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∫∑§—¥¬àÕ °“√»÷°…“π’Èπ”À≈Õ¥‰øø≈ŸÕÕ‡√ ‡´πµå‡§≈◊Õ∫¥â«¬‰∑‡∑‡π’¬¡‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å∑’Ë¡’¢“¬Õ¬Ÿà„π∑âÕßµ≈“¥ ¡“ ∑¥ Õ∫§«“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√°”®—¥·∫§∑’‡√’¬ Staphylococcus epidermidis ·≈–√“ Aspergillus niger „π ÀâÕß®”≈Õß∑’Ë¡’°“√§«∫§ÿ¡Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘·≈–§«“¡™◊Èπ —¡æ—∑∏剫⠒Ë√–¥—∫§◊Õ ∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ 25 ± 1 ÌC §«“¡™◊Èπ 55 ± 5%, Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ 25 ± 1 ± ÌC §«“¡™◊Èπ 75 ± 5%, Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ 35 ± 1 ÌC §«“¡™◊Èπ 55 ± 5% ·≈– Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ 35± 1 ÌC §«“¡™◊Èπ 75 ± 5% ‚¥¬„™â°“√æà𠇪√¬å®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬å„πÀâÕß®”≈Õßπ“π 20 π“∑’ °àÕπ∑”°“√‡°Á∫µ—«Õ¬à“ß ®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬å„πÕ“°“» ·≈â«®÷߇ªî¥À≈Õ¥‰øæ√âÕ¡‡°Á∫µ—«Õ¬à“ßµàÕ‡π◊ËÕ߉ªÕ’°‡ªìπ‡«≈“∑—Èß ‘Èπ 6 ™—Ë«‚¡ß ‡ª√’¬∫ ‡∑’¬∫°—∫®”π«π®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬å∑’Ëæ∫®“°°“√„™âÀ≈Õ¥‰øª°µ‘∑’ˉ¡à¡’°“√‡§≈◊Õ∫ º≈°“√»÷°…“æ∫«à“À≈Õ¥‰øø≈ŸÕÕ ‡√ ‡´πµå∑’ˇ§≈◊Õ∫‰∑‡∑‡π’¬¡‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å “¡“√∂≈¥®”π«π·∫§∑’‡√’¬·≈–‡™◊ÈÕ√“‰¥â¥’°«à“°“√„™âÀ≈Õ¥‰øª°µ‘ ∑’ˉ¡à‰¥â‡§≈◊Õ∫ ‚¥¬¿“¬„π‡«≈“ 40-360 π“∑’ ∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ 25 ± 1 ÌC §«“¡™◊Èπ —¡æ—∑∏å 55 ± 5% ®”π«π S. epidermidis ∂Ÿ°°”®—¥‰ª‰¥â¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥§◊Õ 382-388 cfu/m3 (45-91%) à«π A. niger ∂Ÿ°°”®—¥‰ª‰¥â 284640 cfu/m3 (27-88%) ¿“¬„π‡«≈“ 60-360 π“∑’ ‡¡◊ËÕ‡∑’¬∫°—∫®”π«π∑’Ëæ∫®“°À≈Õ¥‰ø∑’ˉ¡à¡’°“√‡§≈◊Õ∫ ·µà‡¡◊ËÕ‡æ‘Ë¡Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘‡ªìπ 35 ± 1 ÌC ·≈–‡æ‘Ë¡§«“¡™◊Èπ —¡æ—∑∏凪ìπ 75 ± 5% ®”π«π S. epidermidis ∂Ÿ° °”®—¥‰¥âπâÕ¬≈ß Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡ §«“¡·µ°µà“ßπ—Èπ‰¡à¡’π—¬ ”§—≠∑“ß ∂‘µ‘∑’Ë√–¥—∫§«“¡‡™◊ËÕ¡—Ëπ 95% ¢≥–∑’Ë Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘·≈–§«“¡™◊Èπ∑’ˇæ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ àߺ≈µàÕ°“√≈¥®”π«π‡™◊ÈÕ√“ A. niger ¿“¬„πÀâÕß®”≈Õ߇¡◊ËÕ„™âÀ≈Õ¥‰ø ª°µ‘∑’ˉ¡à‰¥â‡§≈◊Õ∫Õ¬à“߇ÀÁπ‰¥â™—¥ ®π‰¡à “¡“√∂ √ÿª‰¥â«à“°“√°”®—¥‡™◊ÈÕ√“∑’˧«“¡™◊Èπ Ÿß‡ªìπº≈¡“®“°°“√„™â À≈Õ¥‰ø‡§≈◊Õ∫‰∑‡∑‡π’¬¡‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥åÀ√◊Õ®“°ªí®®—¬∑“ß°“¬¿“æÕ◊Ë𠧔 ”§—≠: °“√°”®—¥‡™◊ÈÕ√“„πÕ“°“», °“√°”®—¥·∫§∑’‡√’¬„πÕ“°“», §ÿ≥¿“æÕ“°“»¿“¬„πÕ“§“√

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Removal of microorganisms in the air using nanotitania-coating lamps Chuleewan Thunyasirinon Ph.D. candidate Public Health (International) Program, Khon Kaen University Pipat Sribenjalux Associated Professor Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University Sitthisuntorn Supothina Researcher National Metal and Materials Technology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency Paradee Chuaybamroong* Assistant Professor Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University * Corresponding author

Abstract The commercial TiO2-coated fluorescent lamps compared with regular (uncoated) fluorescent lamps were investigated for their disinfection capabilities in this study. Aspergillus niger, a representative of fungi, and Staphylococus epidermidis, a representative of bacteria, were sprayed into an experimental chamber for 20 min before the air sampling was performed. Then the lamps, either TiO2-coated lamps or uncoated lamps, were turned on and the sampling was continued for 6 hours. The effects of temperature and relative humidity in the chamber on the lampsû disinfection performance were also explored at following ranges: 25±1 ÌC, 55±5% RH; 25±1 ÌC, 75±5% RH; 35±1 ÌC, 55±5% RH; and 35±1 ÌC, 75±5% RH. The results showed that at 25±1 ÌC, 55±5% RH, the best reduction of S. epidermidis was achieved at 382-388 cfu/m3 removal (45-91%) within 40-360 min after turning on the TiO2-coated fluorescent lamps compared to that of uncoated lamps. The same pattern was found for A. niger which 284-640 cfu/m3 were removed after 60-360 min of irradiation (27-88% reduction). When increasing temperature or humidity, less disinfection was observed for S. epidermidis; however, the difference was insignificant at 95% level of confidence. In contrast, temperature and humidity had much stronger effect on A. niger reduction although the lamps were uncoated. At high humidity level, it was hard to distinguish that the fungal reduction was the result of TiO2-coated fluorescent lamps or other environmental factors.

Key Words: Fungi removal from the air, bacteria removal from the air, indoor air quality

THAILAND JOURNAL OF HEALTH PROMOTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH

July - September 2011

111

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«‘∏’°“√»÷°…“ °“√»÷°…“π’°È √–∑”„πÀâÕß®”≈Õß¢π“¥ 8 ≈Ÿ° ∫“»°å‡¡µ√ ∑’˪√–°Õ∫¥â«¬™—Èπ‡°Á∫µ—«Õ¬à“ßÕ“°“» ∑’ËÕÕ°·∫∫„À⇪ìπ≈‘Èπ™—° ”À√—∫«“ßÕÿª°√≥凰Á∫ µ—«Õ¬à“ßÕ“°“»™π‘¥ single stage impactor ∑’Ë √–¥—∫§«“¡ Ÿß 0.5, 0.9, 1.5 ·≈– 1.8 ‡¡µ√ (√Ÿª∑’Ë 1) ¥â“πµ√ߢⓡ‡ªìπ™—Èπ«“ß nebulizer ”À√—∫ æàπ®ÿ≈π‘ ∑√’¬å ‚¥¬¡’楗 ≈¡¢π“¥‡≈Á°«“ßÕ¬Ÿ¥à “â πÀ≈—ß nebulizer (‰¡à‰¥â· ¥ß„π√Ÿª) ‡ªìπµ—«™à«¬„π°“√ º ¡®ÿ ≈‘ π ∑√’ ¬å „ Àâ ‡ ¢â “ °— ∫ Õ“°“»·≈–„Àâ ¡’ ° “√ °√–®“¬µ—«Õ¬à“ß∑—Ë«∂÷߉¡à‡ªìπ°√–®ÿ°Õ¬Ÿà∫√‘‡«≥„¥ ∫√‘‡«≥Àπ÷Ëß ∑’ˇ楓π¥â“π∫π¢ÕßÀâÕßµ‘¥À≈Õ¥‰ø ø≈ŸÕÕ‡√ ‡´πµå (visible white light) ¢π“¥ 18 «—µµå‡§≈◊Õ∫¥â«¬ TiO2 ∑’Ë¡’®”Àπà“¬Õ¬Ÿà„π∑âÕß µ≈“¥®”π«π 3 À≈Õ¥ à«π∑’Ëæ◊Èπ¥â“π≈à“ß√Õ∫Ê ÀâÕßµ‘¥À≈Õ¥‰ø¬Ÿ«’´’¢π“¥ 20 «—µµå (‰¡à‰¥â· ¥ß „π√Ÿª) ”À√—∫¶à“‡™◊ÈÕ‚√§°àÕπ‡√‘Ë¡∑”°“√∑¥≈Õß ·≈–À≈—ß®“° ‘Èπ ÿ¥°“√∑¥≈Õß∑ÿ°§√—Èß (æ‘ Ÿ®πå°“√ ¶à “ ‡™◊È Õ ¥â « ¬°“√‡°Á ∫ µ— « Õ¬à “ ßÕ“°“»°à Õ π°“√ ∑¥≈Õß„π·µà≈–§√—Èß)

Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¿“¬„πÀâÕß®”≈Õß°”À𥉫â Õß √–¥—∫§◊Õ∑’Ë 25 ± 1 ÌC ·≈– 35 ± 1 ÌC ”À√—∫ ‡ªìπµ—«·∑π¢ÕßÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘„πÀâÕߪ√—∫Õ“°“»∑—Ë«‰ª ·≈–Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢ÕßÀâÕß∑’ˉ¡à‰¥â„™â‡§√◊ËÕߪ√—∫Õ“°“» §«“¡™◊Èπ —¡æ—∑∏å°”À𥉫â Õß√–¥—∫‡™àπ°—π§◊Õ 55 ± 5% ·≈– 75 ± 5% ´÷Ë߇ªì𧫓¡™◊Èπ¢Õß ÀâÕߪ√—∫Õ“°“»·≈–§«“¡™◊Èπ„π∫√√¬“°“»∑—Ë«‰ª ¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬∑’¡Ë §’ “à ‡©≈’¬Ë µ≈Õ¥ªïÕ¬Ÿ∑à ’Ë 73-80%6 ¿“«–∑’„Ë ™â„π°“√∑¥≈Õß®÷ß¡’ 4 ¿“«–§◊Õ Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ 25 ± 1 ÌC §«“¡™◊Èπ 55 ± 5%, Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ 25 ± 1 ÌC §«“¡™◊Èπ 75 ± 5%, Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ 35 ± 1 ÌC §«“¡™◊Èπ 55 ± 5% ·≈– Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ 35 ± 1 ÌC §«“¡™◊Èπ 75 ± 5% ‡™◊ÈÕ®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬å∑’Ë„™â§◊Õ·∫§∑’‡√’¬ Staphylococcus epidermidis ·≈–‡™◊ÈÕ√“ Aspergillus niger ´÷Ë߇ªìπµ—«·∑π¢Õß°≈ÿà¡®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬å∑’Ëæ∫¡“° ∑’Ë ÿ ¥ „π∫√√¬“°“»¿“¬„πÕ“§“√ 7 ‚¥¬‡™◊È Õ ¥— ß °≈à“«®—¥´◊ÈÕ¡“®“° ∂“∫—π«‘®—¬«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å·≈– ‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’·Ààߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬„π√Ÿª¢Õߺ߷Àâß ¢—Èπ µÕπ°“√‡µ√’ ¬ ¡‡™◊È Õ ∑”‚¥¬π”‡™◊È Õ ·∫§∑’ ‡ √’ ¬ ¡“

√Ÿª∑’Ë 1 ÀâÕß®”≈Õß∑’Ë„™â„π°“√»÷°…“ THAILAND JOURNAL OF HEALTH PROMOTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH

July - September 2011

113

∫ ∑ «‘ ∑ ¬ “ ° “ √ º ¡°—∫πÈ”°≈—Ëπ∑’˪√“»®“°‡™◊ÈÕ„À⇢⓰—π¥’ ·≈â«„™â ªî‡ªµÀ¬¥‡™◊ÕÈ ¥—ß°≈à“« 1 À¬¥≈ß„πÕ“À“√‡≈’¬È ߇™◊ÕÈ Blood agar ‡°≈’ˬ„Àâ∑—Ë« ·≈â«π”‰ª∫ࡇ擖‡™◊ÈÕ∑’Ë 35-37 ÌC π“π 1 «—π ·≈â«®÷ß𔂧‚≈π’¢Õß S. epidermidis ∑’Ë¢÷Èπ„À¡à®“°°“√‡æ“–‡™◊ÈÕ‰ª‡®◊Õ ®“ߥ⫬πÈ”°≈—Ëπª√“»®“°‡™◊ÈÕ„Àâ¡’§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ 10 4-10 7 cfu/mL (‡∑’ ¬ ∫®“°§«“¡¢ÿà π ¢Õß McFarland) ·≈â«®÷ß„ à„π¢«¥ nebulizer ‡æ◊ËÕ„™â æàπ„πÀâÕß∑¥≈Õß à«π‡™◊ÈÕ√“ À≈—ß®“°º ¡ºß ‡™◊ÕÈ √“·Àâß°—∫πÈ”°≈—πË ª√“»®“°‡™◊ÕÈ „À⇢⓰—π¥’·≈â« À¬¥ “√≈–≈“¬≈ß∫πÕ“À“√‡≈’¬È ߇™◊ÕÈ Saubouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) ‡°≈’ˬ„Àâ∑—Ë« ·≈â«π”‰ª Õ∫‡æ“–‡™◊ÈÕ∑’Ë 37 ÌC ®π°«à“ mycelia ¢÷Èπ®π‡µÁ¡ ‡æ≈∑ („™â ‡ «≈“ª√–¡“≥ 3 «— π ) ®“°π—È π ®÷ ß ‡¢’ˬ ªÕ√剪º ¡°—∫πÈ”°≈—Ëπ„Àâ¡’§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπÕ¬Ÿà „π™à « ß 10 4 -10 7 cfu/mL (π— ∫ ®”π«π®“° °≈âÕß®ÿ≈∑√√»πå‚¥¬„™â grid chamber) ‡æ◊ËÕπ” ‰ª„™âæàπ¥â«¬ nebulizer ‡™àπ°—π8 °“√∑¥≈Õ߇√‘Ë¡®“°æàπ‡™◊ÈÕ®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬å·µà≈– ™π‘¥¿“¬„πÀâÕß®”≈Õßπ“π 20 π“∑’ √–À«à“ßπ—Èπ ¡’°“√‡ªî¥æ—¥≈¡Õ¬Ÿàµ≈Õ¥‡«≈“ ‡¡◊ËÕ§√∫ 20 π“∑’ ·≈â«®÷߇°Á∫µ—«Õ¬à“ß®ÿ≈π‘ ∑√’¬„å πÕ“°“»¥â«¬ impactor („™âÕ—µ√“°“√¥Ÿ¥Õ“°“» 28.3 ≈‘µ√/π“∑’) π“π 30 «‘π“∑’ ´÷Ëß„π∑’Ëπ’ȇ√’¬°«à“∑’ˇ«≈“ 0 π“∑’ °àÕπ ‡ªî¥‰ø∫π‡æ¥“πÀâÕß ·≈â«∑”°“√‡°Á∫µ—«Õ¬à“ßµàÕ ‡π◊ËÕ߉ª‡√◊ËÕ¬Ê ®π§√∫ 360 π“∑’À√◊Õ 6 ™—Ë«‚¡ß ‡¡◊ËÕ ‘Èπ ÿ¥°“√∑¥≈Õ߉¥â‡ªî¥À≈Õ¥‰ø¬Ÿ«’´’¶à“‡™◊ÈÕ ∑’ÕË “®À≈߇À≈◊ÕÕ¬Ÿà °àÕπ∑”°“√»÷°…“´È”„À¡à√«¡ 3 ´È”„π·µà≈– ¿“«–¢Õß°“√∑¥≈Õß ·≈–‰¥â¡’°“√ »÷ ° …“‡ª√’ ¬ ∫‡∑’ ¬ ∫°— ∫ °“√„™â À ≈Õ¥‰øø≈Ÿ Õ Õ ‡√ ‡´πµåª°µ‘∑—Ë«‰ª∑’ˉ¡à¡’°“√‡§≈◊Õ∫‰∑‡∑‡π’¬¡ ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥åÕ¬à“ß≈– 3 ´È”„π·µà≈–√–¥—∫Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ ·≈–§«“¡™◊Èπµ“¡∑’Ë°”À𥇙àπ‡¥’¬«°—π µ—«Õ¬à“ß ∑’ˇ°Á∫‰¥â∂Ÿ°π”‰ªÕ∫‡æ“–‡™◊ÈÕ∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ 35-37 114 °√°Æ“§¡ - °—𬓬π 2554 °√¡Õπ“¡—¬

à߇ √‘¡„Àâ§π‰∑¬ ÿ¢¿“楒

Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ π“π 24-48 ™—Ë«‚¡ß°àÕππ”¡“π—∫ ®”π«π‚§‚≈π’ °“√∑¥ Õ∫¬◊π¬—π‡™◊ÕÈ ·∫§∑’‡√’¬„™â«∏‘ ’ Conventional method µ“¡ Manual of Clinical Microbiology 9 ”À√—∫°“√¬◊π¬—π‡™◊ÈÕ√“„™â «‘∏’ Microscopic examination by slide culture method10 ®”π«π‚§‚≈π’∑’Ëπ—∫‰¥â¡’°“√ª√—∫·°â ¥â«¬§à“ correction factor11 °àÕπ§”π«≥·≈– √“¬ß“πº≈‡ªìπ®”π«π‚§‚≈π’µàÕ≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡µ√ (cfu/m 3) ¢ÕßÕ“°“»∑’Ë ¥Ÿ ¥ ‡¢â “ ‰ª à « π°“√ «‘‡§√“–Àå∑“ß ∂‘µ‘„™â ANOVA ·≈– t-test À¡“¬‡Àµÿ: ºŸâ ∑’Ë ª √ – ß §å ® – ∑ √ “ ∫ √ “ ≈–‡Õ’¬¥‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡‡°’ˬ«°—∫™◊ËÕ·≈–√ÿàπ¢ÕßÕÿª°√≥å/ ‡§√◊ËÕß¡◊Õ∑’Ë„™â„π°“√»÷°…“π’È “¡“√∂µ‘¥µàÕºŸâ√—∫ º‘¥™Õ∫∫∑§«“¡‰¥â‚¥¬µ√ß

º≈°“√»÷°…“·≈–Õ¿‘ª√“¬º≈ ®”π«π·∫§∑’‡√’¬ S. epidermidis ‡¡◊ËÕ„™â À≈Õ¥‰øø≈Ÿ Õ Õ‡√ ‡´πµå ª °µ‘ ∑—Ë « ‰ª∑’Ë ‰ ¡à ¡’ ° “√ ‡§≈◊ Õ ∫‡ª√’ ¬ ∫‡∑’ ¬ ∫°— ∫ ‡¡◊Ë Õ „™â À ≈Õ¥ø≈Ÿ Õ Õ ‡√ ‡´πµå∑‡’Ë §≈◊Õ∫‰∑‡∑‡π’¬¡‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å∑Õ’Ë ≥ ÿ À¿Ÿ¡‘ 25±1 ÌC ·≈– 35±1 ÌC §«“¡™◊Èπ —¡æ—∑∏å 55± 5% ‡©≈’¬Ë ®“°°“√»÷°…“ 3 ´È”∑’√Ë –¥—∫§«“¡ Ÿß 1.8, 1.5, 0.9 ·≈– 0.5 ‡¡µ√· ¥ß‰¥â¥—ß√Ÿª∑’Ë 2 ®“°√Ÿª∑’Ë 2 ®–‡ÀÁπ‰¥â«à“√–¥—∫§«“¡ Ÿß∑’Ë µà “ ß°— π À√◊ Õ °≈à “ «Õ’ ° π— ¬ Àπ÷Ë ß «à “ √–¬–Àà “ ß®“° À≈Õ¥‰ø∑’µË “à ß°—π‰¡à¡π’ ¬— ”§—≠„π·ßà¢Õß®”π«π S. epidermidis ∑’Ëæ∫ (p = 0.919 ®“° 3 ´È” ”À√—∫À≈Õ¥∑’‰Ë ¡à‰¥â‡§≈◊Õ∫ ·≈– p = 0.980 ”À√—∫ À≈Õ¥∑’ˇ§≈◊Õ∫) ‚¥¬‡ªìπ‰ª‰¥â«à“„π°“√∑¥≈Õß π—Èπ‰¥â‡ªî¥æ—¥≈¡„ÀâÕ“°“»¡’°“√º ¡µ—«°—πÕ¬à“ß ∑—Ë«∂÷ßµ≈Õ¥‡«≈“ 360 π“∑’ ®”π«π·∫§∑’‡√’¬®÷ß „°≈⇧’¬ß°—π¡“°„π∑ÿ°√–¥—∫§«“¡ Ÿß ´÷Ë߇¡◊ËÕ‰¥â ∑¥≈Õߪî¥æ—¥≈¡ º≈ª√“°Ø«à“ ®”π«π·∫§∑’‡√’¿“¬„πÀâÕß®”≈Õß≈¥≈ßÕ¬à“ß√«¥‡√Á«¿“¬„π‡«≈“

°“√°”®—¥®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬å„πÕ“°“»¥â«¬À≈Õ¥‰øøÑ“‡§≈◊Õ∫π“‚π‰∑‡∑‡π’¬

√Ÿª∑’Ë 2 ®”π«π S. epidermidis ∑’√Ë –¥—∫§«“¡ Ÿßµà“ßÊ ®“°°“√„™âÀ≈Õ¥ø≈ŸÕÕ‡√ ‡´πµå‰¡à‰¥â‡§≈◊Õ∫ (‡ âπª√–) ·≈–‡§≈◊Õ∫‰∑‡∑‡π’¬¡‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å (‡ âπ∑÷∫) ∑’˧«“¡™◊Èπ —¡æ—∑∏å 55 ± 5% (§à“ error bar · ¥ß∂÷ߧ«“¡·ª√ª√«π®“°°“√»÷°…“ 3 ´È”) (‡©≈’ˬ)

(‡©≈’ˬ)

‡«≈“(π“∑’)

Õ—π —Èπ®π‰¡à “¡“√∂∑”°“√∑¥≈ÕßµàÕ‰¥â ‡¡◊ËÕ ‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫®”π«π S. epidermidis ®“°°“√„™â À≈Õ¥‰øª°µ‘°—∫À≈Õ¥‰ø‡§≈◊Õ∫‰∑‡∑‡π’¬¡‰¥ ÕÕ°‰´¥å æ∫«à“ À≈Õ¥‰ø‡§≈◊Õ∫ “¡“√∂°”®—¥ S. epidermidis ‰¥â¥’°«à“·≈–‡√Á«°«à“¡“° ‚¥¬§«“¡ ·µ°µà“ßπ—Èπ‡√‘Ë¡‡ÀÁπ™—¥‡¡◊ËÕ‡ªî¥‰øπ“π 40 π“∑’ ‡ªìπµâπ‰ª °≈à“«§◊Õ‡¡◊ËÕ„™âÀ≈Õ¥‰øª°µ‘∑’Ë 25 ÌC (√Ÿª∑’Ë 2 ´â“¬¡◊Õ) ®”π«π S. epidermidis ‡©≈’Ë∑’ˇ«≈“ 40 π“∑’·≈– 360 π“∑’π—ÈπÕ¬Ÿà∑’Ë 851 cfu/m3 ·≈– 424 cfu/m3 µ“¡≈”¥—∫ ·µà‡¡◊ËÕ„™â À≈Õ¥‰ø‡§≈◊Õ∫ ®”π«π S. epidermidis ‡©≈’Ëπ—Èπ‡À≈◊Õ 469 cfu/m3 ·≈– 36 cfu/m3 µ“¡≈”¥—∫ À√◊Õ§‘¥‡ªìπ —¥ à«π°“√°”®—¥‰¥â 45-91% (°”®—¥ ‰ª‰¥â 382-388 cfu/m3) ¢≥–∑’Ë∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ 35 ÌC (√Ÿ ª ∑’Ë 2 ¢«“¡◊ Õ ) — ¥ à « π°“√≈¥≈ߢÕß S. epidermidis π—πÈ Õ¬Ÿ∑à ’Ë 39-63% (°”®—¥‰ª‰¥â 216301 cfu/m3) ´÷ËßπâÕ¬°«à“∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ 25 ÌC ‡≈Á° πâÕ¬ ‚¥¬‡ªìπ‰ª‰¥â«à“‡¡◊ËÕÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ Ÿß¢÷Èπ Õ—µ√“ °“√√Õ¥™’«‘µ®“°°“√‡æ“–‡™◊ÈÕ∫πÕ“À“√‡≈’Ȭ߇™◊ÈÕ π—Èπ¡’πâÕ¬≈ß ‡π◊ËÕß®“°‡¡◊ËÕ„™âÀ≈Õ¥‰øª°µ‘ (‡ âπ ª√–) ®”π«π S. epidermidis π—Èπæ∫‰¥âπâÕ¬°«à“ ∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ 25 ÌC ∑—Èß 3 ´È”‚¥¬‡©æ“–Õ¬à“߬‘Ëß∑’Ë

‡«≈“(π“∑’)

‡«≈“ 240 ·≈– 360 π“∑’ ·µàÕ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡ §«“¡ ·µ°µà“ßπ—πÈ ‰¡à¡π’ ¬— ”§—≠∑“ß ∂‘µ‘ (p = 0.971) ·µà Õ¬à“ß„¥ ‡¡◊ÕË ‡æ‘¡Ë §«“¡™◊πÈ —¡æ—∑∏å„πÀâÕß®”≈Õ߇ªìπ 75 ± 5% (√Ÿª∑’Ë 3) ®”π«π S. epidermidis ∑’Ë æ∫®“°°“√„™â À ≈Õ¥‰øª°µ‘ ‰ ¡à ‰ ¥â ‡ §≈◊ Õ ∫≈¥≈ß ®“°∑’˧«“¡™◊Èπ 55 ± 5% ‡≈Á°πâÕ¬ ·µà§«“¡·µ° µà“ßπ—Èπ‰¡à¡’π—¬ ”§—≠∑“ß ∂‘µ‘ (p = 0.902) ‚¥—¥ à«π°“√≈¥≈ߢÕß S. epidermidis ‡¡◊ËÕ„™â À≈Õ¥‰ø‡§≈◊Õ∫‡∑’¬∫°—∫À≈Õ¥∑’ˉ¡à‰¥â‡§≈◊Õ∫∑’Ë Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ 25 ÌC æ∫Õ¬Ÿà„π™à«ß 25-49% (°”®—¥ ‰ª‰¥â 164-216 cfu/m3) ®“°∑’‡Ë «≈“ 40-360 π“∑’ ¢≥–∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ 35 ÌC æ∫Õ¬Ÿà„π™à«ß 30-65% (°”®— ¥ ‰ª 170-250 cfu/m3) ®“°™à « ߇«≈“ ‡¥’¬«°—π Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡„π·ßà¢Õß ∂‘µ‘·≈â« ‰¡à«à“ Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘À√◊Õ§«“¡™◊Èπ —¡æ—∑∏å®–‡ªìπ‡∑à“„¥ §«“¡ ·µ°µà“ߢÕß®”π«π S. epidermidis ∑’Ëæ∫π—Èπ ‰¡à¡’π—¬ ”§—≠∑“ß ∂‘µ‘∑—Èß ‘Èπ (p = 0.871) ¥—ß√Ÿª ∑’Ë 3 „π à«π¢Õ߇™◊ÕÈ √“ Aspergillus niger °“√ „™âÀ≈Õ¥‰ø‡§≈◊Õ∫‰∑‡∑‡π’¬¡‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å “¡“√∂ °”®—¥ ªÕ√å¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“‰¥âÕ¬à“ߥ’¬‘Ëß ‚¥¬‡©æ“–∑’Ë

THAILAND JOURNAL OF HEALTH PROMOTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH

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∫ ∑ «‘ ∑ ¬ “ ° “ √ Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ 25 ÌC §«“¡™◊Èπ —¡æ—∑∏å 55 ± 5% (√Ÿª∑’Ë 4 ´â“¬¡◊Õ) µ—Èß·µà‡«≈“ 60 π“∑’‡ªìπµâπ‰ª ®”π«π A. niger ≈¥≈߉ª 284-640 cfu/m3 (27-88%) ·µà‡¡◊ËÕÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ Õ—µ√“°“√¡’™’«‘µ¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“

®“°°“√„™âÀ≈Õ¥‰øª°µ‘ππ—È ≈¥≈ß (√Ÿª∑’Ë 4 ¢«“¡◊Õ‡ âπª√–) À√◊Õ§‘¥‡ªìπ —¥ à«π°“√°”®—¥‰¥â 7-74% (°”®—¥‰¥â 60-307 cfu/m3) „π™à«ß‡«≈“‡∑à“°—π ´÷ßË ‡ªìπ‰ª‰¥â«“à Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ 35 CÌ π—πÈ ‡¢â“„°≈âÕ≥ ÿ À¿Ÿ¡‘

√Ÿª∑’Ë 3 ®”π«π S. epidermidis ∑’√Ë –¥—∫§«“¡ Ÿßµà“ßÊ ®“°°“√„™âÀ≈Õ¥ø≈ŸÕÕ‡√ ‡´πµå‰¡à‰¥â‡§≈◊Õ∫ (‡ âπª√–) ·≈–‡§≈◊Õ∫‰∑‡∑‡π’¬¡‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å (‡ âπ∑÷∫) ∑’˧«“¡™◊Èπ —¡æ—∑∏å 75 ± 5% (§à“ error bar · ¥ß∂÷ߧ«“¡·ª√ª√«π®“°°“√»÷°…“ 3 ´È”) (‡©≈’ˬ)

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heat shock ¢Õß A. niger ´÷Ëß Zhao et al.12 π—Èπ √–∫ÿ«à“Õ¬Ÿà∑’Ë 40 ÌC ‚¥¬°“√»÷°…“¢Õß Abrashev et al.13 æ∫«à“ ‡¡◊ËÕÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘‡æ‘Ë¡®“° 30 ÌC ‰ª‡ªìπ 40-60 ÌC ®–æ∫°≈ÿà¡ÕÕ°´‘‡®π∑’ˉ«µàÕ°“√‡°‘¥ ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“ ‡™àπ ´ÿ‡ªÕ√åÕÕ°‰´¥å·√¥‘§Õ≈ ( ÌO2-) ·≈–‰Œ‚¥√‡®π‡ªÕ√å Õ Õ°‰´¥å ‡ æ‘Ë ¡ ®”π«π¢÷È π „π ‡´≈≈å¢Õß A. niger 26 ‡ªìπÕ¬à“ß¡“° ´÷Ëß “√ ‡À≈à“π’‡È ªìπµ—«™’«È ¥— ¢Õß°“√‡°‘¥¿“«–∑’‡Ë √’¬°«à“ oxidative stress ∑’‡Ë ªìπµ—«°“√„π°“√∑”≈“¬‡´≈≈å¢Õß A. niger Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡ ”À√—∫°“√°”®—¥ ªÕ√å¢Õß A. niger ¥â « ¬À≈Õ¥‰ø‡§≈◊ Õ ∫‰∑‡∑‡π’ ¬ ¡‰¥ ÕÕ°‰´¥å∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ 25 ÌC ·≈– 35 ÌC (√Ÿª∑’Ë 4 ‡ âπ ∑÷∫) §«“¡·µ°µà“ß√–À«à“ßÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘π—Èπ‰¡à¡’𗔧—≠∑“ß ∂‘µ‘ (p = 0.631) ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“‚ø‚µ§– µ–‰≈ ‘ “¡“√∂°”®—¥ ªÕ√å¢Õß A. niger ‰¥â ‡ªìπÕ¬à“ߥ’„π™à«ß¢ÕßÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘∑—Èß Õß·¡â«à“°“√ ≈¥≈ߢÕ߇™◊ÕÈ √“ à«πÀπ÷ßË Õ“®‡ªìπº≈¡“®“° oxidative stress °Áµ“¡ à«π„π‡√◊ËÕߢÕß√–¬–Àà“ß®“° 116 °√°Æ“§¡ - °—𬓬π 2554 °√¡Õπ“¡—¬

(‡©≈’ˬ)

à߇ √‘¡„Àâ§π‰∑¬ ÿ¢¿“楒

À≈Õ¥‰ø ®”π«π A. niger ∑’Ëæ∫∑’Ë√–¬–µà“ßÊ ¬—ß §ß„°≈⇧’¬ß°—π®π§«“¡·µ°µà“ßπ—Èπ‰¡à¡’π—¬ ”§—≠ ∑“ß ∂‘µ‘‡™àπ‡¥‘¡ (p = 0.902) ‡¡◊ÕË ‡æ‘¡Ë §«“¡™◊πÈ —¡æ—∑∏凪ìπ 75 ± 5% (√Ÿª ∑’Ë 5) ‰¡à«à“®–„™âÀ≈Õ¥ª°µ‘∑’ˉ¡à‰¥â‡§≈◊Õ∫À√◊Õ À≈Õ¥‡§≈◊Õ∫‰∑‡∑‡π’¬¡‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å ®”π«π ªÕ√å ¢Õß A. niger ∑’Ëæ∫≈â«π·µà≈¥≈ß®π‰¡à “¡“√∂ √–∫ÿ∂÷ߧ«“¡·µ°µà“߉¥â∑—Èß∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ 25 ÌC ·≈– 35 ÌC ´÷Ë߇ªìπ‰ª‰¥â«à“§«“¡™◊Èπ∑’ˇæ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ°àÕ„À⇰‘¥ °“√‡°“–µ‘¥¢Õß ªÕ√å„π à«π¢Õß bipolymers ∑’Ë ™Õ∫πÈ”°—∫ºπ—ߢÕßÀâÕß®”≈Õß¡’¡“°¢÷Èπ¥â«¬·√ß capillary forces ‡π◊ËÕß®“°°“√»÷°…“¢Õß Bowen et al.13 ∑’Ë„™â°≈âÕß atomic force microscope »÷°…“°“√‡°“–µ‘¥¢Õß ªÕ√å¢Õß A. niger ∫π ºπ—߉¡°â“ (mica) æ∫«à“∑’˧«“¡™◊Èπ —¡æ—∑∏å 64% ≈–ÕÕߧ«“¡™◊Èπ®–‡§≈◊Õ∫∫πºπ—ß«— ¥ÿ„π≈—°…≥– ‡ªì π øî ≈å ¡ ∫“ßÊ∑’Ë ¡’ § «“¡ ¡Ë” ‡ ¡Õ°— π ·≈– bipolymers ∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà∫√‘‡«≥º‘«¥â“ππÕ°¢Õß ªÕ√å°Á

°“√°”®—¥®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬å„πÕ“°“»¥â«¬À≈Õ¥‰øøÑ“‡§≈◊Õ∫π“‚π‰∑‡∑‡π’¬

√Ÿª∑’Ë 4 ®”π«π A. niger ∑’√Ë –¥—∫§«“¡ Ÿßµà“ßÊ®“°°“√„™âÀ≈Õ¥ø≈ŸÕÕ‡√ ‡´πµå‰¡à‰¥â‡§≈◊Õ∫ (‡ âπ ª√–) ·≈–‡§≈◊Õ∫‰∑‡∑‡π’¬¡‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å (‡ âπ∑÷∫) ∑’§Ë «“¡™◊πÈ —¡æ—∑∏å 55 ± 5% (§à“ error bar · ¥ß∂÷ߧ«“¡·ª√ª√«π®“°°“√»÷°…“ 3 ´È”) (‡©≈’ˬ)

(‡©≈’ˬ)

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®–¡“‡°“–µ‘¥¥â«¬·√ߥ—ß°≈à“« ·µà∂ⓧ«“¡™◊Èπ —¡æ—∑∏å≈¥≈߇À≈◊Õ 30% °“√‡°“–µ‘¥®–‡√‘Ë¡¡’ §«“¡·ª√ª√«π Ÿ ß ·≈–‰¡à ¡—Ë π §ß‡π◊Ë Õ ß®“°·ºà π øî≈å¡¢Õß≈–ÕÕßπÈ”¢“¥§«“¡ ¡Ë”‡ ¡Õ à«π§«“¡ ‡ªì 𠉪‰¥â ∑’Ë § «“¡™◊È π — ¡ æ— ∑ ∏å ® –∑”„Àâ ¢ π“¥ ¢Õß ªÕ√å¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“‡æ‘Ë¡¡“°¢÷Èπ®π “¡“√∂µ°µ—« ≈ß¡“¥â « ¬·√ß‚πâ ¡ ∂à « ߢÕß‚≈°π—È π ¡’ ‰ ¥â πâ Õ ‡π◊Ë Õ ß®“° Reponen et al. 14 »÷ ° …“°“√ ‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß¢π“¥¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ√“ A. fumigatus ·≈– A. versicolor ‚¥¬‡æ‘¡Ë §«“¡™◊πÈ —¡æ—∑∏宓° 30%

‰ª‡ªìπ 90% °Á‰¡àæ∫§«“¡·µ°µà“ß„π‡√◊ËÕߢÕß ¢π“¥·µàÕ¬à“ß„¥ ‚¥¬„π°“√»÷°…“π’ȵ≈Õ¥‡«≈“ ∑’Ë∑”°“√∑¥≈Õ߉¥â¡’°“√‡ªî¥æ—¥≈¡ à“¬‰ª¡“‡æ◊ËÕ „ÀâÕ“°“»º ¡µ—«°—πÕ¬à“ß∑—Ë«∂÷ß ‚Õ°“ ∑’Ë≈¡®–æ“ „Àâ≈–ÕÕߢÕ߇™◊ÈÕ√“‰ª‡°“–µ‘¥∑’˺π—ßÀâÕß∑’Ë¡’øî≈å¡ πÈ”®“°°“√„™â§«“¡™◊Èπ —¡æ—∑∏å 75 ± 5% ®π ‡À≈◊Õ®”π«π≈àÕß≈Õ¬Õ¬Ÿà„πÕ“°“»πâÕ¬≈ß¡’‰¥â Ÿß ∑”„À⧫“¡·µ°µà“ß√–À«à“ß®”π«π‡™◊ÈÕ√“®“°°“√ „™âÀ≈Õ¥‰øª°µ‘·≈–À≈Õ¥‰ø‡§≈◊Õ∫π—Èπ‰¡à™—¥‡®π ¥—ß· ¥ß„π√Ÿª∑’Ë 5

√Ÿª∑’Ë 5 ®”π«π A. niger ∑’√Ë –¥—∫§«“¡ Ÿßµà“ßÊ ®“°°“√„™âÀ≈Õ¥ø≈ŸÕÕ‡√ ‡´πµå‰¡à‰¥â‡§≈◊Õ∫ (‡ âπ ª√–) ·≈–‡§≈◊Õ∫‰∑‡∑‡π’¬¡‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å (‡ âπ∑÷∫) ∑’˧«“¡™◊Èπ —¡æ—∑∏å 75 ± 5% (§à“ error bar · ¥ß∂÷ߧ«“¡·ª√ª√«π®“°°“√»÷°…“ 3 ´È”) (‡©≈’ˬ)

‡«≈“(π“∑’)

THAILAND JOURNAL OF HEALTH PROMOTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH

(‡©≈’ˬ)

‡«≈“(π“∑’)

July - September 2011

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∫ ∑ «‘ ∑ ¬ “ ° “ √ Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡ ‡¡◊ËÕæ‘®“√≥“‡©æ“–®”π«π ‡™◊È Õ √“∑’Ë æ ∫®“°°“√„™â À ≈Õ¥‰ø‡§≈◊ Õ ∫œ„π∑ÿ ° ¿“«– (‡ âπ∑÷∫„π√Ÿª∑’Ë 4 ·≈– 5) ‰¡à«à“Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ ·≈–§«“¡™◊Èπ®–‡ªìπ‡∑à“„¥ §«“¡·µ°µà“ßπ—Èπ¬—ß§ß ‰¡à¡’π—¬ ”§—≠∑“ß ∂‘µ‘ (p = 0.827) ‡™àπ‡¥’¬« °—∫®”π«π‡™◊ÈÕ√“∑’Ëæ∫∑’Ë√–¥—∫§«“¡ Ÿßµà“ß°—π ∑’Ë §«“¡™◊Èπ —¡æ—∑∏å 75 ± 5% Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ 25 ÌC ·≈– 35 ÌC §«“¡·µ°µà“ßπ—Èπ¬—ߧ߉¡à¡’π—¬ ”§—≠∑“ß ∂‘µ‘Õ¬Ÿà‡™àπ‡¥‘¡ (p = 0.946) ®“°°“√»÷°…“ √ÿª‰¥â«à“ À≈Õ¥‰ø‡§≈◊Õ∫ π“‚π‰∑‡∑‡π’¬À√◊Õ‰∑‡∑‡π’¬¡‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å¡’§«“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√°”®— ¥ ®ÿ ≈‘ π ∑√’ ¬å „ πÕ“°“»‰¥â ‡ ªì π Õ¬à“ߥ’ ´÷Ë߇¡◊ËÕ‡∑’¬∫°—∫À≈Õ¥‰øø≈ŸÕÕ‡√ ‡´πµå ª°µ‘ ∑’Ë ‰ ¡à ¡’ ° “√‡§≈◊ Õ ∫·≈â « À≈Õ¥‰ø∑’Ë ‡ §≈◊ Õ ∫ “¡“√∂≈¥®”π«π S. epidermidis ‰¥âµ—Èß·µà 164 cfu/m3 ‰ª®π∂÷ß 388 cfu/m3 „π™à«ß‡«≈“ 40360 π“∑’ À ≈— ß ®“°‡ªî ¥ À≈Õ¥‰ø ·≈– “¡“√∂ ≈¥ ªÕ√å¢Õß A. niger ‰¥âµ—Èß·µà 60 cfu/m3 ∂÷ß 640 cfu/m3À≈—߇ªî¥‰øπ“π 60-360 π“∑’ ‚¥Õÿ ≥ À¿Ÿ ¡‘ · ≈–§«“¡™◊È π ¡’ º ≈µà Õ °“√∑”ß“π¢Õß À≈Õ¥‰ø‡§≈◊Õ∫‰∑‡∑‡π’¬¡‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥åπÕâ ¬¡“° ·µà ®–¡’º≈°—∫®”π«π®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬åµ“¡≈—°…≥–∏√√¡™“µ‘ ¢Õß¡—π‡Õ߇ ’¬¡“°°«à“ ∑—Èßπ’È„π°“√»÷°…“π’ȉ¡à “¡“√∂À“¢âÕ √ÿª„π‡√◊ËÕߢÕß√–¬–Àà“ß®“°À≈Õ¥ ‰ø∑’Ë ¡’ º ≈µà Õ °“√°”®— ¥ ®ÿ ≈‘ π ∑√’ ¬å „ πÕ“°“»‰¥â ‡π◊ËÕß®“°Õ“°“»¿“¬„πÀâÕß∑’Ë„™â∑¥≈Õß¡’°“√º ¡

µ— « °— π Õ¬à “ ߥ’ ® π®”π«π®ÿ ≈‘ π ∑√’ ¬å π—È π ¡’ § «“¡ ¡Ë”‡ ¡Õ°—π„π∑ÿ°√–¥—∫§«“¡ Ÿß °“√»÷°…“‡æ◊ËÕ À“§”µÕ∫„π‡√◊ËÕßπ’Ȭ—ß®”‡ªìπµâÕß¡’°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√ µàÕ‰ª

¢âÕ‡ πÕ·π– °“√»÷°…“∑’ˬ—ߧ«√µâÕß°√–∑”πÕ°‡Àπ◊Õ ®“°∑’Ë°≈à“«¡“·≈â« §◊Õ°“√π”À≈Õ¥‰ø‡§≈◊Õ∫ ‰∑‡∑‡π’¬¡‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å‰ª∑¥≈Õß„™â„π ∂“π∑’µË “à ßÊ πÕ°ÀâÕß®”≈Õß ‰¡à«à“®–‡ªìπ‚√ߧ√—« ‚√ß欓∫“≈ ‚√߇√◊Õπ —µ«å‡»√…∞°‘® œ≈œ ‚¥¬‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫ ®”π«π®ÿ ≈‘ π ∑√’ ¬å ∑’Ë æ ∫‡¡◊Ë Õ „™â À ≈Õ¥‰øø≈Ÿ Õ Õ ‡√ ‡´πµåª°µ‘°—∫À≈Õ¥‰ø‡§≈◊Õ∫‰∑‡∑‡π’¬¡‰¥ ÕÕ°‰´¥å„π ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»„πƒ¥Ÿ°“≈∑’Ë·µ°µà“ß °—π‰ª √«¡‰ª∂÷ß√–¬–‡«≈“¢Õß°“√„™âß“π °“√ À≈ÿ¥≈Õ°¢Õ߉∑‡∑‡π’¬¡‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å®“°À≈Õ¥‰ø ‡ªìπµâπ º≈∑’ˉ¥â®–‡ªìπª√–‚¬™πåµàÕ°“√§«∫§ÿ¡ §ÿ ≥ ¿“æÕ“°“»‚¥¬‡©æ“–Õ¬à “ ߬‘Ë ß ®ÿ ≈‘ π ∑√’ ¬å „ π Õ“°“»‡ªìπÕ¬à“ß¡“°

°‘µµ‘°√√¡ª√–°“» °“√»÷°…“π’ȇªìπ à«πÀπ÷ËߢÕßß“π«‘®—¬‡√◊ËÕß °“√ª√–¥‘…∞åÀ≈Õ¥‰ø‡§≈◊Õ∫π“‚π‰∑‡∑‡π’¬‡æ◊ËÕ °“√°”®—¥‡™◊ÈÕ‚√§„πÕ“°“» ‰¥â√—∫∑ÿπ π—∫ πÿπ ®“°‡ß‘ π ß∫ª√–¡“≥·ºà 𠥑 π ª√–®”ªï 2552 ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬∏√√¡»“ µ√å

‡Õ° “√Õâ“ßÕ‘ß 1. Block S.S., Seng V.P., Goswami D.W. Chemically enhanced sunlight for killing bacteria. Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 1997;119:85-91 2. Fujishima A., Roa T., Tryk D.A. Titanium dioxide photocatalysis. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C: Photochemistry Reviews 2000;1:1-21 3. Ibtez J.A., Litter M.I., Pizarro R.A. Photocatalytic bactericidal effect of TiO2 on Enterobactor clocae comparative study with other gram (-) bacteria. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 2003;157:81-85

118 °√°Æ“§¡ - °—𬓬π 2554 °√¡Õπ“¡—¬

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°“√°”®—¥®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬å„πÕ“°“»¥â«¬À≈Õ¥‰øøÑ“‡§≈◊Õ∫π“‚π‰∑‡∑‡π’¬

4. Beggs C.S. and Sleigh P.A. A quantitative method for evaluating the germicidal effect of upper room UV fields. Journal of Aerosol Science 2002;33: 1681-99.

5. Maness P.C., Smolinski S., Blake D.M., Huang Z., Wolfrum E.J., and Jacoby W.A. Bactericidal activity of photocatalytic TiO2 reaction: toward an understanding of its killing mechanism. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1999;65: 4094-98.

6. °√¡Õÿµÿπ‘¬¡«‘¬“. ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬. À¡«¥«‘™“°“√ À—«¢âÕ: §«“¡√ŸâÕÿµÿπ‘¬¡«‘∑¬“;2552 http:// www.weather.go.th/info/knowledge_weather01_n.html §âπ‡¡◊ËÕ 1 ‡¡…“¬π 2553.

7. °ƒ…≥’¬“ »—ߢ®—π∑√“ππ∑å, ‡π ‘π’ ‰™¬‡Õ’¬, æ‘æ—≤πå »√’‡∫≠®≈—°…≥å, ¿“√¥’ ™à«¬∫”√ÿß. ™π‘¥·≈–ª√‘¡“≥¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ ·∫§∑’‡√’¬·≈–‡™◊ÈÕ√“∑’Ë°àÕ‚√§„π‚√ß欓∫“≈·≈–°“√‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫°“√∑”ß“π¢Õ߇§√◊ËÕß¡◊Õ°“√‡°Á∫µ—«Õ¬à“ß ®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬å„πÕ“°“». «“√ “√°“√ à߇ √‘¡ ÿ¢¿“æ·≈–Õπ“¡—¬ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ 2549;29(4): 113-124.

8. Vohra A., Goswami D.Y., Deshpande D.A., and Block S.S. Enhanced photocatalytic disinfection of indoor air. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 2006;32: 364-70.

9 Sigler L. and Kennedy M.J. Aspergillus, Fusarium and Other Opportunistic Moniliaceous Fungi. In: Murray PR, Barron EJ, Pfaller MA, Tenover FC, Yolken RH, ed. Manual of Clinical Microbiology 7th. ed. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology. ;1999 pp. 357-69.

10 Harris J.L. Modified method for fungal slide culture. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1986;24(3): 46061.

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13. Bowen W.R., Lovitt R.W., and Wright C.J. Direct quantification of Aspergillus niger spore adhesion to mica in air using an atomic force microscope. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 2000;173: 205-10.

14. Reponen T., Willeke K., Ulevicius V., Reponen A., and Grinshpun A. Effect of relative humidity on the aerodynamic diameter and respiratory deposition of fungal spores. Atmospheric Environment 1996;30: 3967-74.

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