Genius Magazine - By NLCS Jeju Junior Students

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M AGAZ I N E Issue 20

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Why do we have to brush our teeth every day? - Lily Park Y6 Roller Coasters - Lucy Yoon Y5 About Kimchi - Lina Park, Lily Park , Jio Kim Y6 How can things float or sink in water? - Lina Park Y6 World War II - Yihoon Kil Y7 History of Movies - Song Shin and Kate Han Y7 Natural disasters and the Environment - Uchan Seo and Chris Jeong Y6 Theory of Relativity - Aiden Kim

Editor’s Note This is our 20th Issue of the genius magazine. Our exceptional Junior school students have worked very hard to write articles about Science and History.

We hope you enjoy reading this Issue!

Why Do We Have To Brush our Teeth Every day?

Why do we have to brush our teeth every single day? This essay will inform you of the consequences of not brushing our teeth properly.

By Lily Park Y6

Bacteria in our mouth will cause illness We have to brush our teeth well because if we don’t, bacteria will start to grow in our mouth and hurt our gums and teeth. For example, bacteria may make our gums bleed or turn our teeth black and result in serious illnesses.

It will cause bad breath We have to brush our teeth properly and regularly to prevent having bad breath. The reason why we gain bad breath is also due to the presence of bacteria. When the bacteria isn’t removed from our mouth and continues to grow, the smell doesn’t get removed and the bad breath becomes stronger as well. As it is hard to remove the smell once the bacteria builds up in our mouth, we should always brush our teeth well to prevent gaining bad breath.

We will become ill The third reason why we should brush our teeth is a very interesting fact that is less known. When bacteria builds up in our mouth, they may then enter our body and organs and multiply themselves. This may cause more serious internal illnesses. We have to brush our teeth as we might gain illnesses all over our body when we don’t brush our teeth.

These are the reasons why we have to brush our teeth every day.

Before you read this, did you brush your teeth every day? If you didn’t, I hope you do now. Don’t forget to brush your teeth!

Roller coasters Lucy Yoon Y5

The roller coaster was first made on June 16th 1884. The first roller coaster was located in Coney island, Brooklyn, New york. The roller coaster is related to the mine carts. It was inspired by the railway of the minecarts.

Types of roller coasters These days, many types of roller coasters have come out. For example, the riddler’s revenge in six Flags California is a roller coaster that you stand on while riding it. The ride is available from 54 inches(137cm). There is also a roller coaster that you ride laying forwards on your belly. It is called the Tastu.

Some of the scariest roller coasters are made to fall 90 degrees. Did you know that the fastest roller coaster goes over 200kph? But, about half of the year, the fastest, Kingda ka, stays closed and sometimes, the roller coaster can't reach the top and falls down backwards again. Some roller coasters go over waters by splashing and some even make a tunnel on the ground.

Danger Even though most are safe, some roller coasters are dangerous. For example, The son beast was a very fast roller coaster that made people love it. But, in 2006, the rail of the rollercoaster dropped and hurt 27 people, injuring their Son Beast being destroyed head and neck.

Even though it was a big disaster, the roller coaster started to race again. However, this was not the smallest problem. In one case, there was another injury where another person was injured by being thrown off their car and the roller coaster was ultimately closed in 2012. With this, the roller coaster had disappeared into history.

About Kimchi Lina Lily Jio Y6

Why and how did our ancestors invent Kimchi?

Kimchi was first made by our ancestors who needed to maintain their health during the winter, when grains didn’t grow well due to the cold and icy weather. Kimchi, which could be kept for a long time, was the perfect food for winter. In Korea, there is an activity called ‘Kimchi seasoning’.

Kimchi seasoning is when people make kimchi for the whole winter and the year after. It usually happens in autumn, between mid November and early December, just before cold winter arrives.

Is Kimchi Korean or Chinese?

Many people in China argue that the Chinese have invented Kimchi, but Kimchi is a Korean traditional food invented by Koreans.

About Pao Cai Many Chinese people refer to Kimchi as ‘Pao Cai’ which means pickled vegetables. Kimchi is a Korean traditional dish of spicy pickled vegetables, which is completely different from China’s pickled vegetables ‘Pao Cai’ in their ingredients and method of cooking.

Nutrients in Kimchi There are lots of healthy nutrients in Kimchi, which include Vitamin C, Vitamin K, Folate, Beta-carotene, Choline, Potassium, and Calcium. Vitamin C may lower the risk of heart disease and can help to strengthen your memory. Vitamin K is useful as it supports bone health and maintains body fitness. Folate may convert germs into energy and can help you to grow quickly. Beta carotene makes your eyes healthy.

Choline is a very important vitamin for DNA synthesis.

Potassium is required for your body as it helps to regulate fluid balance, muscle contraction, and nerve signals. Calcium is needed for strong bones. Here is the chart of how much of each nutrient is present in Kimchi: Vitamin C

Vitamin K

Folate

Betacarotene

Choline

Potassium

Calcium

28mg 37%

28mg 32%

32mg 8%

27.7mg 21%

5mg 1%

173mg 4%

48mg 4%

Wisdom of our ancestor through Kimchi The history of Kimchi shows the wisdom of our ancestors. They made kimchi salty so that it could maintain its condition over the cold winter. They also made kimchi using different kinds of healthy vegetables that were easily found in Korea such as cabbage.

Also, our ancestors fermented Kimchi to kill harmful bacteria and grow healthy probiotics.

As a result of the wisdom of our ancestors, there are several benefits when we eat kimchi. These include becoming fit, gaining a strengthened immune system and slowing down the aging process. Additionally, Kimchi can easily be made at home by simply making your own seasoning and mixing any vegetable with it.

To sum up, Kimchi strongly shows our ancestors’ wisdom.

Different types of Kimchi Did you know that there are many different types and tastes of Kimchi depending on the climate? Kimchi made in the Northern part of Korea is less salty than Kimchi from the Southern part of Korea. I could experience this difference when I visited Busan and the kimchi had a very different taste from what I used to eat in Seoul.

How Can Things Float or Sink in Water?

By Lina Park Y6

There are many things that float or sink. Now, I will talk about how objects float or sink. First of all, objects can float on water if the object has a density that is less than 1g/mL. The ability or tendency to float in water or air or some other fluid is called buoyancy.

If you were to fall off a boat, it couldn't happen that your first thoughts would sink the ancient Greek philosopher Archimedes(He was a Greek mathematician, astronomer, physicist etc). However, Archimedes' principle helps to explain what is happening to your submerged body. As an object is submerged in water, it moves, or displaces, water according to how much it weighs. Archimedes found that water will push upward against the object with a force equal to the weight of water that is displaced. When he was having a bath, he filled the water fully. When he went in, the water spilled over, and he discovered that the amount of the water was the same as his body’s volume. He studied and he was fully sure that was correct. He screamed EUREKA. He went out to the road with no clothes on as soon as he knew that the amount of the water that spilled over was the same as the volume of his body.

How Is Buoyancy Used These Days?

Buoyancy on the surface of water has a noticeable effect. It is because fish, humans, and other sea creatures can be afloat.

Let's think about fish first. Fish can float on water because of its internal swim blanner, which is filled with gas. When it needs to rise or go down, the fish can change the volume in its swim bladder, which then changes the density.

How Do Rocks Sink and Boats Float?

When an object is placed in water, it will displace water to make space for itself. When you get into a bathtub, the level of water rises. Here, the shape of the object matters. The shapes of ships are made scientifically to float, but rocks are heavy and their shapes are all different from each other and bumpy.

World War II

By Yi Hoon Kil Y7

World war II started in 1939 by Nazi Germany. As Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939, and France and Britain declared war on Germany. Then Germany attacked France in June 1940. This battle is known as the Fall of France. France lost the battle by the Axis Powers.

After that, Germany invaded the Soviet Union, even though they had the German-Soviet nonaggression pact. Germany rushed to the capital of the Soviet Union, Moscow, and almost invaded Moscow, but the Soviets used its military force near Asia to win against Germany, protecting Moscow. Soviet could have won the war with Germany but Stalin, the leader of soviet Union, made a wrong decision of attacking Germany earlier but this time Stalin had a plan to attack Germany, Stalin decided to use the army in near Asia to protect japan from attacking the Soviet Union, but it looked like Japan Were busy attacking China, so Stalin brought the army near Asia to attack Germany. The revenge was successful.

On 7 December, 1941 the Japanese attacked Pearl harbor. Before the attack, the USA was not involved in WWII, but when Japan attacked pearl harbor, the USA joined the war. The attack was the Axis Powers’ biggest mistake ever. Meanwhile, the Allies in Britain decided to invade Normandy. The allies invaded Normandy, which is well known as the Normandy landings. On 6 June 1944, the landing was successful. They brought Normandy back from the Axis Powers.

In Europe, as Germany began to fall, the Allies attacked Germany and surrounded Berlin, shooting cannons into the city. April 30, 1945 Adolf Hitler, who was the leader of Nazi Germany, committed suicide.

In Asia, Japan attacked the Philippines, which was under control of the USA. After the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, they thought that most of the USA's navy power was obliterated, but it wasn’t: the fleet only attacked a battleship and some small ships.

The real fleet the Yorktown and enterprise carrier were in other places. In June 1942, the Japanese decided to attack the USA’s carrier midway. But this time the USA didn’t stay foolish. They caught the message that was being sent to Japan and translated it.

It said that they were going to attack something. However, the commander was not sure if the message was trying to attack the midway. So midway they sent fake news that the water supplies were damaged and the Japanese said the attacking target had the water supply damaged. The USA knew that Japan was trying to attack Midway so they sent a carrier to attack the Japanese fleet. The USA sunk four fleet carriers and a heavy cruiser, damaged another heavy cruiser, and destroyed 248 aircrafts. This was a great win for the USA. US army also attacked a small island near Japan and the Philippines. In the fight, the US realised that the Japanese were going to fight until they died. The USA lost a lot of troops and the US was shocked. The US was inventing some kind of bomb that is much more powerful than any bombs. The US sent 3 B29 bombers to Hiroshima and deployed 1bomb. The bomb was set off and the nuclear bomb exploded. All the buildings were gone and broken. The USA thought that japanese would surrender when they shot the strongest bomb ever. But Japan didn’t surrender. The US shot another bomb in Nagasaki. The bomb set off again and many people died. Then the Japanese surrendered and World War II was over.

History of movies Song and Kate Y7 🍿- Introduction Do you know about the history of movies? We now watch movies online like netflix But in history, watching movies was very expensive and hard. Now let’s find out how people had made and watched movies in the past. 🍿- Contents 🎥 - First movie in the history - song 🎥 - Improvements in movies , Then and Now - kate 🎥 - Most Famous movies in 2018 ~ 2019 (Timeline) - song and kate 🍿-First movie in the history Firstly, what was the first movie in history and who made it?

It is The horse in the motion picture made in 1878. Also, this video was the first invention of motion pictures. The second oldest video is the Hay Garden Scene made in 1888. It was directed by Louis Le Prince and the picture above is one scene from the Roundhay Garden. As you can see, it is an old film so the scene is black and white. Furthermore, the third oldest video is the “Arrival of a train” made in 1850. The video is about 50 seconds long and It was directed by Auguste Marie-Louis Nicolas Lumiere and Louis Jean Lumiere. 🍿- Improvements in in movies - Then and Now Like how Song introduced, the first movie in human history was quite unimpressive and expensive. But as movies have developed nowadays, we’re able to watch movies on the internet! < REALLY! Long Ago… > Movies were expensive and were mostly for wealthy people. The animation movies were also really short: The long ones were only about a few minutes long! Also, animation movies were very hard to make and some had to be drawn by hand. Making movies would’ve been very hard that time!

Movies that require acting could be made more easily than animated movies. At that time, all movies were totally black and white. Just imagine how boring it would be to have no colour in movies!

< Pretty Old… > This is when they started making modern movies. Long animation movies started coming out and there was colour in movies now. Animated and acted movies both came out in colour. In these times, movies like Mickey Mouse were made! <Now> Nowadays, movies are really at an advanced level; we have CG, 3D, or 4D techniques added to movies. Now everyone can go to cinemas at a low price.

Compared to the past, movies have clearly developed A LOT!

🍿- Popular movies in 2018 ~ 2019 (Timeline - All around the world!!)

Avengers Infinity war- April 25, 2018 Jurassic World- fallen kingdom- june 6, 2018 Ant-man and wasp- july 4, 2018 Mission impossible- july 12, 2018 Extreme Job - January 23, 2019 Endgame - April 22, 2019 Aladdin - May 24, 2019 Parasite - May 30, 2019 Frozen 2 - November 21, 2019 Mulan - September 17, 2020

Natural Disasters and the Environment Uchan Seo and Chris Jeong Y6

What do you think about the current natural disasters and environment? What can you do in order to help a dystopian environment? In this article, we will explain historic cases of the few memorable events of natural disasters and also recent topics like climate change and global warming. Some natural disasters such as hurricanes and floods are sometimes recorded as the deadliest annihilation of the natural disasters.

Would you survive in this chaos? Probably not. From the many researches and the investigations, the cause of most of the natural disasters are soil erosion, seismics activity, tectonic plates, air pressures, and ocean currents etc. Natural disasters kill 60,000 people per year! The topic, natural disasters were becoming more critically important this year as the rate of death due to the natural disasters has risen from 0.01% to 0.4%. Therefore we would like to talk about some of the deadliest natural disasters globally.

Galveston Hurricane First and foremost, we’d like to talk about the Galveston Hurricane, which was an enormous hurricane. The Galveston hurricane was one of the deadliest hurricanes in American History, killing 12,000 people, and destroyed 7,000 buildings in the island called Galveston on the Gulf coast of Texas.

The hurricane struck Galveston on September 8th 1900, leaving mass destruction to the island of Galveston.

The Galveston hurricane was first reported in Antigua,with only little amounts of rain and wind. Then it spread to Puerto Rico, slowly progressing into more dangerous levels, with winds sprouting a little higher.

Then it reached Jamaica at a dangerous rate, causing all the rivers to overflow. Then Cuba, causing massive rainflow. Then finally, on September 8th, 1900, The city of Galveston, Texas, finally got the first true look of the hurricane. The cyclone was now a Category 4 storm, with winds strong as 140mph (225km). 6000-8000 people were dead after the storm. After the storm, the US had a loss of $34 million, with a loss of $30 million on Galveston alone

Haiti Earthquake

The Haiti earthquake in 2010 is one of the most devastating earthquakes recorded, killing over 300,000 people and making over 1.5 million homeless. This earthquake, which struck in Port-au-Prince, was a devastating earthquake, after all the country of Haiti had faced. With the palace destroyed and the hospitals idle, the Haitian people had late support due to the people coming from the U.S. With so many casualties and losses, some of the Haitians even moved to Brazil, leaving all of their past behind and they were highly covered by the media constituting the centre of discussions regarding a change of migration policies and legislation in Brazil.

After a decade, Haiti still struggles to recover from the destruction of the Haiti Earthquake. It gave so much devastation to the many people who lingered in Haiti.

The tectonic plates generated so many faults in Haiti. However, the unfortunate news is that there was a recent Haiti earthquake, which killed over 2,200 people.

1931 China Floods

China floods that happened in 1931 were the deadliest natural disasters in China. This precedent natural disaster was a very bad memory for Chinese people. Almost all of China was flooded in the incident, and major cities at the time such as Wuhan, Nanjing, and beyond. This is what happened. From 1928 to 1931, China was struck by a big drought, and even the winter was harsh, having a lot of snow and ice on the mountains. However, the following summer, the ice and snow melted, and it streamed down to the middle course of the Yangtze, causing it to flood.

The enormous death toll of China Floods resulted in killing so many people. The calculated death toll was 3.7 million people in China. The rising water drove 500,000 people out of their homes by the beginning of August. The water made all the crops demolished instantly. Major cities, including Wuhan and Nanjing, depended on the food. Without it, people starved to death.

Deforestation and Global Warming

Let’s look at the major happenings that make our environment more uninhabitable.

There are many major problems. However, we are going to talk about deforestation and global warming: the biggest issues of today. Global warming occurs due to the air pollution from the manufacturing of the products in the factory. There are several different things that cause global warming. The predominant things include gasoline cars that generate methane, nitrous oxide, and carbon dioxide. The spreading of these gases causes climate change, even with people trying to stabilize the situation.

Deforestation refers to forests diffusing the fire. Deforestation removes the oxygen in the atmosphere. There are many plants in the forest that generate oxygen by the process of photosynthesis. However, if they are burned, we will not have as much fresh oxygen as we had before. The most severe case of this is deforestation in the Amazon rainforest. The Amazon is the largest and biggest forest (rainforest) in the world having 10 percent of animals living there. Currently 17% of the Amazon has been deforested, and if it reaches 20 to 25%, the whole rainforest will collapse, and the trees will start to die, emitting carbon dioxide.Deforestation could lead to problems in our society such as lack of paper, lack of fresh, ventilated air, and too much carbon dioxide.

This is critical as ⅓ of the air we breathe comes from the amazon, and can lead to an oxygen shortage.

Theory of Relativity

By Aiden Kim

Many scientists go on to claim that physics is the major branch of science. In this world of physics, the theory of relativity is such a famous theory. It has been brought to the world since 1905 by Einstein’s paper. In this magazine, I will introduce this theory of special, special relativity.

Let's say a boy late to school is running super, super, SUPER fast. And finally, BOOM, time gets slower and he’s safe. This seems impossible, of course, however this is exactly what special relativity is. First of all, we should know what in the world is a wave. According to Khan Academy, a wave is a disturbance through a medium. Then, what is medium and what is disturbance? Okay, let me give you an example, let’s say we’re throwing a stone into the pond. Then, we can see the water waving. That waving is a disturbance, and water is medium.By the way, why did we learn about waves?- Because light definitely has a property of both waves and particles. So, there must be a medium of light. What is it? People were used to calling it luminiferous ether.

People in the past then thought: ‘Well, then, how to validate luminiferous ether?’ They got an answer which is that they must be moving quite rapidly relative to the luminiferous ether. And then, scientists in the past said: But if a light is moving through an ether, then two or more lights can’t overlap! (This proves that ether does not exist) Okay, this ether problem is solved, but another problem occurs.

Maxwell’s equation doesn’t meet with Galileo’s relative movement.

Galileo thought every movement has a standard. But light’s speed is always the same even though light doesn’t have a standard. Just then, Einstein thought: ‘Maxwell equation is always the same, then light’s speed can be the same.’ So Einstein wrote a thesis about special relativity. What’s it? It says: light’s speed is always the same. And for this, we could also change the time and space.

In classical mechanics, time and space do not change. So even Newton's mechanics move at not changing space and not changing time. And Herman Minkowski said space and time are not separated. And it makes Minkowski spacetime. And Einstein’s famous E=mc2 comes out from here. Here comes special relativity’s main point. Is that spacetime is relative as an observer. I’ll give you an example, let’s say a boy and a running girl are measuring time with light. And say that the light's speed is 1m/s(for convenience). A girl is beaming light from her hand to the other hand. That distance was exactly 1m and it took 1 second. Until now, there were no problems. Next, a boy, who is not moving, watches the light that the girl beamed. But a girl is running, so he sees that light travels more than 1m. (light moves diagonally for a boy) When we divide the distance light travelled by time, then we can know speed. But light’s speed is the same all the time, so the time that boy measured is more than 1 second. This means the time interval has expanded.

So for a boy, a girl’s time looks like slow motion. But this is strange. As I said, if a girl can run 100m in 10 seconds, for a boy, after 10 seconds, a girl is not finished, and for a girl, she is finished. Yes, distance had shrunk. It means, for a boy, distance had shrunk and girl’s time will pass slowly. Because light’s speed needs to be the same all the time. So the summary is that special relativity is a theory that changes everything, even space and time for the same speed of light.

Genius Magazine Brought to you by: Writers:

Editors: (Y12)

Jiwon Lucy Yoon

Seo Yoon Sarah Park Ji Woo Shin

Solee Lina Park

Ji Woo Shin

Seo Yoon Sarah Park

Seo Hyun Lily Park

Nayun Chloe Kim

Chaemin Angela Park

JIoh Jio Kim

Mina Yoon

Yi Hoon Kil

Yongjae Jeremy Kim

Song Shin Doyeon Kate Han Uchan Seo Chris Jeong Bumgyu Aiden Kim

Designers: (Y12)