การประเมินประสิทธิภาพและคุณภาพน้ำ ของระบบผลิตน้ำประปาหมู่บ้าน

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∏π“«—≤πå √—°°¡≈ «∑.¡. ªÿ≠≠æ—≤πå ‰™¬‡¡≈å Ph.D. ¡‡°’¬√µ‘¬» «√‡¥™ .¡. §≥–«‘∑¬“°“√ ÿ¢¿“æ·≈–°“√°’Ó ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬∑—°…‘≥ «‘∑¬“‡¢µæ—∑≈ÿß

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86

‡¡…“¬π - ¡‘∂ÿπ“¬π 2554

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Assessment of Efficiency and Water Quality of Village Water Supply System: Case Study BanThumla Tambon Lankhoy, Amphur Paprayoom, Phatthalung Province Tanawat Rakkamon M.Sc. Bhunyabhadh Chaimay Ph.D. Somkiattiyos Woradet MP.H. Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Thaksin University, Pattalung Campus Papayom District

Abstract The objectives of this study aimed to assess the efficiency and water quality of village water supply system. During the study, the quality of raw water in each season; dry and rainy season was performed. The parameters were tested including physical, chemical, heavy metal and biological, such as, turbidity, pH, total dissolved solid (TDS), residual chorine, hardness, chloride, sulfate, nitrate-nitrogen, fluoride, iron, copper, manganese, zinc, cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic, chromium, total coliform bacteria and faecal coliform. As well as, it was to assess the quality of the water supply systems including lime adding process for adjusted pH, using sand filter to reduce turbidity, and chorine adding process to disinfection a time each month, total 12 times. As well as, the quality of water in water distribution in each season was conducted. The water samples were collected during October, 2008 - September, 2009. The result found that the quality of the water in the reservoir fell in to Class 3 of Thailand Surface Water Quality Standard. The evaluation of water efficiency in water supply system during added lime adjusted for pH found that water had sufficient and appropriate to sedimentation. In addition, the result of sand filtration found that it could reduce the turbidity about 91.67 %. Chorine disinfection found that the efficient in disinfection was 8.33%. In the water distribution, there was 100% biological contamination during dry and rainy season. To compare the quality of supply water was not different in both seasons. The results suggest that the water supply system should be performed by alum and lime adding. In addition, sand filtration should be cleaned daily and improve the chorine in sufficient daily. The water should be boiled before consumption.

Keywords: Efficiency, Water of Quality, Village Water Supply System

THAILAND JOURNAL OF HEALTH PROMOTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH A p r i l - J u n e 2 0 1 1

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89

∫ ∑ «‘ ∑ ¬ “ ° “ √ ÿ¢¿“æÕπ“¡—¬¢Õߪ√–™“™π„πµ”∫≈≈“π¢àÕÕ”‡¿ÕªÉ“æ–¬Õ¡ ®—ßÀ«—¥æ—∑≈ÿß µàÕ‰ª

«‘∏’°“√»÷°…“ 1. æ◊Èπ∑’Ë»÷°…“·≈–°“√»÷°…“§ÿ≥¿“æ ·À≈àßπÈ”¥‘∫ æ◊È π ∑’Ë µ—È ß √–∫∫º≈‘ µ πÈ” ª√–ª“∫â “ π∂È” ≈“ Õ”‡¿Õ≈“π¢àÕ¬ ®—ßÀ«—¥æ—∑≈ÿß ¥—ß¿“æ∑’Ë 1 ‚¥¬„™â πÈ” ®“°Õà “ ߇°Á ∫ πÈ” Àâ « ¬πÈ” „ ‡ªì π ·À≈à ß πÈ” ¥‘ ∫ „π °√–∫«π°“√º≈‘µ ‚¥¬°“√»÷°…“§ÿ≥¿“æ·À≈àß πÈ”¥‘∫‡°Á∫µ—«Õ¬à“ß 2 ƒ¥Ÿ°“≈ §◊Õ „π™à«ßƒ¥ŸΩπ (‡¥◊Õπ惻®‘°“¬π 2551) ·≈–„π™à«ßƒ¥Ÿ·≈âß (‡¥◊Õπ情¿“§¡ 2552) ·≈–»÷°…“§ÿ≥¿“æπÈ” ¥â“𰓬¿“æ ‡§¡’ ‚≈À–Àπ—° ·≈–®ÿ≈™’««‘∑¬“ ‚¥¥—™π’§ÿ≥¿“æπÈ”∑’Ë»÷°…“¡’¥—ßπ’È §«“¡¢ÿàπ æ’‡Õ™ Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ §«“¡π”‰øøÑ“ ¢Õß·¢Áß∑’≈Ë –≈“¬‰¥â∑ß—È À¡¥ §≈Õ√’πµ°§â“ß §«“¡°√–¥â“ß §≈Õ‰√¥å ´—≈‡øµ ‰π ‡µ√∑-‰π‚µ√‡®π ø≈Ÿ Õ Õ‰√¥å ‡À≈Á ° ∑Õß·¥ß ·¡ß°“π’ —ß°– ’ ·§¥‡¡’¬¡ µ–°—Ë« ª√Õ∑ “√ÀπŸ

‚§√‡¡’¬¡ ‚§≈‘øÕ√å¡·∫§∑’‡√’¬∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ ·≈–øï§Õ≈ ‚§≈‘ ø Õ√å ¡ ·≈–„™â «‘ ∏’ ° “√«‘ ‡ §√“–Àå §ÿ ≥ ¿“æ πÈ” ¥◊Ë ¡ «‘ ∏’ µ “¡ Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater 20th Edition (16) 2. °“√ª√–‡¡‘πª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ√–∫∫º≈‘µ πÈ”ª√–ª“ °“√ª√–‡¡‘ π ª√– ‘ ∑ ∏‘ ¿ “æ√–∫∫º≈‘ µ πÈ” ª√–ª“∫â “ π∂È” ≈“ ª√–‡¡‘ π ®“°∑ÿ ° ¢—È π µÕπ °√–∫«π°“√º≈‘µ µ—Èß·µà°“√‡µ‘¡ªŸπ¢“«‡æ◊ËÕª√—∫ æ’‡Õ™ °“√„™â∑√“¬‡æ◊ËÕ≈¥§«“¡¢ÿàπ·≈–¢Õß·¢Áß∑’Ë ≈–≈“¬‰¥â∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ √«¡∑—Èß°“√‡µ‘¡§≈Õ√’π‡æ◊ËÕ¶à“ ‡™◊ÕÈ ‚√§ ‚¥¬∑”°“√‡°Á∫µ—«Õ¬à“ßπÈ”‡¥◊Õπ≈–§√—ßÈ µ—ßÈ ·µà‡¥◊Õπµÿ≈“§¡ 2551 ∂÷߇¥◊Õπ°—𬓬π 2552 √«¡ ®”π«π 12 §√—Èß ´÷Ëß°“√§”π«≥ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ‚¥ª√–‡¡‘π®“°§ÿ≥¿“æπÈ”ÕÕ°®“°√–∫∫º≈‘µ∑’˺à“π ‡°≥±å¡“µ√∞“π§ÿ≥¿“æπÈ”ª√–ª“„π·µà≈–§√—Èß ‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫‡ªìπ√âÕ¬≈– (%)

¿“æ∑’Ë 1 ·ºπ∑’˵—Èß√–∫∫º≈‘µπÈ”ª√–ª“∫â“π∂È”≈“ Õ”‡¿ÕªÉ“æ–¬Õ¡ ®—ßÀ«—¥æ—∑≈ÿß 90

‡¡…“¬π - ¡‘∂ÿπ“¬π 2554

°√¡Õπ“¡—¬ à߇ √‘¡„Àâ§π‰∑¬ ÿ¢¿“楒

°“√ª√–‡¡‘πª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ·≈–§ÿ≥¿“æπÈ”¢Õß√–∫∫º≈‘µπÈ”ª√–ª“À¡Ÿà∫â“π: °√≥’»÷°…“ ∫â“π∂È”≈“œ

3. °“√»÷°…“§ÿ≥¿“æπÈ”„π√–∫∫®à“¬πÈ” °“√‡°Á ∫ µ— « Õ¬à “ ßπÈ” „π√–∫∫®à “ ¬πÈ” ‡°Á ∫ µ—«Õ¬à“ß·∫∫¡’‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢ (Inclusion Criteria) §◊Õ Õ‘ßµ“¡√–¬–∑“ߢÕ߇ âπ∑àÕ àßπÈ”ª√–ª“ §◊Õ µâπ∑àÕ (∫â“πª√–™“™π) °≈“ß∑àÕ (√â“π§â“) ·≈–ª≈“¬∑àÕ (∫â“πª√–™“™π) „π™à«ßƒ¥Ÿ·≈âß·≈–ƒ¥ŸΩπ ·≈– ‡°Á∫µ—«Õ¬à“ßπÈ”ª√–ª“‚¥¬«‘∏’·∫∫·¬° (Grab Sampling) ®“°°ä Õ °πÈ” ‚¥¬µ√ß ·≈–π” µ—«Õ¬à“ßπÈ”‡°Á∫√—°…“¥â«¬°“√·™à‡¬Áπ∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ 4 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ ®“°π—Èππ”¡“«‘‡§√“–Àå§ÿ≥¿“æπÈ” ∑“ߥâ“𰓬¿“æ ‡§¡’ ‚≈À–Àπ—°·≈–®ÿ≈™’««‘∑¬“ ‡™àπ‡¥’¬«°—∫°“√»÷°…“§ÿ≥¿“æ·À≈àßπÈ”¥‘∫ ”À√—∫ °“√«‘‡§√“–Àåµ—«Õ¬à“ßπÈ”∑“ß°“¬¿“æ ·≈–‡§¡’ π” ¡“«‘‡§√“–Àå∑’ËÀâÕߪؑ∫—µ‘°“√ “¢“«‘™“ ÿ¢»“ µ√å Õÿ µ “À°√√¡·≈– ÿ ¢ ¿“æ ‘Ë ß ·«¥≈â Õ ¡ §≥– «‘∑¬“°“√ ÿ¢¿“æ·≈–°“√°’Ó ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬∑—°…‘≥ «‘∑¬“‡¢µæ—∑≈ÿß ·≈–«‘‡§√“–Àå§ÿ≥¿“æπÈ”∑“ß ‚≈À–Àπ—° ·≈–®ÿ≈™’««‘∑¬“ ∑’ËÀâÕߪؑ∫—µ‘°“√§≥– «‘ ∑ ¬“»“ µ√å ¡À“«‘ ∑ ¬“≈— ¬ ߢ≈“π§√‘ π ∑√å «‘∑¬“‡¢µÀ“¥„À≠à 4. °“√«‘‡§√“–Àå¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ π”¢â Õ ¡Ÿ ≈ §ÿ ≥ ¿“æπÈ” ª√–ª“∑“ߥ⠓ π °“¬¿“æ ‡§¡’ ‚≈À–Àπ—° ·≈–®ÿ≈™’««‘∑¬“¡“ ‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫°—∫§à“¡“µ√∞“π§ÿ≥¿“æπÈ”ª√–ª“ °√¡Õπ“¡—¬ æ.». 2543 ¬°‡«âπ§à“§«“¡¢ÿàπ∑’Ë ‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫°—∫§ÿ≥¿“æπÈ”ª√–ª“¢ÕßÕߧ尓√ Õπ“¡—¬‚≈° §.». 2006 ‡æ◊ËÕµ√«® Õ∫§ÿ≥¿“æ À√◊Õ§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—¬¢ÕßπÈ”Õÿª‚¿§·≈–∫√‘‚¿§ ·≈– „™â ∂‘µ‘·∫∫ Wilcoxon matched pairs signedranks test ‡æ◊ËÕ«‘‡§√“–À凪√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫§«“¡·µ° µà “ ߢÕ߃¥Ÿ ° “≈µà Õ §ÿ ≥ ¿“æπÈ” ·À≈à ß πÈ” ¥‘ ∫ ·≈– √–∫∫®à“¬πÈ”

º≈°“√»÷°…“ 1. §ÿ≥¿“æ·À≈àßπÈ”¥‘∫ ®“°°“√»÷°…“§ÿ≥¿“æπÈ”Õà“߇°Á∫πÈ”Àâ«πÈ”„ æ∫«à“ ª√‘¡“≥‡À≈Á° (¿“æ∑’Ë 2a) ª√‘¡“≥ ‚§≈‘øÕ√å¡·∫§∑’‡√’¬∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ ·≈–øï§Õ≈‚§≈‘øÕ√å¡ (¿“æ∑’Ë 2b) ‡°‘π¡“µ√∞“π§ÿ≥¿“æπÈ”ª√–ª“ °√¡Õπ“¡—¬ æ.». 2543 ∑’Ë°”Àπ¥‰«â‰¡à‡°‘π 0.5 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡µàÕ≈‘µ√¢Õߪ√‘¡“≥‡À≈Á°·≈– 0 ‡ÕÁ¡æ’ ‡ÕÁπµàÕ 100 ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√ ¢Õߪ√‘¡“≥‚§≈‘øÕ√å¡ ·∫§∑’‡√’¬∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ ·≈–øï§Õ≈‚§≈‘øÕ√å¡ ·≈–‡¡◊ËÕ π”º≈§ÿ≥¿“æπÈ”∑“ß°“¬¿“æ ‡§¡’ ‚≈À–Àπ—° ·≈– ∑“ß®ÿ ≈ ™’ « «‘ ∑ ¬“¢ÕßÕà “ ߇°Á ∫ πÈ” ¡“‡ª√’ ¬ ∫‡∑’ ¬ ∫ §«“¡·µ°µà “ ß√–À«à “ ߃¥Ÿ Ω π·≈–ƒ¥Ÿ · ≈â ß æ∫«à “ ‰¡à¡’§«“¡·µ°µà“ß°—π (p-value = 0.460) 2. °“√ª√–‡¡‘πª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ¢Õß√–∫∫ º≈‘µπÈ”ª√–ª“ °“√ª√–‡¡‘πª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ‚¥¬√«¡¢Õß √–∫∫º≈‘µπÈ”ª√–ª“∫â“π∂È”≈“ (¿“æ∑’Ë 3a) ‚¥√–∫∫º≈‘µπÈ”ª√–ª“À¡Ÿ∫à “â π∑’»Ë °÷ …“π’ªÈ √–°Õ∫¥â«°“√‡µ‘¡ªŸπ¢“« °“√„™â∑√“¬°√Õß ·≈–°“√¶à“ ‡™◊ÈÕ‚√§ ®“°°“√»÷°…“°√–∫«π°“√‡µ‘¡ªŸπ¢“« ‡æ◊ËÕª√—∫§à“æ’‡Õ™ æ∫«à“§à“æ’‡Õ™À≈—ß®“°ª√—∫ ¿“æ§√—ßÈ ÿ¥∑⓬¡’§“à Õ¬Ÿ„à π™à«ß 7.04-7.99 (æ’‡Õ™ ‡©≈’ˬ 7.46±0.29) ´÷Ëß à«π„À≠à‡À¡“– ¡°—∫°“√ µ°µ–°Õπ à«π°√–∫«π°“√„™â∑√“¬°√Õßæ∫«à“ “¡“√∂≈¥§«“¡¢ÿàπ‡©≈’ˬ√âÕ¬≈– 23.31 - 92.38 (¿“æ∑’Ë 3b) ´÷Ëߺà“π‡°≥±å°“√≈¥§«“¡¢ÿàπ‰¥â 11 µ—«Õ¬à“ß §‘¥‡ªìπ√âÕ¬≈– 91.67 ‡¡◊ËÕ‡∑’¬∫°—∫ ‡°≥±å ¡ “µ√∞“π¢Õߧÿ ≥ ¿“æπÈ” ª√–ª“¢Õß Õߧ尓√Õπ“¡—¬‚≈° æ.». 2549 ∑’°Ë ”Àπ¥‰«â‰¡à‡°‘π 5 ‡ÕÁπ∑’¬Ÿ ·≈– “¡“√∂≈¥¢Õß·¢Áß∑’Ë≈–≈“¬‰¥â ∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ ‰¡à‰¥â‡≈¬ - √âÕ¬≈– 74.31 (¿“æ∑’Ë 3c) ´÷Ëߺà“π‡°≥±å¡“µ√∞“π∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ 12 µ—«Õ¬à“ߧ‘¥ ‡ªìπ√âÕ¬≈– 100 (§à“¡“µ√∞“π¢Õß·¢Áß∑’Ë≈–≈“¬

THAILAND JOURNAL OF HEALTH PROMOTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH A p r i l - J u n e 2 0 1 1

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∫ ∑ «‘ ∑ ¬ “ ° “ √ ‰¥â∑—ÈßÀ¡¥‰¡à‡°‘π 1,000 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡µàÕ≈‘µ√) ·≈– °√–∫«π°“√¶à“‡™◊ÈÕ‚√§‚¥¬°“√‡µ‘¡§≈Õ√’π æ∫«à“ ¡’ª√‘¡“≥§≈Õ√’πµ°§â“ß 3 µ—«Õ¬à“߇∑à“π—Èπ (¿“æ ∑’Ë 3d) ·µàª√‘¡“≥§≈Õ√’πµ°§â“ß∑’Ë “¡“√∂¶à“‡™◊ÈÕ

‚√§‰¥â À ¡¥µ“¡‡°≥±å ¡ “µ√∞“π §◊ Õ µâ Õ ß¡’ §≈Õ√’πµ°§â“ß Õ¬Ÿà„π™à«ß 0.2 - 0.5 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡µàÕ ≈‘µ√ ®“°°“√»÷°…“¡’‡æ’¬ß 2 µ—«Õ¬à“߇∑à“π—Èπ∑’Ë ºà“π‡°≥±å¡“µ√∞“𠧑¥‡ªìπ√âÕ¬≈– 16.67

1.0

ª√‘¡“≥‡À≈Á°(mg/L)

0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0

øï§Õ≈‚§≈‘øÕ√å¡(MPN/100 mL.) ‚§≈‘øÕ√å¡·∫§∑’‡√’¬∑—ÈßÀ¡¥(MPN/100 mL.)

¿“æ∑’Ë 2 §ÿ ≥ ¿“æ·À≈à ß πÈ” ¥‘ ∫ (2a) ª√‘ ¡ “≥‡À≈Á ° (2b) ‚§≈‘ ø Õ√å ¡ ·∫§∑’ ‡ √’ ¬ ∑—È ß À¡¥·≈– øï§Õ≈‚§≈‘øÕ√å¡ 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 ¡“µ√∞“π 0 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 0

3. §ÿ≥¿“æπÈ”„π√–∫∫®à“¬πÈ” §ÿ≥¿“æπÈ”„π√–∫∫®à“¬πÈ” 3 ®ÿ¥∑’»Ë °÷ …“§◊Õ µâπ∑àÕ (∫â“πª√–™“™π) °≈“ß∑àÕ (√â“π§â“) ·≈– ª≈“¬∑àÕ (∫â“πª√–™“™π) º≈°“√»÷°…“§ÿ≥¿“æ πÈ”¥â“𰓬¿“æ„π™à«ßƒ¥ŸΩπ æ∫«à“ §«“¡¢ÿàπ ‡∑à “ π—È π ∑’Ë ‡ °‘ π ¡“µ√∞“π§ÿ ≥ ¿“æπÈ” ª√–ª“¢Õß Õߧ尓√Õπ“¡—¬‚≈° §.». 2006 ∑’°Ë ”Àπ¥‰«â‰¡à‡°‘π 5 ‡ÕÁπ∑’¬Ÿ ´÷Ëßæ∫∑’Ë∫√‘‡«≥µâπ∑àÕ (10.41 ‡ÕÁπ∑’¬Ÿ) ·≈–°≈“ß∑àÕ (10.11 ‡ÕÁπ∑’¬Ÿ) à«πƒ¥Ÿ·≈âßæ∫«à“ §ÿ≥¿“æπÈ”¥â“𰓬¿“æ∑ÿ°¥—™π’‰¡à‡°‘π¡“µ√∞“π (¿“æ∑’Ë 4a) ”À√—∫§ÿ≥¿“æπÈ”∑“߇§¡’ æ∫«à“ §≈Õ√’πµ°§â“߇∑à“π—Èπ∑’˵˔°«à“¡“µ√∞“π§ÿ≥¿“æ πÈ”ª√–ª“°√¡Õπ“¡—¬ æ.». 2543 ∑ÿ°®ÿ¥‡°Á∫ 92

‡¡…“¬π - ¡‘∂ÿπ“¬π 2554

°√¡Õπ“¡—¬ à߇ √‘¡„Àâ§π‰∑¬ ÿ¢¿“楒

9,200

µ—«Õ¬à“ß (§à“¡“µ√∞“π§≈Õ√’πµ°§â“ß 0.2 - 0.5 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡µàÕ≈‘µ√) ‚¥¬„π™à«ßƒ¥ŸΩπµ√«®æ∫§à“ §≈Õ√’πµ°§â“ß ≥ ∫√‘‡«≥µâπ∑àÕ °≈“ß∑àÕ ·≈– ª≈“¬∑àÕ ‡©≈’ˬ‡∑à“°—∫ 0.11, 0.05 ·≈– 0.09 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡µàÕ≈‘µ√ µ“¡≈”¥—∫ ·≈–„π™à«ßƒ¥Ÿ·≈âß µ√«®‰¡àæ∫§≈Õ√’πµ°§â“ß∑ÿ°®ÿ¥‡°Á∫µ—«Õ¬à“ß à«π §ÿ ≥ ¿“æπÈ” ∑“ß‚≈À–Àπ— ° æ∫§à “ ‡À≈Á ° ‡°‘ π ¡“µ√∞“π ≥ ∫√‘‡«≥µâπ∑àÕ (0.732 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡µàÕ ≈‘µ√) ·≈–°≈“ß∑àÕ (0.700 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡µàÕ≈‘µ√) ‡©æ“–„π™à«ßƒ¥ŸΩπ ¥—ß¿“æ∑’Ë 4b à«π§ÿ≥¿“æ πÈ” ¥â “ π®ÿ ≈ ™’ « «‘ ∑ ¬“æ∫«à “ ‚§≈‘ ø Õ√å ¡ ·∫§∑’ ‡ √’ ∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ (¿“æ∑’Ë 4c) ·≈–øï§Õ≈‚§≈‘øÕ√å¡ (¿“æ ∑’Ë 4d) ‡°‘π§à“¡“µ√∞“π∑ÿ°®ÿ¥‡°Á∫µ—«Õ¬à“ß∑—Èß„π

°“√ª√–‡¡‘πª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ·≈–§ÿ≥¿“æπÈ”¢Õß√–∫∫º≈‘µπÈ”ª√–ª“À¡Ÿà∫â“π: °√≥’»÷°…“ ∫â“π∂È”≈“œ

™à«ßƒ¥ŸΩπ·≈–ƒ¥Ÿ·≈âß ·≈–‡¡◊ËÕπ”º≈§ÿ≥¿“æπÈ” ∑“ß°“¬¿“æ ‡§¡’ ‚≈À–Àπ—° ·≈–®ÿ≈™’««‘∑¬“¢Õß §ÿ ≥ ¿“æπÈ” √–∫∫®à “ ¬πÈ” ¡“‡ª√’ ¬ ∫‡∑’ ¬ ∫§«“¡ ·µ°µà “ ß√–À«à “ ߃¥Ÿ Ω π·≈–ƒ¥Ÿ · ≈â ß æ∫«à “ ‰¡à ¡’

§«“¡·µ°µà“ß°—π ≥ ∫√‘‡«≥µâπ∑àÕ (p-value = 0.460) °≈“ß∑àÕ (p-value = 0.281) ·≈–ª≈“∑àÕ (p-value = 0.087)

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 µ.§.æ.¬.∏.§.¡.§.°.æ.¡’.§.‡¡.¬.æ.§.¡‘.¬.°.§. .§.°.¬.

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 µ.§.æ.¬.∏.§.¡.§.°.æ.¡’.§.‡¡.¬.æ.§.¡‘.¬.°.§. .§.°.¬. ÕÕ°®“°√–∫∫

0

ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ

ÕÕ°®“°√–∫∫

ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ

1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0

8.0 7.8 7.6 7.4 7.2 7.0 6.8 6.6 6.4 6.2 6.0

§à“ pH

500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 °àÕπ‡¢â“√–∫∫

°àÕπ‡¢â“√–∫∫

°“√≈¥¢Õß·¢Áß≈–≈“¬‰¥â∑ß—È À¡¥ °“√¶à“‡™◊ÕÈ ‚√§

§≈Õ√’πµ°§â“ß (mg/L)

°“√≈¥§«“¡¢ÿπà

¢Õß·¢Áß≈–≈“¬‰¥â∑—ÈßÀ¡¥:TDS(mg/L)

30 27 24 21 18 15 12 9 6 3 0

ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ°“√≈¥§«“¡¢ÿàπ(%)

§«“¡¢ÿàπ (NTU)

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ°“√≈¥¢Õß·¢Áß≈–≈“¬‰¥â∑—ÈßÀ¡¥:TDS(%)

ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ√«¡¢Õß√–∫∫(%)

¿“æ∑’Ë 3 °“√ª√–‡¡‘ π ª√– ‘ ∑ ∏‘ ¿ “æ√–∫∫º≈‘ µ πÈ” ª√–ª“(3a) §«“¡¢ÿà π (3b) ¢Õß·¢Á ß √–‡À¬‰¥â∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ (3c) §≈Õ√’πµ°§â“ß·≈–æ’‡Õ™ ·≈– (3d)ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ√«¡¢Õß√–∫∫

µ.§.æ.¬.∏.§.¡.§.°.æ.¡’.§.‡¡.¬.æ.§.¡‘.¬.°.§. .§.°.¬. §≈Õ√’πµ°§â“ß

pHπÈ”‡¢â“√–∫∫

pHπÈ”ÕÕ°®“°√–∫∫

THAILAND JOURNAL OF HEALTH PROMOTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH A p r i l - J u n e 2 0 1 1

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πÈ”„ ) ®—¥Õ¬Ÿà„π¡“µ√∞“π§ÿ≥¿“æπÈ”®◊¥º‘«¥‘π ª√–‡¿∑∑’Ë 3 §◊ Õ ·À≈à ß πÈ” ∑’Ë ‰ ¥â √— ∫ πÈ” ∑‘È ß ®“° °‘®°√√¡∫“ߪ√–‡¿∑ ·≈– “¡“√∂‡ªìπª√–‚¬™πå ‡æ◊ËÕ°“√Õÿª‚¿§·≈–∫√‘‚¿§‚¥¬µâÕߺà“π°“√¶à“ ‡™◊ÈÕ‚√§µ“¡ª°µ‘·≈–ºà“π°√–∫«π°“√ª√—∫ª√ÿß §ÿ≥¿“æπÈ”∑—Ë«‰ª°àÕπ ·≈–‡æ◊ËÕ°“√‡°…µ√ ∑—Èßπ’È ‡π◊ËÕß®“°·À≈àß∑’˵—ÈßπÈ”¥‘∫¡’™ÿ¡™π ∫â“π‡√◊Õπ ·≈– æ◊πÈ ∑’∑Ë “ß°“√‡°…µ√„π∫√‘‡«≥„°≈⇧’¬ß®”π«π¡“° ®÷ß¡’°“√ª≈àÕ¬¢Õ߇ ’¬≈ß ŸàÕà“߇°Á∫πÈ” ∑”„Àâ¡’º≈ µà Õ §ÿ ≥ ¿“æπÈ” ¥‘ ∫ ¥— ß °≈à “ « ·≈–‡¡◊Ë Õ µ√«® Õ∫ §ÿ≥¿“æπÈ”ª√–ª“„π√–∫∫®à“¬πÈ”‰ª ŸàºŸâ„™âπÈ” æ∫ «à “ §ÿ ≥ ¿“æπÈ” ¥â “ π®ÿ ≈ ™’ « «‘ ∑ ¬“ ‰¡à ºà “ π‡°≥±å ¡“µ√∞“π Ÿß∑’Ë ÿ¥∑ÿ°®ÿ¥‡°Á∫µ—«Õ¬à“ß∑—Èß 2 ƒ¥Ÿ°“≈ (§‘ ¥ ‡ªì π 100%) ´÷Ë ß µ√«®æ∫‚§≈‘ ø Õ√å ¡ ·∫§∑’‡√’¬∑—ßÈ À¡¥ ·≈–øï§Õ≈‚§≈‘øÕ√å¡ ‚¥¬‡™◊ÕÈ ∑—ßÈ 2 ™π‘¥¥—ß°≈à“«‡ªìπµ—«™’È«—¥∑’Ë ”§—≠¢Õߧÿ≥¿“æ πÈ”¥â“π®ÿ≈™’««‘∑¬“ À“°πÈ”ªπ‡ªóÕô π‡™◊ÕÈ ∑—ßÈ 2 ™π‘¥ · ¥ß«à“‰¡àª≈Õ¥¿—¬µàÕ°“√π”¡“‡æ◊ËÕÕÿª‚¿§·≈– ∫√‘‚¿§ ‡æ√“–Õ“®¡’®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬åµ—«Õ◊Ëπ∑’Ë∑”„À⇰‘¥ ‚√§„π√–∫∫∑“߇¥‘πÕ“À“√ªπÕ¬Ÿà (1) ‘Ëß∑’Ë ”§—≠ ∑’˵âÕßæ‘®“√≥“ §◊Õ ª√–™“™π„π™ÿ¡™π„πÀ¡Ÿà∫â“π ¥—ß°≈à“«∫“ß à«π¡’°“√„™âπÈ”ª√–ª“‡æ◊ÕË ∫√‘‚¿§ ∑—ßÈ π’È À“°πÈ”ª√–ª“¡’‡™◊ÈÕ®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬å∑’Ë°àÕ‚√§Õ“®∑”„Àâ ª√–™“™π∑’Ë∫√‘‚¿§πÈ”‡°‘¥°“√‡ ’¬™’«‘µ‰¥â (19, 20) ·≈–¡’√“¬ß“π«à“°“√‡ ’¬™’«‘µ®“°‡™◊ÈÕ∑’Ë°àÕ‚√§®– ‡°‘¥¢÷πÈ ∑—π∑’∑π— „¥¿“¬À≈—ß®“°°“√∫√‘‚¿§πÈ” (21, 22) ´÷Ëß®“°¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈√“¬ß“π°“√‡®Á∫ªÉ«¬®“°°“√∫√‘‚¿§ πÈ” „πÀ¡Ÿà ∫â “ π∑’Ë »÷ ° …“¡’ ‡ æ’ ¬ ß∫ÿ § §≈∑’Ë ‡ °‘ ¥ ‚√§ Õÿ®®“√–√à«ß‡©’¬∫æ≈—π®”π«π 236 §πµàÕªï ·µà¬—ß ‰¡à¡’ºŸâ‡ ’¬™’«‘µ (3) ·µà®”‡ªìπµâÕ߇ΩÑ“√–«—ß ‚¥¬∑“ß √–∫“¥«‘∑¬“√“¬ß“π«à“°“√ªπ‡ªóôÕπ¢Õß®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬å ∑’Ë°àÕ‚√§π—Èπ‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ®“°≈—°…≥–¿Ÿ¡‘ª√–‡∑»∑’Ë·µ° µà“ß°—π (23 - 26) ´÷Ëß®“°°“√»÷°…“π’Ȭ—ßæ∫«à“¡’ §«“¡ Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫°“√«‘®—¬À≈“¬Ê æ◊Èπ∑’Ë æ∫«à“

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°‘µµ‘°√√¡ª√–°“» ß“π«‘®—¬π’È ”‡√Á®≈ÿ≈à«ß‰¥â ‚¥¬‰¥â√—∫∑ÿπ Õÿ¥Àπÿπ°“√«‘®¬— ª√–‡¿∑‡ß‘π√“¬‰¥â ª√–®”ªï 2551 ®“° ∂“∫—π«‘®—¬·≈–æ—≤π“ ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬∑—°…‘≥ ·≈–¢Õ¢Õ∫§ÿ≥ º».¥√. ÿ‡¡∏ ‰™¬ª√–æ—∑∏å §≥– «‘»«°√√¡»“ µ√å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬ ߢ≈“π§√‘π∑√å „π °“√„À⧔ª√÷°…“ ·π–π”„π°“√∑”«‘®—¬ µ≈Õ¥®π ¢Õ¢Õ∫§ÿ≥§≥–«‘∑¬“°“√ ÿ¢¿“æ·≈–°“√°’Ó ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬∑—°…‘≥ «‘∑¬“‡¢µæ—∑≈ÿß∑’Ë„À⧫“¡ π—∫ πÿπ·°àπ—°«‘®—¬∑ÿ°Ê ¥â“π

‡Õ° “√Õâ“ßÕ‘ß 1. United Nations Conference on Environment and Development; UNCED .Rio de Janeiro; 3-14 June 1992.

2. Mead PS, Slutsker L, Dietz V, McCaig LF, Bresee JS, Shapiro C, et al. Food-Related Illness and Death in the United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1999;5(5):607-625 3. ”π—°√–∫“¥«‘∑¬“ °√¡§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§ °√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢. ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈·≈– ∂‘µ‘¥â“π√–∫“¥«‘∑¬“. [online].

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4. ª√‘≠≠“ ¡Ÿ≈ ‘π. §ÿ≥¿“æπÈ”∑“ß°“¬¿“æ ‡§¡’ ·≈–®ÿ≈™’««‘∑¬“¢ÕßπÈ”ª√–ª“À¡Ÿà∫â“π®”π«π 10 µ—«Õ¬à“ß „π ‡¢µÕ”‡¿Õ‡¡◊Õß ®—ßÀ«—¥Õÿ∫≈√“™∏“π’. ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬√“™¿—ØÕÿ∫≈√“™∏“π’; 2547 5. ª«‘µ√ ‰™¬«‘ ‘∑∏‘Ï. °“√ª√–‡¡‘πª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ¢Õß√–∫∫ª√–ª“·≈–§«“¡æ÷ßæÕ„®¢ÕߺŸâ„™âπÈ”„π¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—ߢ≈“π§√‘π∑√å «‘∑¬“‡¢µÀ“¥„À≠à. «‘∑¬“π‘æπ∏å«‘∑¬“»“ µ√¡À“∫—≥±‘µ ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬ ߢ≈“ π§√‘π∑√å; 2548 6. πƒ¡≈ ª√–¿“ ¡ÿ∑√. °“√¥Ÿ·≈√–∫∫º≈‘µ·≈–§ÿ≥¿“æπÈ”ª√–ª“¢Õß√–∫∫ª√–ª“À¡Ÿà∫â“π·∫∫º‘«¥‘π„π‡¢µ ®—ßÀ«—¥¢Õπ·°àπ. «‘∑¬“π‘æπ∏åª√‘≠≠“ “∏“√≥ ÿ¢»“ µ√å¡À“∫—≥±‘µ. ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬¢Õπ·°àπ;2549 7. »Ÿπ¬åÕπ“¡—¬ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ‡¢µ 2 √–∫ÿ√’, °√¡Õπ“¡—¬. ¡ªª. √“¬ß“π°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå§ÿ≥¿“æπÈ”∫√‘‚¿§ªï 25382539. »Ÿπ¬åÕπ“¡—¬ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ‡¢µ 2 √–∫ÿ√’ °√¡Õπ“¡—¬ °√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢.

8. ∑√√»π«√√≥ π“¡«‘™—¬ ·≈– ÿ¿“æ√ π“¡¡Ÿ≈πâÕ¬. °“√«‘‡§√“–Àå§ÿ≥¿“æπÈ”∑“߇§¡’¢ÕßπÈ”ª√–ª“À¡Ÿà∫â“π„π ‡¢µÕ”‡¿Õ‡¡◊Õß ®—ßÀ«—¥¢Õπ·°àπ ·≈–¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬¢Õπ·°àπ. ª√‘≠≠“«‘∑¬“»“ µ√∫—≥±‘µ §≥– «‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬¢Õπ·°àπ; 2539 9. æ‘π®‘ ‡°… “§√ ·≈–§≥–. ¿“æªí≠À“¢Õß°√–∫«π°“√º≈‘µ·≈–§ÿ≥¿“æπÈ”ª√–ª“À¡Ÿ∫à “â π °√¡Õπ“¡—¬ ®—ßÀ«—¥ ™—¬π“∑. °≈ÿà¡ß“πÕπ“¡—¬ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡·≈–Õ“™’«Õπ“¡—¬ ”π—°ß“π “∏“√≥ ÿ¢ ®—ßÀ«—¥™—¬π“∑;2542 10. Õ“√’√—µπå ‚æ∏å ÿ«√√≥ ·≈–‡∫≠®æ√ æ‘≥ ¡∫—µ‘. §ÿ≥¿“æπÈ”ª√–ª“À¡Ÿà∫â“π ®—ßÀ«—¥√–¬Õß «“√ “√«‘™“°“√ “∏“√≥ ÿ¢. 2543; 9 (1) : 116-121.

11. ∫ÿ≠‡∑’¬Ë ß ÕàÕπ·∑â ·≈–‡ πàÀå »√’‡√◊Õß. §ÿ≥¿“æ∑“ß·∫§∑’‡√’¬¢Õß√–∫∫ª√–ª“À¡Ÿ∫à “â π„πÕ”‡¿ÕÀ⫬¬Õ¥ ®—ßÀ«—¥ µ√—ß «“√ “√Õπ“¡—¬ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡. 2538; 1 (2) : 49-60.

12. Õ√πÿ™ ƒ∑∏‘Ï®‘µ‡æ’¬√, Õ“√’¬å ≈—¥¥“™¬“æ√, ÿøÑ“ ∫—≥±ÿ°ÿ≈, π«≈∑Õß ‡¡∏“®“√¬å, ÿ™“µ‘ ™◊Ëπª√–‡ √‘∞, ™“ π√‘π∑√å »√’∫ÿ≠‡√◊Õß ·≈–§≥–‚§√ß°“√»÷°…“§ÿ≥¿“æπÈ”ª√–ª“À¡Ÿà∫â“π·≈–§«“¡æ÷ßæÕ„®¢Õß ª√–™“™π„π°“√„™âπÈ”ª√–ª“À¡Ÿà∫â“π »÷°…“‡©æ“–°√≥’Õ”‡¿Õ‡°“–§“ ®—ßÀ«—¥≈”ª“ß «“√ “√°“√ à߇ √‘¡ ÿ¢¿“æ·≈–Õπ“¡—¬ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡.2540; 20 (1) : 49-58.

13. πæ√—µπå ‚√®π«‘»‘…∞å. °“√»÷°…“§ÿ≥¿“æπÈ”ª√–ª“„π®—ßÀ«—¥©–‡™‘߇∑√“. «‘∑¬“π‘æπ∏åª√‘≠≠“«‘∑¬“»“ µ√ ¡À“∫—≥±‘µ “¢“«‘™“°“√»÷°…“«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å (™’««‘∑¬“). ∂“∫—π‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’æ√–®Õ¡‡°≈Ⓡ®â“§ÿ≥ ∑À“√≈“¥°√–∫—ß; 2545 14. ‡∑»∫“≈µ”∫≈≈“π¢àÕ¬. ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑—Ë«‰ª¢Õ߇∑»∫“≈µ”∫≈≈“π¢àÕ¬. [online]. 2551 [ ◊∫§âπ‡¡◊ËÕ 25 ¡’π“§¡ 2551]; ·À≈àߢâÕ¡Ÿ≈: URL: http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki.

15. °√Õß°¡≈ ÀÕ¡™◊Ëπ, ‡°»»‘µ“ «ß§åµ√’, ™π‘¥“ ∑Õß∑√ß, ‡¥◊Õππ¿“ »‘√‘∫Ÿ√≥å, ∏”√߇¥™ πâÕ¬ ’, ªî¬–πÿ™ ∫ÿ≠ ∑», ·≈–§≥– √“¬ß“π°“√Ωñ°ªØ‘∫µ— ß‘ “π¿“§ π“¡√–¬–∑’Ë 1 À¡Ÿ∑à ’Ë 5 ∫â“π∂È”≈“ µ”∫≈≈“π¢àÕ¬ Õ”‡¿Õ ªÉ“æ–¬Õ¡ ®—ßÀ«—¥æ—∑≈ÿß. “¢“ “∏“√≥ ÿ¢»“ µ√å §≥–«‘∑¬“°“√ ÿ¢¿“æ·≈–°“√°’Ó ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—∑—°…‘≥ «‘∑¬“‡¢µæ—∑≈ÿß; 2550 16. APHA, AWWA and WEF. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater.

20th Edition. Washington DC :American Public Health Association; 1998 17. AWWA. Water Quality and Treatment: A Handbook of Public Water Supplies. 3rd ed., Washington DC: McGraw - Hill Book Company; 1970

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∫ ∑ «‘ ∑ ¬ “ ° “ √ 18. ¡—Ëπ ‘π µ—≥±ÿ≈‡«»¡å. «‘»«°“√ª√–ª“‡≈à¡∑’Ë 1. æ‘¡æå§√—Èß∑’Ë 3. °√ÿ߇∑æœ. : ”π—°æ‘¡æå®ÿÓ≈ß°√≥å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬;2542.

19. Egoz N, Shmilovitz M, Kretzer B, Lucian M, Porat V, Raz R. An outbreak of Shigella sonnei infection due to contaminationof a municipal water supply in northern Israel. J Infect, 1991;22:87-93 20. Macler AB, Merkel CJ. Current knowledge on groundwater microbial pathogens and their control. Hydrogeol J2000;8:29-40 21. Tulchinsky TH, Burla E, Halperin R, Bonn J, Ostroy P.Waterquality, waterborne disease and enteric disease in Israel1976-92. Isr J Med Sci1993;29:783-90 22. Frost FJ, Craun GF, Calderon RL. Waterborne disease surveillance. J Am Water Works Assoc.

1996;88:66-75 23. Sullivan PS, DuPont HL, Arafat RR, Thornton SA, Selwyn BJ, Alamy MA.Illness and reservoirs associated withGiardia lamblia infection in rural Egypt: the case against treatment in developing world environments of high endemicity .Am J Epidemiol. 1988;127: 1,27281.

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25. Tay J, Ruiz A, Schenone H, Robert L, Sanchez-Vega JT,Uribarren T. Frequency of intestinal protozoosis inthe Mexican Republic. Bol Chil Parasitol, 1994;49: 9-15.

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