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oufaomifhoufom&SdrI? oufaomifhoufom xdkifvdkY&jcif;ygyJ/ jyefcsKyf&&if ukvm;xdkif[m bmtokH;usovJ? olYtokH;0ifrI wefzdk;ubmvJ? ukvm;xdkif[m vlawGxdkifvdkY&w,f/ oufaomifhoufom xdkifvdkY&jcif;[m olYtokH;0ifrIwefzdk;ygyJ/ tvm;wlvlawG tokH;jyKzdkY vlawGtwGuf tokH;0ifwJh ypönf;awG vlawGjyKvkyfMuwm ra&rwGufEkdifygyJ/ ½kd;½kd;vG,fvG,fuav;yJ pOf;pm;Munfh&if yrmtm;jzifh uwfaMu;? i½kwfqkH? em;zmuavmf? armfawmfum;? w,fvDzkef;? tyfcsKyfpuf? xD; ay;p&mOyrmawG rsm;vSygw,f/ tJ'Dypönf;awGtm;vkH;[m vlawGtwGuf olYae&meJYo?l olYtwdkif;twmeJYol tokH;usaeMuw,f/ tokH;0ifrIwefzdk; &SdaeMuw,f/ enf;wmrsm;wm ao;Ekyfwm BuD;us,fwm ta&;ygwm rygwm awGz,fxm; tm;vkH;[m tajccHoabmt& vlawGtwGuf tokH;uswmawGcsnf;ygyJ/ tokH;0ifrI wefzdk;&SdMuwmcsnf;ygyJ/ tEkynmrSm tJ'Dvdkwefzdk;awGr&Sdbl;/ vufawGU? 'd|? wdkuf½kduftokH;0ifrI bmrSr&Sdbl;/ wpfckMum;jzwfajymp&m &Sdvmygw,f/ tEkynmudk txufu OyrmjycJhwJh ypönf;awGeJYwef;wl oabmxm;vdkY tjypfwifp&m jzpfvmygw,f/ i&kwfqkHwdkY em;zmuavmfwdkY xD;wdkYeJY yef;csDum;wpfcsyf? uAsmwpfyk'f? oDcsif;wpfyk'f obm0csif; rwlbl;vdkY ajymp&m jzpfvmygw,f/ jypfwif a'goyGm;p&m jzpfvmygw,f/ tJ'Dvdk obm0csif; rwlwm[m aomhcsufygyJ/ tJ'D upNyD; pOf;pm;yg/ Oyrm-ay:OD;ouf&JU yef;csDum;wpfcsyf/ tJ'g tEkynmypönf;wpfck taotcsm jzpfygw,f/ tJ'Dyef;csDum; bmvkyfvdkY&ovJ? b,fae&mrSm tokH;0ifovJ/ xrif;rpm;&ao;wJh vlwpfa,mufudk 0vifjynfhpkHatmif rvkyfEkdifyg/ zsm;emaewJh vlwpfa,mufudk tzsm;aysmuf oGm;atmif vkyfray;Ekdifyg/ rdrdoHa,mZOfBuD;olwpfa,muf qkH;yg;cJhvdkY aomuy&da'0 jzpfaeoludk tylNidrf;atmif vkyfray;Ekdifyg/ qdkMuygpkdY/ a*:uD&JU tar[m wdkif;jynfBuD;wpfck&JU 0g'pepfBuD;wpfckvkH; NydKysufoGm;atmif xdef;ray;EkdifcJhyg/ &SdwfpyD;,m;&JU jyZmwfawG[m tJ'Dwdkif; jynfab;u uRef;uav;&JU y#dyuudk ajz&Sif;ray;Edkifyg/ tJvda,mh&JU uAsmawG[m tJ'DEdkifiH&JU &mZ0wfrIxlajymjcif;udk avsmhyg;aysmufuG,foGm;atmif rvkyfEkdifyg/ tJ'Dvdk tEkynm[m vlwpfOD;csif;&JU ta&;udpö b0vdktifawG NyD;pD; jynfhpkHzdkY bmrSvkyfray;Ekdifbl;/ wpfenf;ajym&&if tokH;0ifrI wefzdk;r&Sdbl;/ 'Dae&mrSm tEkynmeJY bmrSrqdkifwJh udpöawG ajymaew,fvdkY tjypfwifp&m? uefYuGufp&m? a'goxGuf p&m&Sdygw,f/ pum;toGm;tvmudk axmufvdkY uAsmwpfyk'fudk em;zmuavmfwpfacsmif;? i½kwfqkHwpfvkH;avmufawmif tokH;rusbl;vdkY ajymw,fqdkNyD; pma&;oludk acgif;&kdufcGJcsifavmufatmif jzpfEkdifygw,f/ bmqkdifvdkYvJuGmvdkY jypfwif½Iwfcsyg/ ajymcsifwmu (tav;teufajymcsifwmu) tJ'D bmrSrqdkifwJh taMumif;ygyJ/ tJ'DbmrSrqdkifwJh taMumif;udkyJ tav;teuf ajymcsifwmyg/ vlawG&JU udpöta&;t&m jyóemawG? vdktyfcsufawG? qE´awG? vIyf&Sm;rIawGeJY tEkynm[m bmrSrqdkifbl;/ tJ'Dta&;udpöawGtwGuf bmrSvkyfray;Ekdifbl;/ bmrS wm0ef,lrxm;bl;/ pum;pOfudk jyefcsLyf&&if tEkynm[m vlawGtwGuf vufawGU'd|wdkuf&kduf bmrStokH;r0ifbl;/ tokH;0ifrI wefzdk;r&Sdbl;qdkwJh tcsufudk tav;teufwifjycJhygw,f/ 'Dvdk pum;uyfaNymvdkY &ygw,f/ qdkygawmh? txufu jycJhwJh q&may:OD;ouf&JU yef;csDum;/ aeylxJudk oGm;wJhvlwpfa,mufu xD;tpm; yef;csDum;BuD; acgif;ay:wifoGm;NyD; aeyl'Pfudk umuG,fay;wJh tokH;0ifrI wefzdk;&Sdw,fvdkY ajymvm&if tJ'Dpum;[m [motjzpf yGJuswJhjyufvkH;wpfck jzpfcsifjzpfr,f/ tcsufuswJh tqdkwpfckawmh r[kwfbl;/

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tokH;0ifrIwefzdk;r&SdwJh tEkynmudk vlawGu bmvdkU wzGzG ajymaeMuwmvJ/ acwftqufquf tEkynmudk av;pm;aeMuw,f/ wefzdk;xm;Muw,f/ jrwfEkd;Muw,f/ csD;usL; *kPfwifaeMuw,f/ tEkynmorm;awGudkvnf; 'DvdkyJ av;pm;wefzdk;xm;Muw,f/ jrwfEkd;csD;usL;Mu&w,f/ bmvdkYvJ/ tEkynmrSm wjcm; bmeJYrS EdIif;,SOfvdkYr&wJhwjcm; b,frSmrS r&SdwJh tjcm; b,ft&mrSmrSr&SdwJh wefzdk;wpfck &SdaevdkYygyJ/tJ'Dwefzdk;[m tEkynmwefzdk; jzpfygw,f/ tEkynmrSm tokH;0ifrIwefzdk; r&SdvdkY ajymcJhygw,f/ &o0g'D atmfpum0dkif;( Wilde ) udkvn;fudk;um;cJhygw,f/ 'óeaA'e,fu yk*¾dKvfausmfwpfOD;jzpfwJh uefU ( Immanuel Kant ) &JUusrf; ( Critique of Judgement )rSm ]]Purposiveness without Purpose}} qdkwJh pum;&yf[m ausmfMum;vSygw,f/ 'Dpum;&yf[m odkr[kwf]]Purposelessness}} tEkynm&JUtokH; (Function) eJUywfoufNyD; qifjcifyGm;rsm;p&m pum;&yfvdkU ,lqwJhtwGuf azmfjyvdkufjcif; jzpfygw,f/ qufvuf qifjcifyGm;rsm; Muapvkdygw,f/ tEkynmrSm tokH;0ifrIwefzdk;r&SdygbJeJY ordkif;wpfavQmufvkH; vlawG[m ]]tEkynm? tEkynm}} eJYwzGzGw&& bmvdkUajymaeMuwmvJ/ bmjzpfvdkY ta&;w,l vkyfaeMuwmvJ/ tEkynm&SifawGuvnf; tokH;0ifrIwefzdk;r&SdwJh (0g) tokH;r0ifwJh? tokH;ruswJh tEkynmudk bmjzpfvdkY zefwD;aqmif&GufaeMuwmvJ/ tqif;&JcH? tiwfcH? b0udk jrSKyfESHNyD; tEkynmrStEkynmvdkY a<u;aMumfaeBuwmvJ/ b,foleJUrSrwl rdk;xdatmif wHcGefxlNyD; tEkynmrme BuD;awG xm;aeMu&wmvJ/ ar;r,fqdk&if ar;p&m ar;cGef;awGygyJ/ t&ifv uRefawmfhpmwrf; tqkH;owfrSm ar;cJhygw,f/ ajzvnf;ajzcJhygw,f/ bmaMumifhvJqdkawmh tEkynmrSm ]wjcm;b,frSmr&SdwJh tEkynmwefzdk;} qdkwm &SdaevdkYygyJ/ ]wjcm;b,frSmrSr&SdwJh} vdkYvnf;qdkEkdifygw,f/ ]tJ'D tEkynmwefzdk;} qkdwmu bmvJ/ ]vlawGudk ESpfoufMunfEl;rI ay;pGrf;Edkifjcif;? ay;jcif;} qdkwJhwefzdk;ygyJ/ tJ'Dpum;&yfrSmvnf; ] wjcm; b,frSmrSr&SdwJh b,ft&mrSr&SdwJh} qdkwJh pum;&yf jznfhpGufrS jynfhpkHoGm;ygvdrfhr,f/ wpfenf;tvG,f ajym&&if tEkynmu vlawGudk b,ft&murS ray;EkdifwJh ESpfoufMunfEl;rIudk ay;w,f/ tJ'gwefzdk;ygyJ/ tJ'Dawmh qufpOf;pm;zdkYu vlawG[m b,ftcgrSm ESpfouf MunfEl;rIudk &wwfovJ qdkwmygyJ/ omreftm;jzifh xif&Sm; odomwmuawmh ]rsufpd?em;?ESm?vQm?udk,f?pdwf} qdkwJh tm½Hkajcmufyg; cHpm;rIrsdK;rSm udk,fESpfoufvdkvm;wmeJY awGUqkHBuKHBudKuf cHpm;&&if oabmusw,f/ ESpfouf MunfEl;rIudk &w,fqdkwJh tqdkygyJ/ omreftm;jzifh? a,bk,stm;jzifh tm½Hkajcmufyg;cHpm;rIudkom qkdcJhygw,f/ ESpfoufMunfEl;rIudk jzpfay:apwJh wjcm;taMumif; w&m;awGvnf; &Sdygvdrfhr,f/ tJ'Dtm½Hkajcmufyg;cHpm;rI rsdK;eJYrwlwJh ESpfoufMunfEl;rIudk jzpfw,fqdkwm t"duajymvdk&if; jzpfygw,f/ aemufwpfcsuf xnfhpOf;pm;&rSmu obm0avmuxJu ouf&SdoufrJht&mawG awGUqkHBuKHBudKuf &wJhtcgrsdK;rSm ESpfoufMunfEl;rI &Ekdifygw,f/ ykHpHtm;jzifh ae0ifcsdef wdrfawmufaewJh aumif;uif? wpfyifvkH;a0atmif yGifhaewJh ydawmufyif ponfjzihfaygh/ tJ'Dobm0avmuxJ u&wJh ESpfoufMunfEl;rIrsdK;eJUrwlwJh ESpfoufMunfEl;rIrsdK; qdkwmvnf; t"duajymvdk&if;ygyJ/ aemufwpfcsufu txufu ajymcJhwJh wjcm;taMumif;w&m;awGqdkygawmh/ pmar;yGJatmifw,f? &mxl;wdk;w,f? xDaygufw,f ponfjzifh trsdK;rsdK;&SdEkdifygw,f/ tJ'Dvdk b0vdktifawG jynfhoGm;vdkY jzpfay:cHpm;vdkuf&wJh ESpfoufMunfEl;rIrsdK;eJY rwlwJh ESpfoufMunfEl;rIrsdK; qdkwmvnf; t"du ajymvdk&if;ygyJ/

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tckjycJhwJh ESpfoufMunfEl;rIrsdK;awGeJYrwlwJh ESpfoufMunfEl;rIrsdK;udk tEkynmu ay;Ekdifw,f/ ay;Ekdifw,fqdk&mrSmvnf; tEkynmwpfckwnf;uyJ 'DESpfoufMunfEl;rIrsdK;udk ay;Ekdifw,f/ tJ'Dvdkay;Ekdifjcif;? ay;jcif;onfomvQif tEkynm&JUwefzdk;jzpfw,f/ tJ'Dwefzdk;aMumifhyJ ordkif; wpfavQmufvkH; vlawG[m tEkynmudk wefzkd;xm;aeMuw,f/ tEkynm? tEkynm eJY wzGzGajymaeMuw,f/ av;pm;aeMuw,f/ jrwfEdk;aeMuw,f/ zefwD;oltEkynm&SifawGudkvnf; csD;usL;OD;nTwf aeMuw,f/ tEkynmwefzdk;&SdwJh tEkynmrsm;udk zefwD;aqmif&Gufjcif;[m vlom;&JU BuD;us,fjrifhjrwfwJh *kPfwpf&yf jzpfw,f/ 'DrSm pOf;pm;p&mwpf&yf ay:vmygw,f/ apmapmuwifjycJhwmawGxJu ar;cGef;wpfck xkwfvdkY&ygw,f/ tEkynmrSm b,ft&meJYrSrwlwJh tEkynmwefzdk;qdkwm&SdvdkY ordkif;wpfavQmufvkH; tEkynmudk av;pm;wefzdk;xm;aeMuw,f/ tEkynmorm;awGu zefwD;Muw,f/ vlawGu wefzdk;xm;Buw,f/ tEkynmrSm tEkynmwefzdk;qdkwm&SdvdkY vlawGu odyfwefzdk;xm; MuwmrSefygNyD/ tEkynmorm;awGu tEkynmawG zefwD;Mu&mrSm tEkynmwefzdk;qdkwmaMumihf zefwD;Muwmvm;vdkY pOf;pm;p&m? ar;cGef;xkwfp&mjzpfvmygw,f/ wpfenf;ajym&&if tEkynmorm;awG bmaMumifh tEkynmzefwD;MuwmvJ/ 'Dar;cGef;[m oD;jcm;us,fus,fjyefYjyefY avhvmwifjyajzqdk&r,fh ar;cGef; jzpfygw,f/ aemifrS uRefawmf vufvSrf;rSDorQ wifjyygr,f/ tckawmh tEkynmrSm &Sdw,fvdkY todtrSwfjyKcJhMuwJh tEkynmwefzkd; taMumif;udkyJ wifjycJhygw,f/ wefzdk;xm;jcif;ESifhwefzdk;jzwfjcif; .pmaytygt0if tEkynm&yf tm;vkH;ESifhqdkifaom tawG;tac:rsm;wGif wefzdk;xm;jcif; (Valuing) ESifh wefzdk;jzwfjcif; ( Evalation ) [laom udpöESpf&yf&Sdygonf/ ,if;wdkYonf ta&;xm;oifhaom tajccHudpörsm;jzpfaomaMumihf tEkynm pdwf0ifpm;ol? avhvmol taxGaxG pmzwfy&dowfrsm;twGuf &nf&G,fí wifjyvdkufygonf/ .vlonf tEkynmudk zefwD;wwfonf/ aqmif&Gufwwfonf/ zefwD;ESifh aqmif&Gufudk þodkY cGJjcm;owfrSwfygonf/ zefwD;-odkY&mwGif pmay? yef;csD? yef;yk ponfwdkYudk qdkvdkygonf/ aqmif&Guf-odkY&mwGif tu? jyZmwf? &kyf&Sif ponfwdkYukd qdkvdkygonf/ &kyf&SifwGif ZwfnTef;a&;om;jcif;? "gwfykH&kdufjcif;wdkYonf zefwD;rIjzpfí o&kyfaqmifjcif;onf aqmif&GufrI[k ,lygonf/ nTefMum;? 'g&dkufwmvkyfief; onf zefwD;rI[k ,l&jyefygonf/ aw;*Dw (pmom;ryg) a&;jcif;? oDcsif; (pmom;yg) a&;jcif;wdkYonf zefwD;rIjzpfí wD;rIwfjcif;? oDqdkjcif;wdkYonf aqmif&GufrI[k owfrSwfygonf/ Adokumonf zefwD;rIjzpf\/ odkYaomf oD;jcm;pOf;pm;&rnfh jyoemrsm;&Sdaeygonf/ þodkYjzifh zefwD;?zefwD;rI ( Create/Creation ) ESifh aqmif&Guf / aqmif&GufrI ( Perform/Performance ) [lí tajccHa0g[m&ESpf&yfudk rSwfom;oifhygonf/ tcsdKUu tEkynmukd tcsdef/ae&m ( Time/Space ) cGJí *Dw? jyZmwf? pmay? tu? &kyf&SifwdkYudk ( Arts of time/ temporal art ) yef;csD? yef;yk? AdokumwkdYudk ( Arts of space/spatial art ) [kcGJygonf/ þoabmw&m;onf 19 &mpkrS 20&mpk tapmydkif;txd ]&o ynm} ( Aesthetics/ esthetics ) ordkif;wpfavQmufvkH; xif&Sm;cJhygonf/ odkYaomf aemufq&mrsm;u xdkokdYcGJjcm;ykH oabmw&m;udk vkH;0y,fcJhMuygonf/ þokdYjzifh tEkynmorm; tEkynm&Sifu zefwD;/

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aqmif&Guf aomaMumifh tEkynmypönf; ( work of art ) ykHpHtm;jzifh tu? oDcsif;qdkjcif;? wD;rIwfjcif;wdkY ay:aygufvm&onf/ ,if;wdkYudk cHpm;ol (0g) cH,lol vltrsm;u cHpm;onf/ cH,lonf/ xdkYaMumifh 1/tEkynm&Sif? 2/ tEkynmypönf; (0g) aqmif&GufrI? 3/ tEkynmy&dowf [lí okH;rsdK;okH;pm; uGJjym;vmygonf/ þpmwrf;ESifhywfoufaom tEkynm y&dowfudk tvG,fwul rSwfom;xm;&efjzpfygonf/ tEkynmy&dowfudk ESpfrsdK;ESpfpm; xyfrHcGJjcm;&ygrnf/ (tEkynmy&dowfudk ynm&Sifrsm; trsdK;rsdK; cGJjcm;cJhMuygonf/ orm;pOf tqdktrdefYrsm;udk us,f0ef;rnfjzpfaomaMumifh csefvSyfcJhygonf/ þpmwrf;wGif þodkYokH;pGJonf [líom rSwfom;Mu&ef jzpfygonf) tEkynm y&dowfwGif 1/tEkynmukd wefzdk;xm;olrsm;? 2/tEkynmudk wefzdk;jzwfolrsm; [lí ESpfrsdK;cGJjcm;Muygonf/ wpfenf;qkdaomf 1/wefzdk;xm;aomtvkyfudk vkyfolrsm;? 2/wefzdk;jzwfaom tvkyfudkvkyfolrsm; [líjzpfygonf/ wefzdk;xm;olrsm; pmwrf;tpwGif jycJhaom wefzdk;xm;jcif;ESifh wefzdk;jzwfjcif;udk jyefaumuf&ygrnf/ vlonf ordkif;wpfavQmufvkH; tEkynmudk wefzdk;xm;cJhMuonf/ acwfudkvdkufí? yx0Dtaetxm;udk vdkufí? wdkif;jynfESifh vlrsdK;udkvdkufí? t,l0g'\ ,kHMunfouf0ifrIudk vdkufí? vlyk*¾Kdvf wpfOD;csif;\ tEkynmcH,lEdkifrI pGrf;&nfudkvdkufí? ÓPfynm tqifhtwef;udkvdkufí? wefzdk;xm; MuykHcsif; rwluGJjym;Ekdifygonf/ odkYwkdifatmif tEkynmudk wefzdk;xm;Muonfcsnf; jzpf\/ xdkYaMumifh vlwdkif; tEkynmudk wefzdk;xm;Muonf[k a,bk,s qdk&ygrnf/ (tEkynmudk b,fvdkrS wefzdk;rxm;wwfol? rcHpm;wwfol wpfa,mufwav&SdEdkifygonf/ wefzdk;rxm;½HkrQru tEkynmudk qefYusifaom (Anti-Art) orm;rsm;vnf; &SdEkdifygonf/ xdk>cif;csufrsm;udk >cif;csufrsm;tjzpfom xm;&ygrnf) wefzdk;jzwfolrsm; vlwdkif;tEkynmudk wefzdk;xm;onf/ vltcsdKUonf wefzkd;xm;½HkrQru wefzdk;jzwfaom tvkyfukdyg vkyfMuonf/ wefzdk;xm;olwdkif; wefzdk;jzwfaom tvkyfudk rvkyfMu/ vlenf;pkuom xdktvkyfudk vkyfygonf/ ,if;vlenf;pkrSm ynm&Sifrsm;? 'óeq&mrsm;? a0zefa&;q&mrsm;yif jzpfygonf/ wefzdk;xm;olESifhwefzdk;jzwfoluGJjym;ykH wefzdk;xm;oludk taxGaxGy&dowf[k ajymEkdifygonf/ omrefy&dowf[kvnf; ajymEkdifygvdrfhrnf/ olonf tEkynm ypönf;/ aqmif&GufrI wpfckckudk awGUBuHKaomtcg cH,lonf/ odkYr[kwf cHpm;onf/ olBudKufESpfoufaom trsdK;tpm;jzpfí ESpfoufMunfEl;rI wefzdk;udk &&SdcHpm;vdkuf&onf/ xdkokdY &&SdcHpm;vdkufaMumif;udk taMumif;tusdK; taumif;tqdk; okH;oyfa0zefjy&efrvdk/ ESpfoufMunfEl;pGm cHpm;jcif;wGif pcef;qkH;onf/ olYtvkyfudpöonf

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cHpm;jcif;? wefzdk;xm;jcif; oufoufrQomjzpf\/ bmaMumifh ESpfoufMunfEl;rI&ovJ/ b,fvdk &ovJ ponfwdkYudk ajymjy&efrvdk/ ajymjycsifvQifvnf; ajymjyEkdifygonf/ aumif;pGm ajymjywwf olvnf; jzpfcsifjzpfygrnf/ odkYaomf w&m;udk,foabmt& olYwGif ajymjy&ef wm0efr&Sdyg/ ajymrjywwfonfh twGufaMumifhvnf; tjypfwif&efroifh/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf olonf tEkynmudk cHpm;ol? cH,lol? tEkynmudk wefzdk;xm;ol oufouf wpfa,muf jzpfaom aMumifhyif/ .wefzdk;jzwfolonf tEkynmypönf;wpfck aqmif&GufrI wpfckESifh awGUBuHKaomtcg cHpm;½Hk rQru xkdtaMumif;udk ajymqkdvmonf/ taMumif;tusdK; qufpyfí taumif; tqdk;/ tnHh cGJjcm;jyvmonf/ olbmaMumifh BudKufonf? ESpfoufMunfEl;rI&onf? rnfodkYrnfykH &onfwdkYudkyg ajymqdkvmonf/ xdkodkYajymaom wm0efudk olYvkyfief;obm0t& ol,l&onf/ olYvkyfief; obm0t& ESpfoufMunfEl;rI&½HkESifh pcef;rqkH;/ ESpfoufMunfEl;jcif; wnf;[laom tEkynm wefzdk;yg jzwfíay;onf/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf olonf cHpm;½HkoufoufrQru wefzdk;jzwfaom tvkyfudkyg vkyfonf/ wefzdk;jzwfol jzpfaomaMumifhyif/ wefzdk;jzwfolrsm;onf ynm&Sifrsm;? 'óe q&mrsm;? a0zefa&;q&mrsm; jzpfygonf/ þokdYjzifh tEkynmudk cH,lol? tEkynm y&dowfwGif (wefzdk;xm;jcif;ESifh wefzdk;jzwfjcif; uGJjym;onfhtavsmuf) 1/wefzdk;xm;ol ESifh 2/wefzdk;jzwfol[lí ESpfrsdK;uGJjym;aMumif; (0g) cGJjcm;wwfaMumif; wifjycJhygonf/ qufvufí wefzdk;xm;ol xm;&Sdtyfaom oabmxm; ESifh wefzdk;jzwfol xm;&Sdtyfaom oabmxm;[lí oabmxm;ESpf&yf uGJjym;aMumif; wifjyygOD;rnf/ tEkynmy&dowfESifhoabmxm;ESpf&yf pmaytygt0if tEkynm&yftm;vkH;ESifh ywfouf wefzdk;xm;ol? wefzdk;jzwfol[lí uGJjym;aMumif; wifjycJhygonf/ ,if;wdkYESpfOD;udk tEkynmy&dowf[k qdk&ygrnf/ rdrdwdkYvkyfief;obm0t& xm;&Sd&aom oabmxm;rsm;vnf; uGJjym;ygonf/ wefzdk;xm;ol xm;&Sdaom oabmxm;ESifh wefzdk;jzwfolxm;&Sdaom oabmxm;ESpf&yfudk qufvufwifjyygrnf/ xdkoabmxm;ESpf&yfrSm 1/&ocHpm;rI oabmxm; (Aesthetics Attitude) 2/a0zefa&; oabmxm; (Critical Attitude ) [lí jzpfonf/ &ocHpm;rIoabmxm;onf wefzdk;xm;ol? taxGaxGy&dowfESifh qdkifygonf (0g) wefzdk;xm;ol? taxGaxGy&dowfu xm;&Sdaom oabmxm; jzpfygonf/ a0zefa&;oabmxm;onf wefzdk;jzwfol? ynm&Sif? 'óeq&m? a0zefa&;q&mESifh qdkifygonf (0g) wefzdk;jzwfol? ynm&Sif? 'óeq&m? a0zefa&;q&mu xm;&Sdaom oabmxm; jzpfygonf/ þoabmxm;ESpf&yfudk &Sif;vif;zGifhqdk&ef BudK;yrf;ygrnf/ &ocHpm;rIoabmxm; tEkynmwpf&yf&yfESifh awGUqkHBuHKBudKufonfhtcg y&dowfwpfa,mufu cHpm;onf/ ESpfoufMunfEl;rI &&eftwGuf oufoufrQom cHpm;onf/ tjcm; &nf&G,fcsufrxm;? tjcm;tusdK;udk rarQmfudk;/ ESpfoufMunfEl;rI&&ef twGuf oufoufrQom cHpm;aom olonf &o oabmxm;jzifh cHpm;onf (0g) xdkolwGif xdkokdYcHpm;pOf &ocHpm;rI oabmxm; wnf&Sdaeonf[k

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,lq&ygrnf/ ykHpHtm;jzifh-wpfpkHwpfa,mufu 0w¬Kwpfyk'f zwfonfqdkygpdkY/ 0w¬Ka&;q&m tEkynmorm; zefwD;xm;aom tEkynmypönf; wpfcktjzpf owfrSwfzwf½Ionf/ xdktEkynmypönf;rSm wnf&Sdaeaom tEkynmwefzdk;rS ESpfoufMunfEl;rI &,lcHpm;vdkjcif; oufouftwGufom zwfonf/ xdk0w¬KwGifygaom EdkifiHa&;? vlrIa&; paom t,ltqudk oabmusESpfNcdKufí? rdrd&Sd&if;pGJ t,ltqESifhwlnDí? xdk0w¬Kudk zwf&jcif;tm;jzifh rdrdt,ltq ydkrdkcdkifNrJ MunfvifoGm;ap&ef [laom &nf&G,fcsufxm;&Sdí zwfjcif;rsdK;r[kwf/ xdk0w¬Kudk zwfvdkuf&jcif;jzifh rdrdwGif r&Sdao;aom (0g) rdrdtzdkYvdktyfaeaom A[kokw? tMum;tjrif? todw&m;rsm; &&Sdvmap&ef[l aomtusdK;udk arQmfudk;í zwfjcif;rsdK;r[kwf/ wpfzef xdk0w¬K a&;q&monf rdrdESifh cifrif&ifESD;í rdrd&yf&Gmu vljzpfí paom tpGJtvrf;rsm;udk z,fcGmí tEkynmypönf;oufouf tjzpf? tEkynmwefzdk;rS ESpfoufMunfEl;rI&,l&ef oufouftwGuf? zwf½IcHpm;jcif;rsdK; onfomvQif ]&ocHpm; rIoabmxm;} xm;&Sdonf rnfayonf/ a0zefa&;oabmxm; þoabmxm;onf ]&ocHpm;rIoabmxm;} ESifh qefYusifbuf jzpf\/ tEkynmwpf&yfESifh awGUqkHBuKHBudKufonfhtcg? tEkynm y&dowfwpfa,mufu xdktEkynmudk cHpm;onf/ cHpm;½HkoufoufrQomr[kwfbJ xdktEkynmudk pl;prf;onf? okH;oyfonf/ taMumif;tusdK; qufpyfí pOf;pm;onf/ tEkynm\ obm0udk pl;prf;okH;oyfí qufpyfpOf;pm;½kHrQru xkdtEkynm&SifwGifyg0ifaom tpdwftydkif;rsm;udk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmí Munfhonf/ ar;cGef;xkwfonf/ apm'uwwfonf/ þodkYjzifh xdktEkynmukd tvkH;pkH em;vnf&efBudK;yrf;onf/ aemufqkH; xdktEkynmudk tajctaet&yf&yf okH;oyfí taumif;tnHh wefzdk;jzwfay;vdkufonf/ olYvkyfief;onf ESpfoufMunfEl;rI cHpm;½Hkoufoufr[kwfaMumif; owdjyK&ygrnf/ xdkokdYvQif wefzdk;jzwfjcif;tqifhxd a&mufatmifoGm;aomolonf ]a0zefa&;oabmxm;} &Sdol (0g) ]a0zefa&; oabmxm;} jzifh wefzdk;jzwfoljzpfaMumif; rSwf,l&ygrnf/ ,if;oabmxm;ESpf&yfqufpyfwnf&SdaerI (Mum;jzwf tpD&ifcHvdkygonf/ tEkynmESifh ywfoufí ajymqdkMu&mwGif ]&oynm} ]a0zefa&;'óe} paom ]pmayoabmw&m;} ynm&yfrsm; rvGJraoG yg0ifvm&ygonf/ ,if;wdkYonf odrfarGU½IyfaxG;vSygonf/ ajymoltzdkYvnf; wm0efBuD;ygonf/ usaemftaeESifh ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol[k r,lqbJ tweftoifhodorQ aqG;aEG;wifjy&vQif tusdK;r,kwfwef&m[k ,lqaomaMumifh ajymaejcif; jzpfygonf/ xdkokdYajymjcif;twGuf udk,hfwm0ef udk,f,lygonf/ BudKufol? vufcHol &Sdovdk? rBudKufol? vufrcHolvnf; &Sdygvdrfhrnf/ rBudKufjcif; vufrcHjcif;onf usaemh udpör[kwfyg/ olYudpöom jzpfygonf/ olYudpöol aqmif&Gufygvdrfhrnf/ usaemfudpörSm tEkynmESifh ywfoufí aqG;aEG;wifjyjcif; jzpfygonf/ xdkodkYwifjyjcif;rSmvnf; tEkynmudk pdwf0ifpm;Muaom taxGaxG pmzwfy&dowfBuD;twGuf &nf&G,fwifjyjcif; jzpfygonf/ usaemhfudpöudk usaemfqufvuf aqmif&GufoGm;rnfjzpfaMumif; tpD&ifcHcJhygonf/)

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qufvufwifjyygrnf/ txufujycJhaom oabmxm; ESpf&yfonf uGJjym;onf? oD;jcm;jzpfonf/ wpfckESifhwpfck qefYusifbufjzpfaeMuaMumif; odomygvdrfhrnf/ odkYaomf avmu oabm0 twGif;&Sd tjcm;aomt&mrsm; uJhodkY(ykHpHtm;jzifh) opfyifESifh ausmufwkH;uJhodkY ,lír&yg/ vl\ um,HrIjzpfaom a&csdK;jcif;? xrif;pm;jcif;uJhodkYvnf; ,lír&yg/ aus;Zl;&Sif q&maZmf*sDu ]&o[lonf pdwfudpö} [kqdkrdefYcJhzl;ygonf/ txufyg oabmxm;ESpf&yfonf pdwfudpö jzpfaeaomaMumifh ½IyfaxG;eufeJygonf/ xdkYaMumifh xdkoabmxm; ESpf&yf qufpyfwnf&SdykHudk xyfrH pOf;pm;&ygvdrfhrnf/ tEkynmtaMumif; ajymqdk&mwGif ynm&yftjzpf? ynm&yfa0g[m&tjzpf? zGifhqdkcsuf tqdktrdefY ponfwkdYtjzpf cGJcGJjcm;jcm; azmfjy&onfrsm; &Sdygonf/ ygarmu© 0JvufESifh 0g&ifwdkYu wefzdk;xm;onf ( Value ) ESifh wefzdk;jzwfonf ( Evaluate ) [laom pum;ESpf&yfudk pmaya0ga[m& ( Term ) tjzpf taotcsm cGJjcm;jycJhygonf/ ]wefzdk;xm;jcif;} onf ]&oynm} ( Aesthetics ) e,frSjzpfí ] wefzdk;jzwfjcif; } onf ]a0zefa&;'óe} ( Philosophy of Criticism ) e,frS jzpfonf[kvnf; cGJjcm;rSwf,loihfygonf/ xif&Sm;aom &oynm&Sif ( Jerome Stolnitz ) u ]xdkoabmxm;ESpf&yfu wpfckESifhwpfck qefYusifMuonf[k jyí þoabmxm;ESpf&yfonf rwl jcm;em;\/ odkYwdkifatmif rsm;aomtm;jzifh (jzpfEdkifonfrSm tNrJwrf;vdkvdk) cHpm;ol? cH,lolwGif wpfNydKifeuf jzpfay:Ekdifonf} [kqufvuf qdkcJhygonf/ xdkYaMumifh &oESifh a0zefa&;[lí tjywfcGJjcm;jcif;onf rrSefuef? rcdkifvkH[k qkH;jzwfcJhzl;ygonf/ þodkYjzifh tEkynmy&dowfxm;&Sdaom &ocHpm;rI oabmxm;ESifh a0zefa&; oabmxm;[lí oabmxm;ESpf&yf &SdaMumif;ESifh ,if;wdkY qufpyfwnf&SdaerIudk aqG;aEG;wifjycJhygonf/ (qufvufí ]tEkynmwefzdk;jzwf oD0&Drsm;} udkwifjyygrnf) usrf;nTef; 1/ Wellek/Warren, ''Theory of Literature'' tcef;18/ 2/ Stolnitz, '' Aesthetics and Philosophy of Art Criticism'' tcef; 14/ 3/ aZmf*sD ]&opmayed'gef;} av;vkH;pyfum&efpepf\wif;usyfjcif; 1/ / q&m'*kefwm&mu 1963 ckESpf ywf0ef;usifavmufu av;vkH;pyf\ aysmhaysmif;oefpGrf;jcif;udk wifjyazmfxkwfcJhzl;ygonf/ ('*kefwm&m ]uAsmqdkwm bmvJ} pdefjc,f?

Ekd0ifbm? 1994? pm 37) q&mwpfOD;u pmay*sme,f? Edk0ifbm? 1994rSm ]rm,m&JUrm,m} pmay*sme,f? Edk0ifbm? 1994rSm ]rm,m&JU rm,m 2} a0zefpm ESpfapmif a&;cJhygonf/ xdkq&muq&mwm&m[m uAsma&;&if;u av;vkH;pyf&JU oabmobm0udk azmfxkwfwifjy vmEdkifcJhygw,f/ 'Dt,ltq[m rSefuefw,fvdkY ,lqMuwJhtwGuf b,folrS twGefYrwuf cJhMuygbl;[k yxr a0zefpmrSm a&;cJhygw,f/ (pmay*sme,f? pm119) xdka0zefpmESpfapmifudk

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taMumif;jyKí þaqmif;yg;udk usaemfa&;ygonf/ olajymaom ]'Dt,ltq} udkrSefuefonf[k usaemfr,lqaomaMumifh þaqmif;yg;udka&;onf[kvnf; ajymí&ygonf/ olajymovdk ]twGefYwuf} aqmif;yg;r[kwfyg/ trSm;udk azmfxkwfa0zefaom aqmif;yg; jzpfygonf/ q&m '*kefwm&mudk usaemfav;pm;ygonf/ q&m\uAsmESifh q&m\ae&monf jrefrmpmayavmurSm tcdkiftrm&SdcJhNyD; jzpfygonf/ odkYaomf av;vkH;pyf\ raysmhaysmif;rIudkawmh ajym&ygrnf/ 2/ / av;vkH;pyf\ aysmhaysmif;jcif; t,ltqonf q&mwm&m\ t,ltqjzpfygonf/ oD0&Dwpf&yf[k usaemfowfrSwfygonf/ oD0&Dwpf&yftjzpf a&;cJhjcif;r[kwf[k ajymcsifvnf; ajymEkdifygonf/ odkYaomf oD0&Dwpf&yftjzpf wnfaeonf[k usaemf,lqygonf/ xdkoD0&D\ trSm;trSefudk wm0ef,lrIrSm q&mhudpöom jzpfonf/ ,ck xkda0zefa&;q&mu ]thHMozG,fawGU&Sd} vdkufaom ]&Spfydk'fyg0ifwJh av;vkH;pyfpepfwpfck} [lívnf;aumif;? ]q&mrif;ok0Pf wifjyxm;wJh twdkif;½kd;&mtpOftvmenf; 10enf;om&SdcJh&mu aemufxyfenf; 20avmufawmif wdk;vmatmif vkyfcJhwm[m uAsmq&mBuD; '*kefwm&mygyJqdkwm awGUvm&ygvdrfhr,f/ 'Denf;20wnf;om r[kwfbJ aemufxyfenf;awG &Sdao;w,fvdkY usaemfajym&if uAsmorm; tHhMooGm;rvm;rodyg [lí vnf;aumif;zGifhqdkxm;onf udkvnf;usaemf tHhMopGm awGUvdkuf&ygonf/ ol xdkodkYa0zefzGifh qdkvdkufaomaMumihf ydkqkd;oGm;aMumif;udkvnf; usaemf tHhMopGm awGUvdkuf&ygonf/ tb,fhaMumifh ydkqkd;oGm;onfvJ[k ar;&ef &Sdvmygonf/ 3/ / tb,fhaMumifhenf;/ av;vkH;pyfonf tpuwnf;u wpfyk'ftwGif;rSm ]av;vkH; av;oH} om&Sd&rnf[k owfrSwf xm;aomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ av;vkH;pyf\ tajccHtusqkH; um&efpepfonf 4? 3? 2 jzpfygonf/ tajccHtusqkH;[k ajym&onfrSm av;vkH;pyfwGif tawGU& trsm;qkH;[laom tcsufudkaxmufí ajym&jcif; jzpfygonf/ yk'fpepft& wpfyk'frSm av;vkH; av;oH xm;onf/ um&efpepft& 4? 3? 2 ukdtoH 12oH ]cGif} (Frame) twGif;rSm xm;onf/ xdkYaMumifh 3yk'fudk ykHoP²mef ,lepfwpfck tjzpfxm;&ygonf/ av;vkH;pyfacwfOD;uyif a&S;q&mrsm;onf av;vkH; av;oH wpfyk'f owfrSwfcsufudk rausmfcJhMuyg/ av;vkH;pyfacwfOD; qdkonfrSm aus;Zl;&Sif q&mBuD; OD;azarmifwif\ jrefrmpmayordkif;usrf;t& ]tif;0acwf} udkqdkvkdygonf/ yk*HacwfwGif ay:cJhonf[k q&mpOform;pOf trSwftom; trSmtMum;&Sdaom ]jruef}? ]odk;uav}? ]olwnf;wpfa,muf} wdkYonf av;vkH;pyfrsm; jzpfaomfvnf; usaemfwpfa,muftaeESifh b0ifrusao;yg/ tcdkiftrm rajymEkdifaomfvnf; yk*Hacwf uAsm [kwfr[kwf b0ifrus ao;onfrSm usaemfh jyoemom jzpfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh tif;0udk acwfOD;[k qdkcJhjcif; jzpfygonf/ >cif;csufawmh&Sdygonf/ tEkynmobm0twdkif; prf;oyfazmufxGufaom ]0PÖybm? uvsmzl;popf? ysdKrspfrspfvQif? uspfvspfwifhpHy,f? vSrsdK;<u,fom;? qHoG,fjrNrdwfpdkY? qif;a&mifysdKUudk} [laom ]ig;vkH; ig;oH wpfy'} wpfvSnfhpDvmaom tzGJUrsm; &SdcJhzl;ygonf/ okdYaomfvnf; av;vkH;pyf[k yDyDjyifjyifajymí&aom pwk&*FAvtrwfBuD;\ tar;? ql;wGif;ypf q&mawmf\tajz ]&wk} (yif;,acwf) rSpí tif;0ysdKUacwfBuD;? aemifay:aom &wkrsm; armfuGef; {csif;wdkYwGif ]av;vkH;pyf av;oH wpfy'} pepftwdkif; vdkufema&;zGJUcJhMuonfrSm txift&Sm;yif jzpfygonf/ ,aeYacwf xdka0zefa&; q&m wtHhwMojzpf&aom '*kefwm&m\ ]rm,m} wGifvnf; ]av;vkH;av;oH wpfy'}udk vdkufema&;zGJUcJhaMumif; txift&Sm;yif/ ]av;vkH; av;oH wpfy'} udk

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aZmfaZmfatmif

o&zlaqmif; yg;rsm;

cGJjcm;owfrSwfMuaomfvnf; um&efpepft& av;vkH;wpfy'um&efpepf (0g) av;vkH;pyfrsm;om jzpfMuygonf/ tcsDtcsrsm;wGif tenf;i,fuGJjym;onfrSty pepfBuD;wpfckvkH;taeESifh av;vkH;pyfuom vTrf;rdk;xm;onf[k qdk&ygrnf/ jyefcsKyf&vQif tif;0acwf ysdKUBuD;rsm; xGef;um;tm;aumif;vmonfESihftrQ av;vkH;pyf (0g) av;vkH;wpfy' um&efpepfonf jynfhpkHpepfusí vmygonf/ jrefrmuAsm ordkif;pOf wpfavQmufvkH; xGef;um;tm;aumif;cJhonfrSm trSefyif jzpfygonf/ ,aeYwdkif tm;aumif;qJ jzpfygonf/ q&mBuD;rif;ok0Pfu ]umvmay:av;vkH;pyf vuFmavmu rSm} aMumifreufjym uAsmudk ]yxruAsm} [k ]armfuGef;wif&vdrfhrnf} xifaMumif; rdefYMum;zl;ygonf/ xdkuAsm a&;olrSm aZmf*sD jzpfygonf/ (rif;ok0Pf umvay: av;vkH;pyfvuFm orkdif;a[majymcsuf? ]yef;ESifhyifpnf} urÇmacwf? rEÅÅav;? pm? 306) ,aeYwdkiftm;aumif;qJ[k xyfí qdkcJhygonf/ av;vkH;pyfr[kwfaom uAsmrsm; txufwpfae&mrSm ]wsmESifhum} udkjyNyD;cJhygNyD/ av;vkH;pyfu tapmqkH; vrf;cGJcJhaom uAsmtrsdK;tpm;rsm;[kvnf; qkdcJhygonf/ tif;0ysdKUacwfBuD; rSpí ,aeYtxd ay:ayguf xGef;um;cJhaom uAsmtrsdK;tpm; rsm;pGm&Sdygonf/ rdkif;cdkif;NrdKUpm;rif;\ yd#uwfordkif;vdk usrf;BuD;u tvSrf;a0; aeonfqdkygvQif AE¨om&? om&w¬oN*ØK[fusrf;rsm;wGif tvG,fwul Munfh½IEkdifygonf/ teD;pyfqkH; uAsmhpG,fpkHusrf;wGifvnf; avhvmyGm;rsm;Edkifygonf/ usaemf wifjy tpD&ifcHvdk&if;rSm av;vkH;pyfr[kwfaom uAsm trsdK;tpm;aygif; ajrmufjrm;pGm &Sdygonf/ ,if;wdkYonf av;vkH;pyf r[kwfaomaMumifh (0g) av;vkH;wpfyk'f um&efpepfudk tajcrcH aomaMumifh aysmhaysmif;onf? vdkovdk csJUxGifqefYxkwfí&onf/ þtqdkonf usaemf\ t"du tqdkjzpfygonf/ ,cifumvu usaemfpmwrf;yg tcsuftvufrsm;? tqdkrsm;ESifh jyefqufí atmufygtwdkif; xyfrHwifjyvkdufygonf/ 1/ av;vkH;pyftrsdK;tpm;onf aysmhaysmif;rIr&Sd? wif;usyfonf/ 2/ av;vkH;pyfwpfy'twGif; um&efawGudk tvSnfhtajymif; trsdK;rsdK;vkyfí &aomfvnf; wif;usyfrIrsm;u ysufjy,froGm;? wif;usyfNrJyif/ 3/ yif;,acwfrSmyif av;vkH;pyf av;vkH;wpfyk'fum&ef pepfrS cGJxGufcJhaom uAsmtrsdK;tpm; ay: xGef;ygonf/ 4/ av;vkH;pyfonf ,aeYwdkif tm;aumif;qJ[k ,lq&ygonf/ 5/ av;vkH;pyfr[kwfaom uAsm tzGJUrsm; ajrmufrsm;pGmay: xGef;cJhygonf/ 6/ av;vkH;pyfr[kwfaom uAsmtrsdK;tpm;rsm;onf av;vkH;wpfyk'fabmufudk ausmfvGefoGm; aomaMumifh vdkovdk csJUxGif qefYxkwfí&ygonf xdkYaMumifh aysmhaysmif;rI &Sdonf[k xyfrH wifjycJhygonf/ txufazmfjyyg eHygwf 6 tqdkonf þpmwrf;\ t"dutqdk jzpfygonf/ ,if;wdkY\ aysmhaysmif;rIudk qufwifjyygrnf/

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av;qpfav;csdK;\aysmhaysmif;rIom"u av;vkH;pyfr[kwfaom (0g) av;vkH;wpfyk'fum&efpepf r[kwfaom trsdK;tpm;wpfckudk a&G;í ,if;\aysmhaysmif;rIudk jyygrnf/ av;qpf av;csdK; uAsmtrsdK;tpm;udkyJ a&G;ygrnf/ av;qpfudk a&G;&aomtaMumif;rSm 1/ vlodrsm;í tm;vkH;ESifh uRrf;0if&if;ESD;rI ydkaomtaMumif; (tjcm;aom &uef? tkdifcsif;? tJcsif;? 'kH;csif; ponfwdkYu tenf;i,f pdrf;onf[k ,lqygonf/) 2/ um&efudk vdkovdkcsJUxGifqefYxkwfEdkifjcif;taMumif;wdkYaMumifh jzpfygonf/ atmufyguAsmudk Munfhapvdkygonf/ rSwfwrf;rSwf&m twdtusrod&aomfvnf; jrefrmuAsm\ yxrqkH;aom ]av;qpf} [ktqdk&Sdygonf/ yxrqkH; tapmqkH;av;qpf [kwfr[kwf usaemfrodaomfvnf; av;qpf jzpfonfudkum; taotcsmodygonf/ a&T0uom? yef;rmvm/ tn§mr&Sd? ikH;wdwd/ -om?

-vm/ -n§m-&Sd? -wd// y&du©&m&Spfyg;rS oydwfudk zGJUonf[k tqdk&Sdaom þ av;qpf\ yxrydk'fwGif pmvkH;av;vkH;om ygygonf/ jiif;y,fír&? ,SOfwkír&aom av;csdK;bk&ifBuD;\ vufxJwGif yxrydk'f wpfydk'fudk þodkY awGU&ygonf/ rif;wdkYnmPftjrif wpfrdkufwpfxGmrQ&,feJY jiif;zdkYoef&if rdkuf&musygvdrfh p½dkufobm0&,fwJh taMumif;cH? um&ef okH;ae&mxyfygonf/ (rQ?us?0) eabrsm;rSm1/ rif;wdkYÓPftjrif jiif;zdkYoef&if 2/ wpfrdkufwpfxGm rkduf&mus p½dkufobm0wdkY jzpfygonf/ txufyg av;qpfuav;wGif pmvkH; av;vkH; ygonf/ ydk'fqkH; t"duum&efrSm (om) jzpfonf/ av;csdK;bk&if BuD;\ yxrydk'frSm pmvkH; av;q,fhwpfvkH; ygonf/ ydk'fqkH; t"duum&efrSm (cH) jzpfonf/ vdktyfovdk csJUxGifqefY xkwfí&jcif; (0g) aysmhaysmif;jcif; qdkonfrSm xdkodkYjzpf&ygrnf/ vdkovdkuGefYjrL;í wdk;csJUqefYxkwfí &jcif;onf aysmhaysmif;jcif; *kPft*Fg jzpfonf[k usaemfqdkcJhygonf/ aemufxyf ykHpHwpfc wifjyyg&ap/ trsm;odMuaom ]vSnf;,mOf} uAsmwdkuav; av;qpfuav; jzpfygonf/

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aZmfaZmfatmif

o&zlaqmif; yg;rsm;

1/ cavmufuav;&,fwJh'dk;'kd;a'gif?

2/ ysdKwdkYvl ,mrvkyfw,f 0g;ckwfwJhaumif/ 3/ EGm;nDaemifpnfatmify azausmif;?

4/ armifESifhr,f twlaerS qla0atmif jcLawGqGJvdkU&,f vSnf;,mOfESifharmif;/ / þuAsm\ um&ef ]cGif}rSma'gif awmif aemif ausmif; armif;/jzpfygonf/ ]eab} rSm (twlae? qla0? jcLawG) [lí jzpfygonf/ xdkuAsmuav;udk aemufq&mwpfOD;u ]uGefYjrL;wdk;csJUqefY}

xm;ykHudk

,SOfíjyygrnf/

1/cavmufuav;&,fwJh'dk;'dk;a'gif rlvpmvkH; (udk;vkH; aemufq&mu wkd;csJUqefYxkwf&mwGif (okH;q,fhig;vkH;/ rlvtqkH;owf um&ef rajymif;/ 1/ndKUukef;,H acsmifeHab;rSmv wdkYbkef;uHtavsmuf arG;a&mhxifh wpfacguf ajy;rSjzifh rdk;xdk;ra,mif tdk cavmufuav;&,fwJh 'dk;'kd;a'gif?

2/ysdKwdkYvl ,mrvkyfw,f 0g;ckwfwJhaumif/ rlvpmvkH; (q,fhwpfvkH;/ aemufq&mu wdk;csJUqefYxkwf&mwGif (okH;q,fhig; vkH;/ rlvtqkH;owf um&efrajymif;/ 2/ ESpfudk,fcsdKUwmaMumifh csdKbdkYwl EGm;jymukyfawGeJY ysdKwdkYvl ,mrvkyfw,f tm;xkwfr,fharmifrSmaemfuG,f 0g;ckwfwJhawmif/ 3/ EGm;nDaemif pnfatmify azausmif;/ rlv(&Spf)vkH;/ aemufq&mu wdk;csJUqefYxkwf&mwGif(okH;q,fhokH;vkH;/ rlv um&efrajymif;/ 3/ [Jh qdkum BudrfwHajr§mufvdkuf&if vSnfhvdk&m wdrf,HokdY a&mufEdkif&JU tdrfjcHaygufygwJh EGm;nDaemif tm;pnfatmify 0apausmif;?

4/ armifeJYr,ftwlaerS qla0atmif jcLawGqGJvdkY&,f vSnf;,mOfESifharmif;// rlv (q,fhudk;vkH;/ aemufq&mu wdk;csJUqefYxkwf&mwGif (av;q,fhwpfvkH; rlv um&efrajymif;/ 5/ aqmifcGifhudk&G,f armifESifhr,f wl,SOfEGJygvdkY

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18

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aZmfaZmfatmif

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aemifwifhw,f vljrif&JumrS ,liifum jcLqifvdkY qGJyghr,f yGJ0ifr,fh acsmif;ol&JU tdkuG,f vSnf;,mOfeJYarmif;/ / aemufxyf wdk;csJUxkwfxm;aom uAsm\ um&ef ]cGif}rSmvnf;a'gif awmif aemif ausmif; armif;/ / yif jzpfygonf/ .þodkYvQif um&efcGif rysufapbJ pmvkH;ta&twGufwdk;csJUqefYxkwfEdkifjcif;udkjycJhyg onf/ teufoabm? tvuFmoabm ponfwdkY ydkvmjcif;twGuf rlvuAsm\ odyfonf; uspfvspfrI ysufrysufqdkonfrSm oD;jcm;pOf;pm;&ef jzpfygonf/ xdkudpöudk usaemf raqG;aEG;cJhyg/ av;vkH;pyfr[kwfaom uAsmtrsdK;tpm;wpfckudkjyí xdkuAsmwGif rlvum&ef ]cGif} r[kwfapbJ wdk;csJUqefYxkwfí&aMumif;om ajymcJhygonf/ xdkodkY&jcif;onf aysmhaysmif;jcif;*kPft*Fg jzpfonf[k usaemfqdkcJhygonf/ av;qpf? av;qpfojzef? av;csdK;? r[mav;csdK;BuD; rsm;udk axmufjyykHaqmifvQif &Snfvsm;NiD;aiGUzG,f jzpfygvdrfhrnf/ xdkYaMumifh csKyfí ajymcJhygonf/ ]av;qpf? av;csdK;} uAsmtrsdK;tpm;onf1/ um&efpepf ]cGif} udk ykHaowduspGm owfrSwfonf/ 1/ -----* 2/ ------* 3/ -----* ------0 4/ ------0 2/ tcsdK;av;csdK; tydk'fav;ydk'f &Sd&rnf[k ykHaowduspGmowfrSwfonf/ 3/ odkYaomf wpfydk'ftwGif; aMumif;a&rnfrQ&Sd&rnf[k rowfrSwfyg/ 4/ wpfaMumif;wGif pmvkH;a&rnfrQ &Sdrnf[k rowfrSwfyg/ 5/ eabrsm; rnfrQxyf&rnf[k rowfrSwfyg/ 6/ xdkYaMumifh (eHygwf 1 ESifh 2t&) um&efpepfESifh ydk'fa& owfrSwfcsuf twdtus&Sdaomfvnf; (eHygwf 3? 4? 5 wdkYt&) vdkovdk uGefYjrL;csJUxGif qefYxkwfí&ygonf/ 7/ xdkYaMumifh aysmhaysmif;onf[k usaemfqdkcJhygonf/ a&qkH;a&zsm; vdkufvdkolrsm;tzdkY usaemfh pmwrf;rQavmufESifh auseyfraeoifhyg/ tjcm;aom av;qpf av;csdK;rsm;udk avhvmí [kwfr[kwf rSefrrSef Munfhapvkdygonf/ tjcm;aom uAsmtrsdK;tpm;rsm; (aw;wyf? vGrf;csif;? tJ? tdkif? &uef? arwÅmpm? qdkif;qifhywfwkdufrStp? um&efudk pepfwpfcktjzpfokH;aom uAsmrsm;udkyg avhvm MunfhMuapvdkygonf/

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19

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aZmfaZmfatmif

o&zlaqmif; yg;rsm;

aemufqkH;taeESifh BudKufESpfouf&m ]av;vkH;pyf} uAsm wpfyk'fudk a&G;í (av;vkH;wpfy') pepfudk rausmfvGefapbJ um&efawG tvSnfhtajymif;vkyfí vdkovdk uGefYjrL;csJUxGif qefYxkwf MunfhMuapvdkygonf/ 'DrSmwifaqmif;yg;wcktqkH;owfonf/ wjznf;jznf;jzifh armf'ef ydkpfharmf'ef taMumif;rsm; aZmfaZmfatmifa&;vmonf/ ,aeUuAsmq&mav;a,mufESifhwpfrsdK; 1/ /,aeY jrefrmjynfrSm uAsmq&m? uAsma&;olawG trsm;BuD;&Sdygonf/ xif&Sm;ausmfMum;aom uAsmq&mrsm;? wufopfp vlvwf? vli,frsm;? r*¾Zif;pmapmifrSm tNrJwrf;ygaeaom uAsmq&mrsm;? wpfcgwpf&HrSygaom uAsmq&mrsm; rsm;vSyg\/ xdktxJwGif xl;jcm;onfrSm rnfonfhr*¾Zif;pmapmifudkrSrydkY? rdrdwdkYbmom uAsma&;í (vufa&;jzifhjzpfap? za,mif;puúLjzifhjzihfap a&;í ) rdrdwdkYtcsif;csif; oabmwl&m todkif;t0kdif;twGif;rSmyif vSnfhí zwfMu? ajymqdkaqG;aEG;Mu? a0zefMunfEl;Muaom uAsmq&m? uAsma&;olawG&Sdaeonf qdkaom tcsufyif jzpfygonf/ trSefpifppf xdkodkYaom uAsmpmtkyf (vufa&;rlza,mif;ykHESdyfrl) uav;rsm;onf 1970 ywf0ef;usifavmufuyif acwfpm;ysHESHaeonf[k xifygonf/ taotcsmawmh rajymEdkifao;yg/ .NcHKí ajym&vQif ,aeY jrefrmjynfrSm uAsmq&m? uAsma&;ol tawmfrsm;ygonf/ ,if;wdkYudk trsdK;tpm;cGJvQif ESpfrsdK;&ygonf/ xif&Sm;ausmfMum;rIESifh 0gBuD;0gi,f ra&G;bJ cGJjcm;jcif; jzpfygonf/ 1/ r*¾Zif;pmapmifwdkYwGif ykHESdyfazmfjy a&;om;aeMuolrsm;/ 2/ rdrdwdkYbmomvufa&;? za,mif;puúLwdkYjzifh (rnfonfhr*¾Zif;? pmapmifudkrSrydkYbJ) a&;om; aeMuolrsm;/ .yxrtrsdK;tpm; uAsma&;olrsm;\ uAsmrsm;onf ykHESdyfazmfjyxm;aomaMumifh xifomjrifom vlwdkif;zwfEdkifygonf/ 'kwd, trsdK;tpm; uAsmrsm;udkrl vlwdkif;zwfcGifhr&yg/ yxrtrsdK;tpm; uAsmq&m? uAsma&;olrsm;udk xyfrHavhvmygu av;rsdK;cGJí &ygonf/ 1/ av;vkH;pyf um&eform;rsm;/ 2/ av;vkH;pyf um&efpepfudk avQmhayghajymif;vJa&;olrsm;/ 3/ av;vkH;pyf um&efpepfudk pGefUypfvdkufMuolrsm;/ 4/ tjcm;uAsm pyfenf;rsdK; a&;aeMuolrsm;/ þodkYav;rsdK;cGJí&ygonf/ a&;aomuAsmrsm;\ pyfenf; trsdK;tpm;udk rlwnfí cGJjcm;jcif;jzpfygonf/ uAsmq&m\ ausmfMum;rI? uAsmta&;ouf? uAsm\ t&nftaoG; *kPft*Fg wdkYudk rlwnfícGJjcm;r[kwfyg/ ,if;wdkYudk usaemfoabmtwdkif; cGJjcm;wifjyxm;ygonf/ xyfrHí Munfh&ygOD;rnf/ 1/ av;vkH;pyf um&eform;rsm;

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aZmfaZmfatmif

o&zlaqmif; yg;rsm;

þyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf av;vkH;pyf um&efpepftwdkif; twdtus vdkufema&;om;olrsm; jzpfMuonf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh xif&Sm;ausmfMum;? uAsma&;ouf&ifhaom vlBuD;ydkif;rSmawGU&ygonf/ olwdkYuAsmrsm;wGif ,aeYtxd av;vkH;pyfum&ef pepfudk xdk;azmufajymif;vJrnfh t&dyfvuPmrsm; rawGU&yg/ (ykHpHtm;jzifh Ek,Of? xDvmppfol) ykHpHtjzpf jyvdkufjcif;jzpfygonf/ tjcm;wpfyg;aom uAsmrsm;vnf; &Sdygonf/

2/ av;vkH;pyf um&efpepfudk avQmhayghajymif;vJ a&;aeolrsm; þyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf av;vkH;pyf um&efpepfudk tNyD;tydkif rpGefYypfMu/ av;vkH;wpfy'tajccHESifh um&ef,lykHudkrpGefY/ odkYaomf vkH;xyfeabrsm; okH;onfhtcg okH;onf/ yk'frsm;udk xyfumausmhum a&;onfhtcg a&;onf/ twdkaumuftvG,fajym&vQif av;vkH;pyfum&efpepfudk avQmhaygh ajymif;vJí a&;wwfMuonf/ wpfcgwpf&H arwåmpmtoGm;? vuFmoGm;rsdK; a&;wwfMuonf/ þyk*¾dKvfrsm;onfvnf;rsm;aomtm;jzifh xif&Sm;ausmfMum;NyD; uAsmq&mrsm; jzpfMuonf/ (ykHpH- aemif? wuúodkvfrif;armf) 3/ av;vkH;pyf um&efpepfudk pGefYypfvdkufMuolrsm; þyk*¾dKvfrsm;um; &Sif;onf/ av;vkH;pyf um&efpepfudkvkH;0 pGefYypfvdkufMuolrsm; jzpfonf/ w&m;0if aMunmtwnfjyKxm;aom owfrSwfcsuf r[kwfapumrl olwdkYudk ]armf'eform;rsm;}[k ac:Muonf/ ]um&efrJhorm;rsm;} [k tcsdKUu ac:ygonf/ um&efrJhorm;rsm;[k ac:jcif;udk usaemfoabmrwl? jiif;qdkygonf/ (aemifwGif taotcsm pum;rusefatmif aqG;aEG; wifjyygrnf) pifppftm;jzifh av;vkH;pyfESifh av;vkH;pyfwGifokH;aom um&efpepfudk pGefYypfaomaMumifh um&efrJhorm;rsm;[k rac:qdkEdkifyg/ BudKufonfhusrf;ESifhn§d? BudKufonfhynm&Sdudk csOf;uyfíar;? um&ef qdkonfrSm toHyif jzpfonf/ uAsmwkd bmompum; ESifh a&;aeorQ toHygonf/ toHygvQif um&efygonf/ xdkum&efudkpnf;BuD; urf;BuD; pepfwus owfrSwfokH;pGJjcif;? rokH;pGJjcif;om uGmjcm;onf/ um&efudk pepfwus owfrSwfí rokH;pGJMuaom (0g) rokH;pGJ Muawmhaom uAsmq&m? uAsma&;olrsm; ,aeY uAsmavmuwGif &SdaeMuygonf/ rBudKufolawG? jypfwif ½IwfcsvQifvnf; &ygonf/ odkYaomf rsufuG,fjyKí r&yg/ tifESifhtm;ESifh trSefwu,f &SdaeMuygonf/ 4/ tjcm;uAsm pyfenf;rsdK; a&;aeMuolrsm;

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aZmfaZmfatmif

o&zlaqmif; yg;rsm;

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nelayne

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