Ye' Yint Aung, Yone Kyi Chat Moe Kaung Kin

&J&ifhatmif

ESifh

(uAsmeSifh aqmif;yg;rsm;)

pmtk y f r S w f w rf ; &J & if h a tmif ,H=k unfcsurf ;kd aumif;uifEiS hf aEG;axG;aomreufjzef

xk w f a 0onf h E S p f 2007 ckEpS /f ZGev f

apmif a & 200 (yxrt}udr)f

xk w f a 0ay;ol r sm; *syef - udo k ef;0if;/ udak tmifausmOf ;D / udpk ;kd ykid /f udb k ek ;f v_id /f uko d ef‚ZifxeG ;f tar&dum; - udx k eG ;f atmifausm/f udb k b kd akd usm+f idr;f aemfa0; - udrk if;acgi/f puFmyl - armifomref

quf o G , f r S m ,l & ef &J&ifah tmif (yeyintaung@gmail.com)

yef ; csD Saimayku

pmtk y f t jyif t qif udo k ed ;f jrifh

rmwd u m 1?

2?

3?

4?

5?

q&marmifprG ;f &nf. aus;Zl;wif trSmpum; q&mrZifZifEiS hf q&mOD;pd;k csed . f trSm bdb k akd usm+f idr;f . trSmpm zd;k oH (vlx)k . trSmpum; rd;k oD;ZGe. f trSmpm

6?

tydkif; - 1

pmrsuEf mS

&ifxJu urBmajr 6-1? um&Hr+hJ idr;f csr;f a&;aw;oH (uAsm) 6-2? t=urf;zufru _ if;&Si;f ygap 6-3? tonf;uJu G rBmESihf etz

23 26 29

7?

tydkif; - 2 ,Hk=unfcsufrdk;aumif;uif 7-1? twdwu f kd uA`n;f xd;k jcif; (uAsm) 7-2? olw‹kd pw d "f mwf/ olw‹kd wu kd yf GJ 7-3? tqH;k rS tpod‹k 7-4? a&wdt k ±_;H / a&&Snt f jrwf 7-5? yk*v ~ "dÏmefe‹J vGwaf jrmufa&;vrf;p 7-6? ,H=k unfcsurf ;kd aumif;uif 7-7? a&mifp±kH yk yf v kH m$ (1) 7-8? a&mifp±kH yk yf v kH m$ (2) 7-9? tusO;f pHjrefrmjynf

35 36 46 56 65 74 83 92 101

8?

tydkif; - 3 xGuf&yfvrf;vm; 8-1? acG;wd;k aygu±f w k (f 'f) (uAsm) ([de;f Ekid -f rE aW v;) 8-2? Road Map xGu&f yfvrf;vm; (yxrydik ;f ) d ydik ;f ) 8-3? Road Map xGu&f yfvrf;vm; ('kw, 8-4? Road Map xGu&f yfvrf;vm; (wwd,ydik ;f ) Road Map

9?

tydkif; - 4 yGifhvef;vdkaom pmyef;tdrf 9-1? wdraf umaeaom {&m-**F gjrpfwpif; 9-2? &ifuzkd iG I hf v$wv f u kd o f nf 9-3? csK;d zsucf &H aom pmyef;tdrf

10?

139 143 148

tydkif; - 5 wdkufyJGudk xkqpfjcif; 10-1? wdu k yf GJ (uAsm) 10-2? rSwyg; tjcm;r&Sd 10-3? orkid ;f a&;vufrsm; 10-4? nDnw G af &; a0;&rSmvm; 10-5? tdb k ,fh æ jrefrmjynf (uAsm) 10-6? 2006 od‹k wkid w f nfjcif; (uAsm) 10-7? vlxEk iS t hf wl tvH;k pHw k u kd yf 0GJ ifa&;

11?

112 113 121 130

154 156 159 163 168 170 171

tydkif; - 6 aEG ; axG ; aomreuf j zef 11-1? +idr;f csr;f a&;vrif; (uAsm) 11-2? Edik if rH hJ jrefrmjynfom;rsm; 11-3? tem*wfrhJ vGwaf jrmufa&;

176 178 183

11-4? +idr;f csr;f pGm ynmoif=um;jcif; 11-5? awmufyaom tem*wf 11-6? aEG;axG;aom reufjzef 11-7? xGuaf ygurf hJ 0uFygajy;vrf; 11-8? trsK;d orD;vkyo f m; 11-9? qufpyfrw hJ w H m;rsm; csyd q f ufjcif; 11-10? r+yD;qH;k aom ed*;kH rsm; 11-11? ±SL;zdeyfav;w&HtwGuf pD;csi;f xd;k olrsm; 11-12? vdyw f ‹kd . csijf cif; 12?

192 195 199 203 206 209 214 218 222

tydkif; - 7 zufqpf0g'D }uD;pdk;onfh jrefrmjynf 12-1? tcsprf n hJ udk jzwfoef;jcif; 12-2? ±d;k ygao;w,f Adv k cf ifneG ‹f &,f 12-3? Adv k af e0if;acwfveG f jrefrmhwyfrawmfo‹kd 12-4? Adv k af e0if; &Sio f efjcif; 12-5? trsK;d om;jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&;twGuf æ 12-6? oabmxm;csi;f wku d q f ikd Ef idk yf grh vm; 12-7? tcsed af umif;udk toH;k csvo GJ rl sm; 12-8? twlwel ‹J tElEl 12-9? ±_;H edrahf omae‹ 12-10? ,H=k unfrt _ ufuaGJ =umif; 12-11? apvd&k m

227 229 235 243 246 252 256 260 264 267 271

(twdak umufpmvH;k rsm;)

276

13?

Acronyms

14?

aus;Zl;pum;ESihf pma&;ol. ud, k af &;tcsut f vuf

277

q&marmif p G r f ; &nf . aus;Zl ; wif t rS m pum; tar&duefjynfaxmifpk tdENd,m;em;jynfe,f/ zdk‹'f0def;òrd‹u w,fvDzkef;vmw,f? ‘opPm’ awmfveS af &;r*~Zif; t,f'w D m armifp;kd csed &f ŒJ ZeD; &Jabmfr t,f'w D mZifZif qDuyg? &J&ifah tmif&ŒJ pmtkyrf mS trSmpma&;ay;ygw?hJ &J&ifah tmifqw kd m tdE, dN jynfrmS aewm/ *syefu tm[m&pmapmif t,f'w D mtzJ‹G 0ifw?hJ rZÆrd t,f'w D mwJ?h rH&k mG *sw D t D ikd f ausmif;om;or*~ OD;aqmifz‹GJ pnf;cJo h w l ?hJ rk&H mG qdw k m wòrd‹v;kH / we,fv;kH u|eaf wmfo h il ,fcsi;f awGcsn;f yg? trSmpmrSm xJah &;r,fv‹kd csa&; =unfah wmh rH&k mG wifa&$ tp/ *k%x f ;l ode;f Edik f tv,f/ rH&k mG atmif&iS f tqH;k / pmrsuEf mS wrsuEf mS ru rsm;oGm;ygw,f? tar&duefjynfaxmifprk mS udu k wifarmifoef;/ armifopfqif;/ atmif+cdrb hf mG ; ac: vSarmif ponf? rE Wav;wuUodkvfrSm ausmif;om;nDnGwfa&;wyfOD;/ ausmif;om;or*~/ uavmif&iS t f oif;tyif;aygi;f pHrk mS 'if;wd‹k e‹J rvGwEf idk ?f wu,fu h kd nDtudv k kd cifc=hJ uwmawGcsn;f ygy?J &J&ifah tmifvJ igo h il ,fcsi;f om;rsm; jzpfaervm;? ige‹J ausmif;aezufawmh rjzpfEidk ?f &Sad pawmh ol‹&ŒJ pmrlxyk }f uD;udk ZifZif yd‹k vu kd w f m 300 eD;yg;? yk‹d c &Spaf ':vm? u|eaf wmfu uGeyf sLwmpmrsuEf mS rzwfcsib f ;l vd‹k *s;D rsm;vdu k rf v d ‹kd yg? zwf=unfhawmh 0wˆKvdkvdk/ aqmif;yg;vdkvdk? bmyJjzpfjzpf u|efawmf pdwf0ifpm;oGm;w,f? &Spfav;vHk;orkdif;awGyg? tdENd,e,fpyfu 'kuQonfawGta=umif;/ wkdif;&if;om;awGta=umif;/ &ufuef;onfawGta=umif;/ ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;awGeJ‹ arSmifcdkawGta=umif;/ b0ysufolawGb0wuf o l a wG t a=umif ; / rl ; ,pf a q;0g;/ vl u k e f u l ; r_ / rH o 0g%d Z … arxH k a ps;uG u f pwJ h =uufo;D xp&mawGygy?J u|efawmf odcsifzwfcsifwJh ta=umif;t&mawGjzpfaevdk‹ tirf;r& zwfrdygw,f? &Spfav;vHk; ta&;awmfy}kH u;D wke;f u u|eaf wmfu &efuek rf mS yg? rE aW v;/ jrif;+c/H rH&k mG / armfvòrid /f rdwv Dˆ m/ jrpf}u;D em; kd mawG rSww f rf;wif&r,f/ avhvm&r,f/ “r’ ajcmufv;kH ” e,fajrrSm bmawGjzpfv‹kd b,fvjkd zpfw,fqw armfueG ;f xd;k &r,fv‹kd t+raJ wG;aerdygw,f? oli,fcsi;f &Jabmf0if;cufu tzJ‹G tpnf;zJ‹G +y;D óu;d pm;r,fv‹kd =um;vdu k v f ‹kd 0rf;omvdu k rf zd ;l w,f? ck olu use;f rma&;raumif;? qH;k oGm;wJh wifr;kd twGuv f J &ifusK;d &? ud, k u f vJ b,favmufuse;f rmvd‹k v?J 'Dvakd wG;+yD; &Spaf v;vH;k orkid ;f }uD; ta&;}uD;yHu k kd aomueJ‹ arm&wmae‹pOf? ckvdk &J&ifhatmifvdk rHk&GmbufeJ‹ tdENd,e,fpyfudpPawGa&;wJh vlay:vmawmh tvGe0f rf;omw,f? ud, k rf wwfEidk w f u hJ pd aP wG olw‹kd vkyaf e=uwmyJv‹kd yDwjd zpf&ygw,f? 'Dvykd J wjcm; ppfuikd ;f / 'Dy, J if;/ yJc;l / ysO;f rem;/ awmif}uD;/ vm;±_;d pwJh a'ou &Spaf v;vH;k orkid ;f awGuv kd J yg0ifcw hJ hJ

vli,fawGu a&;=uygvdk‹ wdkufwGef;aerdygw,f? a&;ae=ur,fvdk‹vJ xifygw,f? vli,fawG 'DavmufrnHyh gb;l ? jynfya&mufaeol trsm;tjym;xJrmS &J&ifah tmifvkd owif;pma&;enf;/ ±d;k &Si;f vwfqwfvy_ &f mS ;wJh a&;[efe‹J a&;wwfoal wG trsm;}uD;&Syd gvrd rhf ,f? pma&;aumif;w,fqw kd m rºuGm;zd‹k / [efa&;rjyzd‹k vdyk gw,f? &J&ifah tmifu owif;ay; Zmwfa&;wwfwmudk awG‹&ygw,f? wcsKŒd vli,fawG “0ufbq f u kd f ol&aJ umif;” vky+f yD;/ tcsi;f csi;f “qJa&;” &if; e0w udk arhae=uw,f? wcsKŒd u ±d;k rS ±d;k ao;&JŒvm;vd‹k xif&atmif tjyifvn S &hf rf;aeav&JŒ? OD;wnfcsuaf wG aysmufaevd‹k ,lóu;H r& jzpf&ygw,f? u|eaf wmfu h kd em,uwifxm;wJh pmapmifawGrSm ppftm%m&Sifukd rwdkufbJ tcsif;csif; ,rf;acs;yef;ae&if u|efawmfhemrnfudk z,fay;zdk‹ arwWm&yfcH&ygw,f? aemif&mZ0ifrSm wifrdk;/ armifpGrf;&nfwdk‹ em,uvkyw f hJ pmapmifu t"du&efou l kd rwdu k b f J tcsi;f csi;f vSnhf “qJ” aeygvm;vd‹k “trJuu G ”f pGef;rSm pdk;rdygw,f? u|efawmfwdk‹[m udk,fhorkdif;udk a&;ae=uwmr[kwfvm;? &J&ifhatmifa& 'DvdkpmrsKd;awG rsm;rsm;a&;yg? 'gawGu igwdk‹vdk tzdk;}uD;awG ra&;EdkifwJh tzdk;wefpmawGyg? aus;Zl;wifvu kd yf gw,f? armifprG ;f &nf 2007 {+yD 11 acwW e,l;a,muf

ZifZifESihf OD;pkd;csdef. trSm (u) orkid ;f ynm&Siyf jJ zpfygap/ pma&;q&m od@k r[kwf okawoDyjJ zpfap/ rdrjd zwfoef;aeaom ordik ;f ESihf acwfòydiu f mv tjzpftysurf sm;udk a&;jc,faomtcg xdyk nm&Si/f xkpd ma&;q&m. &yfwnfro _ nf ta&;}uD;vSayonf? wenf;tm;jzihf ordik ;f ynm&Si/f pma&;q&m. tjrifoabmw&m; [lIvnf; ac:qdkEdkifrSmjzpfonf? ordkif;qkdif&m tjzpftysufrsm;onf avrkefwdkif;xJwGif opfudkif;usKd;onfh tjzpftysurf sK;d r[kw?f yifv,fvid_ ;f }uD;I urf;yg;òydusonfh obm0jzpfpOf jzpf&yfrsK;d r[kwaf y? vl‹orkid ;f qdik &f m tjzpftysurf sm;onf vlu zefw;D vdu k o f nfh tusK;d qufrsm;omjzpfonf? pepfu zefw;D aejcif;jzpfonf? vl@tzG@J tpnf;. Edik if aH &;b0/ pD;yGm;a&;b0/ vlra_ &;b0/ ,Ofaus;r_b0 ponfh b0taxGaxGukd ordik ;f q&mu ðypkvu dk o f nft h cg ordik ;f pmtky/f ordik ;f rSww f rf; jzpfvmonf? wzef xkEd ikd if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ ynma&; ponfh b0rsm;rSmvnf; rawmfwqjzpfay:vmjcif; r[kwaf y? vl@tzG@J tpnf;wcktwGi;f jzpfay:vmcJo h nfh b0taxGaxGrsm;jzpfonf? wcsuw f nf;ESifh csKyfvu kd v f #if vlrp_ ;D yGm;a&;pepfonf tc&mt"dujzpfonf? (c) orkid ;f ynm&Sif od@k r[kwf pma&;q&mu ordik ;f qkid &f mtjzpftysurf sm;udk rSww f rf;wifjcif;ESit hf wl xifjrif,lqcsufrsm; ay;vmcJh=uonf? rSef;qcsufrsm; txl;ojzihf tem*wftwGufyg óudwif a[mude;f rsm; xkwv f mcJo h nf? xk@d a=umihf orkid ;f udk csO;f uyfykH enf;emrsm; ygvmonf? b,fvw l ef;pm; bufu &yfwnfrnfenf;? &yfwnfr_rsm;ygvmonf? b,fvlwef;pm;. tusKd;pD;yGm;udk tum tuG,af y;rnfenf;/ tompD;ay;rnfenf;? tusK;d pD;yGm;ESihf &yfwnfrr_ sm; ygvmonf? csKyfvu kd v f #if tjrifEiS fh &yfwnfrr_ sm;/ ud, k pf m;ðyr_rsm; ygvmonf? xd‹k a=umifh orkid ;f ynm&Sirf sm;/ pma&;q&mrsm;/ okawoDrsm;=um;wGif jy\emrsm; ay:xGuv f monf? ordik ;f qdik &f m jy\emrsm;xJu jy\emw&yfrmS “ordik ;f onf a,bk,s usoih/f rusoih”f / “orkid ;f onf a,bk,sus&rnf” [lI jiif;cke=f uonf? wcsKŒd ynm&Siu f a,bk,s rusEikd o f nhb f ufrS &yfum ordik ;f ukd a&;jc,fðypk=uonf? wcsKŒd ynm&Siu f a,bk,s us&rnf [lonfb h ufrS &yfc=hJ uonf? wu,fu vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wkdif;wGif vlwef;pm;yÉdyuQu xlajymvSygbdonf? vlwef;pm;yÉdyuQ/

vlwef;pm;wku d yf JG uif;y&m vl@tzG@J tpnf;qdI k urBmay:wGif r&Sad o;? ordik ;f onf xdv k w l ef;pm;wku d yf /JG ckdufyGJrsm;/ vGefqGJr_rsm;/ tm;òydifr_yÉdyuQrsm;ESihf uif;udkruif;Edkifawmh? a&SmifIvnf;r&? urBmh ordik ;f ud, k Yf u vlwef;pm;wku d yf JG orkid ;f pOf}u;D yif r[kwyf gvm;? orkid ;f q&m. tjrifonf bma=umihf ta&;}uD;oenf;? &yfwnfr/_ vlwef;pm;w&yfbufrS &yfI tusK;d pD;yGm;rsm; umuG,rf a_ wG ygvm onht f wGuaf =umihf ta&;}u;D vSayonf? (*) Armjynf. rsuaf rSmuforkid ;f onf zdEydS t f yk pf ;dk cs,v f , S o f l ppftyk pf /k ppftm%m&SiEf iS hf tzdEydS cf H tEdik u f sicfh H trsK;d om;jynfov l x l t k =um; jyif;xefonfh yÉdyuQwu kd yf o JG rkid ;f jzpfonf? ,ckqv dk #if &mpkEpS 0f ufuykd if csO;f uyfvmcJ+h yD? jynfwiG ;f ppfonf ESpf 60 xJ 0ifvmcJ+h yD? ta=umif;t&mrsm;xJu t"du ta=umif; t&mrSm e,fcsŒJ t&if;&Sif pD;yGm;a&;pepfyif jzpfonf?

ESprf sm;pGm e,fcsŒJ u aoG;pkwcf /hJ aoG;cGt J yk cf sKycf /hJ aemufvu kd f vufa0cHrsm; arG;cJ/h jynfwiG ;f ppfudk zefw;D cJ?h ,ae@ Armhacwfopfordik ;f onf xdt k a=umif; w&m;rsm;. tusK;d qufordik ;f jzpfonf? urBmh vl@tzG@J tpnf;aygi;f rsm;pGmonfvnf; xdu k o hJ ‹kd yif jynfwiG ;f ppfr;D awmufc=hJ u/ e,fcsŒJ vufa0cHrsm;u tm%m odr;f cJ=h u/ wdik ;f jynfEiS fh vl@tzG@J tpnf;onf ,dr;f xd;k cJ/h rwnfr+idrjf zpfc?hJ ,ckvnf; “'Dru dk a&pD” udk aºuG;a=umf+yD; 'Drdkua&pDzcifrsm;/ acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;tjzpf t&if;&SifESihf ol. tiftm;pkrsm;u tdrOf ;D cef;xuf 0ifxidk u f m vl}uD;vlaumif;rsm; vkyaf ecJ=h ujyefonf? urBmph ;D yGm;a&;/ Edik if aH &;tvSnt hf ajymif;/ tauG@tcsK;d rsm;uvnf; t&if;&Si'f rD u dk a&pDukd q&mwif=uzd@k vrf;cif;a[majymay;aeavonf? Armjynf jynfwiG ;f ppf wav#mufv;kH / ppftm%m&Siw f av#mufv;kH e,fcsJŒt&if;&Sifrsm;/ ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ESihf Armppftkyfpkonf tqifajycJh/ tvsOf;oifhcJhonfukdyJ =unfah yawmh? xdt k qifajyr_rsm;/ tvsO;f oihrf r_ sm;ESifh tay;t,lrsm;u Armjynf tzdEydS cf jH ynforl sm;/ ypPn;f rJh tvkyo f rm; v,form;rsm;. vGwaf jrmufa&;tygt0if tcGit hf a&;rsm; wef;wl&&Scd iG t fh wGuf wdkufyGJrsm;udk axmufulr_rðyEdkifcJhay? ppftkyfpk. tusKd;tjrwftwGufom jzpfcJhonf? e,fcsJŒ t&if;&Sit f yk pf u k vnf; tusK;d pD;yGm; jzpfxeG ;f cJo h nf?

(C) &J&ifhatmifu ol. “,Hk=unfcsufrdk;aumif;uif” wGif ordkif;tjzpftysufrsm;udk waphwapmif; a&;jc,fxm;onfudk awG@&onf? 88 ta&;awmfyHk}uD;rwdkifrSD pufr_twwfynmoifausmif; ausmif;om;b0rSonf Armjynfe,fpyf awmfveS af &;e,fajrxJ a&mufvmcJo h nf?

awmfveS af &;tiftm;pk tzG@J 0iftxd ESpaf ygi;f 20 ausmu f mv ordik ;f jzwfoef;r_ tawG@tóuHrsm;/ jrifuiG ;f rsm;/ ±ke;f uefvy_ &f mS ;r_rsm;udk ol@tjriftawG;/ cHpm;r_jzihf aygi;f pyf,uf,u S u f m rSwo f m; f vufrsm; (Historical ðypkxm;onf? a,bk,susonfh (objective) ordik ;f qdik &f m tjzpftysu/f tcsut d yS gonf? acwfopforkid ;f twGuaf omfvnf;aumif;/ 'Dru dk a&pDa&; events and facts) rsm;rSm wefz;kd &Sv twGuf v_y&f mS ;r_ordik ;f twGuaf omfvnf;aumif;/ rSww f rf;tjzpf ,lxm;&ayvdrrhf nf?

88 rsKd;qufausmif;om;wOD;taejzifh ausmif;pmoifcef;ESihf vBuf&nfqdkifrSonf vufeufudkif awmfveS af &;txd jrifawG@co hJ r# rdrcd pH m;cJ&h or#ukd rSww f rf;wifjcif;udk óuq d &kd rSmjzpfonf? &J&ifah tmif uJo h @dk 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pk tzG@J 0ifwikd ;f rdrw d @kd . orkid ;f jzwfoef;jcif;rsm;udk ud, fk pf u D , kd if S rSww f rf; wifxm;Edik v f #if odyaf umif;rSmjzpfonf? vGecf o hJ nfh 2003-2004 umvu 88 ta&;awmfy}kH uD;rSm yg0ifc=hJ uonfh yk*Kd~ vftoD;oD;. ±ke;f uef v_y&f mS ;r_/ 'Dru dk a&pDawmif;qkd wku d yf 0JG ifrx _ w J iG f yg0ifcrhJ w _ @kd ukd ðypkrnfh tzG@J wzG‹J EpS zf ‹JG ay:cJzh ;l onf? usaemfu, kd w f ikd v f nf; yg0ifczhJ ;l onf? od‹k aomf tcsed af y;+y;D aZmufcsI rvkyEf ikd cf =hJ u? pum;ajymorkid ;f / jyefajymjyonfh pum;ajymorkid ;f udk pmayESifh rSww f rf;ðypkEikd zf @kd jzpfonf? od@k aomf jzpfrvmcJah y? xkyd ef;wkid t f xd wufa&mufomG ;Ekid =f uv#if tb,fr#aumif;rnfenf;? ordik ;f rSm ud, k w f idk jf zwfoef;/ ud, k w f ikd ±f ek ;f uef/ uk, d w f idk yf J rSww f rf;wif=urnfqv kd #if jrifuiG ;f us,f ydak wG@&rSmjzpfonf? od@k aomf rdro d rkid ;f udk rSww f rf;wifoo l nf odumQ &S&d vdrrhf nf? yk*v ~ "dÏmeftjrif jzpfonfh tqd;k jrifEiS fh taumif;jrifw@kd uif;&vdrrhf nf? txl;ojzihf twdwEf iS fh ypPKy`eu f kd qufjyEkid &f vdrrhf nf? twdwf [k qd&k mwGif Armaum/ urBmyg yg0ifonf? 21 &mpk ypPKye` o f nf 20 &mpkEiS fh qufpyfae onf? rnfo@kd qufpyfoenf;? xkq d ufpyfru _ kd qkyu f ikd Ef ikd &f vdrrhf nf? ,ae@ ypPcwforkid ;f onf twdwEf iS fh uif;vGww f nf&adS ejcif; r[kwaf =umif; odjrif&vdrrhf nf? (i) vGwfvyfa&;twGuf ,ae@v_yf&Sm;r_wGif jynfwGif;Y &efolppftkyfpkESihf tzdESdyfcHtrsKd;om; jynfov l x l t k =um;rSm&So d nfh yÉdyuQwu dk yf u JG &Si;f onf? &ef-ig pnf;jcm;xm;onf? r&Si;f vif;ol/ rjywfom;olu wcsKdŒtmqD,HEdkifiHrsm; tar&duef/ t*FvefESihf Oa&mytpdk;&rsm; tzGJ@tpnf; toD;oD;xJu vly*k Kd~ vrf sm;/ vltyk pf rk smk ;jzpfonf? Armjynfv@l tzG@J tpnf;. &efol ppftyk pf u k ykd if olw‹kd u rdwaf qGtjzpf owfrw S x f m;onf? jrifxm;onf? Ekid if jH cm;axmufyahH =u;pm;yk*Kd~ vfrsm; (e,fpyfwiG f Armwdik ;f &if;om;rsm;) rSm ppftm%m&Sipf epf zsuo f rd ;f a&;wku d yf u JG ykd if wcsKŒd (wcsKŒd ) a&Smifvmonf?

Edik if jH cm;axmufyrhH u _ kd &,lonfh tzG@J tpnf;twGi;f Y yÉdyuQrsm; 0ifvmonf? jynfywGif &ef-ig pnf; &Sif;vif;jywfom;r_ r&Sdawmh? ±_yfaxG;vmcJh=uonf? wdkufyGJuif;rJhvmonf? ,if;tcsufonf wku d ±f u dk Of yrmwckjzpfonf? wjcm;OyrmawGu trsm;}uD;? waxG}uD; wr}uD;? vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;udkyif EdkifiHa&;tjrifuif;rJhvSpGm qef@usifvm=uonf? jynfwGif; vlxk wku d yf x JG w J iG f yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;zd@k rvkyEf ikd =f uawmh? 8 av;vH;k ta&;awmfy}kH uD;u vlxw k &yfv;kH csrw S cf /hJ olw‹kd vnf; csrw S cf o hJ nfh “ppftm%m&Sipf epf zsuo f rfd ;f a&;”/ “ppftyk pf t k vkrd &S”d qdo k nfh vlxv k rf;pOfukd aoGzv D m=u/ [ef@wm;qef@usiv f m=u/ ppftyk pf ek @J aygi;f a&; tnHch aH &; vkyv f mcJ=h uonf? xdOk yrmrsm;/ tjzpftysurf sm;rSmvnf; wòy}H u;D / wr}u;D ygy?J &efou l w kd u dk af eonfh wcsed x f rJ mS yJ tzG@J tpnf;twGi;f Y &efou l kd vkv d m;ol od@k r[kwf tacsmiform;rsm;/ opPmazmufrsm;ESifh wdu k cf u dk af e&onf? xdu k o hJ @kd aom yÉdyuQuv kd nf; vufa&SmifI r&awmh orkid ;f wifoo l nf a&;om;ðypk&ayawmhrnf? tpyxrwGif jywfom;oa&mif/ axmufyahH =u;ay;olu ay;urf;I axmufyahH =u;pm; jzpfomG ;aomtcg axmufyahH =u;tzG@J rsm;. tvdu k stwdik ;f aoewfukd pGe@f vu kd =f uonf? vlxv k rf;pOfukd rsuu f , G f ðyvku d =f uonf? Tod@k jzihf jynfy&Sd 'Dru dk a&pDtiftm;pkrsm;xJwiG f oyGwt f u l o hJ @dk ±_yaf xG;vmonf? axmufyahH =u;pm;+yD; vlxv k w G af jrmufa&;/ vGwv f yfa&;wdu k yf x JG rJ mS eufeuf±id_ ;f ±_id ;f ygaecJyh gv#if b,fr#aumif;rnfenf;? wefz;kd &Srd nfenf;? (p) &J&ifah tmifu vli,fwOD;jzpfojzihf ol@u, kd o f l óuw d ifajymxm;/ rdwq f ufxm;ouJo h @dk orkid ;f tjrifrsm;/ oH;k oyfcsurf sm;/ &yfwnfcsurf sm; tm;aysmch sKŒd wJah erSmjzpfonf[k qdx k m;onf? od‹k aomf aemifwiG f ckid rf monfh orkid ;f tjrif &Sv d mvdrrhf nf[k ar#mv f ifrh o d nf? wcsKŒd ae&mY “vufwqkypf m tm%m&Si”f [k oH;k E_e;f +y;D / wae&mwGif “wyfrawmfacgi;f aqmif” [lI‚if;/ wae&mY “&efo”l [lI oH;k E_e;f jyefonf?

ESpf 20 umvwGif toH;k tE_e;f rsm;onf ajymif;oGm;aeonf? &efou l kd &efot l jzpf worwfwnf; owfrw S Ef idk &f rSmjzpfonf? wcsKŒd aqmif;yg;rsm;wGif “jrefrmjynf[m tkycf sKyfa&;pepf nHzh si;f vd@k ” [lI taemufav/ taemufoabmxm;twdik ;f &J&ihaf tmif oH;k E_e;f xm;onf? wu,fu wpHv k ;kH udk ajym&rSmjzpfonf? tkycf sKyfa&;nHzh si;f wm[k ajym&rnft h pm; “ppftm%m&Sipf epf” [lI oH;k E_e;f &rSm jzpfonf? “ppftm%m&Sipf epf” u vlxek @J wkid ;f jynfukd zsuq f ;D acsraG ewJt h wGuf “ppftm%m&Sipf epf” vd@k yJ twdtusajymvdrrhf nf? tkycf sKyaf &;udk pepfu jyÏmef;jcif;jzpfonf? vlaer_pepfu t"dujzpfonf? taemuftyk pf /k t&if;&Sit f yk pf u k ppftm%m&Sipf epfukd zsuo f rd ;f csiyf rkH &? Armjynfukd tkycf sKyfaewJh zufqpfppftyk pf u k ykd J vlpm;vJcsiyf &kH onf? Armjynfov l x l u k awmh ppftm%m&Sipf epfuakd &m/ zufqpf ppftyk pf u k ykd g tvdrk &Sad wmh? xk@d a=umifh vSu J si;f zsuo f rd ;f ae=ujcif;jzpfonf?

taemufuvmonfh “av” xJ “tmabmf” xJwiG f ,ae@umvudk “toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;umv” [k owfrw S o f nf? ppftyk pf u k vnf; jywfom;pGm vufcu H sio hf ;kH onf? xdpk um;vH;k pku “'Dae@umv[m awmfveS af &;umv” qko d nfh yuwdtESpo f m&udk zsuq f ;D ypfvu dk o f nf? xdt k csurf sm;onf ao;r$m; oavmuf }u;D us,ef ufev J o S nfh jy\emjzpfonf? 'gukd vlxb k ufu&yf/ awmfveS af &;tjrife@J xd;k xGi;f odjrifrmS om trSew f &m;udk azmfxw k Ef ikd =f urSmjzpfonf? rnfodk@qdkap &J&ihfatmifu tem*wfumvxJodk@ csDwufv_yf&Sm;aeol/ vGwfvyfa&;twGuf yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;aeoltjzpfEiS fh orkid ;f rSww f rf;rsm;/ ordik ;f qkid &f maqmif;yg;rsm; a&;ygvrd Ohf ;D rnf? a&;om; cJo h nfh rSww f rf;rsm;/ orkid ;f aqmif;yg;rsm;xJu tm;r&r_/ csKŒd wJrh /_ tjrifr&Si;f r_/ &yfwnfcsuf rckid rf mr_w@dk u vrf;jyoGm;ygvrd rfh nf? wu,fu &J&ifah tmifwa,mufxaJ wmh r[kw?f ordik ;f ynm&Sirf sm;/ pma&; q&mrsm;/ tawG;tac:&Sirf sm;onfyifv#if tpwGif tjrifEiS fh &yfwnfcsurf sm;u zGmvHusaJ eum aemufyidk ;f wGif uspv f pfcikd rf mvmcJ=h ujcif;jzpfonf? orkid ;f a=umifvrd af vScg;xpfrsm;u &SEd iS +fh yD;om;yg? wvSr;f csi;f wufz@kd / wxpfcsi;f jrifz‹dk om vdyk gvrd rhf nf? ‘wxpfcsi;f onf orkid ;f avScg;xpf wpHv k ;kH . tpdwt f ydik ;f rsm;jzpfonf[k wpHv k ;kH udk odr;f ydu k jf rifawG@z@kd óu;d pm;&vdrrhf nf’ [k ,lqygonf? usaemfw@dk vnf; xdu k o hJ @kd óu;d pm;tm;xkwaf e&qJ jzpfonfr[kwv f m;?

awmfveS af &;opPmjzihf ZifZif/ armifp;dk csed f rwfv 21 &uf/ 2007?

bdkbdkausmf+idrf;. trSmpm usaemf h r S m tm;enf ; csuf w ck & S d w ,f ? tJ ' guawmh ppf t pd k ; &vuf x uf r S m vl i ,f a v;awG tnGe‹f csK;d cH&wmudk cHjyif;rdw,f? ppfAv kd cf sKyf}uD;awG[m tm%m,pfr;l &if; Armjynf&ŒJ vli,fawG[m Armjynf&ŒJ acgi;f aqmifavmif;/ aoG;opfavmif;awGqw kd m arhaeyH&k w,f? 'ga=umifh vli,fvv l wfyikd ;f u xl;c|eo f al wGay:vm&if tm;&rdw,f/ auseyfrw d ,f? Armhvil ,frsK;d qufuav;awG &Syd gao;vm;qk+d y;D 0rf;ajrmufrw d ,f? ud&k &J ifah tmif&ŒJ pmrlukd zwf&awmh 0rf;ajrmuf*% k , f pl w d f ay:cJ&h w,f? usaemfu pma&;csipf w d ef ‹J pma&;cJ&h ol r[kwyf g? arG;uwnf;u Edik if aH &;rdom;pke‹J Edik if aH &;todik ;f t0dik ;f rSm }u;D jyif;cJ&h wma=umifh Edik if aH &;pdw"f mwfu arG;&mygZmwdv‹kd qdEk ikd yf gw,f? i,fi,fuwnf;u rcHcsipf w d u f jyif;cJw h ma=umifh Edik if aH &;qdik ;f oH=um;&if xdyu f ygcrhJ yd gw,f? Edik if aH &;cHpm;csuaf =umifh pma&;cJ&h wmyg? wenf;tm;jzifh cHpm;csuu f wGe;f yd‹k cw hJ mvd‹k qdEk ikd yf gw,f? wcsKŒd u tzJ‹G tEJ‹G aumif;w,f? cHpm;csuef w J ,f? wcsKŒd uawmh cHpmcsuaf umif;±Hrk ubl;? tawG; tac:av;awGyg cHpm;csuef ‹J twl wifjyEkid w f ,f? ud&k &J ifah tmif[m cHpm;csuef ‹J a&;w,fqw kd m ay:vGif w,f? 'dtjyif tawG;tac:udyk g azmfjyEdik w f ma=umifh pmzwfo[ l m ol‹cpH m;csuef ‹J twl vdu k cf pH m;&if; ol‹tawG;tac:aemufuykd g vdu k yf gomG ;&+y;D qufawG;aerdw,f? 'g[m &o ajrmufw,fv‹kd cHpm;rdv‹kd 0rf;ajrmuf&wmyg? ‘olw‹kd pw d "f mwf olw‹kd wu dk yf ’GJ / ‘tqH;k rS tpod‹k ’ awGrmS pma&;ol&ŒJ xdawG‹cpH m;csut f wkid ;f vdu k f cHpm;aerdw,f? 8888 &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfy}kH uD;rSm vlwidk ;f vlwidk ;f ud, k ahf e&meJ‹u, kd f yg0ifcpH m; wdu k yf 0GJ ifc=hJ uovd/k ta0;ajra&mufaewJh olawGvnf; &Scd yhJ gw,f? &mZ0ifwif&r,fh 'D jynfv;kH u|wf vlxv k y_ &f mS ;r_&ŒJ tawG‹tóuHukd ol yh g0ifr_ cHpm;csu±f a_ xmifu h jyefvnfazmfjycJw h t hJ wGuf 88 udk jyef a&mufomG ;ovdk cHpm;vdu k &f w,f? 88 ta=umif; xdxad &mufa&muf jyefvnf a&;om;wifjyr_[m &So d ifo h avmuf r&Scd &hJ bl;? 'ga=umifh 88 &JŒ tawG‹tóuu H kd t&om&S&d dS jyefvnfzwf±E_ ikd w f mrd‹k aus;Zl;wif &jcif;yg? ud, k af wG‹cpH m;csuaf wGuwqifh ud&k &J ifah tmif[m Edik if aH &;oH;k oyfra_ wGurS Edik if aH &;tawG;tac:qDukd ac:aqmifomG ;wmudk jrif&awmh auseyfrw d ,f? wjcm;a=umifh r[kwyf g? usaemfw‹kd ArmEdik if &H ŒJ Edik if aH &;eJ‹ pmaye,frmS u ‘igt h ,l0g'rS trSe’f qdw k hJ vuf0w J &m;ao0g'u }uD;pd;k cJyh gw,f? a0zefyikd ;f jcm;

awG;ac: jcif;vd‹k qd&k r,fh Critical Thinking tydik ;f u tm;eJcyhJ gw,f? tm;eJvsuyf g? a0zefyikd ;f jcm; awG;ac: jcif;udk tajcrcH&if puf±yk v f kd txufucsjyor# trSecf sn;f jzpfapr,fh tm%m&Sipf epfukd ausmf&ef tiftm;r&SdEdkifyg? 'ga=umifh a':pkeJ‹ trsm;jynfolawGu awmif;qdkwdkufyJG0ifae&wJh vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pDudk ,Hk&if a0zefydkif;jcm;awG;ac:r_udk tm;ay;&ygr,f? udk&J&ifhatmif&JŒ a&;om;csuaf wG[m vufawG‹cpH m;csuu f kd tajccH+yD; tawG;tac:/ Edik if aH &;tjrifawG ay:vm+yD; qufvufawG;ac:r_ukd vufwaGJ c:oGm;wma=umifh a0zefyikd ;f jcm;awG;ac:r_twGuf tm;opfavmif;wmvd‹k cHpm;rd&ygw,f? wdik ;f jynf&J ah &SŒa&; atmifjrifa&;[m ,ae h vli,fawGtay: rlwnfygw,f? qufa&;yg? qufawG;yg? &J&aJ wG;/ &J&aJ &;ygv‹kd om wdu k w f eG ;f vdu k yf gw,f?

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25

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29

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Bangkok Post

Edik if w H ikd ;f u jrefrmjynf'rD u kd a&pDta&;twGuf pdwaf pwemaumif;eJ‹ vkyaf ew,fv‹kd oabmxm; =unf&h ifawmif Edik if w H um[m jrefrmhta&;udprP mS zdtm;ay;yHak y;enf; rwlwmudk awG‹&tH;k rSmygy?J trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfzdk‹ awG‹qHkaqG;aEG;a&;/ 'Drdkua&pDazmfaqmifa&;awGrSm EdkifiHtrsm;pku rltm;jzifh oabmwlaxmufc=H uayr,fh vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;/ zdtm;ay;yHak y;enf;awGrmS awmh uJjG ym; ae=uwm awG‹&ygw,f? 'ga=umifh jrefrmjynfta&;rSm Edik if w H umtodik ;f t0dik ;f taeeJ@ qef‹usib f uf t,ltqawG &daS e=uwm/ jy'g;wvrf;oHwvrf;enf;eJ‹ csO;f uyfra_ wG jzpfaewm uif;&Si;f zd‹k q&kd if tajctaeaygi;f ajrmufjrm;pGmtay: rlwnfygw,f? wckcsi;f &JŒ ud, k u f sK;d pD;yGm;eJ‹ tusK;d tjrwfcaGJ 0r_rmS wlnrD #wr_r&S&d if trSew f u,f aygi;f pkn!

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,Hkjunfcsufrdk;aumif;uifESifh aEG;axG;aomreuf=zef

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Ed0k ifbmv 2006 (rZÆrd *sme,f) 35

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39

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'Davmufqkd vHak vmufyg+yD? vufxu J aiGusyf 30 udk q&morm;udak y;vdu k +f yD; ckw H ef;&S&d mudk jyef vmcJw h ,f? pdwx f rJ mS awmh bmrS xl;xl;jcm;jcm; rcHpm;&ygb;l ? trSeaf jym&&if r,Hyk gb;l ? aA'if/ vuQ%m/ ,=wmqdw k mawGukd pdw0f ifpm;cJw h myJ&ydS gw,f? avmuDrw S yf ekH nf;rsK;d pH/k udik ±f &kd ŒJ *%ef; aA'if/ aeveuQwm&m a[menf;/ ZeuUa[mude;f eJ‹ wjcm;pmtkyaf wG zwfczhJ ;l ygw,f? txl;tqef;wck taeeJ‹aygh? i,fi,fwkef;u tawG‹tóuHwcka=umifh aA'ifa[mpmwrf;awGtay: ,Hkvdk‹udk r&awmhygbl;? rH&k mG awmifbufu acsmif;OD;òrd‹t0if wHwm;teD;rSm (OD;) bd;k pdk qdw k hJ t=um;tjrif& yk*Kd~ vfwOD; &Scd zhJ ;l ygw,f? olu tarhukd “eiho f m;[m a&eJ‹ywfouf+y;D tusK;d ray;bl;? a&epfaor,fu h ed ;f awmif &Sw d ,f” 46

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vd‹k ajymcJyh gw,f?f taruawmh tarwa,mufyyD D pd;k &drpf w d ef ‹J &ifarmifi,fi,fuwnf;u wzGzG ajymvmcJw h ma=umifh &ifarmif a&qd&k if a=umufygava&m? oli,fcsi;f awG ausmif;yke;f +y;D csi;f wGi;f jrpfxJ a&ul;oGm;&if rvdu k &f yJ gb;l ? (&ifarmifw‹kd qrD mS ausmif;ajy;w,fqw kd mudk ausmif;yke;f w,fv‹kd ac:yg w,f?) tckxd a&rul;wwfovdk a&vrf;c&D;oGm;&if wav#mufvHk; ae&if;xkdif&if; a=umufae &awmhwmygyJ? a&csKd;&if acgif;avmif;csKd;wJhtcg a&rGef;wwfygw,ff? toufom}uD;vmayr,fh 'Dpw d af &m*gukd azsmufv‹kd r&ao;bl;? oli,fcsif;awGaumif;r_a=umifh q&mvsef;xufqD a&mufvmjzpfwmyg? oli,fcsif; 3 a,muf wa,mufcsi;f ar;=uygw,f? tm;vH;k +yD;wJt h cg &efuek òf rd‹xu J kd jyefvm=uwmayg?h (2) 88 ckEpS f tapmydik ;f umv vli,fawG=um;rSm a&yef;pm;aewm q&m0ef/ ppfAv kd ef ‹J oabFmom;yg? t&yfxrJ mS ysKw d idk ;f óuduw f hJ ESi;f qDcikd af wGayg?h 'ga=umifh }uD;}uD;rm;rm;&nfreS ;f csuq f v kd ‹kd 'Do;kH rsK;d udyk J Tick ay;+yD; tvkt,ufvu kd o f al wG rsm;ygw,f? wckawmh&w dS ,f? q&m0efqw kd m pmawmf&ifawmf/ vl}uD;om;orD; jzpf&if jzpf/ 'grSr[kwf aiGtawmfwwfEkdifrS rSef;vdk‹&EdkifwmrsKd;yg? 3 csufpvHk; ta=umif;rygawmh i,fi,fuwnf;u aoewfudkif+yD; ppfwdkuf&wm/ aoewfukdifxm;olawG ajrmufºuGajrmufºuG ajczsm;axmufomG ;wm awG‹zefrsm;cJah wmh ppfAv kd v f yk cf siw f hJ pdw[ f m taygph m; pdwu f ;l awGe‹J twl ayguzf mG ;vmcJw h ,f?

1984 ckEpS f &ifarmif 10 wef;atmifwEhJ pS u f wnf;u aqGrsK;d awmfoal wG[m ppfwyfrmS wyfrrª;awG jzpfaeyg+yD? olw‹kd tm;ud;k eJ‹ ppfAv kd af wmh jzpfEidk yf gw,f? rdbawGe‹J tzd;k tzGm;awGuawmh oabm rwlygbl;? 10 wef;vnf;atmifa&m udk,fydkifqHk;jzwf+yD; vkyfcsif&mvkyfr,fqdkwJh tawG;u jyif;xefvmcJyh gw,f? 'gayrJh owif;pmxJrmS “1984 ckEpS f 'DZifbm 1 &ufae‹rmS 19 ESpf rausmo f o l m Adv k af vmif;oifwef; ajzcGi&hf w dS ,f” qdw k m zwfvu kd &f awmhh 'Dv 'D&ufrmS 19 ESpaf usmo f mG ;+yDjzpfwhJ &ifarmiftwGuf pdwu f ;l ,Ofco hJ r#[m oJxaJ &oGeq f o kd vdk r_e0f g;vGijhf y,fomG ;yga&m? toufvrd +f yD; h ,f? av#mufcsiw f hJ pdwaf wmh r&Syd gb;l ? 'Dvekd ‹J yJ &nfreS ;f csuf }uD;}uD;rm;rm;r&Sb d J GTI 0ifciG hf ajzcJw av#mufwòhJ rd‹u uavm/ t"du bmomu v#ypf pf (pGr;f tif)? pdwóf udu&f chw J ,f?

1987 ckESpfrSm *sDwDtdkifu ausmif;+yD;jyefawmhvnf; rdbawGtquftoG,feJ‹ qnfajrmif;eJ‹ a=u;pifawmifrmS tvky0f ifvyk &f if&ygw,f? ud, k w f ikd u f ausmif;ynma&; xl;xl;c|ecf |ef rjzpfcw hJ meJ‹ tquftoG,f tm;enf;wJh oli,fcsi;f awG=um;rSm ud, k u f csucf si;f tvky&f rSmawGa=umifh pdwt f m; 47

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xufoefr_ r&Sjd yefb;l ? wpwpeJ‹ oli,fcsi;f awGu vkyif ef;cGiaf &mufuek w f ,f? &ifarmifuawmh [dv k v kd kd 'DvdkvdkeJ‹ tcsdefom ukefoGm;wmaygh? oli,fcsif;awGar;awmhvnf; “v#yfppfqdkwm vlrsKd;ra&G;/ bmomra&G; vdu k w f wfw,f? 'ga=umifh igawmh 'Dtvkyef ‹J xrif;&Smrpm;bl;uGm” vd‹k jzpfovdk ajz vdu k w f mayg?h 88 ckEpS f arvrSm ajrmif;jr/ awmifom/ jzL;eJ‹ yJc;l u oli,fcsi;f awG ac:wma=umifh &efuek w f uf+yD; oabFmom;jzpfz‹kd óud;pm;ygawmhw,f? ypPn;f aysmuf/ vifurGJ ,m;uJ/G tarGjy\em/ pmar;yJu G pd /P EdkifiHjcm;¶d_;a*smh/ pD;yGm;a&;aumif;zdk‹eJ‹ tvkyftudkif&zdk‹ta&; aA'if vuQ%m ,=wm "mwf±dkuf "mwfqifawGukd tm;ud;k avh&w dS hJ vlwcsKŒd &JŒtavhtxeJ‹ pdw0f ifpm;atmifq, G w f wfwhJ oli,fcsi;f awG aumif;r_a=umifh [kwaf omf&/dS r[kwaf omf&dS q&mvse;f xufe‹J awG‹jzpfcw hJ myg?

(3) oabFmwufz‹kd ta&; ajcmufxyf±;kH ay:wuf/ rsupf pd pf/ Adv k af tmifausmv f rf;udo k mG ;/ av#mufvm$ awG xyf/ [dkvluyf 'DvlawG‹eJ‹ tcsdefawGom ukefvmcJhayr,fh t&mxifwm wckrSr&Sdygbl;? 'DvdkeJ‹yJ òrd‹awmf&efuek rf mS vli,fwa,muf&ŒJ wefz;kd &Sw d t hJ csed u f kd t&if;tES;D }uD;pGm ay;cJ&h ygw,f?

ZGev f v,favmufrmS taz &efuek af &mufvmygw,f? +y;D cJw h v hJ u OD;atmif}u;D u Adv k af e0if;twGuf tdwzf iG ahf y;pm jzef‹wt hJ a=umif; ajymjyw,f? OD;atmif}u;D [m 1945 ckEpS f zufqpf*syefawmfveS af &;rSm Adv k af e0if;&JŒ t&m&Sjd zpf+yD;/ Adv k af e0if;&JŒ tdraf pmift h pd;k & wdik ;f jynfukd tkycf sKyfcw hJ hJ 1958 ckEpS u f ae 1960 txd ta&;ygww hJ m0efawG &,lco hJ yl g? 'gt h jyif 1962 ckEpS f rwfv 2 &ufu awmfveS af &;aumifpt D rnfe‹J tm%modr;f cJw h hJ Adv k af e0if;&JŒtzJ‹G rmS aumifp0D if/ 'kw, d umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyw f m0efe‹J ukeo f , G af &;eJ‹ pufr0_ ef}u;D yg? 1988 ckEpS f pufwifbm D u J 30 &ufrmS rSwyf w kH ifcw hJ hJ NLD &JŒ OuUXtjzpf wm0ef,cl zhJ ;l +yD;/ 'DZifbm 3 &ufu 'DcsKyfygwx E_wfxGufoGm;ygw,f? jynfaxmifpk trsKd;om; 'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyfudk OD;aqmifxlaxmifcJhw,f?

OD;atmif}uD;[m jrefrmEdkifiH pD;yGm;a&;usqif;r_awGudk OD;ae0if;xHay;pmawGeJ‹ tcsufusus axmufjyajymqdck o hJ l jzpfayr,f/h OD;ae0if; raumif;a=umif;awmh a&;om;cJo h l r[kwyf gb;l ?

OD;atmif}uD;pmyg ta=umif;t&meJ‹ywfouf+yD; EdkifiHa&;tod^m%fenf;yg;wJh om;udk taz[m av;av;eufeuf ajymjycGirhf &cJyh gb;l ? 0efxrf;a&G;cs,af vhusiahf &;tzJ‹G OuUÏ OD;wifvid_ ef ‹J vl0ifr_ }uD;=uyfa&;XmerS (n$ecf sKyfvm;/ OuUÏvm; wyftyfrodyg) OD;}uD;jrifw h ‹kd qD tvnftywfomG ;&if;/ 48

,Hkjunfcsufrdk;aumif;uifESifh aEG;axG;aomreuf=zef

'Dta=umif; ajymqdak qG;aEG;=uygw,f? OD;}uD;jrif[ h m om;owform;pdev f iG ef ‹J tifrwef&if;ES;D wJh rdwaf qGawGjzpfwma=umifh nDtrESpaf ,muf"mwfyu kH kd =unf+h yD; óudu&f mcJ, G =l u&if; r,m;nDtudk awmfpyfvmolyg? cifrifp&maumif;ygw,f? tazu tm%m&SiAf v kd cf sKyfawG&ŒJ pHtrd af wmfawG&&dS m Adv k cf sKyf&mG udk &ifarmifw‹kd armifErS udk ac:+yD; oGm;vnfw,f? tud0k rf;uJaG wmfol wdik ;f rª;&JŒom;u æ “usaemfw‹kd zke;f awGvnf; cd;k em;axmifc&H w,f/ vl‹tcGit hf a&; r&Sb d ;l ” qdw k hJ ajymoHukd 323 um;ay:rSm trSwrf xif =um;cJ&h zl;ygw,f? a&$wd*Hkbk&m;teD;u *syefpm;awmfqufrSm rwfvta&;tcif;awGta=umif; pum;pjrnf ajymjzpf=uw,f? tudk0rf;uJGeJ‹ tr[m tmtdkifwDausmif;om;a[mif;eJ‹ vuf&Sdausmif;oljzpf wma=umifh 'DEpS t f apmydik ;f u tjzpftysuaf wGukd jyefvnfazmufonfcs&if; pdwt f u kd af eygw,f? ppftkyfpktodkif;t0dkif;uyJjzpfjzpf/ wjcm;vlr_vlwef;pm;wckuyJjzpfjzpf ausmif;om;rSef&ifawmh ausmif;om;b0u jzpf&yfreS af wGtay: b,fvrkd S zk;H tkyrf xm;Edik b f J ta=umif;wdu k q f ikd v f ‹kd uawmh twdwo f rkid ;f [m t&dyt f wdik ;f vku d yf gaewmudk odvu kd &f w,f?

1988 ckEpS f rwfv 12 &ufu tmtdik w f aD usmif;om; 3 a,muf ausmif;eJ‹ rsuEf mS csi;f qdik t f &yfrmS &Sw d hJ óud‹ukef;&yfuGufu pENm0if;vBuf&nfqdkifudkoGm;&if; rl;&l;aewJh &yfuGufaumifpDOuUXom;tzJG‹eJ‹ vli,fobm0 &efjzpfwmup+yD;/ aemufwae‹rSm rqv ppftpdk;&u ausmif;om;awGudk rdom;pkpdwf"mwfuif;rJhpGmeJ‹ vufyg;awmfvHkxdef;wyfudkoHk;+yD; G-3 *sDo&D;eJ‹ ypfcwfowfjzwfvdk‹ ausmif;om;vli,f udzk ek ;f armfe‹J udpk ;kd Ekid f aoqH;k cJyh gw,f? ausmif;om;awGu rqvtpd;k &udk rwfv 13 &uftjzpftysuu f kd jzpf&yfreS t f wdik ;f tjynft h pHk owif;xkwfjyefay;zdk‹/ aoqHk;'%f&m& ausmif;om;awGtwGuf rdbawGudk avsmfa=u;ay;zdk‹/ ypfcwfowfjzwfcJhwJh w&m;cHawGudk ta&;,lay;zdk‹/ vGwfvyfwJh ausmif;om;tzJG‹tpnf;wck zJ‹G pnf;cGiðhf yzd‹k awmif;qdck =hJ uygw,f? tm%m&SiOf ;D ae0if; OD;aqmifwhJ rqv tm%mydik af wGu ausmif;om;awG&ŒJ awmif;qdck suaf wGukd todtrSwðf yzd‹k aeaeomom rwfv 15 &ufa&mufawmh vHx k ed ;f eJ‹ ppfom; 600 avmufu pufr_ wuUov kd 0f if;twGi;f 0ifa&mufp;D eif;+yD; ausmif;om;awGukd =urf;wrf;pGm ±du k Ef u S zf rf;qD;r_awG vkyyf g awmhw,f? ausmif;om;awG[m ppftm%m&Sipf epfukd OD;ae0if; tm%modr;f cJw h hJ 1962 ckEpS u f p+yD; qef‹usicf w hJ ,f? ausmif;om;ta&;/ jynfov l x l t k a&;awGtwGuf a&SŒwef;u yg0ifcyhJ gw,f? 'ga=umifh 49

7J7ifhatmif

ausmif;om;awGtay: Adv k af e0if;[m tòid;taw;xm;cJo h r#ukd twH;k vdu k t f wpfvu kd f qufvuf taumiftxnfazmfvu kd w f myJ jzpfygw,f?

(4) “zufqpftpd;k &ðzwfcsa&; æ 'd‹k ta&; æ 'd‹k ta&;” “'Dru kd a&pD&&Sad &; æ 'd‹k ta&; æ 'd‹k ta&;” “wygwpD epf æ usq;kH ygap æ usq;kH ygap” nD a emif a usmif ; om;awG j zpf w J h tif ; vsm;uef a wmif b uf u &ef u k e f 0d Z … m -od y ` H w uU o d k v f ausmif;om;xk[m &efukefpufr_wuUodkvfausmif;bufqD csDwufvm=uw,f? 'gayrJhvnf; tif;vsm;uefabmife‹J jynfvrf;r=um;u wHwm;jzLudak usmv f u kd w f ,fq&kd ifyJ oHq;l óud;acGawGukd vrf;ay:rSm jzwfumxm;wm awG‹&+yD;/ aemufbufrSmawmh aoewfudkifppfom;awGu ae&m,l xm;ygw,f? ausmif;om;awGu “jynfol‹wyfrawmf 'dk‹wyfrawmf” qdk+yD; aºuG;a=umfcJh=uovdk/ “trsK;d om;oDcsi;f ” eJ‹ “ppfocD si;f ” awGukd oHòydiq f =kd uygw,f? 'gayrJh aumufusppf Of;vJwhJ tm%m&SiOf ;D ae0if;u ausmif;om;awGaemufbufuae 'kw/f }udr'f ikd ;f / &dik zf ,faoewfe‹J oHcarmufaqmif;xm;wJh vHx k ed ;f wyfukd ±du k cf ikd ;f ygw,f? OD;ae0if; vufyg;apawG&ŒJ vlrqefwhJ vky&f yfa=umifh &efuek 0f Zd m… -odyaH` usmif;teD;u tif;,m;uefabmifab;u wHwm;jzL[m aoG;csi;f csi;f eD+y;D wHwm;eDjzpfcw hJ m 3 v avmufyJ &Syd gao;w,f? 'Dta&;tcif;rSm ausmif;om; trsm; tjym;aoqH;k cJo h vd/k axmifcsccH &hJ ygw,f? ausmif;olawGuv kd nf; tapmfum;cH&wm jyefajymvd‹k awmif raumif;ygb;l ? olw‹kd awG ajymaeoHu=kd um;ae&ayr,fh &ifarmifuawmh OD;wnf&maysmufaeygw,f? ud, k [ hf mudk Zmwfyw GJ yJ=G unfah ewJh yJ=G unfyh &dowfwOD;xuf rydyk gb;l ? &efuek u f v kd mwJu h pd P tqifrajyayr,f/h owif;qd;k awGu em;eJ‹rqef‹atmifom =um;ae&wmyg? “tjypfr&Sw d hJ ausmif;om;awGukd Adv k af e0if; &JŒ ppfom;awGu vufeuftm;ud;k eJ‹ Edik x hf ufp;D eif;vkyw f ,f” wJ?h 'Dta=umif;=um;&awmh rcHEikd jf zpf&yg w,f? 'gayrJh æ bmawGv/J roJuv GJ yS gb;l ? aemufxyfowif;qd;k ua&m bmxl;vd‹k vJ æ?

ZGev f 21 &ufu [Hom0wDvrf;qHrk mS aq;wuUov kd f 1 u csw D ufqENjy ausmif;om;jynfol axmif aygi;f rsm;pGm[m rsu&f nf,Akd ;kH / ±dik zf ,faoewfawGuikd x f m;wJh vHx k ed ;f awGe‹J xdyw f u kd w f ;kd &jyefygw,f?

50

,Hkjunfcsufrdk;aumif;uifESifh aEG;axG;aomreuf=zef

“w'dik ;f 'dik ;f ” eJ‹ tqufrjywfar$‹&rf;aewJh aoewfoaH wG[m ausmufww H m;òrd‹e,f/ vGpv P rf;u tdrf xJukd zke;f vdik ;f uae tqD;twm;r&S0d ifvmvd‹k ausmufww H m;òrd‹e,f aumifpt D wGi;f a&;rª; Adv k rf ;ª pd;k aemif(t+ird ;f pm;) twdik ;f om; =um;vdu k w f ,f? olu wke&f ifwt hJ oHe‹J “aouke=f uyg+yu D mG / aoukef =u+y”D vd‹k ajym&if; aqmufwnf&mr& jzpfaeygw,f? “uav;awG tjyifroGm;=ueJ‹”/ “ti,faumif a&m b,frmS vJ/ &Smprf;”? tJ'n D rSmyJ rqvtpd;k &u nae 6 em&Duae reuf 6 em&Dtxd nrxGu&f trde‹f xkwjf yefcyhJ gw,f? aq;wuUov kd f 1 eJ‹ oGm;bufqidk &f maq;wuUov kd f oifwef;awGtm;vH;k &yfpv J u dk yf gw,f? wajz;ajz;eJ‹ tarSmifx[ k m tm;vH;k udk 0g;òrdvm+yDjzpfayr,fh aq;ukozd‹k ouf0ifvy_ &f mS ;aeolawG/ toufiifaeolawG trsm;tjym;&SdaerSef; rodcJhygbl;? aemufae‹ reufvif;wJhtcg rzdwfac:bJ qdu k q f u kd òf ru d òf ru d f a&mufvmolu tarSmiftwd+y;D wJh owif;qd;k ygy?J “rae‹u &Je‹J jynfol ta&;tcif; rSm jynfol 100 eD;yg; towfccH &hJ owJ”h ? “twke;f t±k;H aouke=f u+y”D “acG;owfv‹kd vlao&wmuG” “'DaumifawGukd jyefwu dk rf &S r,f” “ukvor*~0if&iS ;f rS jzpfr,f” “r[kwb f ;l / vufeufukd vufeufe‹J jyefwu kd &f r,f” &efukefwuUodkvfu oli,fcsif;awGeJ‹ 0dkif;zJG‹ajymaewJh pum;awGyg? ,m,DaexdkifcGifh&xm;wJh tcef;av;xJrmS wa,mufwayguf xifa=u;ay;ae=uwmyg? b,fvv kd yk =f urvJ/ vufw‹Hk jyefz‹kd vdak e+y?D olw‹kd awG 26 ESpv f ;kH vH;k tm%m&l;&Hyk w J wf+yD; tkycf sKyfa&;nHzh si;f vd‹k / wrdaygut f csi;f csi;f t"rRzEd ydS v f ‹kd jynfoal wG rsurf ek ;f usK;d wm/ rcHr&yfEikd jf zpfwm =umcJyh g+yD? ausmif ; om;jynf o l a wG & J Œ rauseyf p d w f a wG [ m òyd u sawmh r ,f h rd k ; om;wd r f v d y f a wG t jzpf tqifq h ifu h ;l ajymif;vmw,f? ±kwcf sn;f qdo k vdk òydusvmr,fh t&dyt f a,mifawG[mvnf; ae&m tESŒH rSm twdik ;f om; }uD;xGm;vd‹k ayg?h wòrd‹v;kH tESŒH bufeufuikd pf pfom;awGukd jzef‹csvmw,f? b&if; u,f&, D mum;awGe‹J rJrjJ rif&if aoewfe‹J xd;k csed w f wfwhJ ppfom;awGa=umifh aoG;at;wJh ESv;kH om;awG awmif qlyu G &f w,f? òrd‹jyn[m wpjyifvkd ajcmufjcm;aeyg+yD? vlawG[m om;&Jwaumif&ŒJ pl;&SwhJ rsuv f ;kH tpHek ‹J om;aumifukd wdwq f w d pf mG acsmif;ajrmif;aewJo h abm&Syd gw,f? rd;k +crd ;f oHukd =um;&yg+y/D xif&mS ;wJh v#yjf yufrr_ sK;d udk b,fawmhawG‹&rSmvJ? 51

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awmfygao;w,f/ ppfxrJ 0ifjzpfwm? aoewfav;udik +f yD; vlyt kH v,frmS acgi;f armhav#mufEidk rf ,fh tjzpfudkyJ =unfh+yD; 0ifjzpfcJhvdk‹uawmh bkrodbrodeJ‹ vnfpif;cH&rSm? txuftrdef‹a=umifh trsm;wumtay: apmfum;zdk‹ vG,fuloGm;apr,fhta=umif; odvdkufcsdefrSm oufjyif;wcsuf csvu kd rf yd gw,f? ppfAv kd rf jzpfayrJh ppfAv kd }f uD;awG&ŒJ qufqaH &;eJ‹ vufatmufi,fom;wyfom;awG&ŒJ csKdŒwJhb0awGudk tjzpftysufav; wck-ESpfckavmufeJ‹wif odomygw,f? t&ifwkef;uawmh 'Davmufta&;r}uD;ovdk aecJw h ,f? aròrd‹udk wkdif;rª;eJ‹twl vdkufvnf&if; ukd,fuawmh qDjyef[if;xrif;eJ‹ azsmf&nftat;awG pm;aomufaecsed f +cH0if;tjyifrmS vHòk cHa&;,lay;&wJh vnfywfeeD ‹J uGerf ef'w kd yfom;av;awG xrif; weyfiwfwm/ rE aW v; - &efuek f tjref&xm;ay:u oD;oef‹wx GJ rJ mS wdik ;f rª;u t&ufr;l rl;eJ‹ pm;yJcG if;u tyfcsKyf&mud=k unf+h yD; qif;&Jww hJ aGJ pmifu h kd topfcsycf |wrf xm;&aumif;vm; }udr;f armif;&if; tvkyf ðzwfcdkif;r,fvdk‹ atmf[pfcJhwmawG[m w&dyf&dyfjrifa,mifvmygw,f? oem;=uifemwmuvJG+yD; b,fv±kd ek ;f uef&r,f/ vGwaf jrmufatmif bmvky&f r,freS ;f rodv‹kd tm;rvdt k m;r&pdw/f odrif ,fpw d af wG a&m¹yeG ;f cdak tmif;vmrSe;f &dypf m;rdvmw,f? 'gayrJh &J&ifo h w l ‹kd &ŒJ wku d yf u GJ awmh &ifarmifv h rkd [kwyf gb;l / tqufrjywfay: xGuaf eqJygy?J &efuek òf rd‹rmS qENjyyJaG wG tr#irf jywf qufjzpfaeygw,f?

Zlvikd f 23 &ufrmS rqvygw&D ŒJ ta&;ay:nDvmcHukd +Adwo d #acwfu jrif;òydiu f iG ;f jzpfcw hJ hJ &efuek òf rd‹ usKu d q U u H iG ;f eab;&Sd q&mpHcef;rrSm pwifusi;f yyg+yD? jrefrmvlxk odEidk af tmif ±kyjf rifo=H um;uae xkwfv$ifhjyygw,f? OD;ae0if;u oleJ‹twl rqvygwD A[dktvkyftr_aqmifwzJG‹vHk; tem;,l awmhr,fhta=umif;/ pD;yGm;a&;ðyjyifajymif;vJr_awG vkyfzdk‹vdka=umif;/ wygwDpepfudk óudufovm; 'grSr[kwf ygwDpHkpepfudk óudufovm;qdkwmudkod&atmif jynfol‹qENcH,lyJG usif;yoifha=umif; tqdw k ifoiG ;f cJw h ,f? ppftm%m&Si}f uD; OD;ae0if;u “aemifukd vlpv k al 0;eJ‹ qlqyl yl v l yk v f ‹kd &&dS ifawmh ppfwyfqw kd m ypf&if rSeaf tmifypfw,f æ? rd;k ay:axmif+yD; azmufwmrygb;l æ? tJ'g aemifukd qlqyl yl v l yk v f ‹kd &&dS ifawmh qlwv hJ al wG roufombl;vd‹k om rSwaf ya&mh æ”qdw k hJ jynfoal wGukd ajymifajymifwif;wif;pdeaf c:wJh orkid ;f 0ifred ‹f ceG ;f udv k nf; ac|cyhJ gao;w,f?

Zlvikd f 26 &ufrmS nDvmcHuae ygwpD pkH epfusio hf ;kH zd‹k rvdt k yfwma=umifh vlxq k ENc, H yl GJ usi;f yp&m r&Sda=umif;/ pD;yGm;a&; zHG‹òzd;wdk;wufvmatmif vkyfaqmifzdk‹u ydkta&;}uD;a=umif;/ OD;ae0if; wa,mufuakd wmh ygwOD uUXu E_wx f u G cf iG ðhf ycJah yr,fh ygw0D iftjzpf qufvufxm;&Sad =umif;/ 'gt h jyif OD;ae0if;&JŒ wynfhausmf}uD; om;owform;pdefvGifudk ygwDOuUÏeJ‹ EdkifiHawmforRwtjzpf 52

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a&G;cs,v f u kd af =umif; qH;k jzwfvu kd =f ujyefw,f? OD;ae0if;u ol‹u, kd pf m; om;owform;udk pdww f ikd ;f us óud;qJzG ‹kd uef‹vef‹umaemufukd 0ifomG ;yg+yD? OD;pdev f iG [ f m 'kw, d urBmppft+yD; Adv k af e0if;&JŒ Armhaoewfuikd w f yf&if; 4 rSm t&mcHAv kd f jzpfcw hJ ,f? u&ifolykefacgif;aqmif apmbOD;}uD;udkowfcJhwJh wyfpkrSmyg0ifvdk‹ Adkvfae0if;u ol‹vl,Hktjzpf a&G;cs,cf w hJ ,f? 1962 ckEpS f Zlvikd f 7 &ufu &efuek w f uUov kd u f kd 0ifp;D +yD;/ ausmif;om;awGukd owfcw hJ hJ wyfcrGJ mS Adv k af e0if;u ol‹ukd wyfr;ª tjzpf wm0efay;cJw h ,f? OD;pdev f iG [ f m 1960-70 ckEpS t f wGi;f &Srf;jynfe,f vm;&_d;òrd‹rSm AsL[mrª;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmif&if; &Srf;ajymufusm;awGudk vdkufvH acsre_ ;f &mrSm &ufpufwhJ wyfr;ª tjzpf emrnfxu G cf o hJ yl g?

1970-72 ckEpS f rE aW v;wkid ;f rª;jzpfaepOfuvnf; Ekid if aH &;twdu k t f cHawGe‹J wufºuGw&hJ [ef;ysKt d zJ‹G ukd okwo f ifco hJ v l nf; jzpfw,f? 'Dvekd ‹J yJ 1981 ckEpS rf mS awmh OD;ae0if;u ol‹ukd &efuek òf rd‹ay: qJw G ifc+hJ yD; EdkifiHawmfaumifpD0iftaeeJ‹ cef‹tyfcJhwmyg? 1983 ckESpfrSmawmh rqvygwD wJGzuftaxGaxG twGi;f a&;rª;tjzpf cs;D jr‡ichf jhJ yefw,f? 1988 ckEpS &f ŒJ rwfveJ‹ ZGev f twGi;f u ausmif;om;jynfou l kd &uf&ufpufpuf owfjzwfcw hJ hJ vHx k ed ;f wyfz‹GJ &ŒJ t}u;D tuJjzpfaewma=umifh ol‹ukd om;owform;qdw k hJ bJ‹G x;l udk wyfqifay;cJw h mjzpfygw,f? ol‹ukd vlxu k cg;cg;oD;oD; &GrH ek ;f ae=uwmyg?

(5) “vGwaf jrmufa&;wku d yf [ GJ m tHv k u kd u f si;f vdu k f b,fawmhprSmvJ” =o*kwf 1 &ufrSm ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;or*~rsm;tzJG‹csKyfuvnf; rif;udkEkdiftrnfeJ‹ vufrw S x f ;kd +y;D =o*kwv f 8 &ufae‹rmS wjynfv;kH tESŒH taxGaxGoydw}f u;D qifEz$J ‹kd aqmf=owJh pm&Guf pmwrf;awG jzef‹a0cJhovdk/ BBC owif;axmuf c&pfpfwdkzg*g;eufu ausmif;om;wOD;eJ‹ awG‹qHk ar;jref;c%f;udk BBC jrefrmydik ;f tpDtpOfuae ausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_}u;D u ae‹}u;D &uf}u;D jzpfwhJ =o*kwf 8 &uf (8-8-88) ae‹rmS wjynfv;kH taxGaxGoydwaf rSmufz‹kd pDpOfwu kd w f eG ;f a=umif; a=unmcJw h ,f? vGecf w hJ hJ wvcJaG vmufu qefwjynf 9 usy&f &dS muae tckcsed rf mS 16 usyt f xd jrifw h ufvmygw,f? tajccH pm;ukeaf omufuek f aps;E_e;f awG[m w[kex f ;kd wufvmwmyg? pD;yGm;a&;c|wòf cHusr/_ wygwD tm%m&Siftpdk;& rvdkvm;r_awGu txufwef;ausmif;om;awGeJ‹ wuUodkvfausmif;om;awGudk v_yEf ;d_ aeqJygy?J vlowform;}u;D Adv k af e0if;&JŒud, k yf mG ; om;owform;pdev f iG f orRw wufvyk w f mudk rauseyfpw d af wGe‹J a&maxG;+yD; vrf;rawGay: wufvm=ujyefyg+yD? 53

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“bJOwvH;k ESpu f sycf GJ æ pdev f iG ahf cgi;f udck ”GJ “qefwjynf q,fah jcmufusyf pdev f iG af cgi;f udjk zwf” =o*kwf 3 &ufu qENjyyJ}G uD;udk rarhEikd af wmhygb;l ? ql;avbk&m;/ òrd‹awmfcef;reJ‹ AE<Kvyef;+cHteD;udk vlvid_ ;f }uD; pkòyHa&mufvm+yD; aºuG;a=umfoaH wG oHòydiaf tmf[pf=uw,f? rsuEf mS rSm vufuikd yf 0k g pnf;xm;wJh ausmif;om;vli,fawG[m wdu k af b;eH&aH wGrmS 0g;avSum;awGaxmif+yD; wa,muf+yD; wa,mufwufum pdwt f m;wufºuGpmG a[majym=uw,f? vrf;ab;wzufwcsuu f jynfoal wG uvnf; rke‹f yo J mG ;&nfpm/ aq;vdy/f a&eJ‹ aiGawGukd o'Ngw&m;xufoefpmG ay;urf;ae=uygw,f?

EdkifiHawmftvHa[mif;eJ‹ ausmif;om;awG&JŒ wdkufyJG0ifcGyfa'gif;tvHawG[m avrSm wjzwfjzwf vGifhaeygw,f? aºuG;a=umfoHawGeJ‹ ra=umufw&m; a[majymyJGawG[m vlwdkif;udk =uufoD; wjzef;jzef;xapygw,f? tJ'n D ae 6 em&DrmS om;owform; orRw pdev f iG ef ‹J wyfrawmfumuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf Adv k cf sKyf}uD; apmarmif wd‹k u &efuek òf rd‹rmS rm&S,af vmxkwv f u kd af =umif; jrefrmhtoHuae a=unmvdu k yf gw,f? 'gayrJh tvH&&J eJ ‹J aºuG;a=umfo}H uD;awGuawmh &yfprJ oGm;ygb;l ? tm;vH;k [m &Spaf v;vH;k (1988 ckEpS f =o*kwf 8 &uf) vlxt k ºkH uGy}GJ uD;twGuf tm;arG;ae=uyg+yD? “'Dru kd a&pD csucf si;f ay;” “rqvtpd;k & usq;kH ygap” “pdev f iG f tvdrk &S”d aºuG;a=umfoHawGudk ,Ofyg;pðyvmcsdefrSmyJ rdbawGu ta0;a&mufarmifESrESpfa,muftwGuf pdwyf w l ma=umifh rH&k mG udk tjrefjyefvmzd‹k ac:aeyg+y?D tr}u;D u “&xm;vufrw S jf zwf+y;D +y/D jyefz‹kd jyifawmh” qdkwJh pum;a=umifh pdwfu jyefvnfvmygw,f? &efukefòrd‹}uD;rSm tnom;wa,muftwGuf =um=umawG‹xcd pH m;vdw k hJ jrifuiG ;f awG[m wajz;ajz;eJ‹ a0;vmchw J ,f? rE aW v;rSmawmh rdbarmifErS awG vmóud=uw,f? rH&k mG udk =o*kwf 6 &ufrmS acsmacsmarmarm jyef a&mufygw,f? rdcifuawmh om;udk ol‹tem;rSmxm;&if; tdrftjyefrSm pdwfcsvufcs&SdvmcJh[ef wlygw,f? 'gayrJh &ifarmifph w d x f rJ mS bmawGygw,fqw kd mawmh ol rodEikd cf yhJ gb;l ? aemufa=umif; jyefvn S v hf mcJah yr,fh xl;jcm;wJh todw&m;wckuakd wmh &ifrmS ydu k v f mcJw h mawmh aocsmygw,f?

“OD;wnfcsuw f ck&ŒJ tqH;k ” jzpfovd/k “wjcm;OD;wnfcsuw f ck&ŒJ tp” vdyk gy?J 54

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(=o*kwf 12 &ufrmS om;owform;pdev f iG u f kd Edik if aH wmfaumifpD OuUÏ&mxl;rSvnf;aumif;/ Edik if aH wmf orRw&mxl;rSvnf;aumif;/ rGejf ynfe,f rJqENe,ftrSwf 2 jynfo‹l vw $ af wmf uk, d pf m;vS,t f jzpfrS vnf;aumif; E_wx f u G cf iG ahf y;cJyh gw,f?)

ZGev f 22 &uf/ 2003 (rZÆrd ) ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ

55

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a&wdt k ±H;+ a&&Snt f jrwf (1) “pufwifbm 17 &uf/ n 9 em&Dc”GJ =u,fpifawGa&SŒrSm wdrt f arS;yg;awG,u S af ewma=umifh EkysKt d arSmifx[ k m 0wfvpfpvpfe‹J pdwcf svufcs tdyaf rmusaecsed rf mS yJ trSwf 1 txuausmif;ab;u ajrmuf&yf}u;D rlvwef;ausmif;xJrmS tE &W m,fe‹J upm;r,fo h al wG ajccsi;f vdraf e=uw,f? wa,mufe‹J wa,muf avoHazsmah zsm/h ajc[efvuf[efawGe‹J tay;t,ltcsw d t f qufawG vkyaf e=uw,f? "mwfqDykvif;0rSm qdk‹xm;wJh t0wfpudk rD;jcpf+yD; ±_dŒvdkufr,ftvkyf *sDo&D;aoewfoHawG =um;vdu k &f w,f? &eforl w d af qG rcJjG cm;wJh usnq f efawG[m rdpm> ppfbv D ;l awG n$e=f um;wJt h wdik ;f aorif;eJ‹twl olw‹kd qu D kd t&Sed jf yif;jyif; tajy;0ifvmw,f/ “'dik ;f æ 'dik ;f æ azmuf æ azmuf”/ 0d^mOf wcsKŒd vGiphf ifomG ;w,f? olw‹kd awG pdwrf xde;f Edik af wmhb;l / twH;k vdu k t f wpfvu kd f atmfq=J uw,f? tJ'n D 8 em&DrmS òr‹d v;kH u|wf oHy;kH wD;+y;D òr‹d xaJ &mufvmwJh raumif;qd;k &Gm; ppfbv D ;l awGukd awmajcmuf armif;xkwcf =hJ uao;w,f? txu 1 ausmif;xJ ajcukw, f x l m;wJh wyf&if;rª; Adv k rf ;ª armifaxG;&JŒ cv& 11 wyfcu GJ kd òzdz‹kd óud;pm;&if; taocH&w J o hJ w l csKŒd *k%, f pl mG eJ‹ usq;kH cJ&h w,f? aemuf&ufa&mufawmh òrd‹vx l u k olw‹dk ukd rH&k mG awmifo\ k mefrmS tcrf;tem;eJ‹ trde‹f jyefwrf;xkw+f yD; *k%, f 0l rf;enf;pGm 'Dru kd a&pDwu kd yf u GJ ae xGucf gG ciG ðhf yvdu k w f ,f? rD;awmufr;D v#aH wG[m tmZmenfawGukd aumif;&mbHq k D ac:oGm;=uw,f? olw‹kd 3 a,mufu &Spaf v;vH;k wku d yf t GJ &Sed u f kd jyefwifay;&if; tm;vH;k udk pGe‹f cgG omG ;cJw h ,f? rHk&GmrSm vlxkvlwef;pm;aygif;pHkwufwJh tokbtcrf;tem;}uD;jzpfcJhygw,f? vltm;vHk;[m tokb&Siaf wGjzpfc=hJ uwm rarhEidk pf &myg? ESv;kH om;awG a=uuJcG =hJ u&w,f? olw‹dk usq;kH cJw h n hJ / aemufwae&mrSmawmh æ “'dik ;f æ 'dik ;f æ &$;D æ &$;D ” ta&SŒ,Gef;,Gef;uvmwJh usnfqHawG taemufbufudk v#yfwjyufjzwftajy; “w&$D&$D” eJ‹ =um;vdu k &f wm =uufo;D xp&myg? &ifarmifah b;u jzwfomG ;ovm; xif&ygw,f? 'gayrJh ajray:&Syyf pf&if xdow H ckc=k um;&rSm? tck[mu rd;k ay:axmifypfwm aocsmw,f? “aqmfuek =f u+yu D /G aqmfuek =f u+yu D ”G OD;apmarmif&ŒJ toH? “vm/ vm/ udak pmarmif 0if;x&Hausmcf ”hJ tazu toHcyftyk t f yk ef ‹J vSr;f ajym 56

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ygw,f? OD;apmarmif vufxJrSm iSuf}uD;awmif"m;wacsmif; udkifxm;ygvm;? aoewfoHawG pdwv f mawmh olvnf; Zufyo k mG ;&w,f? tdrx f rJ mS rD;xGe;f rxm;&Jb;l ? &wwfor# vrf;rD;av;eJ‹ xoGm; xvm vkyaf e=uwm? aemufae‹rS od&wmu rD;&xm;oHvrf;ab; w,fvDzkef;&HkxJu ppfom;awGudk òrd‹om;wcsKdŒu tm;prf;oGm;=uwmwJ?h ud, k b hf ufu &xm;wJG wwJeG ‹J wwJG wGe;f wdu k jf yaewm/ [db k ufu aoewfe‹J [ef‹ypfwmwJ?h 'Dvakd oewforH sK;d udk ±ky&f iS af wGxrJ mS yJ trsm;pku =um;zl;ygw,f? ezl;awG‹ 'l;awG‹óuHrS iSuq f ;kd xd;k oHvkd xifrw S &f w,f? apwDyx k ;kd eJ‹ bk&m;ausmif;acgi;f avmif;oH/ tke;f armif;acguo f eH ‹J "rRaw;oDcsi;f oHawG òzdiòf zdiu f saewJh +idr;f csr;f wJeh ,fajrxJukd armif;jyefaoewfoaH wG xGuv f mwm pufqyk &f &HG mS p&myg? wòrd‹v;kH udk aoewfoaH wG zH;k v$r;f aewm tawmf=umygw,f? &Spaf v;vH;k wdu k yf GJ ±H;_ edrrhf ,fh edrw d v f uQ%mvm; æ?

(2) &Spaf v;vH;k wku d yf t GJ vHudk rH&k mG rSmvnf; jrifjh rifrh m;rm; v$ix hf cl w hJ myg? t&yfav;rsuEf mS u òr‹d e,fawGvnf; yl;aygi;f vm=uygw,f? tdr&f iS rf rsm;toif;/ a&SŒaersm;or*~/ ukew f ifuek cf s tvkyo f rm;or*~/ vkyif ef;&Sif toif;/ q&m0efrsm;or*~/ jynfol‹oHCm/ oHCmhor*~Dtygt0if bmoma&;toif;tzJG‹awGeJ‹ ausmif;om;or*~awGvnf; zJ‹G pnf;cJw h ,f? A[dpk &k yftjzpf qkawmif;jynfeh ‹J a&$pnf;cHb k &k m;y&f0% k u f kd a&G;cs,cf =hJ uygw,f? ausmif;+yD;p &ifarmiftwGuf awmifra&muf ajrmufra&mufumvyg? *sDwDtdkifausmif;om;rsm; or*~z‹GJ z‹kd oli,fcsi;f a[mif;awGe‹J widk yf if+yD; wtdr0f ifwtdrx f u G f rarmEdik rf yrf;Ekid f vdu k zf w d =f uw,f? trSwf 3 txu ausmif;xJrmS or*~z‹GJ ygw,f? ausmif;wufvufp ausmif;om;awGukd OD;aqmifae&m ay;+yD; zJG‹=uwmyg? or*~tajcpdkuf&mae&m[m a&$pnf;cHkbk&m;twGif;rSm jzpfygw,f? udk,fwdkif roGm;jzpfwhJ &ufawGrmS v_y&f mS ;r_tajctaeudk jyef=um;a&;wm0ef,x l m;wJh ---udk qufo, G f owif;ay;/ ar;jref;ygw,f? t"duypfrw S u f - rqvtpd;k &ðzwfcs+y;D / a,bk,stm;jzifh em;vnfxm;wJh 'Dru kd a&pDe‹J vl‹tcGit hf a&; &&Sad &;? a&SŒaersm;or*~z‹GJ pnf;r_[m olrsm;awGxuf aemufusygw,f? a&SŒaeawG wku d yf rkH rJ aJ wGe‹J csw D ufawmh òrd‹cHvlxk[m 0rf;omtm;& aomif;aomif;jzjz óudqdk=uw,f? pk&yfeJ‹ tpnf;ta0;awGtwGuf &ifarmifwdk‹ tdrfudk ,m,DowfrSwfygw,f? vli,fa&SŒaeawG wufwufºuGºuG &dk;&dk;om;om;eJ‹ qENjycJhwmyg? &ifarmiftwGuf txif&Sm;qHk;yk*~Kdvfuawmh a&SŒae udkarmifarmif jzpfygw,f?

57

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58

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ae‹bufrSmqdk vrf;pnf;urf;vnf; xdef;odrf;w,ff? &efol&,fvdk‹ rawG‹&ayr,fh/ “xl;jcm;wJh tjzpftysuaf wG”eJ‹ “awmrD;avmif awma=umif vufcarmif;cwfawG” awmh wajz;ajz; &Sv d mwmayg?h “0ke;f ” rD;&xm;blwm&Ht k eD; tdr0f if;wck&dS a&wGi;f xJukd wpHw k ckusomG ;oH =um;&ygw,f? ntarSmifxrJ mS jzpfaeawmh tm;vHk;u jyL;wl;+yJwJ xGuf=unfhw,f? awG‹yg+yD/ rouFm&wJhol? ol‹udkzrf;+yD; rD;owfuif;wJrmS ppf=uw,f? ±ky&f nfu a'ocHawG&ŒJ ±kyrf sK;d eJ‹rwlygb;l ? rsuv f ;kH ao}uD;eJ‹ vlawGukd =unfw h wfygw,f? yHyk ef;o¿mef =unf&h wm axmifom;vdyk gy?J “emrnfbmvJ” “b,fuvmwmvJ” “bmudpeP ‹J vmwmvJ” bmrS ar;r&ygb;l ? wkev f y_ rf r_ /hJ cHpm;r_rrhJ suEf mS rsK;d ? ar;wJo h al wG pdwt f csOaf yguv f mw,f? wufºuaG ewJh vli,fawGu xd;k vm;}uw d v f m;eJ‹ ar;ygawmhw,f? rsuEf mS rSm aoG;awGom ,dpk ;D vmw,f/ pum;wcGe;f rS rajymygb;l ? ol‹ukd vufrvGecf siv f ‹kd &Jpcef;udk yd‹k vu kd w f ,f? 'gu tjzpftysuw f ckyg? wjcm; ae&mawG rSmvnf; tvm;wljzpf&yfrsK;d awG &Scd yhJ gw,f? awma=umifjy\emu æ “w'dik ;f 'dik ;f ” eJ‹ olypfu, kd yf pf aqmfae=uyg+y?D jyom'fausmif;0if;xJrmS u “jynfo‹l oC H m” tzJ‹G 0ifawG/ ausmif;tjyifbuf Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;vrf;ay:rSmawmh vlx?k tjyeftvSef aoewfu, kd pf eD ‹J ypfae =uwmyg? ajcmufv;kH jyL;/ ESpv f ;kH jyL;/ ypPwakd oewfawGe‹J ypfygw,f? aemufq;kH jynfo‹l oHCmtzJ‹G 0if 3 OD; vuf&zrf;rdygw,f? qkawmif;jynfb h &k m;udk ac:cJ=h uw,f? olw‹kd ukd tE &W m,fray;ygb;l ? òrd‹u ESix f w k v f u kd yf gw,f?f aemuf 3 &uft=um olw‹kd jyefa&mufvmcsed rf mS yJ wku d w f u kd q f ikd q f idk f olwjyef ud, k w f jyefwu dk yf w GJ ek ;f u vnfyif;udk *siu f vdreS cf w hJ hJ ausmif;om;av; rE aW v;aq;&Hrk mS aoqH;k cJw h ,f? olw‹kd 3 a,mufukd qkawmif;jynfb h &k m; taemufrck rf mS vnfpif;ckid ;f vdu k w f ,f? &efo‹l vt l jzpf owfrw S cf w hJ mud;k ? (oHCmawmfwyg;rS rygygb;l ?) “ab;z,f æ ab;z,f” “aooGm;csiv f ‹kd vm;/ a[h ajymaewm r=um;bl;vm;” 'l;av;eJ‹csed /f "m;&Snef ‹J a0S‹&rf;&if; =unfah ewJv h x l u k kd &ScJ ikd ;f ygw,f? bDv;l obufrsm;0ifaeovm; atmifah rh&w,f? cufxefrma=umaewJh rsuEf mS ud, k pf eD ‹J 0g;vH;k xdyrf mS vlacgi;f jywfawGukd xd;k +y;D òr‹d tESŒH 59

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vSnjhf yaewmyg? òrd‹aevlx[ k m rpm;Ekid rf tdrEf idk b f 0udk &kwcf sn;f a&mufomG ;w,f? tvGet f u|H aoG;qlaewJh vlwcsKŒd &JŒ jyuGuaf =umifh v_y&f mS ;r_uae a&Smifwo hJ l wae‹wjcm; rsm;vmygw,f? 'guo kd w d hJ ausmif ; om;tzJ G ‹ awG u tpmiwf c H q EN j yyJ G u d k òrd ‹ v,f a ps;opf } uD ; vrf ; rS m vk y f = uygw,f ? oHCmawmfawGuvnf; avmfpyDumwyf *spfum;ay:uae wòrd‹vHk;vSnfh+yD; y&dwfw&m;awmf &Gwzf wf=uw,f? 'gayrJh tcsed rf rDawmhygb;l ? pdw"f mwfawG usvmovd/k rsuv f ;kH xJrmS cE<mud, k rf ahJ ewJh 0g;c|ex f yd u f rsuEf mS awGuo kd m æ?

(3) pufwifbm 10 &ufae‹rmS rqvygwD 'kw, d t}urd f ta&;ay:nDvmcH usi;f y+y;D ygwpD pkH epfatmufrmS taxGaxG a&G;aumufyv GJ yk zf ‹kd tqdw k ifoiG ;f cJ=h uygw,f? 16 &ufae‹rmS wyfom; wode;f &Spaf omif;&Sw d hJ ppfwyfukd rqvygwx D u J E_wx f u G cf iG ahf y;a=umif; a'guw f marmifarmiftpd;k &u a=unmcJw h ,f?f “r,H&k if=unfah euG/ ppfwyf tm%modr;f vdrrhf ,f” rd;k +idr;f pmtkyq f ikd u f OD;rd;k }uD;&JŒ ajympum;yg? ppfom;awG òrd‹}uD;awGtESŒH ae&mcsvmwmeJ‹ trsK;d trnfrod jy\emawGu=kd unf&h wm OD;ae0if;&JŒ ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;u tuGufcspDpOfaewJhtwdkif;ygyJ? tcsif;csif;pdwf0rf;uJGatmif aemufuG,fu zefw;D aew,fv‹kd oH;k oyfygw,f? ppfum;awG ppfom;tjynfeh ‹J òr‹d xu J kd 0ifvmygw,f? oHCmawmfawGu òr‹d xrJ 0ifz‹kd wm;cJah yr,fh olw‹kd awG òrd‹tjyifvrf;uae cv& 16 (,ck ercppfXmecsKyf) ajrmufbufrmS &Sw d hJ opfjzwfpuf&x kH rJ mS ae&m,lxm;=uyg+y?D usaemfw‹kd awGbufu òr‹d cpH pfwyfygvmzd‹k rvkyEf ikd cf =hJ uygb;l ?

'D=um;xJ b,fuvmrSe;f rodwhJ wyfawGvnf; wzJzG aGJ &mufvmyg+y?D ppfwyf[m ausmif;awG/ Adv k cf sKyfa=u;±kyaf e&m/ w,fvzD ek ;f ±H;k tygt0if òr‹d wiG ;f wdu k yf t GJ wGuf jyifqifz‹kd vlx=k um;xJukd pDrcH suaf wG/ ajryHak wGuikd +f y;D wpwp wd;k 0ifvmyg+y?D t±H;_ ray;vdw k hJ olw‹kd 3 a,mufu pdwyf ikd ;f jzwf+yD; trSwf 1 ausmif;xJu ppfom;awGukd csKu d sK;d em;&Guyf hJ tdrv f yk "f mwfqAD ;kH awGe‹J oGm;ypf wmyg? olw‹kd awG usq;kH cJah yr,fh olw‹kd awG&ŒJ emrnfe‹J pw d "f mwfuawmh aemufvil ,fawG vufxJ xnfo h mG ;=uw,f? 1988 ckEpS f pufwifbm 18 &uf nae 4 em&DrmS wyfrawmfumuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf Adv k cf sKyf}uD; apmarmifu Edik if aH wmftm%mudk vJa$ jymif;,lvu kd af =umif;eJ‹ Edik if aH wmf +idr0f yfyjd ym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzJ‹G (e0w) zJ‹G pnf;vdu k af =umif; a&'D,u kd ae a=unmvdu k w f ,f?

(4) &ufyikd ;f twGi;f rSm æ “vlzrf;yJ}G uD; pyg+yD”?

60

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olwdk‹vmr,fqdk+yD; zkef;qufajymvkd‹ tazu tdrftjyifrSmxGufapmihfygw,f? &ifarmifvnf; tazhtem;rSmyg? 15 rdepfcef‹t=um olw‹kd awG a&mufvm=uygw,f? a&SŒu rmpwm*sp/f aemufu wmvbwfr;kd um tkyx f m;wJh ppf[;D Ed;k um;? &ifarmifw‹kd trd u f kd rodwma=umifh oH;k tdraf usmrf mS um;awG&yf=uw,f? vrf;ab;uvlawGudkar;+yD; tdrfausmfvmrSef;odwma=umifh um;awGudk ajz;ajz;csif; aemufjyef qkwv f mw,f? tazhujkd rifawmh “cifAsm; OD;--vm;”vd‹k vSr;f ar;ygw,f? tazuvnf; “[kww f ,f” vd‹k jyefajzygw,f? csucf si;f qdo k vdyk J [D;Ed;k um;xJu aoewfuikd pf pfom;awG tdr0f if;xJ tajy;0ifomG ;+y;D tdryf wfywfvnfukd 0kid ;f xm;vdu k w f ,f? e0w Akv d rf ;ª u tdrx f u J kd 0ifw,f? +y;D awmh tazhukd “usaemfw‹kd e‹J c%avmufvu kd cf yhJ g” vd‹k ajymw,f? tazuvnf; “vku d w f mayg/h usaemf t0wfvv J u kd t f ;kH r,f” vd‹k jyefajymygw,f? tazu tdraf e&if; 0wfwhJ aumfvpH w k /f a[mif;EGr;f aewJh tusyô g;av;udk 0wfxm;wmyg? 'gayrJh Adv k rf ;ª u cGirhf ðyygb;l ? “c%yJAsm tusv ô rJ aeyge‹J ” qd+k yD; tazhukd ppf[;D Ed;k um;ay:wufcidk ;f +yD; ac:oGm;=uw,f? 'Dvekd ‹J yJ taz[m axmifxrJ mS 26 &ufaecJ&h ygw,f? tazhuzkd rf;wJt h csed rf mS &ifarmifw‹kd ro d m;pk pHpk v kH ifvif&ydS gw,f? tm;vH;k rsuEf mS raumif;=uygb;l ? tdrrf mS &Sw d hJ acG;teDaumifuawmh ppfom;awG aoewfuikd +f yD; tdr0f if;xJukd tajy;0ifvmuwnf;u pl;pl;&S&S xd;k a[mifaecJw h myg? olw‹kd awG xGuo f mG ;wJt h csed t f xd ol‹a[mifo[ H m tqufrjywfcyhJ gb;l ? raumif;wJh t&dyfvuQ%mrSef; odaecJh[efwlygw,f? aemufydkif;&ufawGrSmvnf; tpdrf;a&mif um;awGawG‹&if ol‹rmS vdu k af [mif&wm tarmyg? wu,fawmh 'Dppfom;awGa=umifh &ifarmifw‹kd òr‹d rmS us,af vmifwhJ aoewfoaH wG/ aoG;n‡eD ŒH awG r=umao;cifuyJ jzpfay:cJw h mud;k ? tazhukd zrf;wJt h csed rf mS ol‹twGuaf wmh ol‹ocifukd raumif;qd;k 0g;awG vmac:rSe;f odaewJt h wdik ;f ygy?J tazu axmifxu J ae tarhukd pum;yg;vdu k w f m&Syd gw,f? (axmif) &J0efxrf; udek D u wqifyh g? udek u D tarhukd “tr tudu k rSmvdu k w f ,f/ tudk tzrf;cH&wJt h a=umif; tr&JŒ tudak wGqu D kd ta=umif;r=um;ygeJ‹” wJh? tazh&JŒtrSmpum;udk tar tygt0if &ifarmifwdk‹armifESrawG oabmayguw f ,f? tJ't D csed u f &ifarmifrh b d &J‹ i,foil ,fcsi;f eJ‹ tarhct J w kd ‹kd [m e0w 0ef}uD;awG jzpfaeyg+yD? olw‹kd ukd tarom vSr;f ta=umif;=um;vdu k &f if em&Dyikd ;f twGi;f axmifuae taz vGwf aumif;vGwv f mEdik w f ,f? taz[m &Spaf v;vH;k v_y&f mS ;r_wek ;f u a&SŒaersm;or*~rmS em,utjzpf yg0ifco hJ vd/k tdru f v kd nf; pk&yftjzpfo;kH cJw h m tm;vH;k todyg? 'ga=umifrh ‹kd taz[m ol‹ou d mQ twGuf 61

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ac:&ifvnf; rrSm;ygbl;? olu “tm;vHk; tdkauw,f/ owd0&d,eJ‹ vmcJh/ vrf;n$efr,f/ [dkrSm ausmif;om;pcef;&Sw d ,f/ tdE, dN tpd;k &u &dumQ ay;w,f/ vufeufuikd =f urSm/ avmavmq,f tqif rajyao;bl;/ vmr,fqdk&if owif;raygufatmifvkyfcJh” wJh? oli,fcsif;wa,mufuwqifh qufo, G rf w d o hJ [ l m 'Dtvkyaf wGukd vkyaf ewJo h v l m;qdw k m twdtus rodygb;l ? uav;òr‹d rmS ol&rdS ,fh tcsed ef ‹J ae&yfvyd pf mudk awmif;,lvu kd w f ,f? “tqifajywJw h ae‹ vmcJrh ,f” vd‹k yJ rwifrus jyefajym cJw h myg? t&ifq;kH oli,fcsi;f xGe;f xGe;f / udak xG;eJ‹ vrf;c&D;twGuf vdt k yfr,fh toH;k taqmifypPn;f awGukd p’pkygw,f? c&D;xGucf ge;D rSm ywf0ef;usiu f kd avoHtrsK;d rsK;d ypf=uygw,f? “&ifarmif rde;f roGm;cd;k r,f/ armfvòrdib f uf pD;yGm;a&; oGm;vkyrf ,f” qd+k yD; óuH&ifóuHovdk vl=unfah jym=uygw,f? tajctae raumif;vd‹k jyefvmwJt h cg tqifajyaeatmif óudwif0g'jzef‹xm;wJh oabmygy?J tudw k 0rf;uJG udkrdk;wa,muf rHk&Gma&mufvmawmh a&}uD;aewJh csif;wGif;jrpfab;rSm tajctaewcsKdŒudk ajymjyjzpfygw,f? nDuckd spw f hJ tudu k rD;pdr;f jyygw,f? olvnf; vku d rf ,fayg?h (3) “cGy”f rvG,faygufuwqifh atmufudk qif;vmcsdefrSm tdwfaxmifxJu aeumrsufrSefav; usuJG oGm;wJhtoHyg? 'DtoHuvJGvdk‹ ywf0ef;usifwckvHk;rSm toHawGtdyfpufaew,f? tdyfcef;xJu pm;yJaG y:rSm ‘usaemf rde;f rcd;k oGm;+y’D vd‹k a&;xm;wJph mudk aemufxyf 3-4 em&DrmS rdbawG zwfjzpfrmS rd‹k tJ't D csed af vmufqkd rH&k mG eJ‹ tvSr;f a0;&mudk a&mufaeavmuf+yDv‹kd ,lqxm;ygw,f? rae‹uvnf; pmwku d u f o kd mG ;+yD; “usaemfw‹kd pD;yGm;a&;oGm;vkyw f ,f” qdw k t hJ a=umif; pDumywfu;kH eJ‹ a&;xm;wJhpmudk tdrfvdyfpmwyf+yD; pmwkdufyHk;xJ xnfhcJhygao;w,f? wevFmae‹rSm pm[m tdru f akd &mufrmS yg? pHpk rf;&cufatmif tcsed q f GJ vSnphf m;xm;wmyg? tqifrajyvd‹k jyefvn S w hf t hJ cg tjyefvSzdk‹/ ta=umif;jycsufaumif;zdk‹ ta&;}uD;ygw,f? ae&mwkdif;rSm ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;awG rsupf ad 'guaf xmuf =unfah ewmrd‹k “tqifrajyvd‹k jyefvmcJ&h if” qdw k hJ tawG;eJ‹ tjyefc&D;twGuf óudwifjyifqifcw hJ myg? &ifarmifw‹kd olw‹kd vufxJ tzrf;rcHEidk yf gb;l ? c&D;xGuw f ahJ e‹u =o*kwf 5 &uf 1989ckEpS /f tcsed u f “reuf 4 em&D”? oli,fcsi;f 3 a,muf ta&SŒbufukd xGuv f mcsed rf mS rD;owfuif;wJu oli,fcsi;f t&efr;D owf wyfz‹GJ 0ifawG rd;k vif;qdik u f kd vBu&f nfomG ;taomuf vrf;rSm awG‹&w,f? olw‹kd u “txkyt f yd;k awGe‹J b,fomG ;=urvd‹k v”J vd‹k ar;ygw,f? “rE aW v;udk oGm;rvd‹k ”/ awmifbuft&yfrmS &Sw d hJ rE aW v;udk 68

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wrif&nf&, G +f y;D ajzvdu k w f myg? wu,fomG ;rSmu qef‹usib f uft&yfjzpfwhJ ajrmufbufu 'Dy, J if;eJ‹ a&OD;òrd‹&&dS m? tppt&m&m ajc&mazsmuf&rSmrd‹k vdraf jymcJw h myg? rH&k mG uae uav;0udo k mG ;wJh *spu f m;toif;awG&ydS gw,f? +y;D cJw h hJ ESp&f ufuwnf;u “=o*kwv f 5 &ufrmS a&OD;uae apmifph ;D r,f/ OD;batmife‹J 3 a,muf” qd+k yD; rH&k mG -uav;um;*dwrf mS vufrw S f óud0,f cJw h ,f? wckct k rSm;t,Gi;f &Sv d ‹kd um;*dwaf wGukd wpHw k a,mufu vku d pf pf&if &ifarmifw‹kd 4 a,muf vufrSwfjzwfoGm;w,fqdkwm rodEkdifatmif emrnfvdrfawG ay;cJhwmyg? wwfoavmuf rSwf oavmufe‹J =unfv h yk af e=u&wJo h abmygy?J oli,fcsi;f rD;owfwyfz‹GJ 0ifawGukd ajymcJo h vdk awmifbufukd roGm;cJyh gb;l ? a':r,fvrf;=um;uae jzwf+yD; ajrmufbuft&yfrSm&SdwJh rHk&Gmaq;±Hk}uD;a&SŒudk xGufvm=uwmyg? tJ'Dae&mrSm c%yJ apmifv h u kd &f w,f? a&OD;udo k mG ;wJu h m; awG‹wmeJ‹ wm;+yD; wufvu dk cf w hJ ,f? a&OD;udk ae‹vnfcif;rSm acsmacsmarmarm a&mufygw,f? rE aW v;udk ta&;ay:xGuo f mG ;wJh udrk ;kd udk a&OD;rSm apmifrh ,fv‹kd csed ;f xm;wmyg? rH&k mG -uav; *spu f m;[m yHrk eS t f wkid ;f qd&k if nydik ;f rSa&mufrmS rd‹k &ifarmifw‹kd 3 a,muf teD;tem;ywf0ef;usiu f kd av#muf vnf=uw,f?

(4) “ar;av æ ar;av æ bmar;rSmvJ æ [if;[if; æ [if;[if;” “[kwu f hJ ud0k ÀaÏ;/ usaemfw‹kd omG ;r,fh vrf;c&D; tqifajyygrh vm;” ewfueG ;f &S&d mrSm ewf0ifonfwOD;jzpfwhJ ud0k ÀaÏ;qdw k hJ rde;f rv#mwa,mufukd usyaf iG 20 ay;+yD; c&D;vrf; tqifajyrajy tysi;f ajy 0ifar;ae=uwmyg? “[if; æ [if; æ rif;wd‹k omG ;r,fch &D; tqifajyr,f/ [if; æ [if; æ [m;/ [Jh tar}u;D u bmajymvJ”? &ifarmifu “[kwu f hJ ud0k ÀaÏ;/ tar}uD;u ajymw,f/ ud0k ÀaÏ;qDu ydu k q f H 20 jyef awmif; vku d yf gw”hJ ? olu cyfE‹GJ E‹JG [efe‹J “[ift h if; æ [ift h if; æ 'Dvakd wmh tar}uD;u ajymrSm r[kwb f ;l ” wJ?h oH;k a,mufom; &D(&,f)vku d yf gw,f? teD;rSm ud, k v f ykd J ar;jref;r,fh tareJ‹ orD;ESpaf ,mufuvnf; a&m+y;D òy;H pdpd vky=f uw,f? óuad wG;xm;wJt h wdik ;f oluvnf; r*Fvmpum;udo k m ajymcJw h mrd‹k pdwrf mS 69

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1989 ckEpS f =o*kwf 11 &uf/ reuf 10 em&D 19 rdepfrmS awmh jynfojl ynfom;awGukd vufeufe‹J +crd ;f ajcmuf owfjzwf+y;D yHpk t H rsK;d rsK;d eJ‹ *kyaf oG;pkyaf ewJh ppftpd;k & }u;D pd;k rif;rl&m rdcifjrefrmEdik if x H u J ae ,H=k unf&mudk ta&mufy‹kd ay;r,fh “vGwaf jrmufa&;vrf;p” ay: usaemfw‹kd awG ajccsEikd cf yhJ g+yD? “yk*v ~ "dÏmefe‹J vGwaf jrmufa&;vrf;p” vd‹k ajym&if rSm;r,frxifygb;l ? (obm0t&if;tjrpfawGudkom a&mif;cspD;yGm;&SmwwfwJh jrefrmppftpdk;&[m awmifudk&D;,m;/ e,fomvef/ *syef/ uae'g/ tar&duef/ +Adwdef/ =opa=u;vsm;EdkifiHu ukr`%DawGeJ‹ 1989ckESpf atmufwb kd meJ‹ Ed0k ifbmvtwGi;f a&eH&mS azGa&;oabmwlncD suaf wG ðyvkycf yhJ gw,f? tJ't D csed u f tdE, dN 1 ±ly;D udk jrefrm 2 usycf eGJ ‹J vJv, S &f +yD;/ tcktcsed rf mS 1 ±ly;D udk usyf 20 q,fausmf ayguaf ps; &Syd gw,f?) (2007 ckEpS f - vuf&adS yguaf ps;rSm28 usy&f ydS gw,f?)

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wvcef‹t=umrSm ausmif;om;pcef;uae tdu k af Zmudak &mufvmwJh udak usmo f ef; (vuf&dS ABSL OuUX) [m &ifarmifw‹kd e‹J vmaeygw,f? aemufyikd ;f rSm ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifa[mif; udjk rwfol (BBC owif;axmuf) eJ‹ roif;oif;atmif (vuf&dS WLB acgi;f aqmif) wd‹k pnf;±H;k a&;vmqif;ygw,f? xH;k pH twkid ;f jyefajzcJw h mygy?J olw‹kd vnf; rvGeq f efEidk w f hJ tajctaewcsKŒd t=um;rSm rGe;f =uyfyw d af vSmif ae[ef &Syd gw,f? tdrrf mS ti,fq;kH om;jzpfv‹kd rdbawG&ŒJ oeyfcg;eHŒeJ‹ t&ufeŒH =um;rSm ESp&f n S v f rsm; tdyzf ;l ygw,f? uavmrSm oH;k ESpo f ;kH rd;k ausmif;wufwek ;f u ud, k Ehf idk if eH ,ferd w d t f wGi;f rSmrd‹k rodomayr,f/h a&ajr jcm;wJhtcg wpdrfhpdrfhawG;&if; vGrf;wwfvmygw,f? rHk&Gm&Spfav;vHk;v_yf&Sm;r_rSm taocHwyfom; (uGerf ef')kd awG vkycf w hJ hJ oli,fcsi;f udx k eG ;f xGe;f / udak xG;eJ‹ tdrt f vGr;f ajyoDcsi;f pyfq=kd uwmayg?h touf 20 ausmaf wG&ŒJ tvGr;f yg? oDcsi;f / tawG;tjrif/ tpm;taomuf/ tvkyt f udik /f aiGpm&if;udk rSwrf w S f om;om; a&;ygw,f? 'dik , f m&DrmS ausmif;om;pcef;eJ‹ ausmif;om;trnfawGukd ra&;ygb;l ? jzpfay:aewJh tajctaet& arSmifru dk jf cif;udk ud, k pf m;ðy+y;D rSit f eufe‹J a&;cJw h myg? 1989 ckEpS f Ed0k ifbm 16 &ufrmS awmh +ird ;f csr;f a&; oauFwtjzpf rSit f jymeJ‹ “&ifqikd =f uawmhr,fav” qd+k yD; a&;Ekid cf w hJ ,f? azmifzsu+f yD; tdu k af Zmudk wufvmwJh ausmif;om;awGe‹J wpdwx f w J 0rf;xJ aygi;f pnf;cJyh g+yD? vufeufawmh rudik Ef ikd af o;ygb;l ? “ausmif;om;awG usezf ikd ;f pcef;u xGuv f m/ tdu k af Zmwuf+y;D ud, k ahf jcud, k v hf ufe‹J tvkyv f yk =f u+y”D vd‹k rSww f rf;av;awmh a&;jzpfcw hJ ,f?

(2) “&J&aJ wmuf 'd‹k ArmawG æ owWcd aJ wG æ” “zefae0ef;od‹k nD æ xGe;f vif;ajymifayonf æ 'g wd‹k widk ;f wd‹k jynf æ” “rsK;d jrefrmjynf&mG æ wd‹k apmifah &Smufz‹kd yg æ aoyapvnf; ra=umufyg æ” “wyfrawmf}uD;vnf; æ csv D myg+yD æ atmifwyfrawmf}uD;vnf; æ csv D myg+yD æ” “wyfawmfO;D qD ar#mv f u kd jf yefawmh æ &JwcH eG af wG avupm;vd‹k tºumG ;wvlval 0 æ wyfO;D qD ar#mv f u kd f jyefawmh æ wHceG af wG/ tvHawG æ &JrmefymG ;avmufay” “azmif; æ azmif;” 77

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oDcsi;f qd&k if; rD;yHx k u J 0g;vH;k awG x’ayguv f ‹kd om &ifarmif oufomcGi&hf wmyg? Ed‹k r‹kd qkd wyk'v f ;kH r+y;D rcsi;f qd&k rvm;yJ? tdu k af Zmav,mOfuiG ;f teD; v#ypf pfwidk x f zl ‹kd (atmufajcazmifa';&Si;f ) ajrwl;tvky+f y;D vd‹k E_wq f ufn rD;yHyk rGJ mS 0dik ;f zJ‹G ocD si;f qdak e=uwmyg? oDcsi;f xJrmS tm&Hek pfaewke;f 0g;vH;k awG ‘wazmif;azmif;’ xaygu/f rD;usnrf ;D yGiahf wG avxJ vGix hf u G ef ‹J / pdwu f ;l ,Ofv‹kd aumif;ygw,f? ppfocD si;f awGvnf; tmabmif tm&if;oefoefe‹J qd=k uw,f? ppftpd;k &udk vufeufe‹J jyefwu kd rf ,fqw kd mxuf/ yd+k yD; }uD;}uD;us,u f s,f xnfrh wGuyf gb;l ? “±d;k ±d;k av;yJ æ jrifcw hJ myg/ vG,v f , G af v;yJ æxifcw hJ myg”? &ifarmifw‹kd ausmif;om; 20 ausmf pm;yJx G ;kd / oHxrf;/ opfxrf;/ a&xrf;/ ausmufw;l / ajrusi;f wl;/ opfwikd ;f / &mbmzdeyfpw k af umuf-wHjrufp;D vky+f yD; wnf+idrw f &hJ yfwnfa&;udk &Sm=uygw,f? 'D=um;xJ uefx±ku d v f rd w f m cH&w,f? 'gayrJh tm;vH;k [m wufnv D ufnD vkycf w hJ myg? trsK;d orD;awGjzpfwhJ rarmfvD (vuf&dS WLB obmywdtzJ‹G 0if) eJ‹ roif;oif;atmifw‹kd uakd wmh n‡m=uw,f? wcsKŒd u csncf s =uwmayg?h rDZjkd ynfe,f/ òr‹d e,faus;&GmtESŒH rSm jrefrm&ufuef;orm; (ynmonf)awG ajcqef‹ae=uyg+y?D jrefrmhvufr_ &ufuef;ynmeJ‹ awmifay:vlawGtóuduu f kd aygi;f pyf+yD; rmzvm/ aqm(òcHxnf)/ yGr;f }udr(f rDZ&kd ;kd &m)/ Avm/ vufaumufEiS ;f qDyiG ehf ‹J ypfveG ;f xrDawG ,ufvyk =f uygw,f? &ufuef;pifutp jrefrm'DZikd ;f twdik ;f aqmufvkyf&wmrdk‹ &ufuef;orm;awGeJ‹twl vuform;awGvnf; ygvmwwfygw,f? vGef;/ ,ufazmuf/ a,muf vH;k / csncf sc/kH zvef;/ ,ufomG ;/ vufcwf/ om;a&oD;/ om;a&jym;/ rlvaD csmif;/ 'uf/ vdyw f ;kH eJ‹ 'vdrw hf ;kH a&mif;wJh olawGyg tvkyjf zpf=uygw,f? tr&yl&/ a&$b/kd rH&k mG / wm[ef;eJ‹ uav;òrd‹om;awG tvH;k t&if;eJ‹ &ufuef; vmcwfae=uw,f? tvky&f iS u f paeae‹rmS aiGacsv‹kd tdu k af Zmaps;}u;D [m oeyfcg;vdr;f / &ifz;kH tuseô ‹J xrD0wf trsK;d orD;awG/ uGrf;wjApfjApfaxG;wwfol trsKd;om;awGeJ‹ ysm;yef;cwf ouf0ifv_yf&Sm;wwfygw,f? jrefrm tvkyform;awG =unfh+yD; jrefrmjynfudk owd&=uw,f? olwdk‹awGu jrefrmjynfudk tdrfOD;eJ‹ =urf;jyifqo kd vdk oGm;vmae=uwmyg? tdkufaZmòrd‹rSm ae‹nrjywf &ufuef;cwfoH ‘wnHnH’ =um;&ygw,f? jrefrmausmif;om;awGu &ufuef;tdraf wGrmS tvG,w f ul wwfajrmufwhJ csncf stvkyf 0ifvyk yf gw,f? jrefrmEdik if o H m;csi;f 0rf;a&;twGuf vufcsi;f csyd w f t hJ vkyu f kd jyygq&kd if csncf swt hJ vkyjf zpfygw,f? aEG;axG;wJq h ufqaH &;eJ‹ ulnaD z;rr_awG twdik ;f xuftvGef &ygw,f? aq;oifwef;wufxm;wJh ausmif;om;awGu jrefrm tvkyform;awG rusef;rmwJhtcg aq;ukay;ygw,f? aemufydkif;rSm jrefrmuav;i,fawGudk pmoifay;=uw,f? tjyeftvSef apmifah &SmufwhJ oabmygy?J 78

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tpydkif;rSm pm&Gufpmwrf;awG jzef‹a0wJhudpP us,fus,fjyef‹jyef‹rvkyfjzpfygbl;? ar 90 ckESpf a&G;aumufyJGrSm trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyf tEkdif&wJhtcg jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;udk rdwfqufEdkifcJhyg+yD? tcrf;tem;awG vkyyf gw,f? rDZ&kd rfjynfe,f/ r%dyjl ynfe,fu jrefrmausmif;om;awGpak ygi;f +y;D jrefrmEdik if 'H rD u kd &ufwpf ajymufusm; wyfO;D udk pwifz‹GJ pnf;ygw,f? 8 ESp=f um vufeufuikd f awmfveS af &;tawG‹tóuH&w dS hJ [oFmwòrd‹ &Spaf v;vH;k oydwaf cgi;f aqmif a'guw f mref;jrifq h ikd u f OuUÏyg? t&yfu redrrhf jrif/h wkwcf idk w f hJ cE<mud, k ef ‹J ±lygjzL;ol jzpfygw,f? ajcovH;k rSm upfabmufqifukd pJpG +GJ rJ+rJavhusichf v hJ ‹kd v$omG ;vdjk zpfaew,f? pum;ajymaumif;olv‹kd qd&k rSmyg? vli,fawGe‹J avay;ajzmifyh gw,f?

1990 ckEpS /f azazmf0g&D 10 &uf - “bk&m;oH;k ql todr;f cH&/ jynfoal jcmufaxmifausmf xGuaf jy;”/ aemuf&ufrmS “27 ESp=f um tusO;f pH e,fqifref'v J m; axmifuvGw”f ? jrefrmjynfrmS zufqpfppftpd;k &&JŒ t=urf;zufvyk &f yfa=umifh jynfoal wG td;k ypftrd yf pfxu G af jy;&if; jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;udk iHv h ifah ecsed f - urBmw h ae&mrSm awG‹qakH qG;aEG;a&;wHcg;zGi+hf yD; +idr;f csr;f a&; a&mifef u D kd óudvifah e+yDr‹kd jrefrmausmif;om;awG&ŒJ ESv;kH aoG;awG qlyu G af eygw,f? jrefrmjynfrmS awmh 1990 ckEpS f rwfvtwGi;f +idryf pd pftpd;k &u av,mOfawGe‹J jynfwiG ;f ppfukd t&Sed jf r‡ichf w hJ ,f?

1990 ckESpf ar 30 &ufup+yD; a'gufwmref;jrifhqdkifOD;pD;+yD; ppfoifwef;/ EdkifiHa&;oifwef;eJ‹ upfabmufqif avhusichf ef;awG pwifcw hJ ,f? (90 ckEpS f taxGaxGa&G;aumufyt GJ +y;D 3 &uft=umrSm jzpfygw,f?) “a[h æ ajcaxmufaxmifaew,f/ jywfomG ;csiv f ‹kd vm;” “ypf æ ypf æ rSeaf tmifypf” rufro kH ;D awGe‹J trSm;t,Gi;f jzpfwhJ ae&mudk vSr;f ypfowday;ygw,f? ppfoifwef;ay;aewmyg? ±ly;D 50 eJ‹ ay;iSm;&wJh Zifrabmuf&yfuu G f ocsKiõ ;f txufu pkwcf smcsmtdrt f akd v;ab; ajruGuv f yfrmS yg? ppfa&;enf;vrf;eJ‹wdkufrS uef;ukefatmif qdk;oGrf;aumufuspfwJh ppftpdk;&udk ðzwfcsEkdifr,fqdkwJh ,H=k unfcsuaf wGe‹J ppfa&;avhusi=hf uwmyg? vufeufu b,faerSe;f rodygb;l ? pdw"f mwfuawmh armif;wifxm;ygw,f? ppftpdk;&[m tm%mwnf+rJa&;udkyJ aZmif;ay;aerSef; &dyfrdwma=umifh vufeufuikd w f u dk rf ,fv‹kd ,wdjywf qH;k jzwfxm;ygw,f? wcsdefcsdefrSm wae&m&mu vufeufawG a&mufvmr,fvdk‹ ,Hk=unfaeqJyg? t&if;tESD;awG 79

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tcsn;f ES;D rjzpfEikd b f ;l ? tdu k af ZmtxGu/f ‘Zifrabmuf’ &yfuu G t f pGe/f ocsKiõ ;f atmuf awmifuek ;f ay:rSm ,m,Dwx J ;kd +y;D jzpfovdpk m;aomuf=uayr,fh nDnw G af &;udk taumif;qH;k wnfaqmufEidk cf w hJ ,f? “uefx&ku d n f pfywfv‹kd &m&Sit f jynfrh xkwEf idk w f t hJ cg qefðywfukd r#a0pm;aomufcw hJ m =unfE;l w,f” “ruse;f rm&if tm;i,fp&mrvdb k J tm;vH;k u tvdv k u kd af pmifah &Smufcw hJ m yDwjd zpfw,f” “oDcsi;f awGq/kd pdww f ikd ;f us atmf[pf=uayr,fh b,fo‹l ukd b,fou l rS ròidjiifcv hJ ‹kd tarmajyw,f” “róudurf eS ;f odvsuef ‹J aemufajymif=unfp,fayr,fh c%yJ pdwq f ;kd Ekid cf v hJ ‹kd pdwcf sr;f omw,f” “opf&mS / 0g;ckw/f a&xrf;/ r#pcf sK;d tvkyaf wGukd tvSnu hf srEJ‹G =upwrf; vkyEf idk cf w hJ m cGet f m;&w,f” “ol‹ae&meJ‹ol }uD;i,fr[l wm0efawG,+l yD; tm;jznf=h uwm tm;wufw,f” “ud, k &hf aJ bmf wyg;olawGt=um;rSm tESrd cf &H pOf 0dik ;f 0ef;jr‡iw hf ifay;=uvd‹k wufºuG&w,f” twdik ;f tqr&Sd us,jf yef‹whJ rd;k jrifx h ufu aumif;uifxrJ mS ,H=k unfcsurf ek w f ikd ;f awG ausauseyfeyf}u;D vSdrfhwdkufaewmrsKd;aygh? &nf&G,fcsufyef;wdkifqD o,faqmifoGm;zdk‹/ tdrfrufawG&Sifoefzdk‹ v_yEf ;d_ aewmrsK;d ayg?h (twdwu f kd jyefw;l qG=unfw h t hJ cg awmifw h pdw/f tm;uspw d /f vGr;f armpdwaf wG jzpf&w,f/ aqG;&w,f?)

(3) tvkyu f kd wzufuvkyaf e&if; ppfa&;ajcmufapmif/ acsacGAm;&m;/ uufpx f ±d/k uif;+r;D aumuf/ armhquf/ pDtidk af t/ b0csi;f rwlwhJ w±kwjf ynf/ 'Da&jrifo h pfe‹J ppfa&; Edik if aH &; orkid ;f qkid &f m pmtkypf mwrf;awG tirf;r& zwfrSwf+yD; trsKd;rsKd;pdwful;,Ofygw,f? tusOf;pHEkdifiHa&;orm;awG/ vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;orm;awG/ ajratmufv_yf&Sm;olawGudk ydkwdk;vdk‹om =unf!dkav;pm;vmovdk/ tm;us*k%f,lpdwfawGeJ‹ csD;usL;rdygw,f? rdk;vif;rdk;csKyf a&'D,dkowif;em;axmifwmvnf; yHrk eS t f avhtusihf jzpfaeyg+yD? wpxufwp ajcacsmif;vufacsmif;awG oefrmpðyvm+yD;/ abmifcwf avhvmr_a=umifh awmfveS af &;oabmudk em;vnfpðyvmygw,f?

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tdENd,umuG,fa&;/ jynfxJa&;eJ‹ orRwudk wkduf&dkuftpD&ifcH&wJh XmeawGudk ausmif;om; acgif;aqmifawG csOf;uyf=uw,f? w&m;0ifaexdkifv_yf&Sm;cGifh&atmif A[dkpHkprf;ppfaq;a&;Xmeudk ausmif;om;pm&if;awG/ "mwfyHkawGay;&w,f? jynfe,f uGef*&ufpftdkifygwD (&m*spf*ENDygwD)/ *semwm'g;vufatmufcHygwD/ rDZdktrsKd;om;ygwDawGeJ‹ qufqH=uw,f? ygwDwckcsif;tvkduf tay;t,l&SdwJh ausmif;om;tzJG‹tpnf;awGeJ‹ xdpyf=uw,f? owif;pmwkdufudk t0iftxGuf vky=f uw,f? ppfuikd ;f wkid ;f / ykvòJ rd‹e,f rJqENe,ftrSwf 1/ 'DcsKyfygwu D jynfo‹l vw $ af wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f OD;oef;pdeef ‹J rJqENe,ftrSwf 2 jynfo‹l vw $ af wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f a'guw f mwifah qG (vuf&dS NCGUB 0ef}uD;) wd‹k 1991 ckEpS f Zefe0g&rD mS tdu k af Zmòrd‹ukd ygwAD [dt k vkyt f r_ aqmifaumfrwD0if 6 OD;eJ‹ a&mufvm =uygw,f?

Edk0ifbm 3 &ufrSm vlxkacgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unf urBmhEdkb,fvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qk&wJh txdr;f trSwt f jzpf ausmif;om;eJ‹ygwD pkaygi;f tcrf;tem;vkyyf gw,f? owif;axmufawGzw d +f yD; jrefrmhta&;udk &Si;f jy=uw,f?

(4) “qdAk , D uf òyu d ”GJ “bmvifww H idk ;f òyv d ”J “ppfat;acwf +yD;oGm;” “ul0w d u f u kd sL;ausmw f hJ ‘tD&wf’/ ‘tar&duefe‹J r[mrdwf 28 Edik if ’H 0ifwu kd ”f urBmEh idk if aH wG&ŒJ jzpfpOfawG[m ‘0ke;f ueJ’‘'dik ;f ueJ’ ajymif;oGm;ygw,f? a&SŒqifah emufqifh vGwv f yfa&; &=u+yD; urBmht}uD;qHk; 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHjzpfwJh tdENd,[m “ESvHk;&nfwkdufyJGzcif}uD; r[wWr*END arG;zGm;&mEdik if ”H / “jrefrmeJ‹qufqaH &;aumif;ol vGwv f yfa&;Adou k m yef'pfae&l;&JŒ om;}uD; &m*sp*f END tm%m&csed ”f jrefrmjynf'rD u dk a&pDta&;twGuf b,favmufar#mv f ifEh idk rf mS vJ? ESp=f umvmwmeJ‹tr# wcsKŒd u jzpfEidk w f t hJ vm;tvmud=k unf+h yD; tdE, dN òrd‹awmf e,l;a'vDuw kd uf+yD; Edik if w H umudk b,fvx kd ;kd azmufEidk rf vJqw kd m bJO tp&Smygw,f? wcsKŒd uawmh vufeuf0,fz‹dk opfar$;cs&rvm;/ e,fpyfu jrefrmppfom;awGqu D vufeufv&k rvm; pOf;pm;=uw,f? wcsKŒd uvnf; rDZ;kd jynfe,fbufrmS rjzpfEidk b f ;l / r%dyb l ufrmS ajccif;vufcif;omw,fqw kd hJ t,ltqeJ‹ r%dyb l ufukd xGu=f uw,f? vufeuf&mS yHk awmfziG =hf uwmyg/ taemufzufppfrsuEf mS rSm awmfveS af &;w&yf arG;zGm;zd‹k yg?

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b0cg;cg; 'kujQ yif;jyif;udk &du _ ef rf;aeolawG/ eH&aH wGxrJ mS ydwaf vSmifnO‡ ;f qJc&H olawG/ awmfveS af &; pysp&f nfukd tirf;r&aomufo;kH aeolawG[m ysm;&nfpufawG crf;ajcmufaewJh &yf0ef;u rsu0f ef;rJreJ ‹J qmavmifiwfrw G af ewJh ‘tar’ awG vGwaf jrmufz‹kd óu;d pm;&if; obm0tvSukd arhavsmah e=uw,f? a&SŒwnfw h nfu h &efou l o kd m pl;&S&rS suv f ;kH wpHpk eD ‹J rrSw d rf okef =unfah e=uwmayg?h &efoal wG[m æ trdjrefrmEdkifiHrSm tvStyawGudk cdk;xkwf/ E_wfcrf;awGxJu tcsKd&nfudk pkwf,l+yD; tvdkrwlwJh tysKpd ifawGukd t"rRaygi;f oif;aeolawGayg?h olw‹kd u, kd o f w l ‹kd rsK;d cspo f &l aJ umif;vd‹k aºu;G a=umf=uw,f? wu,fawmh olw‹kd [m awmeJ‹awmifwef;awGukd tpdr;f a&mifrahJ tmif/ trdtzawGukd tylonfawG jzpfatmif twif;tusyo f yG o f iG ;f aewJh zufqpfppftm%m&Siaf wG? olw‹kd awG[m ordik ;f udk npfax;/ zufqpf,Ofaus;r_udk oGwfoGif;/ cspfolawGudk toJcJG/ vl‹tzdk;wefawGudk owfjzwf/ idk+iD;oHawG tawmroyfp;D qif;aeatmif zefw;D ae=uwmyg? olw‹dk ukd æ ,H=k unfcsuaf v[keef ‹J rd;k aumif;uifrmS vGwv f w G v f yfvyf &Sio f efvo kd al wGu wdu k yf 0GJ if=uwmayg?h 'g[m t"dym` ,f&w dS hJ yso H ef;r_ygy?J tm;vH;k [m awmfveS af &;aumif;uif}uD;twGi;f rSm tifrwefao;i,fwhJ tr_et f r$m;av;awGom jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh æ olw‹kd rmS ,H=k unfcsuaf wG&w dS ,f? vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;[m jrefrmjynf vGwfajrmufa&;wHcg;udk t&Sdeft[kefjyif;jyif;eJ‹ ±dkufcsKd;ypfEdkifw,fqdkwmrsKd;yg? 'D,Hk=unfcsufeJ‹ rd;k aumif;uifxufrmS ys0H aJ e=uwm? 'ga=umifv h nf; rd;k aumif;uifxrJ mS ,H=k unfcsuaf wG jynfv h #v H ‹kd ayg/h aumif;uif}u;D ud, k Yf u ,H=k unfcsujf zpfomG ;wmrsK;d ayg?h wu,fu h kd “,H=k unfcsuf rd;k aumif;uif}u;D ”ygy?J =o*kwv f 1 &uf/ 2003 (rZÆrd ) ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ

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“88 vlxt k ºkH uGru _ jkd yef=unf&h if &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfy[ kH m ae‹csi;f ncsi;f ay:vmwmr[kwyf gb;l ? tpd;k &&JŒ qd;k &Gm;wJzh Ed ydS rf a_ wGuae jynfojl ynfom;awGukd emusn;f r_jzpfay:apcJw h myg? 1987 ckEpS rf mS aiGpuULzsuo f rd ;f ypfvu kd w f meJŒtwl tif,m;uefabmifu wHwm;eDvo l wfy/JG axmifum;xJrmS vlawGukd ig;ydoyd f ig;csOo f yd f ¹yw G o f yd x f nfv h u kd w f muae vl 40 aoqH;k cJw h ma=umifh a'goxGuaf ewJv h t l yk }f u;D udk vrf;ray: xGuaf pcJw h mjzpfygw,f” vd‹k qdyk gw,f? quf+yD; vuf&t dS ajctaeeJ‹ E_id ;f ,Of&mrSm æ “tck'yD , J if;vlowfyu JG vnf; tvm;wljzpf&yfygy?J vlx}k u;D [m 'Dxufyrkd cHEikd af wmhb;l ? tar&duef&ŒJ ydwq f Œkd ta&;r_eŒJ pD;yGm;a&;ysuo f ek ;f aer_a=umifh tem*wfumvrSm vlxt k ºkH urG j_ zpfvmp&m&Sw d ,fvŒkd jrifw,f? cifneG Œf &JŒ tcsuf 7 csuef ŒJ vrf;n$eaf jryHu k kd vlxu k vufcrH mS r[kwyf gb;l ? ppftpd;k &u vlxu k kd w}udr-f ESp}f udrx f ufy+kd yD; t±l;vkyv f Œdk r&bl;” vd‹k tuJjzwfygw,f?

(2) tkycf sKyfoal wGu tqH;k pGet f xd zdEydS v f m&if jynfoal wG wke‹f jyeftw H v k mwwfwm[m obm0uswhJ jzpf±;kd jzpfpOfwckyg? vlxw k u kd yf /GJ vlxt k ºkH uGru _ kd vlwOD;wa,muf tzJ‹G tpnf;wcku zefw;D ,lv‹kd / vky, f v l ‹kd awmh r&ygb;l ? b,forl qdk jynfov l x l u k dk “xdik /f x/ tHºk u=G u” qd+k y;D trde‹f ay;cdik ;f apvd‹k vnf; r&ygbl;? etz ppftkyfpk&JŒ vlxkqENrygwJh yJGvrf;rsKd;awGom jynfolvlxkudk &Hzef&Hcg trdef‹ay;/ cdik ;f apEdik af yr,fh ppfreS w f hJ vlxt k ºkH uGrr_ sK;d udak wmh jynfov l x l u k , kd w f ikd f zefw;D avh&ydS gw,f? jrefrmvlx[ k m t*Fvyd u f v kd ekd eD ,fcsŒJ eJ‹ Adv k af e0if; ppftm%m&Sipf epfq;kd awG&ŒJ v$r;f rd;k cs,v f , S rf u _ vGwaf jrmufz‹kd vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;/ Edik if aH &;enf;vrf;awGtjyif vlxw k &yfv;kH vrf;ay:xGuf qENjywJh tHºk uGr}_ uD;awGe‹J wdu k yf 0GJ ifc=hJ uwmjzpfygw,f? vlxt k ºkH uGrq _ w kd m tkycf sKyfot l m%mydik af wGe‹J jynfoal wGu yÉdyuQukd =um;cHrxm;bJ jynfoal wG ud, k w f ikd f wdu k ±f u kd 0f ifa&mufajz&Si;f wJh enf;vrf;ygy?J 'Denf;vrf;udk b,ftcsed /f b,fvt kd ajctaersK;d rSm xkwfazmftoHk;ðy=uvJqdkwm jrefrmjynfrSmjzpfcJhwJh 1300 jynfhta&;awmfyHkeJ‹ &Spfav;vHk; 8888 vlxt k ºkH uGrE_ pS &f yfukd E_id ;f ,SO=f unf&h if wlnw D t hJ csuaf wG awG‹Eidk yf gw,f?

132

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1300 jynfhta&;awmfyHk}uD;udk pwifcJhwJh acsmufa&eHajroydwf qENjyyJG[m ocifcifudk bDtdkpD ukr% ` yD idk &f iS af wGu armfawmfum;tvky±f u kH ae rw&m;tvkyx f w k w f mu pwifcw hJ mvd‹k vl}u;D awGu oH;k oyfczhJ ;l ygw,f? 'Dta=umif;w&m;[m 1300 jynft h a&;awmfyjkH zpfay:zd‹k t"duuswhJ “vwfwavm ta=umif;w&m;” jzpfygw,f? &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfy&kH ŒJ vwfwavmta=umif;w&m;[m 1987 ckEpS f pufwifbm 5 &ufu rqvtpd;k &u 75/ 35/ 25 usyw f ef aiGpuULawGukd w&m;r0if aiGpuULtjzpf ausnmr_/ wHwm;eDe‹J zke;f armfta&;tcif;awG jzpfygw,f? 'Dvkd vwfwavmta=umif;w&m;awG[m Edik if t H rsm;rSm ay:ayguw f wfygw,f? 'gayrJh tckvkd vwfwavm ta=umif;w&m;rsK;d ay:aygu±f ekH ‹J vlxktHkºuGr_ jzpfrvmygbl;? “tajccHta=umif;w&m;” qdkwJh jynfolvlxkeJ‹ tm%mydkiftpdk;& t=um;u yËdyuQukd wif;rmapwJh a&aomufjrpfwck&ydS gw,f?

1300 jynfhta&;awmfyHk jzpfay:zdk‹ cdkifrmwJhtajccHta=umif;w&m;[m bDtdkpDukr`%Dykdif&SifawG&JŒ a&eHajrtvkyform;xktay: rw&m;*kwfaoG;pkyf cs,fvS,fr_/ jrefrmjynfom;awGtaeeJ‹ udkvdkeD e,fcsŒJ pepfatmuf cg;oD;wJb h 0awGu ±ke;f xGuv f pkd w d f jyif;jyr_/ trsK;d om;vGwaf jrmufa&; v_y&f mS ;zd‹k Edik if aH &;tod Ed;k =um;xufoefr/_ vlxv k w l ef;pm;toD;oD; qef‹usiv f y_ &f mS ;r_awGjzpfygw,f? &Spaf v;vH;k tHºk uGrr_ mS jynfoal wG[m wygwt D m%m&Sipf epfatmufrmS 26 ESpf pD;yGm;a&;c|wòf cHus/ vlrv _ w G v f yfciG q hf w d o f ek ;f / zdEydS Af v kd u f sr'_ %f tqd;k ±Gm;qH;k cHpm;cJ&h w,f? 'gawG[m tajccH ta=umif; w&m;awGyg? tajccHta=umif;w&m;eJ‹ vwfwavmta=umif;w&m;[m vlxt k wGi;f teuf±id_ ;f tjyif;xefq;kH a&csed t f jzpf ±du k cf wfvm&if tHºk urG j_ zpfvmEdik yf gw,f? 'gayrJh wdik ;f jynfw0Sr;f vlxw k &yfv;kH tcsed u f mG [r_ odyrf &Sb d J a'owcke‹J wck/ wòr‹d e‹J wòr‹d qufpyfvy_ &f mS ;zd‹k q&kd if “vlxq k ufo, G af &; vkyif ef; Media” eJ‹ yHy h ;kd zd‹k vkyd gw,f?

1300 jynft h a&;awmfyrkH mS a&eHajrtvkyo f rm;awG acsmufuae &efuek u f kd csw D uf&mrSm Ekid if aH &; orm;awG/ ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifawG&ŒJ qufo, G af &;/ owif;ay;yd‹k jzef‹csad &; vkyif ef;awG&ŒJ u¾[m ta&;yg t&ma&mufcJhw,fvdk‹ qdkygw,f? tvkyform;v_yf&Sm;r_}uD; csDwuf&mvrf;a=umif;/ a&mufwahJ e&m/ aexdik pf m;aomufa&;tajctae/ eHygww f w k u f ikd f jrif;pD;ykvyd af wG&ŒJ t"rRusiw hf o hJ wif;/ tzrf;tqD;owif; pwmawGudk vlxku tcgrvyf=um;ae&+yD; trsKd;om;a&;pdwf"mwf Edk;=um; wufºuGc&hJ w,f/ yl;aygi;f aqmif±u G rf _ t&Sed t f [kef wk;d jr‡iEhf idk cf =hJ uw,fv‹kd od&ygw,f? &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfy}kH u;D rSmvnf; a&'D,t kd oHvi$ Ïhf me&JŒ wdik ;f jynfw0Sr;f u tajctaeawGukd vlxq k D us,u f s,jf yef‹jyef‹ wifjyEdik cf =hJ uygw,f? &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfyu kH kd òrd‹}uD;awGrmS wòydix f jJ zpfEikd zf ‹kd bDbpD &D ŒJ “jrefrmausmif;om; 3 OD;eJ‹ c&pfpw f zkd m*ef;euf” awG‹qckH ef;eJ‹ “Auo (ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m 133

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ausmif;om;or*~rsm;tzJ‹G csKyf) trnfe‹J =o*kwv f tpu xkwaf 0cJw h hJ vlxyk ef=um;csuf vufurf; pmapmif” awG[m tvGet f a&;ygcyhJ gw,f? 'g[m vlxq k ufo, G af &; Media &JŒ tcef;u¾yg? avhvmcJw h hJ tcsuf 3 csuaf =umifh vlxt k ºkH urG j_ zpfEikd yf gw,f? wu,fv h ufawG‹rmS b,fvkd vlwef;pm; awGu vlxt k ºkH urG u _ kd pwifwwfvq J w kd m qef;ppfvykd gw,f? “tpkttky&f w dS hJ ygw0f ef;usit f ajctaeeJ‹ a,bk,stm;jzifh b0csi;f wlwhJ vkyif ef; e,fy,f” awGu pwif=uygw,f? 1300 jynft h a&;awmfyrkH mS tvkyo f rm;/ &Spaf v;vH;k rSm ausmif;om;awGyg? 'gu=kd unf+h y;D tpkttkyf&SdwJh ygwf0ef;usiftajctaeeJ‹ a,bk,stm;jzifh b0csif;wlwJh vkyfief;e,fy,fawGu pwifvy_ &f mS ;zd‹k jzpfwwfw,fqw kd m odEidk yf gw,f? vlxt k ºkH uGrE_ pS cf rk mS rwlujGJ ym;csuw f ckukd awG‹&ygw,f? 'g[m “wdu k yf 0GJ if&uf Target Date” udpyP g? &Spaf v;vH;k (8888) ae‹jzpfwhJ =o*kwv f 8 &ufrwdik cf if 2 &uftvdrk mS ausmif;om; 3 OD;eJ‹ c&pfpw f zkd m *ef;euf awG‹qckH ef;[m ta&;}uD;ygw,f? ausmif;om;awGu 8 &uf 8 vrSm Edik if w H 0Sr;f 'Dru kd a&pD k yf gw,f? Target Date ay;wJt h wdik ;f vnf; awmif;qdq k ENjyyJ}G uD; jzpfvrd rhf ,fv‹kd Target Date ay;vdu òrd‹e,fawGrmS wòydix f v J y_ &f mS ;Ekid cf yhJ gw,f? ausmif;om;awGe‹J Auo&JŒ yef=um;csu[ f m vlxu k kd trdef‹ay;wmr[kwfygbl;? vlxk&JŒ pdwft[kef/ EdkifiHa&;a&csdefudk em;vnfr_&Sd&SdeJ‹ vufawG‹usus aygif;pyfEdkifatmif tcsdefudkuf yHhydk;cJhwmjzpfygw,f? b,fvdkyJjzpfjzpf Target Date r&SdbJ usefwJh ta=umif;tcsufawG&Sdaeayr,fh wEdkifiHvHk; twdkif;twmeJ‹ wòydifxJ/ wae‹xJ vlxktHkºuGr_ rjzpfEdkifygbl;? jrefrmjynf&JŒ vuf&Sdtajctae[m wòydifxJ/ wae‹xJrSm pwif+yD; vlxktHkºuGzdk‹ vdo k vm;qdw k mom qufpOf;pm;p&m &Syd gw,f? f s,af vmifavmif =um;cJyh gw,f?

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NCGUB

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“'Dvkd Edik if aH &; pD;yGm;a&; ppfa&; vlra_ &;tajctaeawGukd ydq k ;kd oxuf qd;k / ysupf ;D oxuf ysupf ;D / jyif;xefoxuf jyif;xefatmif zefw;D xm;jcif;jzifh tm;ud;k &mrJah ewJh jynfoal wGukd a&G;cs,pf &m vrf;r&Sb d J eD;&m"g;udo k m a=umufa=umufe‹J ud;k uG,t f m;xm;&wJb h 0udk usqif;&efjzpfw,f? 'Dt h jyif 'Dru kd a&pDtwkta,mif a&G;aumufyaJG wGusi;f y+yD; ppfwyf=oZmcH ,leaD zmif;c|wt f &yfom;tpd;k & jyifqifz@JG pnf;jyrSmjzpfw,f? urBm'h rD u kd a&pDEikd if aH wGuv kd nf; ESpEf ikd if t H usKd ;wlvyk if ef;awG vkyaf qmifa&;/ a'oqdkif&m tusdK;wlvkyfief;awGeJ‹ vHkòcHa&;vkyfief;awG taumiftxnfazmfEdkifa&;twGuf pD;yGm;a&;ydwq f @kd ra_ wG/ uefŒuGurf a_ wGe‹J tcsed =f um=um onf;cHapmifq h ikd ;f &jcif;rsKd ; rvky=f uawmhbJ vufavsm+h yD; vuf&t dS yk pf ;kd olawGe‹J yJ qufo, G v f matmif w±kw/f tdE, dN / ,d;k ',m;eJ‹ tmqD,H &JŒ yl;aygi;f ulnrD e_ ‹J usK;H oGi;f Edik af tmif óud;yrf;=uvdrrhf ,f”vd‹k xifjrifcsuaf y;xm;ygw,f? wifjycJo h r#[m jrefrmhEikd if aH &;jy\emudk Edik if aH &;enf;vrf;eJ‹ ajz&Si;f zd‹k / pm;yJ0G idk ;f awG‹qakH qG;aEG;yJq G D csw D ufz‹kd / 'grrS [kwf vlxt k ºkH uGra_ &csed t f vdu k f v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;ðy aumfrw D v D ufxJ tm%mtyfz‹kd txd wGe;f tm;ay;Edik rf ,fh vlxv k y_ &f mS ;r_/ vlxt k ºkH urG j_ zpf+y;D 'Dvx l t k ºkH urG t _ wGuf óuw d ifjyifqifra_ wG pepfwusvyk af &;twGuf jrifor#wifjywmjzpfygw,f? (jynfph u kH ek v f jkH cif; r&Syd g?)

(4) 'Dy, J if;vlowfyt GJ +yD; tm%m&Sipf pftpd;k &eJ‹ 'Dru kd a&pDwikd ;f &if;om;tiftm;pkawG&ŒJ tjyeftvSef tðywfðzwfa&;uawmh t&Sed t f [keef ‹J omG ;aeyg+yD? Road Map tm;prf;yJrG mS b,fbufu tompD; &r,fqw kd m twdtusrajymEkid af yr,fh vlom;wOD;csi;f vGwv f yfciG /hf wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d wkid ;f wef;wla&;eJ‹ ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGirhf &wJh tcsed w f ikd ;f uawmh wdu k yf 0GJ ifumvawGtjzpf quf&adS etH;k rSmyg?

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Ed0l ifbmv 24 &uf/ 2003 (rZÆ)d ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ 137

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“ArmjynfrmS arG;+yD; ArmjynfrmS }uD;jyif;vm±Hrk ubl; woufwm&JŒ &mcdik Ef e_ ;f 50 eD;yg; ArmjynfrmS ukev f eG cf w hJ hJ usaemfw‹kd om tvkyw f ckck qufvyk cf iG &hf r,fq&kd if tdE, dN udk vmp&mta=umif;r&Sb d ;l ? ausmif;q&mwa,muftaeeJ‹ ausmif;q&mvkycf iG rhf &Sad wmh&if b,fvv kd yk f aeEkid rf mS vJ? usL&Siaf wmif ray;&bl;vd‹k ydwv f u kd af wmh bmvky&f rSe;f rodb;l ? Armjynfukd wae‹rS rarhb;l ? tdE, dN a&mufwhJ ae‹up+y;D 'Dae‹txd Armjynf wd;k wuf}uD;yGm;a&;twGuf vkyv f mcJyh gw,f” vd‹k OD;ae0if; awmfveS af &;aumifpD trde‹f a=umifh 1965 ckEpS f arv 8 &ufae‹u rdom;pke‹J twl tdE, dN udak &mufvmwJh olu ajymcJw h myg?

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ppfenf;ppf[ef qufusi;f yum a&&Snt f m%mwnf+rJa&; (jyif;xefwehJ nf;)awGyJ jzpfygw,f? vwfwavm OD;0if;atmif/ OD;cifarmif0if;wd‹k &ŒJ 'DcsKyfe‹J vlxak cgi;f aqmifukd tykycf s pnf;±H;k a&;c&D;pOfrmS udk,fhbufygvmEdkifwJhtiftm; b,favmuf&SdovJ/ wòydifxJrSmyJ 'DcsKyfygwDtwGif;u udk,fhbuf ygvmEkdifwJh ta&G;cs,fcHudk,fpm;vS,ftiftm; b,favmuf&SdovJqdkwmawGudk *Ce% wGuf csu=f urSmjzpfygw,f? tcsed q f zGJ ‹kd vt kd yfw,fq&kd if ar 30 vlowfyGJ pHpk rf;ppfaq;a&; aumfr&Sizf ‹GJ / ICRC udk [dt k usO;f axmif vdu k jf y 'DtusO;f axmifvn S phf pfcidk ;f / Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;awGukd vufvpD w d f v$waf y;/ ppfwyftwGi;f u tkypf w k csKŒd udðk zwf xkwcf ef‹vyk /f ukvud, k pf m;vS,q f o kd l &mZmvDukd xif&mjrif&m av#mufajymcdik ;f wmrsK;d awG vkyEf ikd yf gw,f? 'grSr[kwf&ifawmh ppfacgif;aqmifawG[m rsufpdpHkrSdwf+yD; wZGwfxdk;wapmufuef;enf;vnf; oH;k Ekid yf gw,f? olwdk‹bufu b,fvdkyJjzpfjzpf usaemfwdk‹tm;vHk;twGufuawmh vlxkacgif;aqmif a':atmif qef;pk=unfe‹J Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;tm;vH;k vGwaf jrmufa&;/ 1990 arv a&G;aumufy&GJ v'fe‹J twl v$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwD CRPP udk todtrSwfðya&;eJ‹ ppftkyfpk trsKd;om;nDvmcH qef‹ usifa&;twGuf ukvor*~vHkòcHa&;aumifpDtygt0if wjcm;enf;vrf;aygif;pHkeJ‹ pkpkpnf;pnf; qufvufwu kd yf 0GJ if±u kH vJ+G yD; “rSwyg; wjcm;r&S”d a=umif; wifjyvdu k &f ygw,f?

Zlvikd v f 12 &uf/ 2003 (rZÆrd ) ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ

158

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ordik ;f a&;vufrsm; ausmif;om;awG[m at;csr;f pGm ynmoif=um;vdak yr,fh wkid ;f jynftwGi;f rSm ynma&;/ Ekid if aH &;eJ‹ pD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf;awGjzpfay:wJhtcg olwkd‹awG[m ynmoif=um;±HkwckxJeJ‹ ra&mifh&J Edik af wmhygb;l ? jynfoel ‹J ausmif;om;qdw k m rdbeJ‹ om;orD;awGjzpfv‹kd jynfoal wG&ŒJ tcuftcJ rSefor#[m ausmif;om;xktay: ±dkufcwfvm+yD; ausmif;om;awG EkdifiHa&;e,fy,fxJtxdyg 0ifyg&awmhwmygy?J udkvdkeDe,fcsJŒatmufu wdkif;jynfvGwfajrmufzdk‹ ausmif;om;awG[m wufºuGwJhtcef;u¾u yg0ifcyhJ gw,f? taqmifaeOya'eJ‹ ausmif;cJrG zGi&hf Oya'/ wuUov kd w f ckwnf;xm;r,fqw kd hJ Oya'awGukd vufrcHcyhJ gb;l ? 'g[m ausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_ tpydik ;f yg? rdbjynfoal wGu ausmif;om;awG awmif;qdw k hJ udv k ekd cD sKyfuikd rf u _ ae vGwu f if;wJh trsK;d om;ausmif;awG ay:xGe;f a&;twGuf axmufccH =hJ uygw,f? u|eyf nma&;u±ke;f xGu+f y;D ud, k phf um;/ ud, k b hf mom/ ud, k o hf rdik ;f udk vGwv f yfpmG ynmoif=um;Ekid af &; twGujf zpfygw,f?

1930 ckESpfrSm &efukefwuUodkvf[m ol‹u|efb0uvGwfajrmufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_twGuf qHkcsufjzpf vmygw,f? 'Dausmif;uae v_y&f mS ;r_rmS OD;aqmifyg0ifvmr,fh OD;Ek/ Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;/ ocifoed ;f azjrif/h udv k ekd jD rif;pD;ykvyd af wG jrif;cGgwcsuaf ygu&f if rD;[ke;f [ke;f awmufap&r,fqw kd hJ ocifA[de;f eJ‹ tar rm (vlxak ':trm) wd‹k ukd arG;zGm;ay;cJw h mjzpfygw,f? ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifawGe‹J ausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_ awG[m trsK;d om;vGwaf jrmufa&;eJ‹ trsK;d om;a&;odumQ twGuf rw&m;wJh trde‹f tm%mawGukd zDqefawmfveS zf ‹kd jynfov l x l u k kd Edik if aH &;Ed;k =um;r_awG jzpfay:atmif a&SŒaqmifv‹_H aqmfEikd cf yhJ gw,f? wdik ;f jynftwGuf t±d;k awG awmifvkd yHzk ‹kd vw kd ,fq&kd if igw‹kd t±d;k awG[m awmifvykd kH t±d;k awG&ŒJ atmufq;kH rSm &Sv d rd rhf ,fqw kd hJ pum;&yf[m ausmif;om;awG&ŒJ oHr%dpw d "f mwfukd azmfjyaeygw,f?

1962 ckEpS rf mS OD;ae0if; tm%modr;f +yD;r=umcif ausmif;om;awG[m ausmif;aqmifpnf;urf;eJ‹ ausmif;om;tcGit hf a&;awGukd ta=umif;ðy+y;D yJOG ;D xGuw f u kd yf 0GJ ifcyhJ gw,f? wuUov kd af usmif;0if;twGi;f +idrf;csrf;pGm qENjyaewJh ausmif;om;awGudk ppftkyfpku aoewfeJ‹ ypfcwfòzdcJGvdk‹ ausmif;om; &maygif;rsm;pGm toufqHk;±H_;&ygw,f? ausmif;om;awG&JŒ pkpnf;r_ blrdvufoefae&mrSefjzpfwJh 159

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ausmif;om;or*~taqmuftODukd 'dik ;f erdu k ef ‹J òzdcyGJ pfc+hJ yD; ausmif;om;awGuv kd nf; woufwu|e;f / ao'%fe‹J ESp&f n S af xmif'%fawG cscyhJ gw,f? tm%modr;f ppftyk pf &k ŒJ t&dyt f uJu=kd unf+h yD; vlx&k ŒJ &eforl eS ;f odwt hJ wGuf OD;ae0if;&JŒ awmfveS af &;aumifpu D kd Zlvikd v f 7 &ufrmS pwifqef‹usicf w hJ m jzpfygw,f? qJAif;*sLvdik [ f m jynfoal wGukd tpkvu kd t f òyv H u kd o f wfjzwfr/_ n‡i;f yrf;ESyd pf ufra_ wG&ŒJ ueOD; ta&;tcif;jzpfygw,f?

OD;ae0if;[m 1974 ckEpS rf mS Edik if aH wmfz‹GJ pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'udk a&;qJ+G yD; jrefrmh qd&k , S v f pf vrf;pOfygwD trnfcH wygwDtm%m&Sifpepfudk ajymifajymifwif;wif; xlaxmifcsdefrSmvnf; ausmif;om;awG[m aemufweG ‹f omG ;jcif; r&Syd gb;l ? 1974 ckEpS f 'DZifbmv 5 &uf/ ukvor*~ taxGaxG twGi;f a&;rª;csKyf OD;oef‹psmyerSm ausmif;om;awG toufpaw;cJw h mygy?J 'Dta&;tcif;[m 1975 ckEpS f ESpv f nfyikd ;f txd qufjzpfc+hJ y;D / tvkyo f rm;awGyg wuUov kd af umvdyaf usmif;om; qENjyyJt G wGi;f yl;aygi;f yg0ifcyhJ gw,f? 1974 ckEpS f 'DZifbmveJ‹ 1975 ckEpS f *|ev f twGi;f ausmif;om; 3000 ausmef ‹J tvkyo f rm; 2000 ausmf tzrf;cH&ygw,f? txl;ppfc±kH ;kH u tvkyo f rm;awGukd axmif'%f 10 ESpu f ae 14 ESpt f xd csrw S cf +hJ y;D / ausmif;om;awGukd axmif'%f 4 ESpu f ae 6 ESpt f xd axmif'%fcsrw S cf yhJ gw,f?

1976 ckEpS f rwfvtwGi;f rSm jrefrmjynf+idr;f csr;f a&; v_y&f mS ;r_a&SŒaqmif ocifu, kd af wmfrid_ ;f ESpf 100 jynfah rG;ae‹ ta&;tcif;rSmvnf; &efuek w f uUov kd af usmif;om;awG[m ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&;awG&‹J tzrf;tqD;udk cH&jyefygw,f? ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif csi;f trsK;d om; udw k ifarmifO;D [m 1976 ck/ {+yDv 3 &ufrmS ppftpd;k &&JŒ vlrodorl odenf;eJ‹ óud;ay;owfjcif;cHc&hJ ygw,f? 'Dvy_ &f mS ;r_t+yD;rSm ausmif;om;&maygi;f rsm;pGm[m vufeufuikd v f rf;pOf qJu G ikd zf ‹kd awmwGi;f udk 0ifa&mufc=hJ uygw,f? ausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_ trsm;tjym; qufjzpfcyhJ gw,f? Adv k af e0if;[m ausmif;om;awGukd OD;usK;d atmif csK;d cJah yr,fh ausmif;om;awGuawmh wdu k yf w GJ ikd ;f &JŒwyfO;D rSm us&mtcef;u¾uae pGe‹f vw $ pf eG ‹f pm; cJw h mygy?J 1987 ckEpS f pufwifbm 5 &ufrmS jrefrmppftpk;d &u 25 / 35 / 75 usyw f efawGukd w&m;r0ifaiGpuULtjzpf a=unmcJhwma=umifh ausmif;om;awG&JŒ rdbawGjzpfwJh jynfolvlxk}uD;rSm txdemcJh&ygw,f? tm&Swu dk &f ŒJ pyg;usjD zpfwhJ jrefrmEkid if u H kd urBmu h v k or*~rS zH‹G òzd;r_tedru hf sq;kH Ekid if t H jzpf a=unm ay;cJh&ygw,f? OD;ae0if;eJ‹ wygwDtm%m&Sifpepf&JŒ nHhzsif;wJh pD;yGm;a&;pDrHcef‹cJGr_[m jynfolawG iwfrw G af cgi;f yg;r_uo kd m ydrk }kd uD;xGm;vmwma=umifh ausmif;om;awG[m rausreyfjzpfaecJyh gw,f?

1988 ckESpfrSmawmh óud‹ukef;&Sdt&yfom;awGeJ‹ &efukefpufr_wuUodkvfausmif;om;awG vli,f obm0twkdif; pum;rsm;&efjzpfwmudk Oya'a=umif;vrf;t& rajz&Sif;bJ OD;ae0if;ppftkyfpku 160

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166

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'DZifbmv/ 2005 (tm[m&pmapmif)

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Zefe0g&v D / 2006 (tm[m&pmapmif)

170

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vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_ (vlxktoH) vlx[ k m pdw"f mwfa&;&mt&/ Ekid if aH &;t& Ed;k =um;r_ wu,f&adS ewmyg? wurBmvH;k u wav;wpm;eJ‹ todtrSwðf y+yD; pOfqufrjywf apmif=h unfch &H wJh vlxak cgi;f aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unfvkd yk*K~ v d rf sK;d udak wmif ppftyk pf u k touftE &W m,f ay;cJw h myg? 'gayrJh omrefjynfoal wG[m aemufweG ‹f roGm;ygb;l ? rD', D mawGe‹J &J&0J 0hH Hh ajymqdak e=uwm tm;vH;k todyg? 'Davmufwifyv J m; qdak wmh r[kwaf o;bl;? vufawG‹taeeJ‹ 2001 ckESpf Edk0ifbmrSm q&m}uD; qvdkif;xGef;oef;u tpðy+yD; aemufydkif;rSm oDv&SifawG/ ausmif;om;vli,fawG/ EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;a[mif;/ t+idrf;pm; wyfrawmfom;eJ‹ v,form;wdk‹[m ppftkyfpkudk wudk,fawmfqENjyyJGawGeJ‹ tvHrvSJ a&SŒwef;uae wdkufyJG0if+yD; tmcHjycJw h ,f?

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pdu k yf sK;d a&;wuUov kd f ygarmuQa[mif; qvdik ;f xGe;f oef; (2001 ckEpS f Ed0k ifbm 29 &uf) Oya' aemufq;kH ESpaf usmif;om; udo k ufaemifp;kd (2002 ckEpS f =o*kwf 18) oDv&Sif q&mav; a':rmvm&DEiS hf a':awZ0wD (2003 ckEpS f Zefe0g&D 16) ausmif;om;vli,fEiS hf &[ef;ysKrd sm; (2003 ckEpS f {+yD 4) t+idr;f pm;wyf=uyf}uD; OD;ausmaf usmf (2003 ckEpS f ar 1) Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;a[mif; OD;tke;f oef; (2004 ckEpS f pufwifbm 21) v,form;}uD; OD;cifaiG (2004 ckEpS f Ed0k ifbm 27) tzJ‹G csKyf vli,f udx k eG ;f vif;ausmf (2004 ckEpS f 'DZifbm 14)

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ppfaumifp/D ppftpd;k &/ wyfwiG ;f tkycf sKyfa&; pwJh ,E &W m;awG &yfwef‹roGm;a&;’ txd &nf&, G yf gw,f? vlxt k a=umif;udk ppfacgi;f aqmifawG aemausatmifoyd gw,f? &Spaf v;vH;k wku d yf GJ tawG‹tóuv H nf; &Syd gw,f? etz ppftyk pf [ k m vlxek ‹J xdyw f u dk &f ifqikd zf ‹kd a=umufwma=umifh jynfo‹l wyfO;D ygwD NLD eJ‹ vlxk acgif;aqmifawGtay: ydk+yD;wdk;csJŒESdyfuGyfvm+yD; vlxktaeeJ‹ v_yf&Sm;cGifhromatmif/ ygwD-vlxk tpD;ruyfatmif tqufjzwfaeygw,f? ajcwHvufwaH wGukd ±du k cf sK;d aeygw,f?

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NLD tiftm;cse d ŒJ apzd‹k +crd ;f ajcmufra_ wGvyk +f y;D ygwu D ae E_wx f u G af tmif zdtm;ay;ygw,f?

Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;cGi[ hf m twm;tqD;/ tuef‹towfawGe‹J 0dik ;f &Hyw d q f ‹kd xm;ygw,f? 'gawG[m G af tmif wygxJ vlxw k &yfv;kH udk ud, k pf m;ðyOD;aqmifEidk w f hJ CRPP &JŒ tcef;u¾aysmufu, vky}f uaH ewmvnf;jzpfygw,f? wufºuw G v hJ il ,fawG tusO;f pcef;awGxrJ mS ±du k t f owfc&H w,f? 2005-2006 ckEpS t f wGi;f udkcifarmifvGif/ udk0if;vGif/ udkaZmfaZmf/ udkatmifv_dif0if;/ udkrif;xGef;a0/ udkausmfrdk;/ udo k ufEidk Of ;D eJ‹ udak tmifjrifo h ed ;f æ æ pojzifh usq;kH cJ&h ovdk rxifr&Sm; aoqH;k &wmawG vnf; &Syd gw,f?

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A Report on the Drug Condition in the India-Burma border areas

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±d;kd ygao;w,f Adv k cf ifneG ‹f &,f (2001 ckESpf pufwifbm 25 &ufwGif jrefrmppfaxmufvSrf;a&;rS ay;ydk‹onf[k ,lq&onfh “jynfwiG ;f aqG;aEG;yJrG w S w f rf;” udk zwf±t _ +yD; wk‹H jyefa&;om;cJah om aqmif;yg;jzpfygonf? BurmaNet Burmese rSwqifh pufwifbm 27 &ufwi G f wifjycJo h nf?) rae‹u etztxl;ud, k pf m;vS,t f zJ‹G e‹J NLD awG‹qakH qG;aEG;r_upd P v#KŒd 0Supf m zwf&ygw,f? 'Dpmudk b,fojl zef‹reS ;f twdtus rod=uygb;l ? Adv k cf if!eG ‹f O;D aqmifwhJ ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&;tzJ‹G u jzef‹a0cJw h ,f qdk&ifvnf; twkta,mifzefwD;xm;wmom jzpfygw,f? pum;ajymyJGrS ajymqdkcsufawGom xkwjf yefxm;w,fqw kd m rjzpfEikd yf gb;l ? tcsut f vuf trSew f csKŒd eJ‹ vky}f uaH &;om;xm;wJh tcsurf sm;udk a&mar$orxm;wmawmh jzpfEidk yf gw,f? pmxJu tcsuftvufawGxJrSm a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDa&; v_yf&Sm;olawGu txifrmS ;apr,fh tcsuaf wGe‹J etz u olw‹kd Eidk if aH &;ajcvSr;f (t,ltq) awGukd csjy+y;D Ekid if w H umeJ‹ jrefrmtiftm;pkawGtay: aoG;xd;k prf;vdw k hJ tcsuaf wG awG‹&ygw,f? xl;jcm;wmwckuawmh 'DpmxGuv f mcsed [ f m urBmEh ikd if aH &;ZwfcakH y:rSm tar&duefe‹J Edik if w H csK‹d &ŒJ t=urf;zuf ESrd ef if;a&;vkyif ef;awG óud;yrf;aecsed /f urBmt h vkyo f rm;tzJ‹G }uD;jzpfwhJ ILO rS tqifjh rifh ud, k pf m;vS,af wG jrefrmjynfwiG ;f udk 0ifa&mufaecsed /f etz ppfr[mAsL[m avhvma&;tzJ‹G zsuo f rd ;f / Edik if aH &;t}uHay;tzJ‹G zJ‹G pnf;jcif; owif;awG xGuaf y:aecsed ef ‹J wku d q f ikd af eygw,f? e0w/ etz [m xl;jcm;wJh tajymif;tvJwckukd vkyrf ,fq&kd if jynfov l x l /k Edik if w H umeJ‹ wyfwiG ;f u &JabmfawG xifa,mifxifrmS ;jzpfatmif/ tm±Hv k o GJ mG ;atmif pDrcH su&f &dS dS vkyu f ikd af vh&ydS gw,f? Edik if aH &; vSnu hf u G ef ‹J pdw"f mwfppfqifa&;udk a&maESmoH;k pJaG vh&w dS hJ upm;orm;jzpfygw,f? pmygaqG;aEG;csuaf wGt& ajym&&if - etz[m Edik if &H yfjcm;tultnD&zd‹k txl;vdv k m;aea=umif;/ Edik if aH &;twdik yf ifct H zJ‹G ukd tm%mwnf+raJ &; vufuikd 'f w k t f jzpf tm;ðyzd‹k pdik ;f jyif;aea=umif;/ olw‹kd &ŒJ trsK;d om;nDvmcHukd toufjyefoiG ;f zd‹k óud;pm;aea=umif;eJ‹ 90 ckEpS f a±G;aumufy&GJ v'fukd OayuQm ðyaea=umif; ay:vGiaf eygw,f? v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;ðyaumfrwD CRPP ta=umif;udak wmh wvH;k wyg' 229

7J7ifhatmif

awmif xnfah &;rxm;ygb;l ? v#KŒd 0Supf mxJu tcsut f vufwcsKŒd udk aumufEw k u f m a0zefaxmufjy csiyf gw,f?

1? ? Adv k rf ;ª atmif&ŒJ rSm=um;csux f rJ mS - “a':pk=unfbufu wyfrawmfu¾opf (wyfrawmf v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,)f &mcdik Ef e_ ;f 25 wufa&mufciG ahf y;r_rmS rSeu f efygw,f/ 'gukd etz rS oabm wlnDw,fvdk‹ =um;od&ygw,f” qdk+yD; ajymxm;ygw,f? 'Dpum;[m Adkvfrª;atmifudk,fwdkif pum;ajymyJ&G v'fukd rodb/J aumvm[v owif;t& ajymwmjzpfEikd yf gw,f? bma=umifv h q J &kd if tem*wfjrefrmEdkifiHawmfrSm v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fawG a±G;cs,fcef‹xm;a&; vkyfydkifcGifhqdkwm jynfolvlxkvufxJrSmyJ &Sd&rSmyg? wenf;tm;jzifh vlxkvlwef;pm;aygif;pHkudk udk,fpm;ðyolawGeJ‹ wdik ;f &if;om;ud, k pf m;vS,f acgi;f aqmifawGuom wyfrawmf&ŒJ ae&mrSeu f kd a±G;cs,af y;rSm jzpfygw,f? etz awmif;qdak ewJh ppfom;wrwfom; v$waf wmfz‹GJ pnf;a&;udpu P kd vlxu k , kd pf m;ðy acgi;f aqmifawGe‹J qH;k jzwf&rSmjzpfygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unfu ppfwyfu, kd pf m;vS,af wGukd v$waf wmfrmS 25 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f ay;ygrh ,fqw kd m rjzpfEikd yf gb;l ? a':atmifqef;pk=unf[m wyfrawmf ppfwef;vsm;jyefa&;/ ppfom;awG yg0ifpu G zf ufEikd w f hJ Ekid if aH &;pepfukd rvkv d m;a=umif; t}udr}f udrf ajymqdck +hJ yD;jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh pm[m (Adv k rf ;ª atmif pum;t&) a':atmifqef;pk=unf[m 25 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f udpP oabmwlxm;ovdv k kd a&mcsa&;xm;wm jzpfygw,f?

2? ? Adv k rf ;ª atmif&ŒJ “Edik if aH &;opfw&yfxal xmifEikd &f ef atmufygtcsurf sm;udk a&Smif&mS ;zd‹k vdt k yfygw,f” qd+k yD; tcsuf 5 csuf azmfjyxm;&mrSm - “jynfe,fEiS w hf ikd ;f wajy;nD&adS p&rnf” qdw k hJ tcsu[ f m tay:,Hu=kd unfrh ,fq&kd if tm;vH;k wajy;nD (tcGit hf a&;) &S&d r,fv‹kd qdx k m;wma=umifh uef‹uu G pf &mrawG‹ovdk jzpfaeygw,f? 'gayrJh jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if [ H m wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d aygi;f pHk aexdik w f hJ Ekid if jH zpfygw,f? rqv acwfuvdk t,ltqrsK;d udk a&Smif&mS ;&rSmjzpfygw,f? vlrsK;d udk tajccHwhJ jynfe,frsm;zJ‹G pnf;+yD; ud, k pf m;vS,Of ;D a&wlnw D hJ jynfe,fu, kd pf m;vS,af wGe‹J vlrsK;d pkvw $ af wmfukd zJ‹G pnf;oifyh gw,f? wdik ;f &if;om;vlenf;pk tcGit hf a&;udk tumtuG,af y;a&; twGuf vlrsK;d pkvw $ af wmfukd zJ‹G pnf;&rSmyg? Adv k rf ;ª atmifu “jynfe,fEiS hf wdik ;f wajy;nD” qdw k hJ pum; &yf[m vlrsK;d pkvw $ af wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f a±G;cs,af &;txdyg tóuH;0ifaeovdjk zpfaeygw,f? jynfe,f wcktwGi;f u wkid ;f a'oawGukd yx0Doabmt& tkycf sKyfa&;u¾ tqifajyacsmarG‹atmif ta& twGut f m;jzifh jynfe,f&dS vlxq k ENt& óuu d o f avmuf zJ‹G pnf;Ekid yf gw,f? 'gayrJh vlrsK;d tajccH zJ‹G pnf; xm;wJh jynfe,feJ‹ yx0DtkyfcsKyfa&;tajccH wdkif;a'oawGudk vlrsKd;pkv$wfawmfrSm wajy;nD 230

,Hkjunfcsufrdk;aumif;uifESifh aEG;axG;aomreuf=zef

ta&twGuw f l ud, k pf m;ðywufa&mufciG hf ay;vd‹k r&ygb;l ?

'Denf;eJ‹ wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d awG&ŒJ wef;wltcGit hf a&;udk azmfaqmifv‹kd r&ygb;l ? 'Dtcsu[ f m etz u vky}f uHwmvm;/ Adv k rf ;ª atmif&ŒJ qENtrSev f m;qdw k m rodEikd yf gb;l ? Adv k rf ;ª atmiftaeeJ‹ Edik if o H m; wa,mufjzpfwma=umifh ol‹&ŒJ Ekid if aH &;t,ltqrsm;udk ,H=k unfwt hJ wdik ;f vGwv f yfpmG azmfxw k f ajymqdck iG &hf w dS mudk em;vnfra_ y;ygw,f? óudu&f m ,Hck iG &hf ydS gw,f?

3? ? “jynfe,frsm; vH;k 0cJx G u G cf iG rhf &Sad p&ef” qdw k hJ Adv k rf ;ª atmif&ŒJ tjrifuv kd nf; tjypfrajymyg? 'gayrJh cJx G u G cf iG hf &S/d r&Sq d w kd u hJ pd [ P m wkid ;f &if;om;jynfoal wG&ŒJ tqH;k tjzwft&yJ jyÏmef;&rSmjzpfygw,f?

4? ? “'Dae‹ etz aqmif±u G x f m;&Srd r_ sm;[m aemiftem*wfwiG f jznfph u G af umif;rGeaf om enf;vrf;aumif;rsm; jzpfw,fqw kd m awG‹&&dS ygw,f”/ “a':pk=unfuvnf; rdryd gwu D yJ tkycf sKyfrnf qdw k hJ pdw"f mwfrarG;bJ/ tm;vH;k taumiftxnfazmf aqmif±u G &f ef wku d w f eG ;f tyfygw,f” qdw k hJ pum;&yfawGudkawmh a&;}uD;cGifus,feJ‹ racsyvdkyg? 'gayrJh e0w/ etz u udk,fusKd;twGuf atmufwef;uswhJ enf;vrf;awGe‹J jynfov l x l t k ay:udk ESp&f n S v f rsm; trsK;d rsK;d zdEydS f vmcJw h ma=umifh rsK;d qufe‹J cs+D yD; +yJaeatmifvyk , f &l tH;k r,f/ jyefvnf tzwfq,f&tH;k r,fv‹kd awmh ajymcsiyf gw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unfu ud, k yhf gwu D yJ tkycf sKyfr,fqw kd hJ pdw"f mwfrsK;d &S/d r&Su d kd a':atmifqef;pk=unfe‹J awG‹wt hJ cg tv†m† yov†m† ypum;ajym&if; ar;=unfyh grh ,f?

5? ? Adv k cf sKyfausm0f if; aqG;aEG;csux f rJ mS - “etzrS jrefrmhEifkd if aH &; wk;d wufz‹HG òzd;ap&ef Edik if aH &; twdik yf ifct H zJ‹G ukd zJ‹G pnf;zd‹k pdik ;f jyif;aea=umif;” eJ‹ “Edik if aH wmf tusK;d ðyrnfv h yk if ef;rsm; aqmif±u G &f mwGif vrf;!$erf r_ sm;ay;&ef” wd‹k yg&ydS gw,f? b,foal wGyg0ifr,f/ olw‹kd ukd b,fou l a±G;cs,rf ,fqw kd m w&m;0if rajymqdak yr,fh aocsmwmwck uawmh etz udk,fwdkif a±G;cs,foGm;rSmjzpfygw,f? tm%mwnf+rJa&;twGuf yHkpHtopfwck wDxiG af ew,fv‹kd jrifryd gw,f? wpmcHawG arG;xkwzf ‹kd vk;kH yrf;aewmjzpfygw,f?

6? ? “Edik if aH wmfz‹GJ pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'udk +yD;pD;atmifa&;qJ&G ef”/ “trsK;d om;nDvmcH qufvufusi;f yoGm;&ef” wk‹d uv kd nf; xnfo h iG ;f ajymqdx k m;ygw,f? etz taeeJ‹ trsK;d om;nDvmcHukd qufusi;f yr,fq&kd if - axmifawGxu J Ekid if aH &;tusO;f om;rSeo f r# 231

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v$waf y;&ygr,f/ wwdik ;f jynfv;kH typftcwf&yfp&J ygr,f/ trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzJ‹G csKyf tygt0if wkid ;f &if;om;ygwt D m;vH;k udk vGwv f yfpmG Ekid if aH &;v_y&f mS ;cGihf ay;&rSmjzpfygw,f? nDvmcHu, kd pf m;vS,rf sm; a±G;cs,o f wfrw S &f mrSmvnf; vlxv k w l ef;pm;/ ygw/D wdik ;f &if;om;jynfoal wGu, kd w f ikd f vGwv f yfpmG a±G;cs,yf gvrd rhf ,f? zJ‹G pnf;yHak &;qJaG &;qdik &f m rl0g'rsm; csrw S &f mrSmvnf; ppfreS w f hJ wkid ;f &if;om;jynfol ud, k pf m;ðyolawGu trsK;d om;jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&; &nf±, G cf suef ‹J a&;qJaG y;rSm jzpfygw,f? etz &JŒ “tem*wf jrefrmhEidk if aH &; OD;aqmifrt _ cef;u¾rSm wyfrawmfrS yg0ifxrf;aqmifa&;” qdw k mudv k nf; olw‹kd u pOf;pm;=unfah y;ygvrd rhf ,f? ppfom;wrwfom;v$waf wmf jzpfa&;/ rjzpfa&;twGuf olw‹kd q;kH jzwfcsuu f akd pmif&h rSm jzpfygw,f? rapmifhEdkif&ifawmh e,fvSnfhpnf;±Hk;a&;vkyf+yD; jynfolvlxku pdwfa&mudk,fyg ay;csifvmatmif awmif;qdzk ‹kd vdyk gw,f? "m;rd;k / aoewfjy+yD; Edik if aH &;tm%mudk a&&Sn+f rJatmif vkyv f ‹kd r&ygb;l ?

7? ? “!Ge‹f aygi;f tpd;k &onf orRwpepfjzifh zJ‹G pnf;tkycf sKy&f ef” vd‹k awmif;qdx k m;ygw,f? quf+y;D twGe‹f wufwmuawmh “aemiftem*wfukd ar#mrf eS ;f I zJ‹G pnf;oGm;&ef” qdw k mvnf; yg0ifygw,f? !Gef‹aygif;tpdk;&u toGiful;ajymif;a&;umv&JŒ tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mydkfifjzpfygw,f? ol‹[mol 0ef}uD;csKyfO;D aqmiftpd;k &yJjzpfjzpf/ orRw OD;aqmiftpd;k &yJjzpfjzpf jy\emr&Syd gb;l ? 'gayrJh aemif tem*wfukd ar#mrf eS ;f +yD; Ekifkd if aH wmf tpd;k &zJ‹G pnf;a&;yHpk u H kd tpd;k &u csxm;vd‹k r&ygb;l ? ynm&Siaf wG/ vlxu k , kd pf m;vS,af wG acgi;f csi;f ±du k +f yD; pOf;pm;qH;k jzwf&r,fu h pd jP zpfygw,f?

8? ? “w&m;a&;/ Oaya'a&;/ pDrrH r_ sm;udk vuf&t dS ajctaetwdifk ;f aqmif±u G &f ef” vd‹k qd&k mrSm vnf; etz [m ol‹tEdik zf u J kd qufqyk u f ikd x f m;a&;udk ajymwmomjzpfygw,f? ud, k óf uduzf ‹GJ pnf;yH/k udk,fóudufa±G;aumufyJGtopf &v'fawGr&rcsif; ol‹a'gufwdkifawG tajccdkifaeatmif tm;arG; jyifqifxm;csiw f o hJ abmjzpfygw,f?

90 ckESpf taxGaxGa±G;aumufyJGrSm a±G;cs,fcH&wJh v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fawG&JŒ u¾udkawmh ypfy,faeqJyg? CRPP ta=umif;qd&k if wvH;k wyg'rS xnfah &;rxm;ygb;l ?

9? ? “jrefrmhEidk if jH cm;a&;rl0g'/ rajymif;vJap&/ (,ae‹vuf&u dS sio hf ;kH vsu&f adS om rl0g'twdik ;f qufvufusio hf ;kH &ef)” qdw k m rjzpfEikd w f ahJ ps;udk udik x f m;wmjzpfygw,f? ud, k t f m%mwnf+raJ &; twGuf A&rf;Awm vkycf siw f ikd ;f vky+f yD;/ ay;csiw f hJ uwdawG av#mufay;xm;wmudk ppfreS w f hJ vlxt k pd;k &u oduQm&Sd&Sd jyefvnfjiif;y,f&rSmawG/ rD;±_dŒypf&r,fh pmcsKyfawG/ a&;xdk;&r,fh pmcsKyftopfawG 232

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&Sv d mygvrd rhf ,f? q&marG; wynfah rG;/ vufa0cHr0l g'awG/ o,HZmwawGukd vufn;d‡ xd;k a&mif;pm;+yD; qufqaH &;xlaxmifxm;wJh Edik if jH cm;a&; rl0g'awGukd vSeaf vSmajymif;vJ&tH;k rSm jzpfygw,f?

10? ? a':atmifqef;pk=unfu “!Ge‹f aygi;f tpd;k &taejzifh tajccHOya'udk a&;qJrG nf” qdw k hJ tcsu[ f mvnf; rjzpfEikd yf gb;l ? vky}f uHa&;om;xm;wmjzpfrmS yg? !Ge‹f aygi;f tpd;k &udk b,fvx l v k w l ef;pm;u b,favmuf/ ppfwyfe‹J 90 ckEpS f v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f awG b,favmufe‹J yJ zJ‹G pnf;xm;xm; Ekid if aH wmf zJ‹G pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'udk wdik ;f &if;om;aygi;f pHk jynfo‹l u, kd pf m;vS,af wGe‹J ra&;rjzpf a&;&ygr,f? b,fvrl sK;d pkurkd S csev f yS x f m;vd‹k r&ygb;l ? ud, k v hf rl sK;d &JŒ epfemr_awG/ zG‹H òzd;wd;k wufa&;eJ‹ vHòk cH+idr;f csr;f a&;twGuf vlrsK;d wdik ;f rSm ud, k yf ikd u f muG,cf iG &hf w dS meJ‹tr# olw‹kd tygt0ife‹J om pkaygi;f a&;qJo G ifyh gw,f? olw‹kd u, kd w f ikd f pOf;pm;qH;k jzwfwmu rSeyf gvrd rhf ,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unfu 'Dtcsuu f kd aumif;aumif;od+y;D apmifx h ed ;f vdu k ef mr,fh acgi;f aqmifjzpfygw,f?

11? ? a':atmifqef;pk=unfu OD;ae0if;vdk yk*K~ v d rf sK;d udk =o0g'cH,pl &mta=umif; r&Syd gb;l ? 'Dtcsuf [mvnf; vky}f uzH efw;D +y;D a&;xm;wmyg? wu,fv‹kdrsm; a':atmifqef;pk=unfu ajymcJw h ,fq&kd ifvnf; ppftm%m&Siw f ‹kd &ŒJ taz}uD;udk azsmif;zsajymqdzk ‹kd y&d,m,fqifwmvd‹k ,H=k unfygw,f?

12? ? “taumif;qH;k uawmh etzrS trnfajymif;vJI !Ge‹f aygi;f tpd;k &zJ‹G pnf;r_ukd ðyvky&f ef oifah wmfygonf” qdw k hJ a':atmifqef;pk=unf&ŒJ ajym=um;csu[ f mvnf; rjzpfEikd yf gb;l ? etz u twdu k f tcHawG&ŒJ oabmxm;udk od&atmif/ 'grrS [kwf oabmxm;uJu G ek af tmif vky}f uHxm;wm jzpfEidk f ygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unfu trnfajymif;ay;zd‹k avmufawmh ajymrSmr[kwyf gb;l / tESpo f m&&S&d Sd ppfreS w f hJ Edik if aH &; ðyjyifajymif;vJr/_ toGiu f ;l ajymif;r_rsK;d udo k m awmif;qdrk mS jzpfygw,f?

13? ? Adv k cf sKyfcif!eG ‹f u “a':pk=unftaejzifh ydwq f ‹kd wm;qD;xm;a&; udp&P yfrsm;rSm &yfwef;u &yfay;&ef arwWm&yfct H yfygonf” vd‹k ajymygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unfu ajymxm;+yD;om;yg? vlxv k ufxu J kd wdu k ±f u kd pf ;D qif;Edik rf ,fh tajctaersK;d ra&mufrcsi;f / 'Dru kd a&pDtpd;k &w&yf rzJ‹G pnf;Edik rf csi;f Ekid if &H yfjcm; tultnDawG/ &if;ES;D jr‡yEf rHS a_ wG &yfqikd ;f xm;zd‹k Ekid if w H umudk arwWm&yfcx H m;ygw,f? Adv k cf if!eG ‹f a& Sorry yJv‹kd ajymcsiyf gw,f? jynfya&muf jrefrmh'rD u kd a&pDta&; wdu k yf 0GJ ifaeolawGu enf;enf;rS av#mrh mS r[kwyf gb;l ?

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14? ? tqHk;owfajymcsifwmu/ Adkvfcif!Gef‹cifAsm; - usaemfwdk‹ a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk &mE_ef;jynfh axmufcHaeqJyg? etz tay: EkdifiHwumzdtm;awG ydkrdktm;aumif;vmatmif qufvyk t f ;kH rSm jzpfygw,f? cifAsm;wd‹k y&d,m,fawG ±d;k ygao;w,f? “±d;k ygao;w,f Adv k cf ifneG ‹f &,f”? ÔÔÔÔÔÔ

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,Hkjunfcsufrdk;aumif;uifESifh aEG;axG;aomreuf=zef

Adv k af e0if;acwfveG f jrefrmhwyfrawmfo‹kd (2001 ckEpS f pufwifbmESihf atmufwb kd mvtwGi;f ppftm%m&Sif Adv k af e0if; use;f rma&;twGuf puFmylEkdifiHodk‹ oGm;a&mufaq;ukoaecsdefu EdkifiHwum rD'D,mwGif ‚if;aoqHk;oGm;+yD [lI aumavm[vowif;rsm; xGufay:aecsdefu a&;om;cJhygonf? BurmaNet Burmese wGif atmufwb kd m 3 &ufae‹Y wifjycJo h nf?)

(1) Adkvfae0if; ao+yDqdkwJh aumavm[vawG xGufay:vmjyefyg+yD? [kwf/ r[kwf b,folrS twnfrðyao;ygb;l ? rD', D macwf}u;D uvnf; tm;vH;k udk rsuEf mS omay;xm;wma=umifh owif;rSeaf &m/ owif;rSm;a&m jyef‹EŒHS &mrSm tifrwef jrefygw,f? b,fvykd jJ zpfjzpf pma&;oltwGuu f awmh Adv k af e0if;}uD;udk enf;enf;avmufarwWmyd‹k +yD; olŒ=oZm ruif;EdkifwJh tdrf+cHayguf ppfacgif;aqmifawG&JŒ enf;[efawGudk jrefrmhwyfrawmfeJ‹,SOfwJG+yD; wD;acgurf o d r# wifjycsiyf gw,f? ydrk +kd yD; tcsut f vufpak qmif;csio f al wG/ avhvmvdo k al wGtwGuf k }f u;D pdik ;f 0if;ausmw f ‹kd &ŒJ aqmif;yg;awG”eJ‹ “'kw, d Adv k rf ;ª }u;D “NDD u jzef‹csD ay;aewJh udak X;atmif/ Adv at;jrif&h ŒJ aqmif;yg;awG” udk zwf=uygv‹kd wqufxJ wdu k w f eG ;f vdyk gw,f? vl‹aumufuspf}uD; Adkvfae0if;wa,muf aooifhwmawmh tawmf=umyg+yD? touft±G,ft& ol‹ru kd Zf mwfawGt& ZD0ed cf sKyfoifyh g+yD? 'Dvv kd pl m;rsK;d jrefjrefac:oGm;zd‹k aorif;udk arwWm&yfczH ‹kd awmif aumif;ygw,f? Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;wd‹k vkd wdik ;f jynfe‹J vrl sK;d udk ESpEf pS u f mumcspw f hJ acgi;f aqmif}u;D awG&ŒJ trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;/ umuG,fa&; &nf±G,fcsufawGeJŒ zJG‹pnf;xlaxmifxm;wJh jrefrmh wyfrawmf}uD;udk &p&mr&Sdatmif OD;ae0if; zsufpD;ypfcJhwmyg? 'DhtwGuf ol‹qDu avsmfa=u; rawmif;vdu k Ef ikd rf mS awmh wu,fyJ pd;k &drrf yd gw,f? wyfrawmf}uD;udk ol‹tm%mwnf+rJa&;twGuf wvufudkifb0a&mufatmif/ trsKd;omoemzsufpD;0Hhatmif olŒ&JŒ aemufvdkufi,fom;awGeJŒ pdwfwdkif;us cs,fvS,fcJhwma=umifh wdkif;jynf}uD;vnf; “zGwfausm jympkb0” udk a&mufcJhyg+yD? 'Dt h wGuaf wmh ol‹vufymG ;awmf ppfacgi;f aqmifawGukd jynfov l x l u k vSv}S uD;'%fcwfEikd yf gw,f?

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usaemfw‹kd u wcgwcg pdwaf yguv f m&if ppfc±kH ;kH wifz‹kd 'grrS [kwf cGiv hf w $ +f yD; ppfwef;vsm;udk at;at; vlvjl yefz‹kd ajym=uygw,f? wcsKŒd u vuf&EdS idk if aH &;taetxm;t& awG;qovd/k wcsKŒd u cHpm;csuf aywHe‹J wdik ;f xGm+yD; ajym=uwmyg? 'Dtydik ;f udk pma&;oltygt0if Ekid if o H m; wOD;csi;f u wdwu d sus tqH;k jzwfay;r,fh tcsed t f xdawmh aocsmayguf apmif&h rSmjzpfygw,f? wyfrawmfxrJ mS trsK;d aumif; om;rsm; &Sad ewmvnf; ajr}u;D vufcwfrvJyG gb;l ? “ºuu G af cs; ºuu G af cs;owfowf/ qefukd qefowfowf” z,fxw k =f unf&h rSmjzpfovdk 'Dwyfrawmf}uD;udk tawG;tac:t&/ vky[ f eft& ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;awG twGuf jyifqif&rSmyg?

(2) jrefrmhwyfrawmf[m jynfov l x l &k ŒJ &ifEpS o f ;D jcm om;orD;&wemawGe‹J zJ‹G pnf;xm;wmyg? 'gayrJh wyfrawmf[m etzppfacgi;f aqmifawG&ŒJ trde‹f ay;r_/ tkycf sKyrf a_ tmufrmS &Sad eao;wJt h wGuf oD;oef‹ jzef‹czGJ ,fxw k +f y;D wGucf su&f r,fh tiftm;pkjzpfaeygw,f? jynfov l x l t k iftm;eJ‹ a&maESmwGucf suv f ‹kd r&ao;ygb;l ? wyfrawmfuawmh wu,fwnf&adS ewmyg? 'gukd jiif;p&mr&Syd gb;l ? wyfrawmf r&Sb d ;l qd+k y;D z,f=unf&h if ppftpd;k & b,fvrkd S r&yfwnfEikd b f ;l qdw k m awG‹&ygr,f? wyfrawmf[m etz trde‹f ay;r_/ OD;aqmifr_ atmufrmS &Sad eao;vd‹k om 'Dae‹txd ppftpd;k &u jynfov l x l u k kd armufarmufrmrm qufqaH e Edik w f myg? wyfrawmfr&S&d if ppftm%m&Siaf wG rwnf&EdS idk yf gb;l ? ppftm%m&Siaf wG rwnf&zdS ‹kd wyfrawmf udk t&m0wˆKrsm; wae&mrS waew&mod‹k ±kww f &ufajymif;a±$Œjcif; Telepotation oabmt& jrefrmh ajray:u aysmufu, G o f mG ;zd‹k qw kd m rjzpfEikd yf gb;l ? wu,fwnf&adS ewJh wyfrawmf}uD;udk ppftpd;k &&JŒ tkycf sKyfa&;,E , W m;atmufuae z,fxw k +f y;D jynfo‹l uyG u f rJ a_ tmufa&mufatmif vkyzf ‹kd y&J ydS gw,f? 'grS jynfov l x l b k ufrmS tiftm;yd&k v dS mrSm jzpfovdk ppftpd;k &tiftm;udv k nf; csed ŒJ aprSmjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh wyfrawmfukd jynfov l x l b k uf ul;ajymif;vmatmif csO;f uyf&ygvrd rhf ,f? &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfyt kH wGi;f rSm a&wyfe‹J avwyfom;tcsK‹d jynfoel ‹J twl yl;aygi;f v_y&f mS ;=uwmudk t&ifq;kH jrifa,mifryd gw,f? 'gt h jyif wyfrawmfom;awG&ŒJ oabmxm;trSeu f kd 1990 ckEpS /f arv taxGaxG a±G;aumufy&GJ v'fukd owd&rdygw,f? a±G;aumufyw GJ ek ;f u ppfa'oawGjzpfwhJ r*Fvm'H/k rdwv Dˆ m/ aròrdŒ/ arSmb f D ppf a'oawGrmS NLD tEdik &f cJyh gw,f? rJay;wJah e&mrSm wyfrawmfom;awG taeeJ‹ “NLD udk rJay;w,f/ NUP (wpn) udk rJay;w,f” vd‹k ajAmifa=unm&wmrsK;d r[kwyf gb;l ? v#KŒd 0Surf aJ y;pepfe‹J qENraJ y;cJ=h uwmjzpfygw,f? qENtrSeu f kd vGwv f w G v f yfvyf azmfxw k cf iG &hf wJh 236

,Hkjunfcsufrdk;aumif;uifESifh aEG;axG;aomreuf=zef

tajctaersK;d atmufrmS jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifrh ‹kd ppfa'oawG&ŒJ a±G;aumufy&GJ v'f[m wyfrawmf om;awG jynfo‹l 'rD u kd a&pDtyk cf sKyfa&;pepfukd vdv k m;aew,fqw kd m jyoaeygw,f? a±G;aumufyJGaemufydkif;rSmvnf; ,dk;',m;/ tdENd,/ b*Fvm;a'h&Sf e,fpyfawGudk wyfrawmfom; trsm;tjym; xGufajy;vm=uygw,f? vlrsKd;pkvufeufudkiftzJG‹awG/ 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawGeJ‹ vma&muf yl;aygif;=uygw,f? ppfwyfxJrSm t&m&Sd/ t&mcHeJ‹ t=uyfwyfom;awGt=um; cJGjcm; qufqHwmawGudk rauseyf=ua=umif;/ &duQmrvHkavmufr_eJ‹ vceJwJh'kuQawGudk quf+yD; rcHEdkif awmha=umif; od&ygw,f? 'ghtjyif 'Drdkua&pD vdkvm;vdk‹/ jynfolvlxkrvdkvm;wJh tykyftyG wyfrawmf}uD;xJrSm qufraecsifvdk‹jzpfa=umif; od&ygw,f? 'Dvdk rauseyfcsufawG/ vdkvm;csuf awGa=umifh ppfwyfxu J xGuaf jy;csiw f &hJ aJ bmfawG tifrwefrsm;jym;ygw,f? wyfom;trsm;pk jzpf ygw,f? 'gayrJh ppfrx _ rf;b0uae tvG,w f ul ±ke;f xGuzf ‹kd rjzpfEikd yf gb;l ? tckvkd e,fpyfa'oawGukd xGucf gG vm=uw,fq&kd mrSmvnf; wdik ;f &if;om;tiftm;pkawG/ 'Dru kd a&pD tiftm;pkawGqrD mS cdv k v H_ ‹kd &wma=umifh jzpfygw,f? t"duu e,fajrt& eD;uyfwma=umifjh zpfygw,f? tvSr;f a0;wJh jynfwiG ;f u wyf&if;awG/ wyfrawmfom;awGuawmh xGucf gG vmzd‹k rvG,yf gb;l ? 'Dae&mrSm etz&JŒ wyfwiG ;f cGx J u G af er_awGukd txl;pd;k &draf ewJt h a=umif; jznfph u G w f ifjyvdyk gw,f?

(3) etzppftpdk;&[m wyfom;awG cJGxGufoGm;rSmudk rvdkvm;ygbl;? txl;ojzifh ppfa&;eJ‹EdkifiHa&;/ wyfrawmftwGi;f tajctaeawGrmS t±_;H ay:apr,fh - awmfveS af &;tiftm;pkawGbuf wyfom;awG buful;ajymif;oGm;r_rsKd;qdk&if aorwwfa=umufygw,f? 'gawGudk umuG,fwJhenf;vrf;tjzpf aemufyikd ;f rSm awmfveS af &;tiftm;pkawGbufukd xGuaf jy;wJh wyfom;awGxrJ mS ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&;awG xJah y;vdu k yf gw,f? ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&;uvnf; ol‹u, kd o f l (od‹k ) óu;d udik o f al wGrS ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&;rSe;f awmfveS af &;tiftm;pkawGoad tmif jyoygw,f? tazmfxw k cf v H w kd ma=umifh jzpfygw,f? azmfxw k f jyvdu k jf cif;tm;jzif/h a&'D,o kd wif;XmeawGrw S qifh a=unmay;vdu k jf cif;tm;jzifh oufa&mufru _ “wyfajy;/ wyfajy;qdk+yD; odyfr,Hk&bl;/ wyfajy;awGxJrSm ppfaxmufvSrf;a&; awGygw,f” vdk‹ awmfveS af &;tiftm;pkawG oabmayguv f map=uygw,f? wyfrawmfom;awGvnf; a&'D,rkd w S qifh =um;odwma=umif/h ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&;awGrS 0g'jzef‹wma=umifh “igw‹kd xu G af jy;&ifa&m ,Hyk grh vm;/ vuQyH grh vm;/ tumtuG,af y;ygrh vm;” qdw k hJ tawG;awG 0ifvmapygw,f?

1996 ckESpftwGif;uvnf; - tdENd,bufudk cdkv_HvmwJh wyfrawmfom;awG (zrf;qD;jyefydk‹cH&ol k Ekd ikd )f udprP mS vnf; xdek nf;vnf;aumif;ygy?J enf;vrf; wyfrawmfom; 11 OD;eJ‹ DSB OuUX udu 237

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trsK;d rsK;d oH;k +yD; jrefrmjynfwiG ;f udk jyefvnfzrf;qD;ac:aqmifomG ;cJyh gw,f? +yD;awmh e,fpyftajcpdu k f wyf&if;awGrmS “tdE, dN bufukd cdv k &_H if tdE, dN tpd;k &ud, k w f ikd u f jyefy‹kd wt hJ a=umif;/ tdE, dN -jrefrm ESpEf ikd if H oabmwlncD suaf wG&w dS t hJ a=umif;” 0g'jzef‹csrd a_ wG vky=f uygw,f? 'gawG[mvnf; xGuaf jy; vdkwJh wyfrawmfom;awGtay: t[ef‹twm;wck ðyvkyfvdkufjcif;yJ jzpfygw,f? tckvdk tajc taersK;d a&mufatmif/ pdw"f mwfrsK;d 0ifvmatmif etz u pepfwuszefw;D cJw h myg? etz tpd;k &taeeJ‹ wyfwiG ;f òydurGJ mS / wyfwiG ;f ykeu f efra_ wGjzpfrmS a=umufvef‹aea=umif; odomygw,f?

88 ta&;awmfyrkH mS wyfrawmfom;awG jynfov l x l ek ‹J twl yg0ify;l aygi;f v_y&f mS ;r_/ 90 ckEpS f taxGaxG a±G;aumufyJG - ppfwyfe,fajrawGrSm NLD tEdkif&r_eJ‹ e,fpyfa'oawGrSm wyfrawmfom;rsm; xGufajy;vmr_awGudk =unfhjcif;tm;jzifh wyfrawmfom;awG&JŒ oabmxm;udk cef‹rSef;Edkifygw,f? 'guawmh “wyfrawmfom;trsm;pk&ŒJ oabmxm;[m tzdEydS cf jH ynfov l x l b k uf &yfwnfa&;yg? wyfrawmftwGi;f qufvuf raexdik v f jkd cif;ygb”J ? e,fpyfa'oawGrmS jynfou l o kd wfjzwf/ rk'ed ;f usi/hf ay:wmqJ/G ypPn;f awGukd vk,uf,il if/ rD;±_Œd zsuq f ;D / t"rRtcGeaf umuf pwJv h yk &f yfawGukd usL;vGeaf ewJh wyfrawmfom;awG[m etztm%mydik af wG&ŒJ r_id ;f wdu k w f mudk cHxm;&wJo h rl sm;omjzpf+yD;/ etzu jynfov l x l ek ‹J wyfrawmfom;awG raygi;f pnf;Edik af tmif pepfwus tuGucf szefw;D r_omjzpfygw,f? wyfom;trsm;pkpw d rf mS awmh “jynfoo l mtrd/ jynfoo l mtz” qdw k hJ rlreS pf w d af wG ude;f atmif;aeqJyg? (4) wyfwiG ;f tkycf sKyfa&;&JŒ aysmu h u G [ f muGuaf wGukd tenf;i,f =unfv h ykd gw,f? wyfrawmftwGi;f tkycf sKyaf &;[m waoG; woH wrde‹f / a'giv f u kd pf nf;/ A[dOk ;D pD;pepf pwJh pum;vH;k awGe‹J wif;wif;usyu f syt f yk cf sKyfw,fqakd yr,fh tESpo f m&rSmawmh aysmu h u G [ f muGuaf wG &Syd gw,f? e0w tm%modrf;pu wyfrª;rsm;nDvmcHudk rE Wav;(eef;wGif;)rSm usif;ycJhygw,f? ta&SŒajrmufydkif;/ ajrmufyikd ;f / tv,fyikd ;f / ta&SŒawmifyikd ;f wdik ;f awG&ŒJ ppfwikd ;f rª;awGjzpfwhJ armifoif/h ausmb f / xGe;f =unf/ Om%fvif;wd‹k &ŒJ nDvmcHjzpfygw,f? olw‹kd &ŒJ nDvmcH[m olw‹kd &&Sad ewJh tcGix hf ;l awGukd vufvw $ f qH;k ±_;H rcH&atmif usew f yfrawmf xdyo f ;D acgi;f aqmifyikd ;f awGukd tiftm;jy+cdr;f ajcmufwhJ oabm aqmifygw,f? Adv k af pmarmif/ Adv k cf if!eG ‹f w‹kd ac:wJh ta&;ay:tpnf;ta0;yJu G kd rwufa&mufEikd af =umif; tmcHwmvd‹k qdyk gw,f? 'guo kd w d hJ apmarmif/ cif!eG ‹f u wyfwiG ;f ykeu f efra_ wG rjzpf&atmif tcGit hf a&; aumif;awGay;+yD; ac|;ody&f ygw,f?

'Dtjzpfu=kd unf&h if wyfrawmf&ŒJ tjrifq h ;kH wm0efawG,x l m;wJh Adv k cf sKy}f u;D eJ‹ 'kw, d Adv k cf sKy}f u;D awG[m 238

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olwdk‹xuftqifhedrfhwJh AdkvfcsKyfawGudk a=umufvef‹ae&w,fqdkwm odomygw,f? trSefqdk&if tmcHAdkvfcsKyfawGudk &mxl;uae xkwfy,fvdkufa=umif; a=unm±HkeJ‹ udpP+yD;pD;oifhygw,f? 'gayrJh wyfrawmfumuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyfqw kd hJ tjrifq h ;kH &mxl;udk ,lxm;ayr,fv h nf; Adv k af pmarmifcrsm wcsuf v$wt f rde‹f ukd xkwrf oH;k Edik w f hJ taetxm;rSm a&mufaewmudk awG‹&ygw,f? 'g[m “ppfwikd ;f rª;awG taeeJ‹ ppfwikd ;f rª;vkyo f ufukd a&&Sn, f +l yD;&if wyfrawmfumuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf/ ppfO;D pD;csKyfw‹kd xuf rdrpd pfwikd ;f tay:rSm ydrk =kd oZmanmif;w,fqw kd mygy”J ? 'ga=umifrh ‹kd vnf; ppfwikd ;f rª; 4 OD;&JŒ tmcHru _ kd aygah ygw h efwefoabmrxm;&JbJ tcGit hf a&;awGx;kd ay;+yD; pnf;±H;k vdu k &f wmyg? 'grv S nf; ppfwikd ;f 4 wdik ;f twGi;f u wyfr/ wyf&if;awGukd xde;f csKyfEikd rf mS jzpfygw,f? wyfrawmftwGi;f rSm txufatmuf trde‹f emcHr_ wu,fwrf; tm;aumif;raebl;qdw k m jyoaeygw,f?

1997 ckEpS /f Ed0k ifbm 15 &ufu - e0wrS etztjzpf trnfajymif;zJ‹G pnf;&mrSmvnf; tm%mudk b,fvdkxdef;csKyf&rvJqdkwm aumif;aumif;oabmayguf+yD;jzpfwJh Adkvfae0if;tawG‹tóuHeJ‹ wynfah usmAf v kd cf if!eG ‹f tpGr;f tpawGaygi;f +yD; xGe;f =unf/ ausmb f / jrifah tmifw‹kd vkd 0ef}uD; ('kw, d Adv k cf sKy}f u;D )awGukd z,f&mS ;ypfvu kd w f myg? t"duuawmh etztpd;k &tzJ‹G 0ifjzpfr,fh (ppfwidk ;f awGtay: tajccdkifr_&vm+yDjzpfwJh) wdkif;rª;AdkvfcsKyfawGudk xHk;pHtwdkif; wyfwGif;tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%m ±kyfodrf; vdkufwmvnf;jzpfygw,f? wdkif;rª;oufwef; 9 ESpf&Sdvm+yDjzpfwJh wdkif;rª;AdkvfcsKyfawGudk tiftm; }u;D xGm;rvmcif 0ef}u;D XmexJ qJo G iG ;f vdu k w f myg? usew f zufrmS u Adv k af e0if;&JŒvl,kH oef;a±$/ cifneG ‹f wd‹k [m ppfwikd ;f awGtay: ydrk pkd w d cf s&wJh trde‹f ay;Edik rf t _ m%m +r+J rv H mapzd‹k &nf±, G w f mvnf; jzpfygw,f?

0ef}uD;Xme[m ppfwyfukd wdu k ±f u kd t f rde‹f ay;vd‹k &wJh ae&mrsK;d r[kwyf gb;l ? 'ga=umifh 0ef}uD;Adv k cf sKyf (ppfwikd ;f rª;a[mif;awG)taeeJ‹ wdik ;f / wyfr/ wyf&if;awGtxd trde‹f ay;}uD;=uyfyikd cf iG hf r&Sad wmhygb;l ? 'g[m wyfwiG ;f tm%mjzef‹usuaf &;tydik ;f rSm odyu f t kd a&;}uD;ygw,f? ppftm%m&SiAf v kd af e0if;&JŒ vkyaf vhvyk x f &Sw d hJ ppfwyftay: wdu k ±f u kd t f rde‹f ay;ydik cf iG /hf vkyyf ikd cf iG hf tm%m ±kyfodrf;a&;yHkpHjzpfygw,f? EdkifiHawmftkyfcsKyfa&;tm%m qufvufxdrf;odrf;zdk‹ wyfrawmf&JŒ ausmaxmufaemufcH tiftm;jznfq h ;D ay;r_[m tc&musw,fv‹kd Adv k af e0if; ,H=k unfxm;ygw,f? 'ga=umifv h nf; wyfrawmf}uD; wckv;kH udk Edik Ef ikd ef if;eif;csKyfuikd zf ‹kd twGuf vufoyfarG;/ tdr+f cHaygu/f vl,HkawGudk (wrk[kwfcsif;) &mxl;wdk;ay;cJhygw,f? ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&r_eJ‹ vkyf&nfudkif&nftvdkuf wynfhaumif;/ rif;apyg;awGudk aumif;aumif;arG;jrLcJhygw,f? ta&;ygwJh tkyfcsKyfa&;XmeawGrSm ol‹pw d }f uKd uf toD;oD;wm0efcaGJ 0ay;cJyh gw,f? wzufrmS uvnf; tm;òyid t f yk pf ak wG/ yk*K~ v d af wG&v dS m&if &mxl;awGuae ðzwfxw k zf ,f&mS ;+y;D ESyd u f yG af vh&ydS gw,f? axmifxm;jcm;em;olawGukd enf;vrf;trsK;d rsK;d eJ‹ okwo f ifacsre_ ;f avh&w dS o hJ m"u ordik ;f a=umif;rSm tajrmuftjrm;&Syd gw,f?

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'Dxu J trsm;pk[m om;owform;pdev f iG w hf yf (wyfr22) vufatmufcw H yfwcsKŒd u wyfom;awGjzpf+y;D f m;cH&olrsm;/ pdww f ikd ;f usavhusichf x H m;&olyg? pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f mt&/ oabmw&m;t& Brain Wash vkyx t&uf pdwfºuGaq; wdkufau|;cH&olrsm;/ tvHeDeJ‹ csDwufvmolrSefor#udk uGefjrLepf awmwGif; olyek af wG[k ajymqdrk id_ ;f wdu k cf &H olawGjzpfw,fv‹kd ajym=uygw,f? wu,fv h ufawG‹rmS ppftm%m&Siaf wGtzd‹k wyfrawmfom;tm;vH;k udk xifovdk trde‹f ay;csiw f ikd ;f ay;vdk‹r&Edkifygbl;? txl;ojzifh jynfolvlxkudk &uf&ufpufpufowfjzwfzdk‹ trdef‹ay;cdkif;ap&ef ydk+yD;cufcJapygw,f? 'ga=umifh ta&;awmfyHk}uD;rSm cg;ydkufaqmifwyf/ wvufudkifwyfawGudkom xkwo f ;kH Edik cf w hJ hJ taetxm;rSmyJ &Syd gw,f? wyfrawmfom;trsm;pkuawmh ta&;awmfyHkumvtwGif;rSm wdwfqdwf+idrfoufpGm aecJh&wm jzpfygw,f? qENjyyJt G wGi;f wpHw k &m yg0ifywfoufciG hf r&cJyh gb;l ? ta&;awmfyt kH +y;D wyfrrª;wOD;uqd&k if - “ta&;tcif;wke;f u òr‹cd v H x l u k om wyfuv kd m+yD;ac:&if rvku d Ef ikd pf &mta=umif; vH;k 0r&Sb d ;l ” vd‹k qdyk gw,f? wyf&if;rª;wOD;uvnf; “vlxu k tzsut f arSmuf pDrcH suaf wGxJ tidu k rf rd oGm;zd‹k ta&;}u;D ygw,f? wEdkifiHvHk; twdkif;twmeJ‹ pnf;urf;vnf;us nDvnf;nD!Gwf+yDqdk&if AdkvfcsKyf}uD;awG rvdu k af vsmbJ wif;cHaevd‹k r&ygb;l ? olw‹kd &ŒJ wvufuikd w f yfawGukd trde‹f ay;zd‹k / ray;zd‹k awmif tusyf ±dkufoGm;aprSmjzpfygw,f”? olwdk‹ajymwJhtwdkif;qdk&if wEdkifiHvHk; twdkif;twmeJ‹ jynfolvlxkeJ‹ 240

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242

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Adkvfarmifat;wa,muf “rdat;ESpfcgem” jzpf&ygw,f? wESpftwGif;rSm 'kwd,t}udrfajrmuf “t±_u d u f kd txd;k cHvu kd &f jcif;” yg? wifO;D / ppfarmifw‹kd vkd vuf&ZJ uf&aJ xmufy‹kd orm;awGukd vufvw $ f qH;k ±_;H vdu k &f wm[m b,faomtcgrS jyefvnfqpkH nf;p&m r&Sad wmhygb;l ? vufusef 0if;jrif/h wifvw S ‹kd ukd pD;yGm;a&;vmbfpm;aumif;wJh ae&mrSmxm;/ 0g;aewJt h csed rf mS vuf!Kd‡ ;xd;k +yD; acsmifrmS ody/f z,fxw k f vkyv f u kd jf yefyg+yD? xGe;f =unf/ ausmb f / jrifah tmifw‹kd ðzwfxw k cf cH &hJ wmudk jyefvnf trSw&f ygw,f?

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Adv k cf ifneG ‹f w‹kd [m tm%mudk vk,=l uyHak wGrmS rxl;l jcm;ygb;l ? òydib f ufawGukd enf;vrf;trsK;d rsK;d eJ‹ ðzwfxw k zf ,f&mS ;ypfwm Adv k af e0if;&JŒ vky±f ;kd vkypf Ofyg? Adv k cf ifneG ‹f vuf&mawGuvnf; Adv k af e0if;&JŒ tarGq;kd twdik ;f ygy?J 'ga=umifh Adkvfae0if;vdk wOD;wnf;tm%m&Sifb0udk a&mufcsifwJh AdkvfcifnGef‹twGuf tm%m tpktyH}k uD;udk vufxrJ mS rdr&d & qkyu f ikd x f m;zd‹k q&kd if ol‹òydib f ufawGukd wyfwiG ;f tkycf sKyfa&; tm%m uae z,f&mS ;ypf&rSmyg? Adv k cf ifneG ‹f &ŒJ vuf&majc&mawGukd aumuf=unf&h if tm%m&Sif OD;ae0if; b0rsK;d udk wyfrufaewm awG‹&ygw,f? vlxkacgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unfeJ‹ AdkvfcifnGef‹wdk‹ awG‹qHkpum;ajymqdkr_ b,ftajc qdu k rf ,fqw kd m rajymvdak yr,f/h Adv k cf ifneG ‹f wa,muf Adv k af e0if;vufopfjzpfvm+yD; Adv k af e0if; pepftwdik ;f csw D ufvrd rhf ,fqw kd mawmh ajymcsiyf gw,f?

Ed0k ifbmv 16 &uf/ 2001 (arc) ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ

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rsm;. vufcsujf zifh vlrp_ ;D yGm;b0ysucf +hJ yD;/ arG;&yfZmwdEiS hf +cH0if;}uD;udk pGe‹f cgG I a&muf&maygu&f m vGix hf u G o f mG ;=uonf? ,ckawmh trsm;enf;wl ‚if;wd‹k u wkid cf suzf iG chf o hJ nf? Tenf;jzifh w&m;cHukd "mwfyrkH sm;jzifh wku d =f unf&h muae ajc&maumufEidk cf jhJ cif;jzpfonf? w&m;ojzifh pD&ifonfah cwf}u;D udjk zifh a&mufcahJ v+y?D r+y;D jywfao;onfh ajz&Si;f r_rsm;u 'ke‹J a'; use&f adS e ao;onf? toufnm‡ qH;k / w&m;tr#wqH;k ESihf tar#mt f jrif}uD;onfh ,ckacwfacgi;f aqmifrsm;udk jynfot l rsm;u wifajr‡mufae=u.? tqH;k owfrawmh jynforl sm;om tpd;k &onf? jynforl sm;om tqH;k tjzwf. rlvydik &f iS jf zpfonf? apvd&k mapEkid o f nfh jynfo‹l acwfjzpfygawmhonf?

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Acronyms: AAPP – Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma) ABSDF – All Burma Students' Democratic Front ABSFU – All Burma Federation of Student Unions ABSL – All Burma Students League ABYMU – All Burma Young Monks Union ASEAN – Association of Southeast Asian Nations BLC – Burma Lawyers' Council CNF – Chin National Front CRPP – Committee Representing People's Parliament DKBA – Democratic Karen Buddhist Army DPA – Democratic Party of Arakan DPNS – Democratic Party for a New Society DSB – Democratic Students of Burma ENC – Ethnic Nationalities Council FTUB – Federation of Trade Unions - Burma GTI – Government Technology Institute ICFTU – International Confederation of Free Trade Unions ICRC – International Committee of the Red Cross ILO – International Labour Organization KNU – Karen National Union NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NCGUB – National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma NDD – Network for Democracy and Development NDF – National Democratic Front NGO – Non-Governmental Organization NHEC – National Health and Education Committee NLD – National League for Democracy NUP – National Unity Party RIT – Rangoon Institute of Technology RFA – Radio Free Asia SNLD – Shan Nationalities League for Democracy UNHCR – United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNLD – United Nationalities League for Democracy WLB – Women's League of Burma WRWAB – Women Rights and Welfare Association of Burma ZNC – Zomi National Congress

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aus;Zl ; pum; pmtkyx f w k af 0Edik af &;twGuf trSmpma&;om;ay;yd‹k ol q&mrsm;ESihf q&mr/ pmrlwnf;jzwfay;ol tm[m&ESihf rZÆrd t,f'w D mrsm;/ aiGa=u;tm;jzifh axmufyu hH n l o D rl sm;/ pmtkyu f kd jyifqifay;olrsm;ESihf tzufzufu 0kid ;f 0ef;tm;ay;=uonfh rdwaf qGtm;vH;k udk aus;Zl;txl;wif&ydS gonf?

pma&;ol. udk,fa&;tcsuftvuf 1965 Ed0k ifbm 2 &ufwiG f arG;zGm; 1987 - uavm GTI rS ausmif;+yD; 1988 - GTI ausmif;om;or*~ (rH&k mG ) zJ‹G pnf;a&; yg0ifvy_ &f mS ; 1990 - Burma Democratic Guerilla Front ESihf 1991 - Burma Democratic Student Front wGif yg0ifO;D aqmif 1994 - ABSDF taemufzufppfa'o (rDZ&kd rf) wm0efcH 2002 rS pwifI All Burma Students League 'kOuUX tm[m&pmapmif t,f'w D m/ rZÆrd owif;Xme jrefrmydik ;f qkid &f m vufaxmuft,f'w D m pmaytEkynmtoif; (jrefrmEkid if )H OD;aqmiftzJ‹G 0if &J&ifah tmif/ rif;ol/ jrom/ ZGe/f wd;k av; uavmiftrnfrsm;jzifh uAsmESihf aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;

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