkd? tajymrSm rEÅav;tNidrfh&JU vSywJh 0dnmOf raysmufysufatmif xdef;odrf;xm;Ekdifol (2) OD;uawmh a&Tref;ol jrifhjrifhoef;eJY yefwsmaX;aX;jrifhwkdYqkd&if rSm;r,frxif ygbl;/ &efukefzufukd taeMumvkdY wavmuwDAGDrSm jrifvkduf&wJh yefwsm aX;aX;0if;[mvnf; a&S;rlukd xdef;odrf;xm;Ekdifol wOD;ygyJ/ {,mOfusL; aumif;w,fvkdY

ajymcJhMu&olawGuawmh

rdwfqufjroef;?

rm,mwif?

a':cifpef;wif? raA'g? xdyfoD;oef;oef; polawGjzpfygw,f/ wjcm; uRefawmf owdrxm;rdolawGvnf; &SdEkdifygao;w,f/ 'Dvkd jrefrmhrl jrefrmh [efukd wav;wpm; xdef;odrf;xm;olawG rsm;rsm;pm;pm;&SdzkdY ta&;[m acwf&JU ta&;BuD;wJh vkdtyfcsufw&yf jzpfyg w,f/ tckacwf tNidrfhawG[m tjyiftqifu ZmwfBuD;avmufeD;eD; jzpfvmvm; jzpfvm&JU? rkd;tvif; uvm;u&JU? pwD&D,kdoDcsif;awG qkdvm;qkd&JU? 'gayr,fh ]]tNidrfh}}&JU ynmtppftrSefuawmh wkd;wudrvmwJhtjyif qkwf,kwfoGm; w,f vkdYjrifygw,f/ pdefaA'gvkd yk*¾KdvfrsKd;eJY wGJu&wJh tNidrfhñGefYaygif; qkdwmrsm; b,fawmhrS jyefMunfh&ygrvJ rajymwwfygbl;/ 'gukd wzuf wvrf;u umuG,fwJhtaeeJY rEÅav;rSm oufBuD;tNidrfh (1)? (2) qkdNyD; toufBuD; 0g&ifh vl&TifawmfBuD;awGeJY a':rsKd;cspfoef;? a':cifpef;wifwkdY 380

wNidrfhpDwGJNyD; a&S;utNidrfhykHpHtwkdif;uwJhtcg y&dowfu tifrwef ESpfNcKduf Muwmukd awGU&ygw,f/ 'gukdMunfh&if tm;ay;wJh y&dowf[m ]]tNidrfh}} &JU t½kd;tom;ay:rSm pGJvef;wkef;qkdwm xif&Sm;ygw,f/ 'Dvrkdif;ukd t&,lNyD; 'DacwfrSm emrnf&SdaewJh tNidrfhzufu tEkynmonfawGtaeeJY avbmwD&JU pef;rsKd;? y&dowf tm;ay;rIrsKd;? olU[dwfrsKd;jyef&atmif BuKd;pm;xkdufMu ygw,f/ b,f tEkynmyJjzpfjzpf wae&mwnf;rSm &yfraeygbl;/ &yfae&ifvnf; tEkynm ryDoawmhbl;/ 'gayr,fh wkd;wufw,f? wDxGifw,fqkdwm vlrsKd;&JUrlv ,Ofaus;rIvrf;aMumif;uae aoGzDoGm;vkdUawmh rjzpfaumif; ygbl;/ 'Dvkdjzpfr,fh tajctaersKd;qkd&ifawmh trsKd;om;a&;tjrifeJY jywfjywf om;om; [efYwm;&rSMu jynfoltm;vkH;&JU wm0efygyJ/ uRefawmfwkdY vlrsKd;eJY EkdifiHtay:ukd wjcm;uaeNyD; rsufaphus? txifwBuD;&Sd&wJh t&mawG[m pmay,Ofaus;rIeJY tEkynmawGygyJ/ Fielding Hall vkd pma&;q&muqkd&if 'DvlrsKd;[m 'Dta&;t&mawGeJYywfouf&if tNrJxdyfwef;uaerSmvkdY txif u& a&;om;xm;wmukd zwfzl;MurSmyg/ olwkdY csD;usL;av;pm;w,fqkdwmu jrefrm&JUpmayppfppf? tEkynmppfppf? ,Ofaus;rIppfppftay:rSmyg/ [wfbGKdif (Half Boil)

tEkynmawGtay:rSm txifBuD;ta&;xm;Muwm r[kwfygbl;/

'Dtcsufukd wjcm;olawG owdrxm;rd&ifawmif ZmwfwkdY? tNidrfhwkdY? qkdif;wkdU? pmaywkdYbufuyk*¾KdvfawG tEkokckrt&yf&yfeJY oufqkdifolawGu txl;jyKNyD; owd&SdMuzkdY trsm;BuD; vkdtyfygw,f/ ]]tNidrfh}}pmtkyfrSm pma&;olu tNidrfhpifay:uae Mumypfwm ,kZeat;pdefu pw,fqkdwmvkd cJ&mcJqpf orkdif;aMumif;omru? zsmay:rSm xkdifqkdwJh tNidrfhb0uae tNidrfhckHay:a&mufwm 1890-ckESpfpwJh taxmuftxm;awG ukd

ckdifckdifrmrm

a&;jyxm;wmrkdY

'DESpf[m 381

tNidrfhckH

&mjynfhESpfvkdYvJ

qkdEkdifygw,f/ vlxka':trmtaeeJY ]]tNidrfh}}ukd a&;wm[m

'De,fy,fawmh ola&;zkdY

usefao;w,fqkdwJh todeJY a&;wmvkdY ajymayr,fh uRefawmfhtxifuawmh tNidrfhukdcspfwJh oHa,mZOfuykdrsm;vdrfhr,fvkdY ,lqygw,f/ bmjzpfvkdYvnf; qkdawmh a':trm&JU ]]tNidrfh}}pmtkyfu rD;a&mifatmufrSm vljyufawGeJYwGJNyD; uaewJh tNidrfh rif;orD;&JU tvStyukdomru ]]tNidrfh}}qkdwJh vSvGef;wJh ADZukdxifueJ jrifomatmif trdt& pDjc,foDukH;xm;vkdYygyJ/

3/ a&Tref;wifarmif

vlxka':trma&;cJhorQ trsKd;om;obifeJY oufqkdifwJh pmtkyfawGxJrSm tEkynmoabmt&

tvSqkH;?

t~uGt&GqkH;

pmtkyfukdajymprf;ygqkd&if

uRefawmfuawmh ]]a&Tref;wifarmif}}vkdY 'ufceJ ajzrdrSmyg/ yk*他KdvfcifvkdY w&m;rifw,f qkd&ifvnf; uRefawmfu tvuFmausmfpGm a&Tref;OD;wifarmif xuf ykdBuKdufwJhZmwfrif;om;r&SdvkdY 'D tqkdrSefygw,fvkdY ajym&rSmyg/ OD;wifarmift&ifu Zmwfobife,fy,frSm ausmfayhqkdwJh atmifAv? zkd;pdef? pdefuwkH;qkdwJh {&mryk*他KdvfBuD;awG &SdcJhayr,fh olwkdYukduRefawmfu rsufpdeJY rDwmr[kwfbl;/ pmtkyfuwqifh em;uwqifhrD&? od&? Mum;&wmrkdY olwkdY&JU BuD;us,fcrf;em;vSwJh obifb0ukd cefYrSef;rdayr,fh uRefawmfukd,fwkdif rDvkdufwJh a&Tref;OD;wifarmifusawmh igodrkdY a&Tref;ae&mrSm [kdvlawG rwkd;Ekdifwm aerSmyg/

382

'Dvkdqkd&if rif;u ukd,fhrsufpdeJY rjrif&wkdif; a&S;uvlawGxufykdNyD; axmufcH aewm w&myghrvm;qkdwJhar;cGef; ar;p&m&Sdygw,f/ OD;zkd;pdefwkdY vufxufu oGif;cJhwJh "mwfjym;awGudk em;axmifMunfhwJhtcg tqkd? tikd? tajym aumif;ovm; rar;eJYqkdovkd aumif;ygw,f/ 'gayr,fh OD;wifarmif&JU &GJukefonfxJu a&T .. ..qkdwJh oHtloHzsm;rsKd; tJ'D"mwfjym;awGxJrSm rawGU&wJhtjyif vuf0JokE´&trwf? umVK'g,Dtrwf Zmwf½kyfawG&JU &ifoyf ½Iarm tHhMoavmufwJh tajymeJY oka'¨m'erif;BuD;&JU tvGrf;awGu em;xJ pGJaewmrkdY 'DtpGJukd razsmufEkdifwJhtwGuf a&Tref;zufESpfav;omaewmygvkdY ajz&yg vdrfhr,f/ OD;wifarmifukd uRefawmfig;ESpfom;avmufuwnf;u Munfhvmwm ol uG,fvGefawmh uRefawmfhtouf q,fhig;ESpf &SdaeygNyD/ tJ'Dwkef;u vuf0J okE´&wkdY? awmxGufcef;wkdYukd t&om rcHwwfao;ygbl;/ vuf0JokE´& aemufykdif;ZmwfrSm rJZmawmxJ qD;ESif;awG NzKdufNzKdufusaewmukd wcrf; wem;Munfh&awmh w,fNyD;oabmuswmyJ &Sdyg w,f/ &wkawG? vuFmawG? tajymtqkdawGukd oabmraygufao;ygbl;/ touf ESpfq,f? tpdwfa&mufvmawmh i,fi,fwkef;u Aubkd;bkd;BuD;eJY umVK'g,Dukd oabmus&muae awmxGufcef;ukd t&omcHwwfvmygw,f/ Ak'¨0ifZmwfawmfawGxJrSm OD;wifarmifucJhorQ awmxGufcef;[m aemufykdif; Zmwf&JU &oqkdwJh aywHeJYwkdif;&if aytrDqkH;? a'guftrDqkH;vkdY qkdEkdifygw,f/ vuf0JokE´&ukdawmh ]]wifarmifvuf0J}} qkdwJh pmqkdt&xl;NyD; ajymp&m vkdr,frxifygbl;/ a&S;wkef;ubkd;at

obifynm&SifBuD;awG[m

½kyftaeeJY?

ynmtaeeJY

OD;wifarmifxufomw,fyJqkdMuygpkdY/ 'gayr,fh y&dowftay:rSm xm;wJh apwem? olU&JUwDxGiftm;? y&dowftay:av;pm;rI? ynmukd rwif;rwdrf 383

wrf;

BuKd;pm;qnf;yl;rI? pmayavhvmvkdufpm;rI? obifrIay:rSmxm;wJh

0D&d,? olU&JUtajymtqkd ynmt&mawGrSmawmh OD;wifarmifu ododomom BuD; omw,fvdkY qkd&rSmyg/ rsm;jym;vSwJh OD;wifarmif&JU *kPfyk'fawGxJrSm xdyfqkH;u t&nftaoG;ukd ajymygqkd&ifawmh Zmwfq&m&JU tajym ynmvkdY uGufwdajz&rSmyg/ 'geJYywfoufNyD; bbOD;okc 1964-ck? rwfvxkwf aoG;aomuf r*¾Zif;rSm a&;cJhwJh ]]pdwf csrf;omjcif;}}vkdY acgif;pOfwyfxm;wJh aqmif;yg;xJu tenf;i,f aumufEIwfwifjyvkdygw,f/ ..

..

..

.. ]]a&Tref;

ukdwifarmifukd,fwkdif

w&m;"r®ESifhywfoufí

A[kokwrsm;pGm&Sdonf/ A[kokw&Sdoavmuf w&m;pum;tajymaumif;onf ukd olUy&dowfrSeforQ odMuayvdrfhrnf/ Zmwfpifay:wGif ujytokH;awmf cH&if; Zmwfvrf; ZmwfuGuftvkdufom wwGwfwGwfaeatmif ajymwwfonf r[kwf? tdrfrSmae&if; rdwfaqG taygif;toif;ESifh awGUonfh tcgwGifvnf; taMumif;qkduf&mwkdif; u&m;a&oGeftqufrjywfa[majymEkdifonf/ olum; pum;ajymzkdY 0goem ygolwnf;? Mum;em&olrsm;bufuvnf; rysif;r&d pdwf0ifpm;p&m jzpfbdonf}}.. .. ..vkdY aqmif;yg;wae&mrSm az:jyxm; ygw,f/ 'DtaMumif;awGukd vlxka':trmu rEÅav;ol&JU tnmaveJY tyDtjyif wifjyxm;&mrSm ]]'Dpmtkyfa&;wJh taMumif;u}}qkdwJh yxrpmrsufESmupNyD; pmzwfy&dowfukdqGJac:oGm;vkdufykHu pmtkyfNyD;NyDqkdwJh ]]'gaMumifh a&Tref; wifarmifvkdyJ

olUom;awGvJ

ArmZmwfobifukd

xdef;odrf;oGm;EkdifwJh

rif;om;awG jzpfvmygap/ vkHYv0D&d,? ZGJeJYBuKd;pm;rI rSm zathajc&meif;EkdifwJh om;awG jzpfvmygapvkdY arwåmxm; qE´jyKMuw,f}} qkdwJh ae&mom a&mufoGm;a&m? 'Dpmtkyfukd *smat; olUtar½kdufcsifaeao;wmyJ/

384

a':trm&JU 'dt&ifu ]]atmifAv? zkd;pdef? pdefuwkH;}}qkdwJh Zmwfrif;om; BuD;awGtaMumif; a&;xm;wJh pmtkyf[m obifrIeJYywfoufNyD; a&;vmorQ pmtkyfawGtxJrSm pmrsufESm trsm;qkH;? txlqkH;pmtkyfyg/ 'gayr,fh 'D ]]a&Tref;

wifarmif}}

qkdwJh

Zmwfrif;om;BuD;taMumif;

woD;woefY

a&;xm;wJhpmtkyfeJY ,SOfMunfh&if 'DpmtkyfrSm a&;[efuvnf; ykdoGufaew,f/ qGJaqmifrIvnf; ykd&Sdaew,f/ txJu taMumif;t&mawGrSmvnf; vkH;0 jcm;em;aewJh taetxm;awG trsm;BuD;awGU&ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh ]]a&Tref; wifarmif}} qkdwJh pmtkyfukd ]]jynfolcspfaom tEkynmonfrsm; 'kwd,wGJ}}vkdY ac:r,fqkd&if ac:jzpfw,fvkdY qkdcsifygw,f/ a&Gref;wifarmifukd jynfolawG b,favmufcspfMuw,f qkdwm 'DpmtkyfxJ rSmygwJh olUpsmye&JU pnfum; okdufNrKdufykHu rSwfausmuftwifcHaeav&JU/ wu,fwef;usawmh ppfNyD; 'Dzufykdif;rSm a&Tref;wifarmif[m eHygwf (1) rif;om;yg/ 'DaeYxdvnf; 'DeHygwf (1) ae&mrSmyJ olr&Sdawmhayr,fh ol&Sdaew,fvkdY ajym&OD;rSmyg/ 'Dpmwef;wifoGif;wJhtcsdefrSm OD;wifarmif uG,fvGefcJhwm (21)ESpf wif;wif;jynfhvkdY (22)ESpfxJawmif a&mufvmygNyD/ 'gayr,fh 'DaeYtxd olUae&mrSm b,foluawmh ae&mpm; 0if,lNyDqkdwJh tjzpfrsKd; rBuKH&ao;ygbl;/ oabmuawmh (21)ESpfNynfhNyDqkdwJh umv&SnfBuD;rSm jrefrm Zmwfrif;om; awG [kwfwdywfwd rBuKd;pm;Muao;bl;qkdwJh tajzu rar;bJeJY xGufaewm rkdY ZmwfobifavmutwGuf tm;wuf&rnfhtpm; tm;ysuf&rvkd jzpfaewm aygh/OD;wifarmif BuKd;pm;w,fqkdwmu olBuKd;pm;om;yJvkdY vQmzsm;av;wif ajymjzpf½kH BuKd;pm;cJhwmr[kwfygbl;/ jrefrmhZmwfobiforkdif;rSm armfuGef;xkd; ukdxkd;rS jzpfr,fhol tqifhtwef;eJY xkdufwefatmifukd cg;awmif;usKdufNyD; tHBudwfvkdY BuKd;pm;cJholqdkwm b,folrSrjiif;omygbl;/ n0uf obifopfeJY 385

ywfoufNyD; trsKd;om;ynm0ef OD;zkd;usm;&JU tBuHÓPfukd olrsm;awG taumiftxnfrazmfEkdifcJhayr,fh OD;wifarmifu vSvSyyatmifatmifjrifjrif taumiftxnf azmfEkdifcJhygw,f/ 'DudpötwGuf OD;wifarmif BuKd;pm;cJhykHukd 'Dpmtkyf&JU pmrsufESm 326u 340 txd pma&;ol o½kyfazmf xm;wmukd zwfMunfh&if 0D&d,rif;om; ukdwifarmif&,fvkdY a':trmokH;EIef;wm[m tH0if*Gifus&SdvSwmukd xifxif&Sm;&Sm; awGUMu&rSmyg/ n0ufwkef;u pdef barmifwD;cJhwJh pHawmfcsdef wD;vkH;[mvnf; olUZmwfu olUqkdif;q&moleJYNrJzkdY b,fvkdBuKd;pm;cJh&w,fqkdwmukd az:jyaeovkdygyJ/ 'DwD;vkH;ukd uRefawmfwkdY wawG aeYwkdif; (5)Budrfwdwd Mum;ae&qJyg/ 'Dacwf ZmwfyGJawGrSm yeHroifhwJhu@[m

Stage Show

qkdwJh ZmwfobifeJY b,fvkdrS

em&Dawmfawmfrsm;rsm;,laeawmh

jyZmwfxGufwm?

ESpfyg;uwm? aemufykdif;Zmwfxkyfcif;&mrSm wckNyD;wck tcsdefupNyD; xdckduf ukefwm Zmwf&JUrlvausm½kd;ukdyg xdckdufw,fvkdY ajAmifyJ ajym&ygvdrfhr,f/ 'ghtjyif 'DaeY'D&ufrSm uaeMuwJh ESpfyg;cGif[m rsm;aomtm;jzifh a[; . . . qkdNyD;

rif;orD;awGu

oHNyKdifatmfvkdY ckefaygufysHvTm;

uaewJhtueJY

a&S;uopömxm; ESpfyg;oGm;eJYu bmrS rqkdifawmhygbl;/ 'DxJrSm

Disco

qkdwmawGuvnf; ZmwfckHay:a&mufvmvkdY reJ[efYwm;,l&wJh tjzpfawGyg/ aemufykdif;ZmwfawmfawG usjyefawmhvnf; pmayeJYa0;aewJh aemufykdif;Zmwf awGqkdovkdrsKd;jzpfvmNyD; 'Dtcef;u@twGuf ,lwJhtcsdefuvJ aexGufvk aeNyD? eHygwf (1) ukd,fawmf~uGawmfrlygbk&m;qkdwJh qGrf;BuD;avmif;csdef a&mufaeNyDrkdY

aemufykdif;&JU

&ou

b,faysmufaew,f

rodygbl;/

b,frif;om;av;uBuKd;pm;w,f? awmfw,f? pmav;bmav;vnf; zwfazmf? usufazmf&w,fqkdwJh toHav;xGufvmvkdY bmrSrMumvkdufygbl;/ wjcm; tEkynme,fy,fopfzuf ul;oGm;jyefNyDqkdwJhowif;uyg aemufuvkdufvm 386

awmh a&S;uxm;cJhwJh obifynmtwGuf &wufrat;&ykHukd ikdcsif;cs&rvkd jzpf&wJhtwGufvnf; obif;e,fy,ftwGuf 0rf;enf;p&maumif;vSygw,f/ 'Dtcsdef'Dumvukd jyefokH;oyf&if ]]Zmwf}}qkdwJh obifrIukd ½kyf&Sifomru AGD'D,kdqkdwmuyg tompD;,lxm;awmh 'gawGukd aumif;aumif;xkd;azmuf EkdifzkdY BuKd;pm;r,fqkd&if OD;wifarmif&JU 0D&d,rsKd;xuf ESpfqomrS jzpfyg vdrfhr,f/ wu,fwef; vufawGUrSmawmh OD;wifarmif&JU okH;csKd;wcsKd; BuKd;pm;Mu&ifukd rqkd;bl;vkdY qkd&rSmyg/ 'ghtjyif Zmwfobifavmuu yk*¾KdvfawGtaeeJY jynfolvlxkuu aemufykdif;ZmwfawGudk jyefNyD;pdwf0ifpm; vmatmif tcrf;tem;? tjyiftqif? toHtxm;tokd? rD;bufqkdif&m wDxGifrI?

ZmwfpmusufrSwfrI?

Zmwf½kyfEkdifeif;yDjyifrI?

&oajrmufatmif

wifqufrI pwJh tcsufawGtay:rSm wckcsif; pOf;pm;NyD; Zmwfobif&JU a&SUtvm;tvmtwGuf pkaygif;tajz&SmMuzkdYvkdNyD xifygw,f/ jrefrmy&dowf[m Zmwf? tNidrfh? qkdif;pwJhtEkynmtay:rSm oHa,mZOf tifrwefBuD;ygw,f/ BuKdufvnf; tifrwefBuKdufMuygw,f/ 'Dtay:rSm acwfeJYtnD jrefrmhrl? jrefrmh[efrysuf wDxGifoGm;zkdYyJ vdkygw,f/ acwfa&pD; aMumif;ukd

'Du@awGxJ

twkH;vkduf?

twpfvkduf

xnfhypfzkdYawmh

raumif;bl;vkdY xifygw,f/ ]]a&Tref;wifarmif}}qkdwJh pmtkyfukd a':trmu Zmwfobifwck&JU BuD;us,f crf;em;vSykHukd Zmwfq&mtaMumif;yg ajym&if; wifjyxm;wmyg/ 'Dpmtkyfukd zwf&wJhtcg vGefcJhwJh tESpf (20)0ef;usifu jrefrmhZmwfobif avmu tajctae eJY uaeYypöKyÜefukd tomuav; csdefxkd;MunfhEkdifygvdrfhr,f/ 'ghtjyif jrefrmhZmwfobifavmuBuD;&JU BuD;us,frGefjrwfvSwJh twdwf&JU yef;csDum;wcsyfukd &ifoyf½Iarm tHhMoavmufatmif rsufpdxJ jrifvmvdrfh r,f/ Zmwfobifynm&JU twdrfteufukdvnf; axmufqrdygvdrfhr,f/ 387

vlxka':trmu 'Dpmtkyfukd a&;wJhtcg oleJY w&if;wESD;&SdvSwJh EkdifiHausmf rif;om;BuD; taMumif;ukda&;wmjzpfvkdY pma&;ol&JU uavmifuxufcsifwkdif; xufaeovm; rajymwwfavmufatmif 'Dpmtkyfu aumif;vSygw,f/ pdefaA'geJYwGJ&wJh

rif;orD;?

rif;om;awG[m

olwkdY&JU

t&nftaoG;

ykday:vmovkd obifrIeJY ywfouf&if apwemt&if;cH aumif;NyD;om; pma&;q&mrBuD;&JU vuf&maMumifh ]]a&Tref;wifarmif}}[m ajymifonfxuf ajymifvufvmw,fvkdY atmufarh&avmufatmif 'Dpmtkyfu *kPfajrmufvS ygw,f/ 'DacwfrSm 'Dynmukd vkdufpm;aeolawG[m 'Dpmtkyfukd tem;rSmxm;NyD; tvGwf&rwwf zwfxkduf rSwfxkdufygw,f/ obifrIeJY toufarG;aeolawG taeeJY OD;wifarmif&JU t&nftaoG;a&m? BuKd;pm;tm;xkwfrIukdyg pHjyKxkduf? twkckd; xkdufygw,f/ u&if;aowJh a&Tref;wifarmifvkdY ajym&ayr,fh wu,fawmh OD;wifarmifraoygbl;/ 'DpmtkyfeJYwuG olU&JU "mwfjym;awG? rSwfwrf;awG? zvifawG? "mwfykHawG[m jrefrmhobifavmuukd a&SUvmr,fh ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm

MumwJhtxd

OD;aqmifaeOD;r,fqkdwm

ajrBuD;vufcwf

rvGJaocsmvSygw,fvkdY cefYrSef;EkdifaMumif; wifjyvkdygw,f/ OD;wifarmifvkd rif;om;rsKd; aemufwa,mufavmuf xyfNyD; zl;yGifharG;zGm;vmygapvkdYvnf; &ifxJuae r&Jw&J qE´jyK qkawmif;vkdufygw,f/

4/ atmifAv? zkd;pdef? pdefuwkH;

ta&SUuae0ef;xGufovkd t&SdefMoZmBuD;vSwJh obifacwfukd ajymygqkd&if atmifAv? zkd;pdef? pdefuwkH;wkdY acwfvkdY ajymEkdifygw,f/ ajr0kdif;uaeNyD; 388

ZmwfpifeJY? um;vdyfeJY? "mwfrD;eJY? tkHeJYusif;eJY jzpfatmif obifwacwfukd wlwlwefwef?

jrifhjrifhrm;rm;

ajymif;vJypfcJhwJh

'Dobifynm&SifBuD;

(3)OD;taMumif;ukd vlxka':trmu atmifAv? zkd;pdef? pdefuwkH; qkdwJh acgif;pnf;eJY a&;cJhwJh cefYnm;x,f0gvSwJh obifpmtkyfwtkyf&JY oufwrf; [m (23)ESpf jynfhvkeD;eD; &Sdyg NyD/ zdk;pdefeJY pdefuwkH;wkdYxuf ykdawmf? ykdausmfwJh a,musfm;rif;orD;atmifAv uG,fvGefwmqkd&if (77)ESpfavmuf&SdoGm;ygNyD/ 'DavmufMumjrifhwJh oufwrf; wavQmufrSm atmifAvvkd a,musfm;rif;orD;vnf; r&SdcJhygbl;/ 'DtaMumif; eJY ywfoufNyD; pma&;olu]]atmifAv[m zkd;pdefxuf ykdausmfwJh tEkynmonf? tifrwef atmifjrifwJh a,musfm;rif;orD;? odyfvlBuKdufrsm;wJh a,musfm;rif;orD;qkdawmh atmifAv ukd vkdcsifwJh rdef;rawGtrsm;BuD; &Sdygvdrfhr,f}}vkdY 'DpmtkyfrSm a&;xm;yg w,f/ Zmwfq&matmifAvu rdef;rvkdrlMu? c&mMupkdYqkd&ifvnf; ESpfa,mufr&Sd qkdovkd? a,musfm;vkd uMu&atmif qkdawmhvnf; a,musfm;yDyD aumif;wm jzpfNyD; rdef;r½kyf? a,musfm;½kyf ESpf½kyfpvkH; Ekdifeif;wJh obifhzcifBuD; jzpfygw,f/ ynmBuD;wJh ae&mrSmawmh atmifAvu zkd;pdefeJY pdefuwkH;xuf omygw,f/ olUukdb,folrS aMumvkdYr&wJh *&dwf OD;zkd;pdefvkdYac:wJh zkd;pdefu q&m atmifAvvkdY ac:&avmufatmif awmfwmrkdY ZmwfobifeJY ywfoufwJh orkdif;ukdajymMu

r,fqkd&if

atmifAvukd

a&SUwef;u xm;Mu&rSmyg/

389

Zmwfobif&JU

rSwfwkdifrSm

ajcz0g;ukdql;pl;vkdY rvSrf;Ekdifbl;? armifawmf&JUaemufu rvkdufEkdifbl;vkdY rdef;uav;vkdrlwJh ae&mrSm atmifAv u wu,fhrdef;rtppfeJY wlvGef;vkdY 'Dtrlt&m[m ZmwfobifrSm pHxm;cJh&wm trsm;todyg/ a':rmrmat; &JU ]]atmifAvtvGrf;ajy}} oDcsif;rSmvnf; 'Dtjzpfoepfukd om,memaysmfzG,f oDqkdxm;wm Mum;EkdifMuygw,f/ atmifAv&JU

tu?

trlt&mawGu

yGJNyD;vkdY tdrfjyefwJhtcg

0rf;xJ

usef&pfatmif aumif;vSwmrkdY tJ'Dacwf y&dowfu yGJNyD;vkdYtdrfjyefwJhtcg atmifAvudk tdrfxdac:oGm;Muovkd cHpm;cJhMuykHukd pma&;olu taxmuf txm; ckdifckdif rmrmeJY a&;jyxm;ygw,f/ ZmwfobiftaMumif; oD;oefYqkdovkd vlxka':trma&;cJhwJh pmtkyf (2)tkyf rSm

'Dpmtkyf[m

Zmwfobif&JU

aewufxef;zsm;csdefukd

a&;wmjzpfvkdY

pmzwfol[m jrefrmhobif&JU cefYnm;x,f0gcJhwJh twdwfukd *kPfr,lbJ raeEkdifbl;/ rmerBuD;bJraeEkdifbl;? r0ifh~uGm;bJ raeEkdifygbl;/ q&m atmifAv[m

olUq&m

raxG;av;xuf

awmfw,fqkdNyD;

q&mhxuf

wynfhvufapmif;xufcJhykHukdvnf; pma&;q&mrBuD;u taotcsm a&;jy xm;ygao;w,f/ 'Dtcsuf[m atmifAvtaeeJY tEkynmwm0efausw,f?

BuKd;pm;w,f?

wDxGifw,f?

orkdif;wifxkdufwJh

yk*¾Kdvfjzpfw,fqkdNyD;

rSwfcsufjyK&r,fh tykdif; jzpfygw,f/ 'ghtjyif touf (31)ESpfeJY uG,fvGefcJh&wJh atmifAv[m 'Dt&G,frSm olu olrsm;ukd

ynmay;EkdifwJh

q&mtqifha&mufNyD;

jrefrmhobifynmukd

txkyftxnfeJY xm;&pfcJhEkdifw,fqkdwJh atmifAv&JU obifodu©m? obif0g [m

uRefawmfwkdYEkdifiH&JU

obiforkdif;rSm

*E¦0ifajrmuf tcsuftvufyg/ 390

pdefpDNyD;

axmyem&r,fh

aemufNyD; ]]atmifAv}}vkd tajr§mufawG tcgcgypfazmufNyD;? r@yfBuD;i,f toG,foG,feJY psmyejymcsEkdifwJh Zmwfrif;om;rsKd; 'DEkdifiHrSm &SdcJh[efrwl ygbl;/ a&Tref;wifarmif psmyersKd;ukd uRefawmfwkdYu ukd,fhrsufpdeJYjrifcJh&awmh 'DromrsKd;&Sdr,frxifygbl;vkdY

psmye&JUBuD;Mu,fcrf;em;ykHukd

&ifoyf½Iarm

jzpfcJh&ayr,fh atmifAvromukd pmxJuae twdtus awGUvkduf&awmhrS ol[m &SmrS&Sm; tEkynmonfqkdwm odvm&ygw,f/ trSefu olUtaMumif;[m ]]jynfolcspfaom tEkynmonfrsm;}} pmtkyfxJrSm zwf&&if b,favmufrsm; aumif;rvJvkdY uRefawmfhpdwfu awmifhwrd ygw,f/ q&mrBuD;uawmh jynfolawG rw&m;ojzifhcspfcJhwJh atmifAvukd woD;woefYa&;rS awmfr,fqkdNyD; wcef;wu@uae rSwfwrf;wifcJhwm jzpfrSmyg/ Zmwfobif ynm&Sif ya*;awG taMumif; pmtkyfaumif; wtkyf a&;csifwmvnf; ygrSmyg/ atmifAv? zkd;pdef? pdefuwkH;qkdwJh emrnfu ykdvSr,f? ykdoifhawmfr,fvkdY ,lqwmvnf; jzpfaumif; jzpfygvdrfhr,f/ 'gtjyif 'DtEkynmonfBuD; (3)OD;u zkdcaemufqkdifoabm rsKd;&SdaewmrkdY wygif;wpnf;xJ a&;vkdufwJh pma&;q&m&JU tpDtpOfaumif;vSykHukd pmtkyf wtkyfvkH;

zwfNyD;wJhtcg

&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;

oabmayguf&ygw,f/

atmifAveJY ywfoufNyD; vlxka':trm rwkdifrDu 'Dvkd ppfppfaygufayguf a&;xm;wJh

pmtkyfrsKd;

r&SdcJhygbl;/

ESpf

(50)

,Ofaus;rIpmapmif

vkd[mrsKd;xJrSmawmif atmifAvtaMumif; reJvkduf&Sm,l&wmyg/ vlxk a':trm[m jrvufpGyf csD;jr§ifh&r,fholukd Oóz,m;avmufeJY rESpfodrfhwwf zl;qkdwJh pdwf"mwf tckdiftrm&SdaMumif; odomxif&Sm;ygw,f/ obifacwf wck&JU &mpkESpfw0ufru eHygwf(1)ae&muae OD;aqmifoGm;wJh ]]bk&m;wum ukdBuD;pdef? ausmif;wum ukdBuD;pdef}} ]]zkd;pdef}} &,fvkdY jynfolUEIwfzsm;rSm a&yef;pm;cJhwJh

OD;zkd;pdeftaMumif;ukd 391

pma&;ol[m

'DpmtkyfxJrSm

pmrsufESmtrsm;qkH;,lNyD;

*&dwfOD;zkd;pdefukd

rSwfwrf;wifay;cJhygw,f/

OD;zkd;pdef[m olUyifukd,fpdwfukdu oluvGJ&if wjcm;r&SdwJh Zmwfrif;om;vkdY cH,lxm;olrkdY? pdwfxJwifru olU&JU obifb0wavQmufvkH;rSm OD;zkd;pdefBuD; ckdw,ftajymrcH&atmif BuKd;pm;oGm;wJh Zmwfrif;om;BuD;yg/ OD;zkd;pdefeJY ywfoufNyD; pma&;q&mrBuD;u 'Dpmtkyf pmrsufESm 178 atmufqkH; tykd'frSm]]Arm

Zmwfobifwacwfukd

tqkdrSmvJaumif;?

OD;aqmifxlaxmifoGm;wJh

zkd;pdefuawmh

turSmvJaumif;? tajymrSmvJaumif;? tvGrf;rSmvJ

aumif;? ½kyfrSmvJacsmwJhvlrkdY av;bufav;wef jynfhpkHw,fqkdNyD; ESpfa,muf r&Sdaumif;wJh

tEkynmonfBuD;tjzpfeJY

ausmfcJhwmyg}}vkdY

OD;zkd;pdef&JU

*kPfj'yfudk wdceJ xdrdatmif az:jycJhygw,f/ 'ghtjyif olUyGJMunfhy&dowf tcsif;csif; zkd;pdeftaMumif; ajymMuykHukd pma&;olu pmrsufESm 179 rSm]]zkd;pdefuawmhuGm rif;om;vkyfpm;zkdY olUtaru arG;xkwfay;vkdufwJhvlyg}}. . ]]zkd;pdefvkd txdokH;ygeJYnDwJh rif;om;uawmh &SmrS&Sm;ygw,f}}. . . ]]yGJqkd&if zkd;pdefyGJMunfh&rSyJ yGJeJYwlw,f}}. . . ]]ukdzkd;pdef bmvkyfvkyf aumif;wmcsnf;yJ? ukdzkd;pdef b,fZmwfcif;cif; aumif;wJhZmwfcsnf;yJ}}. . . ]]ukdzkd;pdefukdawmh ynmvJBuKdufwmyJ? vlvJBuKdufwmyJ? &Sif;&Sif;ajymMupkdY . . . tukefvkH;BuKdufwmyJ}}. . . ]]usKyfwkdYuawmh zkd;pdefuvGJ&if b,folUrS rif;om;rxifbl;}}. . .pwJh yGJMunfh&JU EIwfzsm;u pum;oHawGukd aoaocsmcsm rSwfwrf;wifay;xm; ygw,f/ 392

'ghtjyif OD;zkd;pdefeJY ywfoufNyD; pma&;oltxdrdqkH; okH;oGm;wJh tokH; tEIef;u- ]]Zmwfobifynmukdvnf; rdausmif;a&Edkifovkd EkdifoGm;olrkdY}} qkdwmukd

pmzwfy&dowfu

oabmrusbJ?

rauseyfbJraeEkdifygbl;/

olU&JUobifoufukd jyefMunfhr,fqkd&ifvnf; ESpfaygif; (60) eD;eD;MumcJh ygw,f/ jrefrmEkdifiHrSm b,frif;om;rS olUavmuf rif;om;ouf r&Snf ygbl;/ t&ifu r&SdcJhovkd aemufvnf;&SdzkdY rvG,fvSygbl;/ 'Dvkd yk*他Kdvf taMumif;ukd pma&;q&m[m 'DpmtkyfrSm wefwef&m&mukd a&;wmyg/ wu,fh wu,frSmawmh pma&;ol[m OD;zkd;pdef&JU obifynmukd ESpfouf*kPfwuf ayr,fh olU&JU olrsm;awGtay: ESdrfwm? csKd;wm? eif;wmukd rESpfoufygbl;/ 'gukd pma&;q&mrBuD;u 'DpmtkyfxJvJ xnfha&;w,f/ yg;pyfuvnf; ckxdajymwkef;yg/ OD;zkd;pdefu eHygwf(1)ae&mrSm olaeayr,fh Zmwfolom;csif; ay:rSmxm;wJhoabmusawmh atmifAv? pdefuwkH;? a&Tref;wifarmifwkdYeJY bmrSrqkdifygbl;/ 'Dae&musawmh OD;zkd;pdefu tifrweftm;enf;cJh [efwl ygw,f/ ynm*kPfarmufw,fvkdY qkd&rvm; rajymwwfygbl;/ 'gawGudk z,fNyD; Munfhvkduf&ifawmh OD;zkd;pdef[m obifhOaoQmif rif;om;BuD;b0rSm olrwlatmif

BuKd;pm;w,f?

wDxGifw,f/

bmoma&;eJY

ywfoufwJh

tqkH;trawGukd ZmwfobifxJrSm xm;&pfcJhEkdifw,f/ Zmwform;wa,muf taeeJY xnfxnf0g0g? cefYcefYjim;jim; aeEkdifcJhw,f/ pef;BuD;w,f? [dwf[ef BuD;w,f/ ucsif qkdcsifwJh0goem olrsm;xufBuD;w,fpwJh tcsufawGukd xifxif&Sm;&Sm; awGUEkdifygw,f/ aemufNyD; olu aumif;atmif BuKd;pm;NyDqkd&if wu,faumif;w,fvkdY trTef;wif&avmufatmif

obife,fxJrSm

emrnfwvkH;

usef&pfatmif

vkyfoGm;Ekdifolvnf; jzpfygw,f/ Zmwform;wa,muftaeeJY EkdifiHa&; cH,lcsufusawmh wu,fh aomhcsufrSmaysmhuGuf? [muGufukd zkH;r&atmif 393

awGU&wmrkdY OD;zkd;pdef[m 'DzufrSm rsufpd yGifhoifhoavmuf ryGifhcJhbl;vkdY ajym&rSmbJ/ atmifAv? zkd;pdef? pdefuwkH; qkdwJh obifynmonfBuD; okH;OD;xJrSm e,fwly,fwlu yk*¾KdvfawG&JU cspfcifrIukd cH&olESpfOD;uawmh atmifAveJY pdefuwkH;vkdY qkd&rSmyg/ 'DxJrSm wOD;uynmBuD;w,f? wOD;u qef;atmif? cefYatmif wDxGifEkdifw,f? acwfqefw,fvkdY ajymEkdifygw,f/ OD;pdefuwkH;[m tkHeJYusif;eJY uwmaumif;w,f/ olUrlqkdNyD; rif;om;awG twGuf rlwrl xm;EkdifcJhw,f/ ,kd;',m;u odyfaumif;w,fvkdY rSwf,lEkdif ygw,f/ 'ghtjyif Armtuukd vSvSyyBuD; uEkdifw,fvkdY obiforkdif;rSm ajymprSwfjyK Muygw,f/ OD;pdefuwkH;u ESpfyg;oGm;rSm

tbd"r®mawG rsm;rsm;ajymwJh OD;zkd;pdefvkd

r[kwfbJ olukd,fwkdifpyfwJhoDcsif;awG qkdNyD;uwmyg/ olu tkdifuav; usif;uav;eJY

y&dowf&ifqkdYvmatmif

vGrf;Ekdifw,fvkdY

od&ygw,f/

aemufNyD; &Gmpm;BuD;pdefaA'geJY trsm;qkH;wGJoGm;wJholrkdY olwkdYESpfOD;&JU tqifh twef;jrifhrm;vSwJh tEkynmw&yf[m rl&,fvkdY &yfwnfcJhEkdifwm jzpfyg w,f/ 'DacwfrSm ukdvTrf;rkd;aumif;rIeJY vli,fawG odaewJh ]]yef;ovm;arysKd}} ,kd;',m;[m

OD;pdefuwkH;&JUoDcsif;

olUESpfyg;oGm;pcef;csrSm

oDqkdcJhwJh

oDcsif;yg/ OD;pdefuwkH;u ]],drf;}}pxGifwJh yk*¾Kdvfyg/ olUwDxGifrIawGu tEkynmjynfhwJh olawGrS ,lEkdifwmrkdY rsm;rsm;pm;pm;awmh usef&pfcJhrSm r[kwfygbl;/ olu pdwfxm;oabmxm;BuD;wJhol? apwemaumif;wJholrkdY wynfhom;ajr;awG&JU cspfcifav;pm;rIukdyg cH,l&wJholyg/ 'ghtjyif ol[m tdrfaxmifzuftay:rSm opöm&SdwJhyk*¾KdvfwOD;vnf; jzpfygw,f/ vlxka':trm&JU 'Dpmtkyfukd zwf&wJhtcg obifqkdwJhawmtkyfBuD;xJu ZmwfobifqkdwJh xnf0gvSywJh awmtkyfwtkyf&JU u@ukd ajcajcjrpfjrpf 394

od&ygw,f/ 'Dvkd pmzwfoltaeeJY pmxJuae todynm&atmif a&;ol zufu pGrf;aqmif&w,fqkdwm pOf;pm;Munfh&if vG,fulwJh tvkyfwck r[kwfygbl;/ 'DpmtkyfawGa&;aewkef;u pma&;olrSm 'gawGukd avmufavmufvm;vm; vkyfjyzkdY owif;pmqkdwJh tajccHyifr ausm½kd;pcef;BuD;&SdvkdY NyD;ajrmuf&wm rSefayr,fh ukd,fodwJhtcsufvufukd &oajrmufatmif? tpDtpOfwnfhatmif? zwf&olvufu rcscsifatmif? zefwD;&w,fqkdwmu xl;cRefajymifajrmufwJh t&nftaoG;r&SdbJeJY rjzpfEkdifygbl;/ 'DuaeY

ZmwfobifeJY

ESD;EG,faeolawGtaeeJY

wjcm;pmtkyfawG

rzwfrd&ifawmif 'DatmifAv? zkd;pdef? pdefuwkH;eJY a&Tref;wifarmifukdawmh ausnufaeatmif zwfxm;zkdYvkdygvdrfhr,f/ 'DvkdzwfrdNyDqkd&ifvnf; ukd,fh twGuf obifrI A[kokwbufu xdxda&mufa&muf &oGm;rSm jzpfwJhtjyif ukd,favQmuf&r,fh vrf;aMumif;[m olwkdYvkd vSyatmif twkdif;twm wck txd aqmif&GufEkdifvdrfhr,fvkdY ,lqygw,f/ jrefrmZmwfobif[m ½kyfao; NyD;&if tqifhtjrifhqkH; obifynmyg/ 'Dynm[m 'DvlawGvnf; r&Sda&m wkd;wufrvmwJhtjyif qkwf,kwfvmw,fqkdwm rjzpfaumif;ygbl;/ 'Dvkd jzpfvmwm[m trsKd;om;a&;qkdwJh aywHeJY wkdif;Munfh&ifvnf; pkd;&drfa&rSwfrkdY yGJua&m? yGJMunfhrSmyg wm0ef&SdMuygw,f/ a&S;uvlawG[m obifrIrSm wm0efausyGefcJh&ufueJY avsmh&nf;vmwm[m aumif;wJhvu©Pm r[kwfygbl;/ pm;0wfaea&;csnf;zdNyD; tjypfwifae½kH? y&dowftBudKuf

vkdufvkyfae&wmygvkdY ajymae½kHeJYvnf;

vkHavmufwJh

taMumif;jycsuf r[kwfao;ygbl;/ BuKd;pm;rI ayghavsmhwm? jrefrmh,Ofaus;rI tEkynmukd jrwfEkd;&r,fhzufu owdvGwfcsifovkd jzpfaewm? wjcm;

395

,Ofaus;rIukd ykHwlul;csaewm? t½kd;ay:uae rwDxGifEkdifwm pwJh tcsuf awG[mvnf; 'DudpötwGuf pOf;pm;oifhwJh tcsufawGyg/ vlxka':trmuawmh Zmwfobifukd pmaye,frSm xD;xD;rm;rm; usef&pf atmif olUuavmifpGrf;eJY tifwkduftm;wkduf vkyfxm;cJhygNyD/ 'DpmtkyfeJY jynfolcspfaom tEkynmonfrsm;pmtkyfawGrSm oDcsif;tñTef;? tu©&mpOf tñTef;? tu©&mpOfrmwdum? ynm&Sifrsm;&JU trnfrsm;? oDcsif;rsm;? Zmwf obifynmcP;fqkdif&m a0g[m&trnfeJY tzGifhpum; pwJh tykdif;awGukdyg q&mawmfa&Tukdif;om;&JU tultnDeJY xnfhoGif;EkdifcJhwmrkdY pmtkyf&JU *kPfj'yf [m ykdNyD; cefYxnfvmw,fvkdY todtrSwfjyK&rSmyg/ pma&;ol[m EkdifiHausmf Zmwfrif;om;BuD;awGtaMumif;a&;&if;eJY ZmwfpmawG? ZmwfoDcsif;? tNidrfh oDcsif;awG? pmaye,frSm tu©&mtaeeJY usef&pfatmif aqmif&GufcJh½kHru? oDcsif;a&;q&mawG&JU ajymifajrmufwJhtzGJUtEGJUeJY ukd,fykdif t&nftcsif;awGyg rSwfwrf;rSwf&meJYwuG raysmufysufatmif aqmif&Gufxm;wmrkdY 'Daus;Zl; w&m;ukd pmzwfoleJY jynfol awG tm;vkH;u rarhravsmheJY om;pOfajr;quf vufqifhurf;ay;MurSm trSefyg/ ckaersm;

atmifAvav;?

0ifpm;owJhqkdwJh

zkd;pdefav;?

owifrsm;Mum;&&ifawmh

pdefuwkH;av;

b,fAkdufxJrSm

wwkdif;jynfvkH;u

0kdif;NyD;

rD;aecef;apmifhay;zkdY toifhjyifxm;MurSm rvGJbl;vkdY ,kHMunfrdygw,f/

5/ jynfolcspfaom tEkynmonfrsm;

jrefrmhobife,fy,feJYqkdifwJhpmawGukd pmzwfolawG ESpfNcKdufpGJvef;atmif 396

ta&;EkdifqkH; pma&;q&m[m ]]vlxka':trm}} ygvkdY qkd&&if 'Dtqkd[m rvGefwefygbl;/ obifeJYywfoufNyD; pma&;olawG? xif&Sm;wJhpma&;q&m awG &SdMuygw,f/ 'gayr,fh a':trma&;wJh 'DpmtkyfawGukd ykdNyD;ESpfouf Muw,f qkdwmu 'Dbmom&yfay:rSm ,lwJh½Iaxmifhjcif; rwlvkdY jzpfygw,f/ pma&;ol[m olUpmwrf;rSm ]]yGJMunfh½Iaxmifh}} u ,lygw,fvkdY 0efcHxm; ygw,f/ q&mrBuD;&JU 'Dpmtkyf (5)tkyfrSm ]]jynfolcspfaom tEkynmonfrsm;}}qkdwJh pmtkyf[m arc? arvdceJY wlygw,f/ a':trm&JU ,Ofaus;rItEkynm pmtkyfawGxJrSm jynfwnfvkdufwJh pmtkyfyJvkdY ajymr,fqkdvnf; ajymomyg w,f/ 'Dpmtkyfukd tajcjyKNyD; pma&;ol[m obif&JU {&m0wDeJYwlwJh atmifAv? zkd;pdef? pdefuwkH;? a&Tref;wifarmif? tNidrfh? jrefrmhr[m*DwqkdwJh ½kd;&mobifrI pGrf;tm;awGukd qifhumqifhum arG;zGm;ay;cJhwm jzpfygw,f/ 'DpmtkyfawGukd pdwf0ifwpm; zwfMunfh? avhvmMunfhvkdufwJhtcg pmtkyf wtkyfeJY wtkyf[m qufpyfrIawG trsm;BuD;&Sdaewmukd awGU&ygw,f/ qkdu-a&;-wD;qkdwm olUu@eJYol &Sdaeayr,fh 'Dt&mtm;vkH;[m rdom;wpkvkd wpnf;wvkH;wnf; &SdaewJh t&mawGqdkwm wjznf;jznf; oabmayguf vmygw,f/ uRefawmfwkdY vlrsKd;&JU ,Ofaus;rI[m taemufwkdif;eJY rwlygbl;/ pmayu vnf; jcm;em;ovkd? ,Ofaus;rIuvnf; uGJjym;ygw,f? wcg 'Dpmay?

'D,Ofaus;rItqifhukd urÇmeJY,SOfNyD; &ifabmifwef;MunfhvkdufwJh tcgrSm vnf; olu tvkH;t&yfrDaewmukd awGU&jyefygw,f/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh qufEG,frI&Sdygw,fqkdwJh ta&SUwkdif;,Ofaus;rIawGxJrSmukd olu OD;aqmifEkdif avmufwJh tqifhatmuf edrfhqif;roGm;ygbl;/ 'gaMumifh 'DvlrsKd;eJY 'DEkdifiHrSm vlvmjzpf&wm tifrwef auseyfp&m 0rf;om*kPf,lp&m aumif;ygw,f/ 397

vlrsKd;wrsKd;? EkdifiHwEkdifiHrSm b0&yfwnfrI? vkHNcKHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;qkdwmawG eJYtwl ,Ofaus;rIqkdwm &Sdygw,f/ tJ'D ,Ofaus;rIqkdwm[mvnf; pmay qkdwmeJY wGJaewmygyJ/ orkdif;eJYcsDMupkdYqkd&ifawmh pmayeJY,Ofaus;rI[m ouf&Sd vlom;awGtwGuf ta&;tBuD;qkH;ygvkdY ajymae&wJh pD;yGm;a&;vkdyJ ol[mta&;ygwJhae&mrSm &Sdaewmukd rjiif;omygbl;/ 'D

pmay?

,Ofaus;rIqkdwmuvnf;

tOD;tpuae

wDxGifBuHqrIawG

eJYaygif;NyD; ESpfy&dapä'MumvmwJhtcg tqifhqifhajymif;vJoGm;wmukd awGU&yg w,f/

tJ'DrSm

qif;oufvmwJhvlrsKd;?

yx0Dtaetxm;?

EkdifiHa&;

ywf0ef;usif? ppfrufjzpfyGm;rI? ukd;uG,fwJhbmompwJh tajccHtaMumif;awG ay:rSm rlwnfNyD; zGHUNzKd;oGm;wm? &yfwefYoGm;wm? qkwf,kwfoGm;wm? wjcm;,Ofaus;rI&JU t0g;tNrKdcH&wm ponfjzifh ykHo@meftrsKd;rsKd; jzpfoGm; wmukd awGUEkdifMuygao;w,f/ Oyrm-uRefawmfwkdY&JU

]]oBuFef}}yGJukd

Munfhr,fqkd&if

jrefrmvlrsKd;awG

trsm;qkH; ukd;uG,fwJh Ak'¨bmom t,l0g'eJY tdrfeD;csif;EkdifiH&JU [dE´Lt,l0g' awG a&m,Sufaewmukd awGUMu&rSm jzpfygw,f/ 'gayr,fh uRefawmfwkdYu ,Ofaus;rI tqifhtwef;rSm tm;aumif;armif;oefqkdawmh oBuFef[m jrefrmh ½kd;&myGJae&mukd taotcsm &,lEkdifcJhMuwm[m om"uwckygyJ/ uRefawmf wkdY jrefrmh,Ofaus;rIukd a,bk,stm;jzifh yk*Hukd tajcwnfr,fqkd&ifaawmif aemufusaumif; aemufusrSm jzpfygw,f/ yk*HxufapmwJh ysL,Ofaus;rIukd 'DxufykdNyD; pkHpkHaphaph azmfxkwfEkdifr,fqkd&if 'DvlrsKd;eJY 'DEkdifiH&JU ,Ofaus;rI tqifhtwef;[m tckxufjrifhrm;w,fqkdwm ajrBuD;xJuxGufoavmuf ysLacwftaxmuftxm;awGu tckdiftrm oufaocHaewm tm;vkH;tod jzpfrSmyg/ 'gayr,fh 'DaeY'D&ufrSm ysLvlrsKd;qkdwmudk uRefawmfwkdY rawGUEkdifawmhygbl;/ 398

olUpm? olUtokH;taqmif? olwkdYaecJh wJha'o? olU,Ofaus;rI tEkynm vuf&mawGukdom awGUEkdifygawmhw,f/ jrpfom;NrKdU a&TrkaXmbk&m;0if;xJrSm tuste xdef;odrf;xm;wJh ysLausmufpmjzpfwJh (jre'Dausmufpm) qkd&if zwfEkdifatmif BuKd;pm;qJyJ jzpfw,fvkdY od&ygw,f/ pmaytaxmuftxm;awGuaeNyD; ysL,Ofaus;rItzGJUwzGJU w½kwfjynf a&muf cJhw,fvkdY od&ayr,fh 'DaeY'D&ufrSm ysLtu? ysLtqkd? ysLoDcsif;? ysLtwD; trIwfawG[m b,fvkdygvdrfhqkdNyD; pOf;pm;r&awmhavmufatmif qdwfokOf;cJh NyDrkdY txdef;todrf;rwwf&if tajctaeray;&if vlrsKd;a&m? ,Ofaus;rIyg aysmufuG,foGm;Ekdifw,fqkdwm txifu& awGUae&wJhtwGuf 'DvkdtEÅ&m,f rsKd;ukd BuKdwifumuG,fwwfzkdY vkdygvdrfhr,f/ vlrsKd;wrsKd;&JU ,Ofaus;rIukd pmayeJY xdef;odrf;ay;rI[m tqifhtjrifhqkH;jzpfovkd aemufwrsKd;taeeJY tJ'DvlrsKd;&JU

obifrIt&yf&yfeJYvJ

xdef;odrf;xm;Ekdifygw,f/

'ghtjyif

yef;q,frsKd;twwfynm toG,foG,feJYvnf; rSwfwrf;jyKEkdifMuygao;w,f/ jrefrmh,Ofaus;rI tEkynme,fy,fawGxJu pmay? *Dw? obifqkdwJh ynmawG[m xD;eJY eef;eJY? t&SifeJY? ocifeJY bk&ifeJY &Sdkwkef;u qifhumqifhum zGHUNzKd;wkd;wufvmayr,fh ygawmfrlaemufykdif;rSm vlrsKd;jcm;&JU ,Ofaus;rIu xkd;azmuf ae&m,lcJhwmawG&SdvmvkdY wdrfaumwm? aysmufuG,fysufpD;oGm; wmawG trsm;BuD;yg/ 'gayr,fh 'DbufumvrSm trSwfrxif wkd;wuf vmwm? ,Ofaus;rItpOftvmzGHUNzKd;vmwJhtykdif;awGvnf; &Sdwefoavmuf &SdcJhygw,f/ rsufarSmufumvrSmawmh 'D,Ofaus;rItykdif;rSm tm;rvkdtm;r&jzpfae&wJh wcsKdUt&mawGukd awGUae&ygao;w,f/ uRefawmfwkdY EkdifiH&JU ,Ofaus;rI tarGtESpfu ]]jrefrmh,Ofaus;rIokduf}}&,fvkdY ajymjzpfatmif twkH;tcJeJY &Sdaewmyg/ aysmufuG,fwefoavmufvnf; aysmufuG,fcJhwmawG pm&if;cs 399

Munfh&if enf;rSmr[kwfygbl;/ 'Dawmh uRefawmfwkdYu ]]uaeY}} qkdwJh taetxm;uae bmvkyfMurvJqkdawmh &wwforQ aumufoif;aumufNyD; raysmufysufatif olUxuf ig pGrf;EkdiforQ vkHYv? 0D&d,? todw&m;awGeJY xdef;odrf;MuzkdYyJ &Sdygw,f/ 'DaeY 'D&ufrSm uRefawmfwdkYvufxJ &SdNyD;om; ,Ofaus;rIawG

raysmufrqkH;atmif

EkdifiHa&;tod?

vlrsKd;a&;todawGeJY

yl;aygif;NyD; tpGrf;ukefumuG,f xdef;odrf;Mu&rSmu ypöKyÜef&JU ta&;tBuD;qkH; wm0efygyJ/ vlxka':trm[m 'DtEÅ&m,f rusa&mufatmif olwwfpGrf;uRrf;usifwJh uavmifeJY pmayqkdwJh tkwfjrpfay:rSm ,Ofaus;rItEkynmcHwyfBuD; (5)ckukd tckdiftrmwnfaqmufcJhol jzpfygw,f/ 'DcHwyfBuD;awGukd olu jynfol cspfwJh tEkynmonfawGeJY tEkynmpGrf;tm;awGukd olUae&meJYol tokH;csNyD; jynfolawG&JU tm;ay;ulnDrIeJY wnfaqmufcJhwm jzpfygw,f/ a':trm a&;cJhorQ

obifykdif;qkdif&mpmtkyf

'DpmtkyfawG[m wtkyf[m

(5)tkyfukd

tEkpdwfMunfhr,fqkd&if

ig;yGifhqkdif a'gufwkdifBuD;awGeJY wlygw,f/

olUigaxmufyhH?

ihgolulnDqkdovkd

wtkyfeJY

tm;wckjzpfvmatmif

tcsif;csif; usm;uefxm;wmukd vSvSyy? pnf;pnf;vkH;vkH; awGUMu&rSmyg/ Oyrm- jynfolcspfaom tEkynmonfrsm;pmtkyfxJu qkdif;bk&if &Gmpm;BuD; pdefaA'g[m 'D ig;tkyfvkH;rSm olrygbl;&,fvkdY r&Sdygbl;/ ol[m obifrI tEkynm ,Ofaus;rIa&;&mrSm b,favmufrsm; ta&;ygw,fqkdwm pmtkyf awG

tm;vkH;zwfNyD;wJhtcg

xif;ueJ

ay:vmwm

tHhrcef;p&myg/

jynfolcspfaom tEkynmonfrsm; pmtkyfrSmygwJh &SmrS&Sm; tEkynmonfBuD; (8)OD;&JU tEkynm t&nftaoG;awG[m tHhrcef;p&maumif;ovkd? pma&;ol uvnf; olwkdY&JU ykH&dyfawGukd aq;jc,fwmu aumif;vGef;vkdY b,folu ykdvSaerSef;rodatmifvSaewm[m pmzwfolawGtodyg/ 'gayr,fh OD;aA'geJY 400

a':aiGNrKdif? eef;awmfa&SUeJY avbmwDwkdY taMumif;[m pmzwfolawGtzkdY ykdNyD; pdwf0ifpm;Muwmukdvnf; pmzwf&if; odvmMu&rSmyg/ tm;vkH;xJrSm pma&;ol&JU uavmiftcRefqkH;? tjrqkH;ukdajymygqkd&ifawmh ]]NrKdUrNidrf;}}vkdY ajym&rSmygyJ/ ]]Armhaw;*Dworkdif;wGif ESpfumv&Snfvsm;pGm wnfwHhusef&pfrnfh owådrsm; &Sdaom ArmoDcsif;

(Modern Classics)

rsm;ukd oDukH;a&;zGJUoGm;cJhonfh

NrKdUrNidrf;um; taoapmí ESajrmxkdufonfh Armhom;aumif; wOD;ygay}}vkdY pma&;ol[m

NrKdUrNidrf;pmrsufESmukd

ed'gef;ysKd;xm;wmukd

om"utaeeJY

wifjyvkdygw,f/ pma&;ol 'Dvkded'gef;ysKd;xm;ovkdyJ pma&;olukd,fwkdifoDukH;xm;wJh 'Dpmwef; yg pmtkyf (5)tkyf[mvnf; jrefrmhobifrI pmayorkdif;rSm ESpfumv &Snfvsm;pGm wnfwHhusef&pfrnfh owådrsm;&Sdaom pmtkyfawGqkdwmuawmh um,uH&Sifukd,fwkdif

owdxm;rdaumif;rS

xm;rdygvdrfhr,f/

wu,fh

tajctaerSmawmh vlxka':trm&JU jynfolcspfaom tEkynmonf tBuD; trSL;jzpfwJh obife,fy,fu pmtkyf (5) tkyf[m jrefrmhobifrItwGufawmh *E¦0ifajrmufwJh

pmay

vkdY

(Classics)

ajymr,fqkd&if

*kPfwifNyD;

ajymvkdY&ygw,f/ 'De,fy,ftaMumif; ajymMupkdYqkd&if 'Dig;tkyfukdz,fNyD; ajymvkdY &ukd r& ygbl;/ 'ghtjyif

jrefrmhobiftwGuf

qkdif&me,fy,fu

okawoejyKaeMuwJh

okawoDawGtwGuf

tm;ukd;tm;xm;jyK

(Reference) jzpfw,f

qkd&ifvnf; jiif;vkdYr&ygbl;/ 'ghaMumifh jrefrmhobifrI

pmaye,fBuD;wckvkH;ukd

rÍÆLou

EkdifavmufwJh

&nfñTef;pmtkyf

ewfyef;yifeJYtvm;o@mefwlw,fvkdY

wifpm;r,fqkd&ifjzifh vlxka':trm&JU 'Dpmtkyfig;tkyf[m 'DtyifBuD;ay:rSm tpDt&DyGifhaewJh ta&mifa&m? tqif;eJY teHYygrusef jynfhpkHvSwJh yef;yGifh 401

awGxJrSm ]]arT;vGef;vSwJh yef;ig;yGifhyg}}vkdY wifjy&if; uRefawmfh pmwef;ukd ed*kH;csKyftyfygw,f/ pkd;Ekdif (rEÅav;wuúokdvf) ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ pkd;Ekdif (rEÅav;wuúokdvf) 1955? arv-tz OD;vSarmif? trd a':cifwifhwkdYu ppfukdif;arG;? rEÅav;BuD;? trnf&if;-pkd;Ekdif/ rEÅav;wuúokdvf ½lyaA'toif;twGif;a&;rSL;ESifh tEkynmtoif; A[kdaumfrwD0iftjzpfaqmif&GufcJh/ 1983? Mo*kwfv-]]a,mh½Idif;,m;e,fom;yef;cspfol}acgif;pOfjzifh pmayvkyfom;r*¾Zif;wGif aqmif;yg;pwifa&;om;/ 1987? {NyDv-]]aiGa&mifawmifwef;rsm;qDokdY waeYwvH}} c&D;oGm;aqmif;yg;ukd ]]aomif;ajymif;axGvm}} r*¾Zif;wGif tcef;qufa&;om;cJh/ 1989? 1992 - ]]q&mBuD;a&TOa'gif;\ avmukwå&mpmay tcsKdUtay: avhvmcsuf}}? ]]om"k. . . .okc}} pmwrf;rsm; zwfMum;cJh/ vuf&Sd*sme,f? r*¾Zif;tcsKdUwGif *Dw? tawG;tac:? orkdif;? ,Ofaus;rItEkynmESifh bmoma&;pmayrsm; a&;om;qJ/ tqifhjrifhynmOD;pD;Xme? taxGaxGtkyfcsKyfa&;OD;pD;XmewkdYwGif 0efxrf;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhNyD; 1990jynfhESpfwGif jyefwrf;0ift&m&Sdtjzpfu EIwfxGufcJh/

402