Final Thesis Dissertation

PERMEABILITY OF PONTIAN KECHIL

NOR AZZIKRI BIN NOR AZMAN

ENHANCING CONNECTION BETWEEN PEOPLE AND THE SEA

ACCORDING TO SPACE SYNTAX AXIAL AND VISIBILITY GRAPH ANALYSIS

Published in Malaysia in 2020 by Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia. http://www.utm.my/

This book has been submitted to the Center of Studies for Architecture, Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, to fulfill the requirement of MBES2176 DESIGN THESIS DISSERTATION course.

All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission of the publisher and writer, except in case of brief quotation embodied in critical articles or reviewers.

We hereby declare that we have read this dissertation and in our opinion this dissertation is sufficient in terms of scope and quality for the award of the degree of Master of Architecture.

Name of Supervisor : Dr. Sharifah Salwa Syed Mahdzar Name of Supervisor II : Assoc. Prof. Dr. Syed Ahmad Iskandar Syed Ariffin Date : 16th January 2020 This book is a work of non-fiction, Names, characters, businesses, organizations, places, events and incidents either are the product of the author’s imagination or are used may be fictitiously but any resemblance to actual person, living or dead, events or locales is intentional.

For information contact : azzikri93@gmail.com Book template design and book cover design by author, Nor Azzikri Nor Azman

I declare that this thesis entitled “Permeability of Pontian Coastline According to Space Syntax Axial and Visibility Graph Analysis� is the result of my own research except as cited in the references. This thesis has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature of any other degree.

Signature : Name

: Nor Azzikri Nor Azman

Date

: 16th January 2020

To my dearest family, wife, lecturers and friends.

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CKNOWLEDGEMENT

his dissertation expresses my deepest appreciation and dedication in completing my masters. First and foremost, I would like to thank Allah S.W.T., all praises upon Him, who has made and planned everything to work out for me. Alhamdulillah.

Secondly, I would like to express my undying gratitude to my thesis supervisor, Dr. Sharifah Salwa Syed Mahdzar for the ideation, thoughts and expertise, but most importantly her time that assisted me greatly throughout accomplishing this thesis. She was the one who instilled the “Urban Spirit� in me and was always pushing me to the limit in reaching the best version of my design. She consistently pushes me in exploring new forms and techniques that help trigger my ideation and steer me towards where I am now. Besides that, a special thanks to my dissertation supervisor, Prof. Syed Ahmad Syed Ariffin for his guidance and advice throughout the accomplishment of this thesis dissertation.

Next, to my dear parents and wife, thank you for the never-ending

love, unwavering faith, supports, encouragements and most importantly your time throughout my years of study. To them, I dedicate this thesis. Lastly, to my dear seniors and friends who I am undoubtedly indebted to in helping me throughout the entire process of this dissertation.

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BSTRACT

odern development in terms of urban design and architectural features often does not appreciate and celebrate the significance and importance of its natural context. This phenomenon or trend also happens throughout the coastal area in Malaysia. This issue is noticed happening in Pontian Kechil district, which once was a fishing village and a stopping place for boats, hence its name, Pontian which is derived from perhentian. Pontian Kechil in terms of urban aspect and its modern development does not portray and appreciate its surrounding contexts and importance besides being f r a g m e n t e d eve n w i t h i n t h e context of the town which is caused by the loss of sense of place and identity. This study is done to investigate and reveal the potential and strength of physical and visual permeability of Pontian Kechil neighborhood which aim is to enhance the interaction and connection b e t w e e n t h e P o n t i a n Ke c h i l local community and the

Straits of Malacca which is the most significant natural context in Pontian Kechil. The spatial configuration using space syntax software is used to simulate the value of connectivity and integration o f t h e p a t h w ay s a n d ro u t e s which connects people to the sea and agent analysis is used to simulate the movement of people within the area of the configured space. This study concludes that by enhancing the physical and visual permeability in Pontian Kechil, it could enhance the interaction and connection between people and the sea, thus leading to the appreciation and celebration of the natural context besides affecting the level of sense of place and identity of Pontian Kechil as a coastal town.

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BSTRAK

embangunan moden dalam soal reka bentuk bandar dan seni bina sering tidak menghargai dan meraikan kepentingan konteks alam sekitarnya. Fenomena atau trend ini juga berlaku di seluruh kawasan persisiran pantai di Malaysia. Isu ini dapat diperhatikan berlaku di daerah Pontian Kechil, yang pernah suatu ketika dahulu merupakan sebuah kampung nelayan dan satu tempat perhentian untuk pedagang-pedagang dan lanun, yang mebawa asal usul namanya, Pontian yang berasal daripada perkataan perhentian. Pontian Kechil dalam soal aspek bandar dan pembangunan modennya tidak menggambarkan dan menghargai konteks sekelilingnya dan kepentingan mereka selain perpecahan yang berlaku dalam konteks bandar yang menyebabkan kehilangan perasaan tempat dan identiti. Kajian ini dibuat untuk menyiasat dan mendedahkan potensi dan kekuatan ketelapan fizikal dan visual di kawasan Pontian Kechil yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan interaksi dan hubungan antara masyarakat setempat Pontian Kechil dan Selat

Melaka yang merupakan konteks alam sekitar yang paling penting di Pontian Kechil. Konfigurasi ruang menggunakan perisian Space Syntax digunakan untuk mensimulasi nilai kesinambungan dan integrasi laluan dan jalan yang menghubungkan orang kepada laut dan analisa ejen digunakan untuk mensimulasi pergerakan orang dalam kawasan ruang yang diatur.

Kajian ini menyimpulkan dengan mempertingkatkan ketelapan fizikal dan visual di Pontian Kechil, ia boleh meningkatkan interaksi dan hubungan antara orang dan laut, maka membawa kepada penghargaan dan sambutan konteks alam sekitar selain memberi impak terhadap tahap perasaan tempat dan identiti Pontian Kechil sebagai sebuah bandar persisiran pantai.

CONTENT Acknowledgement Abstract Abstrak Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Background Study

2

1.2 Problem Statement

4

1.3 Research Aim

6

1.4 Research Question

6

1.5 Research Objectives

6

1.6 Significance of Study

8

1.7 Thesis Framework

9

1.8 Scope of Study

10

1.9 Research Methodology

10

1.10 Summary

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Chapter 2 Permeability in Enhancing The Celebration of Pontian Kechil As A Coastal Town 2.1 Introduction

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2.2 Urban Livability

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2.3 Urban Livability Relation to Natural Context 18 2.4 Importance of Natural Environment in Urban Livability 20 2.5 Permeability

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2.5.1 Permeability: Public and Private

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2.5.2 Permeability and Public Spaces

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2.5.3 Physical and Visual Permeability

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2.6 Permeability and Appreciation of Natural Context 26 2.7 Conclusion

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Chapter 3 Methodology 3.1 Introduction

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3.2 Research Procedure

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3.3 Data Collection Method

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3.3.1 Case Study

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3.3.2 Space Syntax Observation Method 33 3.3.3 Space Syntax Software

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3.4 Method of Analysis

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3.4.1 Gate Method

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3.4.2 Static Snapshots

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3.4.3 Axial Line Analysis

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3.4.4 Visibility Graph Analysis

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3.4.5 Agent Analysis

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3.4.6 Correlation Values

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3.5 Conclusion

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Chapter 4 Pontian Kechil 4.1 Introduction

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4.2 Background Study

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4.3 Pontian Kechil Morphology

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4.4 Pontian Kechil Coastline and Experimental Site Space 49 4.5 Summary

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Chapter 5 Data Analysis 5.1 Introduction

54

5.2 Gate Method

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5.2.1 Weekday Activities

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5.2.3 Weekend Activities

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5.3 Static Snapshots

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5.3.1 Daytime Static Activities

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5.3.2 Night Time Static Activities

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5.4 Space Syntax Software, DepthmapX 64 5.5 Axial Line Analysis

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5.5.1 Connectivity Analysis

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5.5.2 Local Integration Analysis

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5.6 Visibility Graph Analysis

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5.7 Agent Analysis

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5.8 Experimental Site Exploration

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5.8.1 Exploring the 3km Radius of Pontian Kechil from The Experimental Site 79 5.8.1.1 Connectivity Analysis

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5.8.1.2 Local Integration Analysis

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5.8.2 Exploring the 500m Radius of Pontian Kechil from The Experimental Site 84 5.8.2.1 Connectivity Analysis

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5.8.2.2 Local Integration Analysis

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5.8.3 Exploring spaces within the Experimental Site

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5.8.3.1 Permutation A

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5.8.3.2 Permutation B

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5.8.3.3 Permutation C

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5.8.3.4 Permutation D

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5.8.3.5 Permutation E

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5.8.3.6 Permutation F

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5.8.3.7 Correlation Values between Connectivity and Visual Integration within the Experimental Site

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5.9 Conclusion

108

Chapter 6 Conclusion and Recommendation 6.1 Introduction

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6.2 Research Synthesis

111

6.2.1 Objective 1: To Measure the Physical and Visual Aspect of Permeability through112 Space Syntax 6.2.2 Objective 2: To Investigate The Level of Connection and Interaction of Pontian Kechil Neighborhood and The Straits of 113 Malacca 6.2.3 Objective 3: To Explore and Simulate The Opportunities of Pontian Kechil as a114 Coastal Town

6.3 Limitations

115

6.3.1 Usage of Space Syntax in Determining the Level of Permeability 116 6.3.2 Determining the Level of Connection and Interaction between a Community and the Natural Context by the Level of 117 Permeability

6.4 Recommendations

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6.4.1 Usage of Space Syntax in Determining the Level of Permeability 119 6.4.2 Determining the Level of Connection and Interacti on between a Community and the Natural Context by the Level of 120 Permeability

6.5 Conclusion

121

List of Figures

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References

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Appendix

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 P

Background Study

ermeability in urban design is defined as how easy or how permitting a space, area or an environment is to circulate and move through which is deeply affected by the pathways provided within the space and also objects or elements that c a n o b s t r u c t t h e p a t h w ay s .

Permeability in urban design is categorized into two category which are physical permeability a n d v i s u a l p e r m e a b i l i t y.

Physical permeability or usually known as physical connection relates directly to the visual permeability or visual connection. For e x a m p l e , p a t h w ay s t h a t a re not connected visually or have low value of permeability usually remains unused and dormant which then influence the experience and senses of a space, area or environment.

Permeability also heavily relates to the element of security and privacy. For example, pathways or areas differs whether they are accessible to the public or enclosed for private use.

However, only spaces, areas or

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environments that are highly permeable and accessible can offer the individuals choices whether to enter it or not.

The quality of permeability highly depends on the amount and quantity of pathways provided through the space, area or environment which is very substantial in creating a responsive environment.

Permeability has essential l ayo u t i n s i n u a t i o n s . A s p e r mentioned, only spaces, area or environment which provide accessibility or permeability can give the people choices.

How much the space, area or environment provide the choices could be used to quantify the responsiveness of the space, area or environment. Based on the field study observation made in Pontian Kechil, the permeability level in both physical and visual aspect in the sub-urban area is very low even though Pontian Kechil is a coastal town which should highlight and emphasize the connection and interaction between the Pontian Kechil neighborhood and the Straits of Malacca. Based on the

study also detects the modern urban development of the area does not address and appreciate the spirit of the town as a coastal town which could be observed by the pathways that separates and segregates the district and the Straits of Malacca. Both physical and v i s u a l p e r m e a b i l i t y t o w a rd s the coastal area or the Straits of Malacca is lacking.

According to Bentley in 1985, this is due to the lack of visual connection and also the physical connection or in other words the permeability which will cause the environment or space to be dormant and only explored and exploited by the neighborhood community which is already profound of the area.

of Pontian Kechil, by instituting the relative significance of all access points specifically that links the area or environment towards the coastline and also by providing new pathways towards the coastline, it could aid in increasing the level of physical and visual permeability towards the Straits of Malacca which then will result in the increase of level of connection and interaction between the Pontian Kechil neighborhood and the Straits of Malacca.

There are a handful approaches as to how to increase the level of physical and visual permeability or connection as mentioned by Bentley in 1985. For example, to establish a significant number of access points and to provide new pathways. So, in the case 3

1.2 T

Problem Statement

he district of Pontian which is located at the west of Iskandar Malaysia is heavily affected by the development of infrastructure and urban facilities. This is mainly because the district of Pontian plays a significant role in the industrial and tradebased sector in Iskandar M a l a y s i a ( C D P, 2 0 0 6 ) . T h e commodities and raw materials that are procured in Pontian’s agriculture land and mangrove forest significantly plays a part.

This results in lands and areas b e i n g b o u g h t by d eve l o p e r s with intentions to industrialize the area besides developing the district residentially and commercially. This results in t h e m o d e r n d eve l o p m e n t o f Pontian being not in line with the Pontian Structural Plan.

This phenomenon and trend are happening throughout Pontian and the rate also increases until the recent date (Samion, 2016). This results in the underappreciation of the natural context and environment on every level of society including authorities

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and institutions where the natural context or environment are not being properly explored and exploited.

In addition, Pontian Kechil does not embody and appreciate the surrounding natural contexts and does not highlight the importance of it in terms of its urban features and urban development, apart from being segregated even within the context of the suburban city. This pattern and phenomenon are taking place not only in Pontian Kechil, but also across the Malaysian coastal area. Pontian Kechil lacks sense of place for the local community and also lack spaces provided for the local neighborhood community to do leisure activities besides lacking in spaces for optional static activities. From an architectural point of view, the buildings and structures in the coastal area of Pontian Kechil and the buildings and structures in the vicinity of Jalan Alsagoff, the main spinal street in Pontian Kechil, do not give back

l o c a l c o m m u n i t y, a n d t h e urban development of the suburban town is not focused on the wellbeing of the local population, which is supposed to be the most significant and essential factor in urban development.

Based on Samion’s 2006 research, Pontian Kechil which is part of Pontian, appears to encourage developments that do not adequately address Pontian Kechil’s significance as a coastal town. Majority of the urban development are made solely for the benefit and gain of the developers themselves. The National Policy on the Environment (NPE) often emphasizes and stresses the importance of sustainable developments in climate, economic and social cultural aspects that provide positive elements to the people and communities.

A research by Costanza et al. (1997, 2014) indicates that, in addition to being the major contributor to the real e c o n o m y, t h e s u r r o u n d i n g

natural context or the natural environment elements contribute to the public’s livability, natural capital, which contributes significantly to local community’s well-being, should also be given priority and consideration in the decision-making process. This shows that, every choice that are made in relation to urban developments, the priority should be given to the livability of society rather than just seeking to make the highest profit from an economical point o f v i e w. A s u g g e s t i o n f r o m the researchers in context of Pontian Kechil which is also p a r t o f t h e Po n t i a n d i s t r i c t , is to uphold the concept of sustainable development and impart community resilience in land use maps embedded into policy especially in Pontian. As a result, providing the basis for policies to be developed in a sustainable manner.

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1.3

Research Aim

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he aim of this study is to explore and enhance the opportunities of Pontian Kechil as a livable coastal town by exploring and simulating the physical and visual aspects of permeability within 500m radius context in order to maximize the urban livability of Pontian Kechil.

1.4

Research Question

1.

How is the physical and visual aspect of permeability level in Pontian Kechil?

2.

What is the level of connection and interaction of the Pontian neighborhood and the sea?

3.

How to enhance the Urban Livability in Pontian Kechil neighborhood?

1.5

Research Objective

From research questions and statements above, this research is done to fulfill and achieve three objectives which are:

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1.

To measure the physical and visual aspect of permeability in Pontian Kechil through Space Syntax.

2.

To investigate the level of connection and interaction of the Pontian neighborhood community and the Straits of Malacca.

3.

To explore and simulate the opportunities of Pontian Kechil as a coastal town.

Figure 1.1: Shows the underappreciation of the Straits of Malacca by the modern urban development, 2019 7

1.6 M

Significance of Study

ost of the researches regarding coastal areas usually focus on revival, restoration and rehabilitation of the coastal area. Usually, the coastal area was once celebrated and only studies on why it is unable to be celebrated continuously by the people. Thus, this study will be on focusing the physical and visual permeability of the Pontian Kechil coastline by creating permeable paths visually and physically to help the Pontian Kechil neighborhood community to connect and interact with the sea.

The result of this study will clarify on the significance of physical and visual permeability in affecting interaction and connection b e t w e e n t h e P o n t i a n Ke c h i l community and the natural context of the Pontian Kechil coastline. The significance of the sea, Straits of Malacca to the local community and re s i d e n c e o f Po n t i a n Ke c h i l should be embraced as the

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origin of Pontian Kechil that captures sentimental and emotional value besides creating synergy between the Pontian Kechil neighborhood community and the Straits of Malacca which indirectly gives the people a sense of place and identity.

1.7

Thesis Framework

Figure 1.2: Shows the Thesis Framework 9

1.8

Scope of Study

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he scope of this study is to comprehend and discuss the significance of the physical and visual permeability in affecting the connection and interaction between a community or neighborhood and the natural context which in this study is the sea. This study is done at Pontian Kechil and the most significant natural context which is the Straits of Malacca. In addition to this, this dissertation also discusses on the approaches of permeability in terms of urban environment using space syntax axial line analysis and visibility graph analysis methods in order to understand and simulate the relationship between permeability and the connection between people and the sea.

1.9

10

Research Methodology

1.10 T

Summary

his chapter examines the b a c kg ro u n d a n a l y s i s a n d issues in relation to the interaction and connection between people and the Straits of Malacca in the context of Pontian Kechil concerning permeability in the physical and visual aspects. Based on the derived research aim and objectives, a voluminous literature review studies are required regarding the relationship between local communities and their natural contexts.

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CHAPTER 2

PERMEABILITY IN ENHANCING THE CELEBRATION OF PONTIAN KECHIL AS A COASTAL TOWN

2.1 T

Introduction

his chapter discusses on the definition of urban livability besides discussing on the importance of physical and visual aspects of permeability in urban design in order to increase the level o f u r b a n l i va b i l i t y. B e s i d e s t h a t , this chapter also discloses on the importance of the natural context in urban livability and daily life of neighborhoods. Lastly, this chapter also includes on the ways to improve the physical permeability and visual connection in terms of urban design and directly increasing the value of connection and interaction between neighborhoods and the natural contexts.

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2.2 “L

Urban Livability

ivable cities� is a term that could be found in researches and articles which was very popular in the 1980s which was directly proportional with the increase in the awareness of sustainable development which leads to t h e i n c re a s e i n c o m p e t i t i o n among world renown cities to attract investors from foreign countries and increase their economics. Most of the news sources and popular media considered the term as a selfexplanatory term and they also refer to the way and quality of life, the living standard o r t h e ave r a g e w e l l b e i n g o f the community in a specific environment. Although the interpretation of the term is very broad and very subjective, a lot of tools and methods were developed in order to measure the urban livability of a specific locality where the main purpose is to quantify and rank well known cities all across the world in terms of the urban livability based on the facilities and opportunities offered to the community of

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the specific city. Besides that, other elements such as the safety and security, crime rate, weather, accessibility, cost of living, leisure and recreational facilities, institutional facilities, residential areas, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, hygiene, cultural values, air quality and natural capital were quantified to measure the level of urban livability of the cities. Other than the quantified elements and variables, subjective elements such as lifestyle, wellbeing, happiness, tolerance level and aesthetics were also compiled as to provide ranking of the world known cities. All these rankings are then published yearly and among these are the example of the famous published rankings. The Economist Intelligence Units (EIU) livability ranking (EIU, 2014), The Mercer Quality of Living Sur vey and the Organization for Economic Coorporation and Development (OECD) and Better Life Index (BLI). Modern well-known cities such as Perth, Melbourne, Sydney, Auckland, Vancouver

and Toronto, as well as well known cities in Europe such as Vienna, Zurich, Copenhagen, Helsinki and Munich were able to come out on top of the list of rankings over the past decade.

One of the dominant characteristics in urban livability is related with the aesthetics and physical characteristics of the structures and buildings, streets and routes and urban design development. This approach has been significantly used in urban and architectural planning where urban livability i s c o n s i d e re d a n i n n ova t i ve d e s i g n p ro c e s s t o c o m e u p with designs and themes that emphasizes on economical and social functions in urban c o n t e x t ( A l e x a n d e r, 1 9 7 7 ; B a c o n , 1 9 6 7 ; K r i e r, 1 9 9 3 ; Massengale and Dover, 2013).

Kevin Lynch in 1960 identified the elements such as legibility and building typologies greatly affects the level of urban l i va b i l i t y w i t h i n t h e s p e c i f i c l o c a l i t y. A l e x a n d e r i n 1 9 7 7 criticized how modernists divides and plan cities based

on their building typology which leads to the separation and segregation of the mixture of activities that were very significant in creating a livable c i t y. J a c o b s ’ s “ D e a t h a n d Life of Great American Cities” advanced a set of urban design princip als f or upholding t he q u a l i t y o f l i fe i n c i t i e s . S h e stressed that sustainable metropolitan entails urban blocks of fine-grained gridiron, high densities, and a combination of residential and commercial typology (Jacobs, 1961). Rowe and Koetter (1978) e m p h a s i ze d t h e m u l t i va l e n t complexity of urban form and called on urban designers to e x p l o re a n d i n c o r p o r a t e t h e established urban fabric to create a “collage city with the additional of the new elements of in the city. Such conceptual strategy, recently popularized

by New Urbanism (Calthorpe, 1994, Duany and Plater, 1991, Dutton, 2001, Gratz and Norman, 1998, Katz, 1994; Beatley a n d K r i s t y, 1 9 9 7 , Ke l b a u g h , 1997), blends conventional and contemporary ideas and

concepts of urban design and draws conclusions in the context of systematic principles of design and planning. New urbanists called for a return to traditional constructed forms and typologies of urban space to address the loss of human scale and sense of identity and place in the modern metropolitans.

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Figure 2.1: Shows urban livability which emphasizes on mixed building typologies street in Bitola, Republic of Macedonia (Source: Kashef,2016)

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he same urbanists focus primarily on building mass (i.e., heights, lines, and decorative details), street and planning, combination of typologies and urban fine-grained blocks to create a unique image of a neighborhood and a spatially ro o t e d c i v i c c u l t u r e ( F i g u r e 2.1). The development of pedestrian-friendly enclosures and neighborhoods where people can walk from home to work, educational institutes and public spaces are the key to the dream of modern urbanists “livable cities�. Streets that are design with mixed usage such as streets that consists of small retails, cafes and other 16

entertainment centers were the foundation of the cities, serving as generators of urban vitality.

Social interaction, community understanding, and civility can be seen as by-products of these urban structures, which also perform better in terms of sustainability and socioeconomic viability. Among many other planning manifestos, smart growth, urban transects and mass transportationoriented development have been proposed to improve urban living and create more sustainable cities (Bressi, 2002, C a l t h o r p e a n d Fu l t o n , 2 0 0 1 , Duany et al., 2013, Kashef, 2008, Leccese and McCormick, 2000).

Figure 2.2: Shows the design representations for improvements aimed at achieving urban livability.

Main Street at Hampton Lakes, Tampa, Florida, proposed by Charlan, Brock, & Associates (Source: Kashef,2016)

A

fter that, there was an establishment of The International Making Cities Livable Conference (IMCL) which highlights that livable cities need to have a more efficient public transportation and movement which need to be very efficient such as the monorails, mass transit, bike lanes and pathways. Similar to new urbanism, IMCL aims to restore the city center, create compact neighborhoods, and c re a t e h u m a n - s c al e d p u b l i c places where people can gather to participate in farmers’ markets, festivals, outdoor cafes, and community life (Figure2.2). Crowhurst claimed that communities need “to rediscover the principles of true urbanism, reconstruct our cities so that they are environmentally sustainable, and regain communities that are healthy and socially sustainable” (IMCL, Lennard and Lennard, 1995). The modernist approach to designing buildings as

structures that are based on the surrounding context is t h e n d i s a p p ro v e d b y r e c e n t urban design researchers.

T h e y c r i t i c i ze t h e f l e x i b i l i t y and dreariness of modern u r b a n e n v i ro n m e n t s a s w e l l as the patterns in modern urban design and architecture in commodification and standardization (Goodchild, 1990, Ravetz, 1980). The building is often treated as a fragment of a larger “whole,” which is the urban fabric in its historical values and physical characteristics. In order to emphasize the comprehension o f t h e h u m a n p e rc e p t i o n o f space, some urban planners seek to restore cultural and historical practices and highlight the divisive nature of the public realm (Barnette, 1 9 9 5 , G o s l i n g , 1 9 9 6 , H i l l i e r, 1996, Kashef, 2011, Nassauer, 2012).

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2.3

Urban Livability Relation to Natural Context

Figure 2.3: Shows the City as a diagram vs. city as a metabolic system or a natural reserve with constructed wetlands and green corridors (Source: Kashef,2016)

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he second approach, which was popular in t h e u r b a n d eve l o p m e n t context in the past decades is concerned with the technical and functional aspects of u r b a n i t y. T h i s a p p r o a c h goes hand in hand with the advancement of modernity and is generally based on systematic theories of system p l a n n i n g ( A l e x a n d e r, 1 9 9 2 , Alexander, 2000). The approach as shown in Figure 2.3a views the city as a cluster of different social and economic 18

elements that can be physically isolated in order to maximize performance and activities of each elements (Catanese and Snyder, 1988, Mcloughlin, 1969, Ta y l o r, 1 9 9 8 , W o l f e , 1 9 8 9 ) .

Mainstream planners find the optimization of vehicular movement and the elimination of externalities arised from the proximity of conflicting usage as the embodiment of urban living.

The new planning strategies integrate urban living with other “going green” concepts s u c h a s “s u s t a i n a b i l i t y, ” “biodiversity,” and “ecosystem” (Ruth and Franklin, 2014, Nassauer, 2011). Each of these terms requires further research to define and comprehend their contribution for the existence and continuity of human life on Earth. In the simple words these terms relate to the concept of “balance of nature.” Natural environment experiences volatility and develops successive modifications that have historically contributed to homeostasis or internal stability due to the par ts by synchronized response to external stimuli or forces that appear to disrupt the natural ecosystem’s balance. Human beings, animals, plants and their contextual physical surroundings harmonize to create a state of equilibrium that has lasted for a long time. Environmentalists and modern-day ecologists suggest that such natural balance is currently being violated by the

drastic increase in numbers of the human population.

Moreover, modern industrial revolutions have triggered a colossal level of exploitation of the natural resources to satisfy benefits and demands that are vital elements to enhance the quality of life. In this process, humans destroy the environment and its natural environment, interfering with the ecological balance needed to sustain their physical wellbeing. Contemporary scientists and experts, given their ideological differences, unitedly accept that biodiversity elements are vital to the wellbeing of humanity (Beatley and Kristy, 1997; Barnette, 1995, Luccarelli, 1995; McHarg, 1969; Nassauer, 2011; Walter, 1992).

environment with numerous types of pollutions. To improve the urban livability of the region, cities must minimize the harm done on the surrounding environment.

Scholars have combined the term of urban livability with the concepts of sustainability, biodiversity, and ecosystem given the present awareness of these issues. Many researchers view and visualize the city with resource inputs and waste outputs behaving similarly to the biological system (Figure 2.3b) (Newman, 1999). Supporters of this strategy advocate for a general redesign of urban areas to enable urban development to be permeated by woodlands, wetlands and agricultural land (Figure 2.3c) (Hough, 1990, Kahn, 2006, Rowntree, 1994).

The city, with its industrial, commercial, and residential typologies, creates an imposed physical hardscape over the natural terrain. These physical elements affect t h e n a t u r a l b i o d i ve r s i t y a n d ecological stability by altering the natural environment and 19

2.4 C

Importance of Natural Environment in Urban Livability

onversion of the land in the context of urban development can destroy the natural ecosystem and introduce anthropogenic disturbances and threats (Forman, 2014). These changes can affect myriad species and the ecological processes (Grimm, et al., 2008). Research has also shown that the effects of modern urban development on wildlife extend into adjacent habitats (Ilkin, et al., 2015).

The natural ecosystem and environment are continuously disturbed in any urban context. The difference of the disturbance is only a matter of scale and size of the population in a specific locality. The nature is constantly destroyed by cities that spread horizontally than vertically which is also affected by the number of the population of a city (Newman & Kenworthy 2015), for example, residential development continues to intrude on Melbourne’s natural environment, because it has grown on its urban fringe as well as its dense inner city.

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Despite that, some metropolitans and cities can be actually giving back to the nature in a process which is the biodiversity conservation.

Biodiversity conservation can offer habitats and opportunity to integrate populations in conservation (McDonnell & Hahs 2013, Newman 2014).

Wo r l d w i d e , 2 0 p e r c e n t a n d 5 per cent of bird and plant species, respectively, lives in cities (Aronson et al. 2014). In turn, the preservation of urban biodiversity has influence in the human wellbeing (Turner et al. 2004). Urban greening offers opportunities for leisure activities and a healthy style of life (DITMCU 2013, Townsend et al. 2015) and the interaction with the natural ecosystem h a s b e e n s h o w n t o i m p rove physical and psychological health and improve quality of life.

Deliberate improvement of urban natural contexts offers biodiversity gains. Strategies i n c l u d e i n c re a s i n g t h e t o t a l amount of green pocket

carbon dissipation. Natural elements also prevent the effect of ‘heat island’ which is happening in cities all around the world, in which a city or metropolitan area can be warmer than its surrounding sub-urban areas because of human activities and the heat which is trapped by building materials. A study done for the City of Melbourne (Townsend et al. 2015) with heat maps shows that areas where there are high number of trees are cooler than areas with lesser number of trees. In Melbourne, researchers have reported an average urban heat island effect of around +2 °C to 4 °C and as high as +7 °C depending on the location, season and time of day (Townsend et al. 2015).

Suitable urban greeneries can potentially maximize the

A d d i t i o n o f t h e g r e e n prevention of the heat island e l e m e n t s t o t h e u r b a n effect in the urban context. development promotes a lot of other direct and indirect profits. R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s These includes the reduction of done by researchers on how to air pollution, the improvement improve the natural contexts of air quality and microclimate, condition in Australia is first and give opportunities for done by identifying places spaces, maintaining ecological structures as habitat islands and gardening with lowflowering native shrubs.

T h e l a t e s t a n d m o s t re c e n t approaches use the actual physical surroundings of buildings (green roofs and green walls known as biophilic urbanism; Beatley 2011) are also significant. In addition, greeneries need to be added for long-term sustainability.

This includes preserving large, old trees in new developments rather than chopping them, increase the maximum standing life of urban trees, regulations on protecting certain areas, complementing habitat features which relates with old trees and ensuring that new greeneries have area to grow (Ilkin et al. 2015).

where the hard surfaces are more than green areas. Based on their study, local government areas are the areas with high ratios of hard surfaces to green areas which includes Maribyrnong in Victoria, Fremantle in Western Australia, Holdfast Bay in South Australia and Rockdale in New South Wales. Recommendation in how to improve the condition of the natural ecosystem for these areas is converting the man-made surfaces to green areas to increase green cover. For central and innercity areas, green roofs, green walls and more street trees could also be implemented. In contrast, Wyndham in Victoria, Wannaroo in Western Australia, Gawler in South Australia and Camden in New South Wales had high ratios of grass or bare ground to tree cover, which suggests that the greatest potential to improve tree canopy cover in these areas would be to encourage new plantings on existing vacant land (Jacobs et al.

2014).

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2.5 A

Permeability

s mentioned by Bentley in 1 9 8 5 , per m eabilit y is a space that has a lot of pathways and offer a choice to people whether they want to enter or not. The level of permeability can be quantified or measured by the number of alternative routes and pathways provided t h ro u g h a n a re a , s p a c e o r environment. This signifies that permeability plays a very significant role in achieving a responsive environment and urban livability. Besides that, permeability also plays a very significant role in architectural and urban design.

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2.5.1

P

Permeability : Public and Private

ermeability is also very important in determining the space whether it is public or private. For example, if a space is accessible to everyone in both physical and visual aspect, the space would not be private. The same goes if the space is not permeable at all in both physical and visual aspect, it is impossible to make the space public. This shows the significance of permeability in the role of making an area, space or environment public or private which is then very important in providing for our very basic sources of choice stems from our ability to live both public and private roles.

choices related to the space.

Public and private spaces, and the interfaces between them, each have different implications for permeability.

In a sense, both public and private spaces or areas c a n n o t w o r k i n d e p e n d e n t l y.

Both spaces need to complement each other. This is to comply with the basic need of a human being. Thus, the complementation and relation of public and private spaces could not be neglected, and by doing so will offer the people more freedom in making 23

2.5.2

Permeability and Public Spaces

Figure 2.4: Shows a simple illustration that shows how permeability works (Bentley, 1985)

T

he visual and physical permeability in terms of urban context in public spaces, areas or environment heavily relies on the number of alternative routes and pathways the space offers from one area to another. However, the routes or pathways should be visually connected and not only physically connected. This is because if a route or a pathway is not visually permeable or connected, the pathway or route would remain dormant 24

and unused by people who are not familiar with the area.

Permeability in both the visual and physical aspects also heavily depends on how much the network of public space divides the environment into blocks; areas of land surrounded by public routes.

These can very radically in size and shape.

2.5.3

P

Physical and Visual Permeability

h y s i c a l Pe r m e a b i l i t y i s synonym to physical accessibility which can be described as ease of access or how easy it is to enter and use a space. Visual permeability means the ability of the human sight to pass through and observe the space.

Based on a research, one of the main characteristics which is ver y significant for social interaction and influence the behaviour pattern of the people is the physical and visual permeability or connection. A highly permeable space, area or environment can contribute in a smooth social interaction within the space. A space, area or environment which is used often can help in providing familiarity, intimacy, attachment and increase the sociability value in the space, area or environment (Altman, 1975, Cook, 1970, Mesch, et al., 1998). Besides that, visual permeability or connection of public spaces, areas or environments ensure a strong psychological connection and attachment to the surrounding

contexts such as the pathways and other public spaces, areas or environments. In the context of residential area, the physical and visual permeability between a front yard and the street is directly proportional to the level of sociability of the front yard. The higher the l eve l o f p h y s i c a l a n d v i s u a l permeability level, the higher the level of sociability of the front yard. This could also be applied in urban design context.

O b s e r va t i o n a n d p e rc e p t i o n studies can potentially measure and evaluate the two aspects as mentioned to further understand how physical and visual permeability works in an urban design context.

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2.6 P

Permeability and Appreciation of Natural Environment

roper planning of the physical and visual permeability is very important in increasing the level of interaction and connection between people and the natural context, in this case the local community of Pontian Kechil neighborhood and its most significant natural context which is the Straits of Malacca. According to McCall, O’neill, Carrol et al. in 2005, if a path is physically permeable but not visually obvious, the path would most likely be dormant and unused.

This shows how significant it is to plan and design the vista and visual connection o f t h e a r e a . H o w e v e r, t h e development should also consider the aspect of privacy and security. For example, if an area is accessible to everyone physically and visually, there would be no sense privacy a c c o r d i n g ( B e n t l e y, 1 9 8 5 ) .

So, proper planning of the visual and physical aspect of permeability towards the Straits of Malacca could help increase the value of the connection and

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interaction between the people and the natural context in context of Pontian Kechil which in the current urban design and development lack significantly.

The strategy is to divert and capture the neighborhood’s attention towards the sea as to improve the spatial interaction amongst people and between people and the environment as Pontian Kechil is located along the neighborhood.

Thus, by enabling physical and visual permeability to the sea, it will improve community engagement and interaction with the sea since Pontian Kechil is a coastal town. The sea itself give a strong sense of place as the neighbourhood life started along the coastal area. The strong axis of movement creates a series of continued paths that link towards the sea to enhance the permeability physically and visually which directly enhances the interaction and connection between Pontian Kechil neighbourhood and the sea.

Enhancing the connection and interaction between Pontian Kechil neighbourhood and community with the sea would enhance the sense of place and the appreciation towards the natural environment which in this case is the sea itself.

Most neighbourhood and community tend to go about their daily lives rarely thinking about the impacts their actions might have upon the natural environment. Maybe this is because in towns or cities there are fewer opportunities for encounters with nature or perhaps it is because we seldom associate nature with cities (Douglas, 1981; Miller, 2005).

A lot of scholars have begun to suggest that our interactions with nature are formative in how we see the world, how we treat each other and how we relate to the environment that surrounds us (Kibert, 1999; Jackson, 2003; Kellert, 2004; Kahn Jr., 2005; Miller, 2005; Heynen et al., 2006). If this is true, neighbourhoods and community diminished

interactions with nature and depauperate understanding of the natural world is alarming.

Increasing numbers of people now living in town and urban areas such disconnects between built and natural environment, it will probably have profound consequences for global ecosystems (Newman et al., 2009).

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2.7 T

Conclusion

he journals, articles and books that have been referred to has proven the importance of the appreciation of the natural context in the aspect of urban livability. The sources also relate the connection between permeability and the appreciation of the natural context which will increase the walkability of the area which will directly affect the value of urban livability to a town, providing a strong sense of place and identity of the town.

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CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 T

Introduction

his chapter explains the research method that will be executed in this dissertation. The focus of this study is to discover the level of permeability visually and physically of Pontian Kechil as a coastal town. The research procedure includes data collection method, data analysis and contextual spatial visibility analysis which will be further elaborated in this chapter.

T h e r e s e a r c h m e t h o d o l o g y a p p ro a c h t h a t is selected for this study is categorized as quantitative research. The reason being is to institute the general laws o f p h e n o m e n o n o r b e h av i o r in this specific context by exploring, experimenting and proving theories for this research study (Patel, 2009).

Research questions to be measured under this method are How is the physical and visual aspect of permeability level in Pontian Kechil, what is the level of connection and interaction of the Pontian

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neighborhood and the sea and how to enhance the Urban Livability in Pontian Kechil neighborhood. All the data collected will be categorized and analyzed in order to come out with numerical values that will significantly influence the permeability and connection design process. The summarized data will describe connections, integrations and correlations that will contribute towards the result at the end of this dissertation.

3.2 T

Research Procedure

he procedures involved are data collection and data analysis.

The dissertation is carried out through primary and secondary source under data collection methods that will be further analyzed.

The primary data are the case study on Pontian Kechil and Space Syntax gate observation, static snapshots, axial line and visibility graph analysis while the secondary data are literature reviews. The recorded data will be extracted from the Space Syntax Software which is DepthmapX that will generate Axial Line Analysis, Visibility Graph Analysis, Agent Analysis and the Correlation Values for each analysis.

D e p t h m a p X i s a s i n g l e s o f t w a re platform that performs spatial network analyses in detecting the social processes within a context ( G r a j e w s k i & Va u g h a n , 1 9 9 2 ) . I t performs graphs analysis based on the space networks created in AutoCad. The analysis will develop series of explorations on the spatial visibility and configuration that will be covered in Space Syntax analysis chapter.

Figure 3.1: Research Framework

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3.3

3.3.1

P

Data Collection Methods

Case Study

ontian Kechil neighborhood context and accessibility flow will be studied and analyzed in depth especially the morphologies of Pontian Kechil and its accessibility as it is the main contribution towards this dissertation.

This research also requires to personally experience the coastline during the field study by walking along the coastal area to better comprehend the surrounding natural context.

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3.3.2

Space Syntax Observation Method

Figure 3.2: Space Syntax Observation Method

F

igure 3.2 shows the method chosen under the Space Syntax Observation Method which are the Gate Method and the Static Snapshots (Grajewski & Vaughan, 1992). This method of study is done in order to comprehend the Pontian Kechil n e i g h b o r h o o d c o m m u n i t y,

their cultural and behavioral patterns. The two methods were chosen as it includes spatial study on how people perceive the space, area and environment and the movement flow of the local community within the study context (Dursun, 2007).

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3.3.3

T

Space Syntax Software

he methods done under space syntax software which is the DepthmapX are the Axial Line Analysis, Visibility Graph Analysis and Agent Analysis. This analysis is done to investigate and understand the connection and permeability in Pontian Kechil neighborhood within the context of Pontian Kechil.

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3.4

3.4.1

R

Method of Analysis

Gate Method

e fe r r i n g t o G r a j e w s k i and Vaughan in 1992, the gate method is done using space syntax methodology. Pontian Kechil was divided into 8 zones encompassing Jalan Alsagoff.

The zones are categorized by building typology, zoning classifications, type of people and cultural context. The gate method is the basic technique in spatial observation. It is suitable for recording observations of vehicular and pedestrian movement flow.

Observation of 5 minutes are done in various gates.

Several types of people were recorded at the same time.

There are 4 types of people observed which are the locals, teenagers, suits and tourist. Locals refer to local Malaysian people in general, teenagers refer to local aged 13 to 22 years old, suits refer to working class and tourists refers to foreign traveler.

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3.4.2

S

Static Snapshots

tatic Snapshots is chosen as it is a suitable method to record the motionless and moving activities pattern of spaces, areas and environment (Grajewski & Vaughan, 1992).

Static activities will be recorded at each zone during the daytime and night time i n r e c o r d i n g t h e n e c e s s a r y, optional and resultant activities occurring in the environment.

Necessary activities could be defined as activities that are done unintentionally and could not be avoided such as walking, moving and sitting. Optional activities could be defined as activities that can only happen during certain time and space, area or environment to make it possible. For example, eating, drinking, reading, planting and taking picture. Resultant activities are activities that happen as a result of interaction with the presence of other people in public spaces such as talking, watching, p l ay i n g , b u y i n g a n d s e l l i n g .

Focused static activities explain the significant node happening around areas. It is 36

to identify the usage pattern of spaces and the sociability aspect within the building or area especially around the coastal area of the Straits of Malacca. The disadvantage of this method is its incapability to deal with high flows of many different categories of people simultaneously which suggests Gate Observation method in noting the type of users (Grajewski & Vaughan, 1992). Because of this, the two methods, Static Snapshots and Gate Observation are selected for the data collection method as they complement each other to provide a more accurate and precise data.

3.4.3

A

Axial Line Analysis

3.3: Shows the example of Axial Line Analysis

xial Lines are pathways, routes, streets and spaces networks that help to identify the relationship of the connectivity and depth of each location (Dursun, 2007). This analysis method is selected in order to analyze the pedestrian movements count from the Gate Observation M e t h o d t h ro u g h i n t e g r a t i o n and connectivity analysis.

Integration analysis will record the Global and Local Integration of that particular area. Axial Global Integration is defined

as the integr ation values of axial lines, in this case, the radius is set at 3km which can be used to represent the whole of integration pattern at the l a rg e s t s c a l e ( H i l l i e r, 2 0 0 7 ) .

Axial Local Integration is the integration value at a smaller r a d i u s ( H i l l i e r, 2 0 0 7 ) . T h e connectivity analysis correlates with pedestrian and vehicular movement patterns in Pontian Kechil. The layout analysis of Pontian Kechil is attained through the juxtaposition of graphs. The graph will show a

contrast result that ranges from red to blue that means from highest to lowest integration or connectivity value.

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3.4.4

F

Visibility Graph Analysis

Figure 3.4: Example of Visibility Graph Analysis

ro m t h e A x i a l L i n e , t h e graph analysis will be further analyzed through Visibility Graph Analysis that will explain the possibilities and restrictions of the layouts to be explored (Hiller, 1984). The depictions of layouts in terms of its visual connection and integration the corresponding on how local perceive a space, area or environment and the way they reflect the embodiment of Pontian Kechil as a coastal town. Series of Visibility Graph Analysis will be done in

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testing the visual connectivity, first point moment and visual integration. The analysis are done through visual connection and integration from the context and will be focused into the visibility of that particular a r e a ( H i l l e r, 2 0 0 7 ) . V i s u a l connectivity will help to classify the connections of each location and space in relation of Pontian Kechil neighborhood.

First point moment will explain the circulation that best suit the area and visual integration will help to analyze the most

visible area based on the two properties. The range runs from blue for the least visible area through green and yellow to red for the most visible area. Visual integrations are measures that are interrelated to visual connectivity.

It will explain how deep and further or shallow and nearer each space are in relation towards Pontian Kechil. A well-integrated location that is colored in red signifying shallow and near means a smaller number of turns is required to access the coastal area while blue colored area means the area has a low value of visual connection and integration, usually because of is deep and further in respect to other locations.

3.4.5

A

Agent Analysis

gent analysis is based on the Visibility Graph a n a lysis that per forms ‘agent-based’ analysis to recognize the connection and interaction of the people and the sea in Pontian Kechil neighborhood. 100 virtual “people” called agents will be placed at specific locations around the experimental site t o t e s t t h e re l a t i o n s h i p a n d space networks of each space (Turner, 2007). The agents will produce simulations of the movement which is shown by color based on where people move from their field of view, from one point to another point. All the parameters in terms of the number of agents, within certain timeframe and starting points will be set first and controlled in order to get a more precise and accurate data and result. The analysis will produce some sort of virtual pedestrian movements flow in showing the level of connection and interaction between people and the sea in Pontian Kechil neighborhood.

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3.4.6

C

Correlation Values

orrelation values are defined on the basis of x and y va l u e s w h i c h a re e x t r a c t e d from scatter plot graphs from the software. For example, this disser tation includes integration and connectivity analysis under Axial Line analysis, which can be assessed in scatter plot graphs to determine the correlation value between the two variables, which is the r value. In the Visibility Graph analysis, the same mechanism applies in the visual integration and visual connectivity. The scatter plot will produce a different r value for each analysis to analyze the relationship between the two properties, which will be measured in a numerical value and analyzed to determine the highest and lowest correlation value.

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3.5 T

Summary

he collection of data and the method used to produce it helps to quantify the background i s s u e s o f t h i s re s e a rc h study through case study and space syntax analysis which are Axial Line Analysis, Visibility Graph Analysis and Agent Analysis. The analyses help to produce numerical values and turn into data and results for this dissertation. The results of the analyses will then be further discussed in Chapter 2 and Chapter 3.

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CHAPTER 4 PONTIAN KECHIL

4.1 B

Introduction

efore embarking fur ther on the study, an in-depth research on Pontian Kechil is done to fur ther analyze the issues mentioned in Chapter 1 and how to improve the permeability in urban design physically and visually to achieve the urban livability as mentioned in Chapter 2.

This chapter will discuss the general information on the Pontian district, the capital of the district which is Pontian Kechil, the morphology of Pontian Ke c h i l a n d Po n t i a n Ke c h i l coastline and experimental site space. By the end of this chapter, a summary is made to summarize all the information and studies for f u r t h e r u s e in the com ing chapters.

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4.2 P

Background Study

ontian district has a total area of 93,264 hectares, the distribution of area for its precincts and prominent towns area as shown in the bar chart, with Bandar Pontian Kechil comprising of a humble area of 0.09% out of the entire district. However, with its wide network of primary street c o n n e c t i o n s , Po n t i a n Ke c h i l has its potential for further d eve l o p m e n t a s t h e d i s t r i c t capital. Among the periphery of main roads and highways a c ro s s P o n t i a n d i s t r i c t , t h e three main towns, including Bandar Pontian Kechil, are located at intersections that links precincts, and eventually, to other districts and larger towns (Land Office Johor State, 2016).

Pontian Kechil, the capital city of the Pontian district with a population of 50,836, was originally a fishing village which has now become a sub-urban town with an area of 6.6 km2 and is rather accessible from other states due to its location on

44

Highway 5, where it head north to the town of Melaka, Klang a n d Te l u k I n t a n , a n d t h e n ends at Jelapang and heading southward, the highway 5 heads towards Pekan Nenas and ends at Johor Bahru. The main street identified in Pontian Kechil is Jalan Alsagoff, the old street but also Pontian’s spine that acted as the transit city’s primary route.

Pontian Kechil originally was a fishermen settlement which later developed into a stopping place for vessels which leads to the origin of the name Pontian, historically morphed f ro m t h e w o r d “ P e r h e n t i a n ” which means stoppage and the Kechil is derived from the name o f t h e r i ve r, S u n g a i Po n t i a n Kechil, which is the also the natural edge for Pontian Kechil district. However, the original sense of identity and the spirit of a coastal town and a fishermen village is fading due to the improper modern urban development which does not emphasize on the original identity and the sense of place

of Pontian Kechil as a stopping Taman Awam Tepi Laut Pontian place and a fishermen coastal is a park built by Majlis Daerah Ponti an and acts as a m ain town. recreational area in Pontian

There are a two major District (Majlis Daerah Pontian, public space that is also a point 2016). It is a point of attraction of attraction at Pontian Kechil due to the location which is w h i c h i s t h e P o n t i a n R o y a l besides the Straits of Malacca Square and the Pontian Seaside directly enhancing the sense Public Park. The Pontian Royal of connection towards the sea Square or Laman Diraja Pontian besides having a panoramic is a modern-day emblem of view of the sea (Majlis Daerah Johor royalty, standing mightily Pontian, 2019). in the middle of a beautiful Over the years, Pontian park. Laman Diraja Pontian was erected as a token of thanks Kechil experience rapid modern from the people of Pontian to development which results in the Sultan of Johor. The design the underappreciation of the of the crown is ver y similar natural context of the town, to the one in Johor Bahru, in this case the Straits of decorated with glittering stones Malacca and also the loss of which light up the night sky. identity of Pontian Kechil as a The whole park is surrounded coastal town (Samion, 2006). by roughly 500 metres of Samion also mentioned in jogging track which is used by 20016 that the developers that the general public. In addition are responsible and in charge t o t h e c r o w n i t s e l f , L a m a n of the development of Pontian Diraja Pontian is illuminated at Kechil solely develop the town nightfall by decorative lights for their own profit and gain strewn upon the trees and rather than addressing the b u s h e s ( D e s t i n a t i o n J o h o r, importance of Pontian Kechil 2 0 1 9 ) . T h e Po n t i a n S e a s i d e as a coastal town. Even though Public Park or also known as there are studies and research

done that emphasizes on the importance of addressing the natural context such as the National Policy on the Environment, (NPE) and Costanza et al. (1997,2014), Pontian Kechil’s development still occurs as mentioned.

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4.3 R

Pontian Kechil Morphology

efering from YB Dato’ Abdul Rahim Ramli, h i s t o r i c a l l y, t h e w e s t coast of Johor, from Kukup to Benut was a stopping point for the pirates who based on t h e Ku k u p S t r a i t . T h ey b u i l t their settlement along Sungai Perhentian Besar and Sungai Perhentian Kecil. Starting from 1866 which is the birth of Johor, Tanjung Puteri was renamed into Johor Bahru and became the new Johor state governed by Sultan Abu Bakar. The expansion of the state of Johor began and new places were explored. The west coast of Johor was under the care of Datuk Penggawa Barat Abdul Saad bin Ibrahim based in Tanjung Kupang. At 1878, duri ng the es tablis hm ent of Constantinople Estate, an Arabian merchant named Tuan Syed Muhamad Alsagoff (Nong Chik) wanted to develop a land for agriculture cultivation from Sultan of Johor during that time, Sultan Abu Bakar and then chose Kukup as the land to cultivate, which was a Malay fishermen settlement at the

46

time. The agriculture cultivation p ro d u c t s a re t h e n t r a d e d a t Singapore via sea routes. At 1914 was the period of British Colonization at Pontian.

I n 1 9 0 6 , w h e n Tu a n S y e d Muhamad Alsagoff passed away, Kukup concession land was under the supervision of his son, Tuan Syed Omar Alsagoff. In 1914, when Johor began to accept British Adviser, some changes were made by the British. This includes changes in the concession of land administration. The construction of Kukup Port to Pontian Road started at 1921.

J o h o r g ove r n m e n t a s s i g n e d British administrators known as Receiver Alsagoff Concession (RAC) to facilitate governance of Alsagoff concession lands, t h e f i r s t b e i n g Tu a n B . R .

Whitehouse. Measures to construct a 20-km road linking Kukup port to Pontian has been taken, in order to encourage development of Kukup. At 1926, the Johor Government took over with RM1 Million. The government bought over with RM 1 mil, RACs were replaced

Pre-World War (1928)

Pre-Indepence (1941)

Independence (1957)

Figure 4.1: Shows the settlement in Pontian Kechil along Jalan Alsagoff during the Pre-World War in 1928 until the Independence Period in 1957

by land produce collector officers (Pegawai Pemungut Hasil Tanah), the first being En Wan Hussein bin Endut, who then became the District Officer (Pegawai Daerah). In 1929, the road linking Pontian to Johor Bahru has made Pontian Kechil town the main town of Kukup District, which then grew and had administrative bodies moved in.

During the pre-World War Period, agriculture is prom inent in Ponti an Kechi l in 1928, mainly with oil palm, rubber and pineapple.

Residential units are scattered

a l o n g t h e m a i n r o a d , J a l a n of Pontian as a stopover point Alsagoff. Settlements started connecting Johor, Kukup and Batu from the two main rivers which Pahat. is the Sungai Pontian Kechil a n d S u n g a i P o n t i a n B e s a r.

During the World War II period or the Pre-Independence period in 1941, more shops and residential developments occur along Jalan Alsagoff spreading inland by establishing secondar y roads. During the independence period in 1957, Skudai-Pontian Highway is built to connect Pontian with Johor city. Residential units continue to increase in numbers along the primary roads and rivers due to business opportunities 47

2010

2015

2018

Figure 4.2: Shows the development in Pontian Kechil at 2010 until 2018

At 2010, new development of Pontian taken place at the southern part of the town with the reclamation of land at the coastal area. In 2015, the coastal development has taken place where the road access is established partly along the coastal area.

In 2018, more commercial units are introduced at the newly developed reclaimed land with recreational area. During these modern development period, the urban magnet shifted to the south area where there was new development at the reclaimed area resulting in Jalan Alsagoff which was once the main road and the focal point of Pontian Kechil to slowly die.

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4.4 T

Pontian Kechil Coastline and Experimental Site Space

he Pontian Kechil coastline is located at the edge of the Pontian Kechil district facing the Straits of Malacca. It spans from Sungai Pontian Kechil to Sungai Pontian Besar. Majority of the buildings located near the edge of Pontian Kechil Coastline are the neighborhoods which includes Taman Sri Aman, Taman Desa Sri Pontian, Kampung Permata and Kampung Dalam. Besides residential houses, there are also institutional buildings such as SJK(C) Tah Tong, SK Tengku Mahmood Iskandar 1 Pontian and SK Tengku Mahmood Iskandar 2 Pontian, Koperasi Pejabat Perikanan Daerak Pontian and Persatuan Nelayan Kawasan (PNK) Pontian. Besides institutional and residential types of buildings, there area public leisure area located only at the south area of Pontian Kechil coastline which is the Laman Di Raja Pontian, Taman Awam Tepi Laut Pontian and the Pontian Kechil Public Square.

Based on observation and studies, the whole development that happens at the Pontian Kechil Coastline does not emphasize or even response to the significance of the main natural context which is the Straits of Malacca.

Figure 4.3: Shows the different typologies in Pontian Kechil Town 49

no proper pedestrian walkway to access the bus stop.

Figure 4.4: Shows the how the bus stops is not properly accessible by pedestrian along Jalan Alsagoff

B

ased on the field study, Jalan Alsagoff is the primary street that also acts as a spinal street that runs from the Sungai Pontian Kechil to Sungai Pontian Besar and connects with Jalan Pontian.

Bus is the main public transport at Pontian Kechil. For journeys from outside of Pontian Kechil, Pontian Kechil is accessible by bus arriving at Pontian Public Tr a n s p o r t a t i o n Te r m i n a l .

The bus route to the terminal

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departs from Gelang Patah which is served by Causeway Link route CW4. Pontian Kechil can also bet accessed from Singapore served by the same road which is the Causeway Link 4 departing from Jurong East Interchange. However, the public transport is less efficient in the context of within Pontian Kechil. The number of bus stops along Jalan Alsagoff is ver y little and not properly planned up to the point where there are

The average walking distance from Jalan Alsagoff towards the coastline of Pontian Kechil is roughly 300 meters. The roads are mainly used by vehicles even though sustainable urban design emphasizes on roads in the neighborhood focus on the pedestrians. The roads also stop before reaching the Pontian Kechil coastline which segregate the Pontian Kechil neighborhood and the Straits of Malacca. Besides t h e r o u t e a n d p a t h w a y, even the visual connection between Jalan Alsagoff or the Pontian Kechil neighborhood is separated by landscapes and also developments such as residential buildings.

Currently, the pathways and roads heading towards the Pontian Kechil coastline are u n d e r u t i l i ze d a n d s e p a r a t e s or segregate the connection and interaction between Pontian Kechil neighborhood and the sea which will be further elaborated and shown in Chapter 5. An area that is located at the end of Lorong Merdeka which is also located next to the Straits of Malacca is

Figure 4.5: Shows the location of the Experimental Site Space chosen on how to improve the Permeability in urban design in Pontian Kechil Context

chosen as the experimental site on how to increase the physical and visual permeability in urban design in Pontian Kechil which will directly result in establishing the connection and interaction between the Pontian Kechil neighborhood and the sea, Straits of Malacca.

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4.5 T

Summary

here are so many efforts a n d w ay s i n e n h a n c i n g the physical and visual permeability in one place and done in many cities and towns throughout the world, and yet the issue of the separation and segregation between neighborhoods or people and the natural context which is the sea happens everywhere along Malaysia’s coastline, and in this study, Pontian Kechil coastline. Developers and authorities, even communities lack awareness and education on how important appreciating and responding the natural context is in urban aspects and also social and cultural aspects. Even the roads and pathways that leads towards the Straits of Malacca in Pontian Kechil does not properly address the sea and separates Pontian Kechil neighborhood community and the sea. This will be further discussed in the coming chapters.

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CHAPTER 5 DATA ANALYSIS

5.1 T

Introduction

his chapter discusses on data collection from the Space Syntax method, which is the gate method and static snapshots and Space Syntax software in terms of connectivity, integration and visibility of Pontian Kechil and how to configure spaces that has the highest connection towards the Straits of Malacca.

The first stage of analysis was executed in Pontian Kechil i n o rd e r t o c o m p re h e n d t h e background study of Pontian Kechil in relation of its properties and morphologies that was analyzed in Chapter 4. The second stage is done by using the virtual gate observation method which is the basic technique in spatial observation and is suitable for recording observations of the people and vehicular movement pattern and static snapshots which is the appropriate method to record the stationar y and moving activities pattern within an area, spaces or environment (Grajewski & Vaughan, 1992).

The third stage of analysis is to understand the function

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and usage of the Space Syntax software, DepthmapX and por tray the data and results of permeability in Pontian Kechil in terms of connectivity, i n t e g r a t i o n a n d v i s i b i l i t y.

After that, explorations are made to configure spaces that allows and promote the interaction between Pontian Kechil neighborhood and the Straits of Malacca. The experimental site space is identified and mentioned in Chapter 4. The exploration will show how permeability affects the connection and interaction between Pontian Kechil neighborhood and the Straits of Malacca. Lastly, the second stage and third stage will be compared to see if the simulation from stage 3 is in line with the results in the second stage. By doing this, this study could determine wether or not there are any other factors that could affect the physical and visual permeability in terms of urban design which directly influences the connection and interaction between people and their natural context.

5.2 T

Gate Method

he observation is done at a 5 minute interval in various gate areas. Several different categories can be recorded at the same time within the same hour.

There are 8 zones altogether which will be explained further down below.

Zone A which is encompassing Jalan Bakek & Jalan Taib Utama is a mixture of commercial and residential zone, of which consists of fishermen’s settlements. There are not much pedestrian movement except at the bridge along Sg. Pontian Kechil during the weekdays and Jalan Taib Utama during the weekends. A multiracial zone mostly consisting of the locals.

Zone B which is encompassing Jalan Alsagoff, Jalan Teo Kang Sui, Jalan Parit Mesjid & Jalan Ismail is a local administration zone whereby Majlis Daerah Pontian, JKR & Pejabat Tanah is located.

With a public park located towards the coast, heavy flow of pedestrian is observed during both weekdays and weekends, especially during the night time.

Zone C which is Encompassing Jalan Alsagoff, Jalan Abas & Jalan Dato Ali is an institutional zone, of which comprises of schools, mosque and fire station. Although 3 schools are located in the zone, there are not much pedestrian movement along the

Figure 5.1: Shows the 8 Zonings Used for the Gate Method 55

by the local neighborhood community at the Kelong Sri

Zone D which is Pantai Pontian. encompassing Jalan Alsagoff Zone G which a n d J a l a n P a r i t S e m e r a h i s a re s i d e n t i a l zo n e o f w h i c h is Encompassing Jalan Parit consists of landed housings. Mesjid and Jalan Teo Kang Sui Meanwhile, the District Health Dalam is a residential zone with o f f i c e o f Po n t i a n i s l o c a t e d a few commercial zones and alongside the main street. The locates the famous kopitiam pedestrian traffic is very low in in Pontian Kechil namely, Heng H e n g Wa n t a n M e e a n d B e e the area.

Guan Kopitiam.

Zone E which is Zone H which is Encompassing Jalan Alsagoff, Jalan Megah Utama, Jalan Encompassing Jalan Bakek Persisiran Megah & Jalan Parit and Jalan Johor is a gateway Ibrahim is a commercial zone, to the heart of Pontian Kechil, whereby rows of shop offices of which is commercial zone are located. Although not as f r o m a l l f o u r i n t e r s e c t i o n , bustling as Zone B, this zone whereby it gives access to the boasts quite a number of static development area of reclaimed land. activities. streets.

Zone F which is Encompassing Jalan Pontian up to the roads across the bridge of Sungai Pontian Besar is a zone where the fishermen’s settlement is located and includes other residential settlements along the riverside.

There are also fishing activities 56

5.2.1

Weekday Activities

Figure 5.2: Shows the Weekday Pedestraian Flow Analysis

Generally, on weekdays, the movement of the pedestrian flow decrease as the day progress.

Jalan Umno and Jalan Ali recorded the lowest pedestrian flow among all the gates. Jalan Parit Mesjid recorded the highest in the morning but slowly slows down to evening. The Lorong to Settlement and Jalan Taib Utama is consistent in terms of human flow throughout the day. This can be said due to the active activity from the riverine folks commuting to the commercial district nearby.

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5.2.2

Weekend Activities

Figure 5.3: Shows the Weekend Pedestraian Flow Analysis 58

Generally, the overall pedestrian flow on the weekends are highly concentrated on the public spaces and at Pasar Kecil. The human flow is still relatively low in the residential area. Jalan Pantai recorded the highest value of human flow in the morning and followed

by Jalan Bakek Jaya Utama. In the afternoon, Jalan Bakek Jaya recorded the highest number of human flow. There was a significant high value in Jalan Ismail during the evening with the highest number of human flow throughout the day.

5.3 T

Static Snapshots

he static snapshots were divided into two categories which are the daytime and the night time in recording the average pattern and the flock of people. There are three types of activities that usually take place in public places which a r e t h e n e c e s s a r y, o p t i o n a l and resultant activities (Gehl, 1987). Static activities that were recorded at each zone are shown in figure 5.4 and 5.6. In order to inject pause activities, visible effects on the area through functional elements or physical setting are required (Chapman, 1996). This explains why most of the community in an area flocks toward the nodes with significant physical characteristics and a lot of static activities that happen at that area.

The static activities are divided into 3 activities. The first type of static activity is the necessary activity. As the name implies, necessar y activities are compulsory activities.

Majority of the activities relates to walking and the participants

have no control or choice in the activity. Example of necessary activities are going to work, shopping, waiting for the bus and running errands. The next type of static activity is the optional activity. This activity is defined as activities that can only happen during certain time and space, area or environment to make it possible. Example of optional activities are like talking a leisure walk, standing around for observation, sitting and sunbathing. The third type of static activity is resultant activity. Resultant activity is defined as activities that highly depends on the company of others and only occur in public spaces. This includes children playing at the playground, g re e t i n g s b e t w e e n o n e a n d other, having conversations and communal activities.

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5.3.1

Daytime Static Activities

Figure 5.3: Shows the Daytime Static Activities in Pontian Kechil 60

D Figure 5.4: Shows the Daytime Static Activities in Pontian Kechil

uring the daytime, Zone A has the highest activities pattern followed by Zone F and B (see table 5.4). This is due to Zone A being at the commercial and residential area and at the starting point of Pontian Kechil and the main road which is Jalan Alsagoff. Zone A is also located at the mouth of Sungai Pontian Kechil and is the starting point of Pontian Kechil’s focal point.

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5.3.2

Night Time Static Activities

Figure 5.5: Shows the Night Time Static Activities in Pontian Kechil 62

D

Figure 5.6: Shows the Night Time Static Activities in Pontian Kechil

uring the night time, Zone B has the recorded highest value in static activities pattern followed by Zone E and A. This is due to Zone B being the main point of attraction in Pontian Kechil. Zone A has a lot of public spaces to facilitate the static activities which are the Pontian Royal Square or also known as Laman Di Raja Pontian and the Pontian Seaside Public Park or also known as Taman Awam Tepi Laut Pontian. This public space becomes an area that attracts the whole Pontian Kechil neighborhood during night time which results in the high number of static activities. If compared with the static activities during the day, Zone B has significantly higher value of static activities. Based on the observation made at Pontian Kechil, the main reason for this is due to occupation of the residents in Pontian Kechil neighborhood.

During weekdays, most of the working people in Pontian Kechil could not afford to have any activities at the public spaces. The second reason for the significant difference in value is due to the weather and environment. During the daytime, Zone B which has the public spaces are opened and provides minimal sun shading which leads to the reduction in number of the static activities.

During the night time, the public spaces are within the thermal comfort which results in higher number of static activities in Zone B. 63

5.4 D

Space Syntax Software, DepthmapX

epthmapX is a multiplatform software platform to perform a set of spatial network analyses designed to understand social processes within the built environment. It works at a variety of scales from building through small urban to whole cities or states. At each scale, the aim of the software is to produce a map of open space elements, connect them via s o m e re l a t i o n s h i p a n d t h e n perform graph analysis of the resulting network. The objective of the analysis is to derive variables which may have social or experiential significance.

It is the software created

by Alasdair Turner and then f u r t h e r d e v e l o p e d b y Ta s o s Varoudis from Space Syntax Laboratory, The Bartlett, UCL. T h e re a re 2 ve r s i o n s o f t h e software are currently available.

This includes UCL DepthMap which was written for the Silicon Graphics IRIX operating system as a simple isovist processing program in 1998.

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Since then, DepthmapX has gone through several changes to reach the current open source version of DepthmapX for multiple platforms including Windows and Macintosh.

T h e D e p t h m a p X software helps to identify and articulate tangible characteristic that comprise spaces in the form of numerical data. The data produced a re t h e A x i a l L i n e A n a l y s i s , Visibility Graph Analysis and Agent Analysis. This analysis is done in order to analyze and understand the connection a n d p e r m e a b i l i t y i n Po n t i a n Kechil neighborhood within the context of Pontian Kechil. Axial L i n e s a re p a t h w ay s , ro u t e s , streets and spaces networks that help to identify the relationship of the connectivity and depth of each location (Dursun, 2007). Visibility Graph Analysis explains the potential and limitations of the layouts to be explored (Hiller, 1984).

Agent analysis is based on the Visibility Graph analysis that per forms ‘agent-based’

analysis to recognize the connection and interaction of the people and the sea in Pontian Kechil neighborhood.

100 virtual “people� called agents will be placed at specific locations around the experimental site to test the relationship and space networks of each space (Turner, 2007). Further elaboration was done and could be refered in Chapter 3.

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5.5

5.5.1

Axial Line Analysis Connectivity Analysis Figure 5.7: Shows Axial Map’s Connectivity Analysis within 3km Radius from the Experimental Site

Figure 5.8: Shows the Axial Map’s Connectivity Analysis within 500m Radius from the Experimental Site

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F

Figure 5.9: Shows the Connectivity Value Based on The Axial Map

igure 5.7 and 5.8 shows the connectivity value in Pontian Kechil where Jalan Alsagoff has the highest connectivity value, mainly the north or upper part. Lorong Merdeka has low connectivity value due to being disconnected from the main street which is Jalan Alsagoff and Jalan Parit Ismail. Lorong Merdeka, the road that provides access to the experimental site from Jalan Alsagoff has the lowest value of connectivity based on the axial line analysis. Enhancing the connectivity value of Lorong Merdeka may enhance the permeability of the street which may help in enhancing the connection between the local community and the sea.

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5.5.2

Local Integration Analysis Figure 5.10: Shows the Axial Map’s Local Integration Analysis within 3km Radius from the Experimental Site

Figure 5.11: Shows the Axial Map’s Local Integration Analysis within 500m Radius from the Experimental Site

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Figure 5.12: Shows the Local Integration Value Based on the Axial Map

F

igure 5.10 and 5.11 shows the local integration value in Pontian Kechil where Jalan Alsagoff has the highest local integration, mainly the north or upper part. Lorong Merdeka has low local integration value due to being disconnected from the main street which is Jalan Alsagoff and Jalan Parit Ismail. Lorong Merdeka, the road that provides access to the experimental site from Jalan Alsagoff has the lowest value of the local integration based on the axial line analysis.

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F

Figure 5.13: Shows the Correlation Value between Connectivity and Local Integration

igure 5.13 shows the correlation value between connectivity and local integration is 0.337976 which is low. This is possibly due to a dormant sub-urban area which is Pontian Kechil where there are no recognizable nodes and too many split connections. The integration value is also low as the roads are segregated from the primary and secondary streets.

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5.6

Visibility Graph Analysis Figure 5.14: Shows the Visibility Graph Analysis Connectivity Value of Pontian Kechil within 500m Radius from the Experimental Site

Figure 5.15: Shows the Visibility Graph Analysis First Point Moment Value of Pontian Kechil within 500m Radius from the Experimental Site

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Figure 5.16: Shows the Visibility Graph Analysis Visual Integration Value of Pontian Kechil within 500m Radius from the Experimental Site

Figure 5.17: Shows the Correlation Value of Pontian Kechil within 500m Radius from the Experimental Site between Connectivity and Visual Integration

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B

ased on figure 5.14, 5.15 and 5.16, Pontian Kechil has a good visibility based on the visibility graph analysis. However, it lacks the visibility towards the sea. The main street which is Jalan Alsagoff is disconnected visually and physically from the sea even though Pontian Kechil is a coastal town. This is cause by poor planning of the modern development.

B a s e d o n f i g u re 5 . 1 7 , the correlation value of Pontian Kechil within 500m radius from the experimental site between connectivity and visual integration is 0.817144 which is high. However, the physical and visual permeability towards the sea is quite low. Jalan Alsagoff, w h i c h i s t h e m a i n s t re e t a t Pontian Kechil does not provide a good connection towards the coastal area of Pontian Kechil w h i c h re s u l t s i n t h e l a c k o f interaction and connection b e t w e e n t h e P o n t i a n Ke c h i l neighborhood community and the Straits of Malacca.

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5.7 A

Agent Analysis

gent Analysis is a simulation of how people move within a certain space. This analysis is done to simulate the number of people t h a t m ove s t o t h e s i t e a re a and coastal area from Jalan Alsagoff within the only the road.

For the Agent Analysis setup, the analysis length in timesteps is 5000 and the record gate counts in data map is set to none. For the agent’s parameters setup, the release rate which is the number of agents per timestep is set to 0.1 and the release location is along Jalan Alsagoff as shown i n F i g u r e 5 . 1 2 . T h e a g e n t ’s program parameters field of view in scale of bins is set to 15, the steps before turn decision is set to 3 and the timesteps in system is set to 1000. The number of agents is set to 100 and the movement rule is set to standard.

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Figure 5.18: Shows the starting point for 100 Agents placed along Jalan Alsagoff

Figure 5.19: Shows the 100 Agents Movement After 60 Seconds

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Figure 5.20: Shows the 100 Agents Movement After 120 Seconds

Figure 5.21: Shows the 100 Agents Movement After 180 Seconds

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B

ased on Figure 5.18 to figure 5.21, the number of agents moving towards the coastline is 4 over a hundred agents that are placed along Jalan Alsagoff and the number of agents moving towards the experimental site is 1 over a hundred agents that are also placed along Jalan Alsagoff both in the span of 180 seconds or 3 minutes.

Figure 5.22: Shows the result of the 100 Agent’s Movement

T

he figure shows the result of the agent analysis after 5000 steps. The most concentrated point is at the junction of Jalan Alsagoff and Jalan Parit Ibrahim. There are quite decent movement towards the coastline but little to none movement towards the site.

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5.8 T

Experimental Site Exploration

he experimental site exploration in as an exploration in studying and establishing connections in terms of physical and visual aspects of Pontian Kechil area which includes the whole Pontian Kechil neighbourhood and the Straits of Malacca, the most important natural context of Pontian Kechil. The idea is to provide more direct or straighter connections which is radial from the site and also the Straits of Malacca.

This will theoretically enhance the permeability visually and physically in terms of urban design in the experimental space and Pontian Kechil.

This hypothesis will later be determined by the simulation results done using DepthmapX.

The exploration is done in 3 stages. The first stage is exploring the 3km radius planning of Pontian Kechil from the experimental site by using axial line analysis.

The improvements are as mentioned as above, additions of straight and direct paths

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towards the sea and also the experimental site. The second stage is exploring the 500m radius planning of Pontian Kechil from the experimental site by using the visibility graph analysis and agent analysis.

The improvements are the same as the first stage. The third stage is exploration of spaces configuration in the experimental site itself by using visibility graph analysis.

5.8.1 5.8.1.1

Exploring the 3km Radius of Pontian Kechil from The Experimental Site

Connectivity Analysis Figure 5.23: Explored Axial Map’s Connectivity Analysis within 3km Radius from the Experimental Site

Figure 5.24: Explored Axial Map’s Connectivity Analysis within 3km Radius from the Experimental Site

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Figure 5.25: Shows the Connectivity Value Based on The Explored Axial Map

L

orong Merdeka’s connectivity value based on the axial line analysis has increased as the road is connected not only to the primary and secondary road which is Jalan Alsagoff and Jalan Parit Ibrahim but also connected to the tertiary road within Taman Sri Aman.

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5.8.1.2

Local Integration Analysis Figure 5.26: Explored Axial Map’s Local Integration Analysis within 3km Radius from the Experimental Site

Figure 5.27: Explored Axial Map’s Local Integration Analysis within 3km Radius from the Experimental Site

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Figure 5.28: Shows the Local Integration Value Based on The Explored Axial Map

L

orong Merdeka’s local integration value based on the axial line analysis has increased as the road is integrated with not only the primary and secondary road which is Jalan Alsagoff and Jalan Parit Ibrahim but also connected to the tertiary roads within surrounding the experimental site.

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Figure 5.29: Shows the Explored Correlation Value between Connectivity and Local Integration

T

he explored correlation value between connectivity and local integration is 0.340705 which is low however has a higher correlation value compared to the existing masterplan of Pontian Kechil. This is because Lorong Merdeka is not only connected and integrated with the primary and secondary streets, but also connected with the tertiary streets within the surrounding n e i g h b o r h o o d a ro u n d t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l s i t e w h i c h d i re c t l y enhances the connection and interaction between the Pontian Kechil neighborhood and the Straits of Malacca.

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5.8.2

Exploring the 500m Radius of Pontian Kechil from The Experimental Site

5.8.2.1

Visibility Graph Analysis Figure 5.30: Shows the Visibility Graph Analysis Explored Connectivity Value of Pontian Kechil within 500m Radius from the Experimental Site

Figure 5.31: Shows the Visibility Graph Analysis Explored First Point Moment Value of Pontian Kechil within 500m Radius from the Experimental Site

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Figure 5.32: Shows the Visibility Graph Analysis Explored Visual Integration Value of Pontian Kechil within 500m Radius from the Experimental Site

Figure 5.33: Shows the Explored Correlation Value of Pontian Kechil within 500m Radius from the Experimental Site between Connectivity and Visual Integration

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F

igure 5.33 shows the explored correlation value between connectivity and local integration is 0.836924 which is significantly higher than the existing development masterplan. The explored masterplan connects Jalan Alsagoff towards the coastline not only physically but also visually.

Besides that, the exploration masterplan enhances the visibility of not only from Jalan Alsagoff towards the Straits of Malacca, but also from the surrounding neighbourhood towards the experimental site and the sea.

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5.8.2.2

F

Agent Analysis

or the explored agent analysis setup, the setup is the same as done as the existing masterplan. The whole setup is treated as fixed variables in this study.

Figure 5.34: Shows the starting point for 100 Agents placed along Jalan Alsagoff of the Explored Masterplan

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Figure 5.35: Shows the 100 Agents Movement After 60 Seconds of the Explored Masterplan

Figure 5.36: Shows the 100 Agents Movement After 120 Seconds of the Explored Masterplan

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Figure 5.37: Shows the 100 Agents Movement After 180 Seconds of the Explored Masterplan

B

ased on Figure 5.34 to figure 5.37, the number of agents moving towards the coastline is 19 over a hundred agents that are placed along Jalan Alsagoff and the number of agents moving towards the experimental site is 12 over a hundred agents that are also placed along Jalan Alsagoff both in the span of 180 seconds or 3 minutes.

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Figure 5.38: Shows the result of the 100 Agent’s Movement of the Explored Masterplan

T

he figure shows the result of the agent analysis of the explored masterplan. The most concentrated point is at Jalan Alsagoff, Jalan Parit Ibrahim and towards the coastline. The number of agents moving towards the coastline and the site increase significantly compared to the existing development. The increase in value is caused by the additional routes and paths that points to the site area.

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5.8.3

T

Exploring Spaces Within The Experimental Site

he experimental site has i m t p rove d t h e v i s i b i l i t y of the surrounding context which enhances the permeability physically and visually towards the Straits of Malacca and the experimental site as mentioned in Chapter 5.8.1 and Chapter 5.8.2.

Experimental site is then being explored in order to identify the best space configuration that enhances the connection and interaction between Pontian Kechil neighborhood and the sea, Straits of Malacca in terms of physical and visual permeability in urban design.

Visibility graph analysis is then used in order to determine which space configuration has the highest visibility and physical connectivity towards the Straits of Malacca besides being porous and permeable in terms of design towards the surrounding neighborhood.

how the circulation works inside the experimental site.

Lastly, visual integration will be used to determine the most permeable permutation and the area that acts as the point of attraction within the experimental site in order to place a public catchment area that will directly increases the interaction and connection b e t w e e n t h e Po n t i a n Ke c h i l neighborhood and the Straits of Malacca.

From the visibility graph analysis, connectivity will be used to study the relationship of each spaces. The first point moment will be used to study 91

5.8.3.1

Permutation A Figure 5.39: Shows the Connectivity Value inside the Experimental Site

Figure 5.40: Shows the First Point Moment Value inside the Experimental Site

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Figure 5.41: Shows the Visual Integration Value inside the Experimental Site

P

ermutation A consists of spaces placed in a linear position.

The spaces and divided into 2 major arrangements to enhance the permeability visually and physically in the middle of the space arrangements. Based from figure 5.39 to figure 5.41, it shows that Permutation A brings the people from the neighborhood towards the sea and the place where public would be attracted to is facing the Straits of Malacca.

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5.8.3.2

Permutation B Figure 5.42: Shows the Connectivity Value inside the Experimental Site

Figure 5.43: Shows the First Point Moment Value inside the Experimental Site

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Figure 5.44: Shows the Visual Integration Value inside the Experimental Site

P

ermutation B consists of spaces placed in a radial position.

The spaces and divided into 3 major arrangements to enhance the permeability visually and physically facing towards the neighborhoods surrounding the experimental site.

Based from figure 5.42 to figure 5.44, it shows that Permutation B brings the people from the neighborhood towards one another.

However, the connection between the Pontian Kechil neighborhood and the Straits of Malacca reduces significantly.

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5.8.3.3

Permutation C Figure 5.45: Shows the Connectivity Value inside the Experimental Site

Figure 5.46: Shows the Point First Moment Value inside the Experimental Site

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Figure 5.47: Shows the Visual Integration Value inside the Experimental Site

P

ermutation C consists of spaces placed in a linear position almost similar to permutation A. The difference is some spaces are more clustered and separated to allow visual and physical connection. Based from figure 5.45 to figure 5.47, it shows that Permutation C connects people from the neighborhood areas surrounding the experimental site and the Straits of Malacca.

It also brings the people from the neighborhood towards one another. If compared to Permutation A and B, the physical and visual permeability within the experimental site is lower in either the connection between the neighborhood and the sea and the connection between neighborhoods.

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5.8.3.4

Permutation D Figure 5.48: Shows the Connectivity Value inside the Experimental Site

Figure 5.49: Shows the First Point Moment Value inside the Experimental Site

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Figure 5.50: Shows the Visual Integration Value inside the Experimental Site

P

ermutation D consists of spaces placed in a linear position almost similar to permutation C. The difference is some spaces are less clustered and separated to allow the increase in visual and physical connection. Based from figure 5.48 to figure 5.50, it shows that Permutation D connects people from the neighborhood areas surrounding the experimental site and the Straits of Malacca. It also brings the people from the neighborhood towards one another. If compared to Permutation C, the physical and visual permeability within the experimental site is slightly higher in both the connection between the neighborhood and the sea and the connection between neighborhoods.

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5.8.3.5

Permutation E Figure 5.51: Shows the Connectivity Value inside the Experimental Site

Figure 5.52: Shows the First Point Moment Value inside the Experimental Site

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Figure 5.53: Shows the Visual Integration Value inside the Experimental Site

P

ermutation E consists of spaces placed in a linear position almost similar to permutation C and D. The difference is some spaces are more clustered and separated to allow the increase in visual and physical connection from permutation C and D. Based from figure 5.51 to figure 5.53, it shows that Permutation E connects people from the neighborhood areas surrounding the experimental site and the Straits of Malacca.

It also brings the people from the neighborhood towards one another. If compared to Permutation C and D, the physical and visual permeability within the experimental site is slightly higher in both the connection between the neighborhood and the sea and the connection between neighborhoods. However, the spaces within the experimental site looks much more scattered as spaces are more clustered and lacks the unison.

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5.8.3.6

Permutation F Figure 5.54: Shows the Connectivity Value inside the Experimental Site

Figure 5.55: Shows the First Point Moment Value inside the Experimental Site

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Figure 5.56: Shows the Visual Integration Value inside the Experimental Site

P

ermutation F consists of spaces placed in a linear position almost similar to permutation C, D and E. The difference is the spaces are more clustered and separated to allow the increase in visual and physical connection from permutation C, D and E. Based from figure 5.54 to figure 5.56, it shows that Permutation F has the highest value of physical and visual permeability compared to permutation C, D and E. This helps in enhancing the connection and interaction between the Pontian Kechil neighborhood and the Straits of Malacca and also has the highest value of connectivity between the neighborhoods surrounding the experimental site. However, the connection between Pontian Kechil neighborhood and the Straits of Malacca is lower than Permutation A’s configuration.

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5.8.3.7

Correlation Values between the Connectivity and Visual Integration within the Experimental Site Figure 5.57: Shows the Correlation Value of Permutation A within the Experimental Site

Figure 5.58: Shows the Correlation Value of Permutation B within the Experimental Site

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Figure 5.59: Shows the Correlation Value of Permutation C within the Experimental Site

Figure 5.60: Shows the Correlation Value of Permutation D within the Experimental Site

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Figure 5.61: Shows the Correlation Value of Permutation E within the Experimental Site

Figure 5.62: Shows the Correlation Value of Permutation F within the Experimental Site

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Figure 5.63: Shows the Tabulation of the Correlation Values of All Permutation within the Experimental Site

T

he correlation value is a numerical value that correlates between the connectivity value and t h e v i s u a l i n t e g r a t i o n va l u e which is extracted from the visibility graph analysis. The correlation value is considered to be a method of quantitative data analysis (Mirkin, 2011).

This helps in quantifying and comparing qualitative variables such as the level of permeability.

The permutation with the highest correlation value between connectivity and visual integration extracted from the visibility graph analysis is

Permutation F. Based from this t a b u l a t i o n , t h i s p rove s t h a t permutation F has the highest connectivity value and visual integration value. This proves that permutation F has the highest level of physical and visual permeability compared to the other permutations.

This is possibly because permutation F is permeable not only from one direction like the Permutation A. Permutation F is permeable not only from Jalan Alsagoff to the Straits of Malacca, but also permeable from the neighborhood area surrounding the experimental site.

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5.9 P

Conclusion

ontian Kechil has quite low value of static a c t i v i t i e s c o m p a re d t o static activities values in other urban areas such as Johor B a h r u a n d K u a l a L u m p u r.

The main reason is definitely because of the density of the population. The population in P o n t i a n Ke c h i l s i g n i f i c a n t l y lesser than those other urban areas. The comparison of static activities values of Pontian Kechil and other towns which has almost the same density population as Pontian Kechil is not studied or used as reference or comparison.

This is one of the limitations of this study which will be further discussed in Chapter 6.

neighborhood residents using vehicles to move from one area to another. However, at institutional areas, the value of pedestrian flow is significantly higher due to the restriction of the law for students below the age of 16 to conduct any vehicles.

After space syntax method and the space syntax software simulation is done, the results are compared to find any discrepancies and crosschecking the results patterns.

H o w e v e r, t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n p a t t e r n i s ve r y m i n i m a l a n d the simulation results is viable based on the space syntax method which is done by being at Pontian Kechil in person to

Pontian Kechil number record the data. of pedestrian’s flow are significantly lower than the number of static activities in Pontian Kechil. Based on observation at Pontian Kechil, this is due to the small number of vehicles in Pontian Kechil which leads to the less congested roads. Thus, leading to the Pontian Kechil 108

CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

6.1 T

Introduction

his chapter encompasses the conclusion of the overall dissertation based on the data and information that is gathered and analyzed in Chapter 4 and Chapter 5, based on methodologies explained in Chapter 3. This chapter will also discuss the verdict of this dissertation in relation to the objectives of this research which could be found in Chapter 1 to achieve the aim of this dissertation. Furthermore, this chapter will discuss on the limitations faced during the process of this dissertation and also providing suggestions and recommendations for future re s e a rc h t h a t re l a t e s t o t h e topic of this dissertation.

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6.2 T

Research Synthesis

he research aim of this dissertation is to disclose the opportunities of Pontian Kechil as a coastal town by exploring the physical and visual aspects of permeability within 500m radius context in order to maximize the urban livability of Pontian Kechil.

The following section of this c h a p t e r c o n c l u d e s t h e re s u l t o f the dissertation in relation to this research objectives which are as follows: 1. To measure the physical and visual aspect of permeability in Pontian Kechil through Space Syntax 2 . To i n v e s t i g a t e t h e l e v e l o f connection and interaction of the Pontian Kechil neighborhood and the Straits of Malacca 3 . To e x p l o r e a n d s i m u l a t e t h e opportunities of Pontian Kechil as a coastal town

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6.2.1

I

Objective 1: To Measure the Physical and Visual Aspect of Permeability in Pontian Kechil Through Space Syntax

n order to discover the physical and visual aspect of permeability on Pontian Kechil, a quantitative methodology and analysis is done by space syntax methods which is the Gate Method and Static Snapshots besides using the space syntax software, DepthmapX. Based on the data analysis done by all the methods mentioned above, it can be concluded that the physical and visual aspects of permeability in terms of urban design in Pontian Kechil is very low. There are a few exceptions s u c h a s t h e a re a o f Zo n e B and Zone F as mentioned in Chapter 5, where the physical and visual permeability or connectivity to the Straits of Malacca is significantly higher than the other Zones in Pontian Kechil. This is also proved by the literature review in Chapter 2 where it mentioned that the whole Pontian District which includes its capital which is Pontian Kechil, to undergo urban developments that does not address and appreciate the natural context. However, based

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on the research done, the main street at Pontian Kechil which is Jalan Alsagoff and Jalan Pontian is very disconnected towards the coastal line in both aspects of physical and visual connectivity. The main reason for this as mentioned and elaborated in Chapter 5 is because the main or primary street does not connect properly with the secondary and tertiary roads and pathways which majorly connects to the Straits of Malacca. Explorations are also done in Chapter 5 to further understand the permeability in terms of urban design in Pontian Kechil and how to improve the value of physical and visual permeability in terms of urban design. This will be further elaborated in SubChapter 6.2.3.

6.2.2

T

Objective 2: To Investigate the Level of Connection and Interaction of Pontian Kechil Neighborhood Community and The Straits of Malacca

he literature review provides explanations on what does connection and interaction of the neighborhood community and the natural context besides providing the importance of natural contexts to the community and the relation of permeability and the appreciation of natural context.

Based on the literature review and the static snapshots method, comparison are made to determine the level of connection and interaction of the Pontian Kechil neighborhood community and the Straits of Malacca.

An additional simulation done by visibility graph analysis and agent analysis which is extracted from the space syntax software, DepthmapX, were done and analyzed with all the data collected using methods mentioned above.

The conclusion is spaces and areas where high permeability values in both physical and visual aspects shows a significantly higher level connection and interaction b e t w e e n t h e P o n t i a n Ke c h i l

neighborhood and the Straits of Malacca which was shown, a n a l y ze d a n d e l a b o r a t e d i n Chapter 5. This proves that the higher the physical and visual permeability, the higher the connection and interaction between the community and the natural context level which directly results in the hi gher level of appreciation the natural context and value of urban livability of the area.

In Chapter 5, explorations are made in order to provide recommendations on how to increase the level of permeability and will be further discussed the coming sub-chapter.

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6.2.3

I

Objective 3: To Explore and Simulate the Opportunities of Pontian Kechil as a Coastal Town

n order to achieve this objective which is to e x p l o re t h e o p p o r t u n i t i e s of Pontian Kechil as a coastal town in terms of urban design, the methods used are by primary data sources which is the space syntax s o f t w a re , D e p t h m a p X , A x i a l Line Analysis, Visibility Graph Analysis and Agent Analysis.

The data obtained from this simulation correlates with data taken based on observations done using the space syntax method which is the Gate Method and Static Snapshots.

Besides primary data sources, secondary data sources which is the literature review is used to fully understand and explore the oppor tunities that could be explored and exploited in Pontian Kechil urban design and to increase the level of permeability in physical a n d v i s u a l a s p e c t s i n o rd e r t o a c h i eve a h i g h e r l eve l o f appreciation to the Straits of Malacca and urban livability.

With the help of all these methods, an architectural design strategy is produced

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as an alternative solution and recommendation. The theory of permeability is the significant variable used in order to improve the appreciation of the natural context which is the Straits of Malacca, the level of urban livability and the sense of place and identity of Pontian Kechil as a coastal town.

6.3 A

Limitations

s stated in the title of this dissertation, this re s e a rc h i s d o n e t o study the physical and visual aspects of permeability in Pontian Kechil using Space Syntax. So, this subchapter will be divided into two parts. The first part will be on the limitations of using space syntax methods in determining the level of permeability in both physical and visual aspect.

The second part will be the limitations of determining the level of interaction and connection between a community and its natural context using physical and visual permeability in terms of urban design.

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6.3.1

W

Usage of Space Syntax in Determining the Level of Permeability

hile conducting this research, there are limitations of time during the execution of the Gate Method and Static Snapshots.

The time spent during this field study is 1 week which covers weekdays and weekends which was categorized into 3 which is in the morning, afternoon and night. There should be discrepancies in the data if the analysis is done on a public holiday that falls on weekdays.

Besides that, a longer duration of field study might produce a more accurate result. These are the limitation faced during this disser tation in the time aspect. Besides time, another limitation faced in determining the level of permeability using s p a c e s y n t a x i s t h e a re a o f c ove r a g e . T h e f o c u s o f t h i s study is done within 3km radius of the experimental site.

However, to fully understand the permeability level in both physical and visual aspects, the study could be done in a wider radius and will produce d a t a a n d re s u l t s t h a t c o u l d be different from the current 116

data and results. This is the limitation faced during this dissertation in area of coverage aspect.

6.3.2

A

Determining the Level of Connection and Interaction between a Community and the Natural Context by the Level of Permeability

s mentioned in Chapter 1 and Chapter 2, this dissertation determines the connection and interaction level between the Pontian Kechil neighborhood community and the Straits of Malacca by the l eve l o f p h y s i c a l a n d v i s u a l permeability in terms of urban design. The limitation faced other factors that determines the level of connection and interaction between a community and the natural context. As this dissertation focuses on permeability study, the other factors are treated as constant variable which might change the result of this dissertation if the constant variable is manipulated.

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6.4 B

Recommendations

ased on the limitations of this dissertation, recommendations are also divided into two parts which are the usage of space syntax in determining the level of permeability in both physical and visual aspect and determining the level of connection and interaction between a community and the natural context by the level of permeability.

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6.4.1

B

Usage of Space Syntax in Determining the Level of Permeability

ased on the limitations that are faced during the execution of this d i s s e r t a t i o n w h i c h a re t i m e and area of coverage, future research that also uses space syntax methods and the space syntax software, DepthmapX, could extend the field study in doing the Gate Method and Static snapshots to get more data which could help the research to be more accurate and addressing more variables than this dissertation. Besides that, future research could also expand the area coverage of the area to understand further on the mechanism of physical and visual permeability in terms of urban design.

results and data would be more accurate and may find other factors that contributes or affects the level of permeability in terms of urban design.

In addition, future research could also compare the data collected from space syntax methods and software with other methods and means that could determine the l eve l o f p h y s i c a l a n d v i s u a l permeability in terms of urban design to find and analyze any d i s crep an c ie s that could be uncovered. By doing so, the 119

6.4.2

B

Determining the Level of Connection and Interaction between a Community and the Natural Context by the Level of Permeability

ased on the limitations faced during the execution of this dissertation which is solely studying on the permeability level in order to determine the level of connection and interaction between a community and its natural context, future research could identify other factors that influences the level of connection and interaction between a community and the nat ur al cont ext s uch as the sociability of the space.

By having more manipulated variable, the research could uncover results or data that are more accurate and precise.

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6.5 U

Limitations

ltimately, this dissertation on the permeability study of Pontian Kechil coastline using space syntax is conducted to provide clarity in understanding the concept of physical and visual permeability in terms of urban design and how it affects the level of appreciation and addressing the natural context which directly affects the level of urban livability in an urban context. The contents discussed in ever y chapter encompasses the flow of this research starting from observing the issues happening at Pontian Kechil, coming up with an aim and objective of the study, methods on how to collect the data, comprehending the theories on how permeability in both physical and visual aspect works and relates to the level of connection and interaction between man and nature which ultimately relates to the level of urban livability of an area, implementation of the methods and finally, analyzation of the data and results collected.

Despite the limitations faced in this dissertation, it is hoped that this research will serve as an informative source for modern urban developers and planners

besides being an inspiration to architects to appreciate and address the nature in order to uncover innovative ideas in m a k i n g d eve l o p m e n t s m o re sustainable and livable.

By making use of all these data and strategies collected and analyzed in this dissertation with a sufficient understanding of permeability in both the visual and physical aspects in terms of urban design and how it affects urban livability, the aim in designing a space or center for the community with an injection of boat making and servicing activities which could enhance and maximize the visual and physical permeability level in context of Pontian Kechil neighborhood will c ontribute t o t h e o p t i o n o f a l t e r n a t i ve solution for lack of connection and interaction between a community and their natural context issue happening throughout Malaysian coastal area.

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L

IST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1: Underappreciation of the Straits of Malacca 7 by the modern urban development, 2019 Figure 1.2: Thesis Framework

9

Figure 2.1: Urban livability which emphasizes on mixed building typologies street in Bitola, Republic of 16 Macedonia (Source: Kashef,2016) Figure 2.2: Design representations for improvements aimed at achieving urban livability. Main Street at Hampton Lakes, Tampa, Florida, proposed by Charlan, Brock, & Associates (Source: Kashef,2016) 17 Figure 2.3: City as a diagram vs. city as a metabolic system or a natural reserve with constructed wetlands and green corridors (Source: Kashef,2016) 18 Figure 2.4: A simple illustration that shows how permeability works (Bentley, 1985) 24 Figure 3.1: Research Framework

31

Figure 3.2: Space Syntax Observation Method

33

Figure 3.3: Example of Axial Line Analysis

37

Figure 3.4: Example of Visibility Graph Analysis

38

Figure 4.1: Settlement in Pontian Kechil along Jalan Alsagoff during the Pre-World War in 1928 until the 47 Independence Period in 1957 122

Figure 4.2: Development in Pontian Kechil at 2010 48 until 2018 Figure 4.3: The different typologies in Pontian Kechil 49 Town Figure 4.4: How the bus stops is not properly accessible by pedestrian along Jalan Alsagoff 50 Figure 4.5: The location of the Experimental Site Space chosen on how to improve the Permeability in urban design in Pontian Kechil Context 51 Figure 5.1: The 8 Zonings Used for the Gate Method

55

Figure 5.2: The Weekday Pedestrian Flow Analysis

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Figure 5.3: The Weekend Pedestrian Flow Analysis

58

Figure 5.3: The Daytime Static Activities in Pontian 60 Kechil Figure 5.4: The Daytime Static Activities in Pontian 61 Kechil Figure 5.5: The Night Time Static Activities in Pontian 62 Kechil Figure 5.6: The Night Time Static Activities in Pontian 63 Kechil Figure 5.7: Axial Map’s Connectivity Analysis within 3km Radius from the Experimental Site 66 123

Figure 5.8: Axial Map’s Connectivity Analysis within 500m Radius from the Experimental Site 66 Figure 5.9: The Connectivity Value Based on The Axial 67 Map Figure 5.10: The Axial Map’s Local Integration Analysis 68 within 3km Radius from the Experimental Site Figure 5.11: The Axial Map’s Local Integration Analysis within 500m Radius from the Experimental Site 68 Figure 5.12: The Local Integration Value Based on the Axial Map 69 Figure 5.13: The Correlation Value between 70 Connectivity and Local Integration Figure 5.14: The Visibility Graph Analysis Connectivity Value of Pontian Kechil within 500m Radius from the Experimental Site 71 Figure 5.15: The Visibility Graph Analysis First Point Moment Value of Pontian Kechil within 500m Radius from the Experimental Site 71 Figure 5.16: The Visibility Graph Analysis Visual Integration Value of Pontian Kechil within 500m Radius from the Experimental Site 72 Figure 5.17: The Correlation Value of Pontian Kechil w i t h i n 5 0 0 m R a d i u s f ro m t h e E x p e r i m e n t a l S i t e between Connectivity and Visual Integration 72 Figure 5.18: The starting point for 100 Agents placed along Jalan Alsagoff 75 Figure 5.19: The 100 Agents Movement After 60 75 Seconds Figure 5.20: The 100 Agents Movement After 120 76 Seconds 124

Figure 5.21: The 100 Agents Movement After 180 Seconds 76 Figure 5.22: The result of the 100 Agent’s Movement

77

Figure 5.23: Explored Axial Map’s Connectivity Analysis 79 within 3km Radius from the Experimental Site Figure 5.24: Explored Axial Map’s Connectivity Analysis within 3km Radius from the Experimental Site 79 Figure 5.25: The Connectivity Value Based on The 80 Explored Axial Map Figure 5.26: Explored Axial Map’s Local Integration Analysis within 3km Radius from the Experimental 81 Site Figure 5.27: Explored Axial Map’s Local Integration Analysis within 3km Radius from the Experimental 81 Site Figure 5.28: The Local Integration Value Based on The 82 Explored Axial Map Figure 5.29: The Explored Correlation Value between 83 Connectivity and Local Integration Figure 5.30: The Visibility Graph Analysis Explored Connectivity Value of Pontian Kechil within 500m Radius from the Experimental Site 84 Figure 5.31: The Visibility Graph Analysis Explored First Point Moment Value of Pontian Kechil within 84 500m Radius from the Experimental Site Figure 5.32: The Visibility Graph Analysis Explored Visual Integration Value of Pontian Kechil within 500m 85 Radius from the Experimental Site Figure 5.33: The Explored Correlation Value of Pontian Kechil within 500m Radius from the Experimental Site 85 between Connectivity and Visual Integration 125

Figure 5.34: The starting point for 100 Agents placed 87 along Jalan Alsagoff of the Explored Masterplan Figure 5.35: The 100 Agents Movement After 60 88 Seconds of the Explored Masterplan Figure 5.36: The 100 Agents Movement After 120 Seconds of the Explored Masterplan 88 Figure 5.37: The 100 Agents Movement After 180 Seconds of the Explored Masterplan 89 Figure 5.38: The result of the 100 Agent’s Movement 90 of the Explored Masterplan F i g u r e 5 . 3 9 : T h e C o n n e c t i v i t y Va l u e i n s i d e t h e Experimental Site 92 Figure 5.40: The First Point Moment Value inside the Experimental Site 92 Figure 5.41: The Visual Integration Value inside the Experimental Site 93 F i g u r e 5 . 4 2 : T h e C o n n e c t i v i t y Va l u e i n s i d e t h e Experimental Site 94 Figure 5.43: The First Point Moment Value inside the 94 Experimental Site Figure 5.44: The Visual Integration Value inside the 95 Experimental Site F i g u r e 5 . 4 5 : T h e C o n n e c t i v i t y Va l u e i n s i d e t h e Experimental Site 96 Figure 5.46: The Point First Moment Value inside the 96 Experimental Site Figure 5.47: The Visual Integration Value inside the 97 Experimental Site F i g u r e 5 . 4 8 : T h e C o n n e c t i v i t y Va l u e i n s i d e t h e 98 126

Figure 5.49: The First Point Moment Value inside the 98 Experimental Site Figure 5.50: The Visual Integration Value inside the Experimental Site 99 F i g u r e 5 . 5 1 : T h e C o n n e c t i v i t y Va l u e i n s i d e t h e Experimental Site 100 Figure 5.52: The First Point Moment Value inside the Experimental Site 100 Figure 5.53: The Visual Integration Value inside the Experimental Site 101 F i g u r e 5 . 5 4 : T h e C o n n e c t i v i t y Va l u e i n s i d e t h e Experimental Site 102 Figure 5.55: The First Point Moment Value inside the Experimental Site 102 Figure 5.56: The Visual Integration Value inside the 103 Experimental Site Figure 5.57: The Correlation Value of Permutation A 104 within the Experimental Site Figure 5.58: The Correlation Value of Permutation B 104 within the Experimental Site Figure 5.59: The Correlation Value of Permutation C within the Experimental Site 105 Figure 5.60: The Correlation Value of Permutation D within the Experimental Site 105 Figure 5.61: The Correlation Value of Permutation E 106 within the Experimental Site Figure 5.62: The Correlation Value of Permutation F within the Experimental Site 106 Figure 5.63: The Tabulation of the Correlation Values 107 127

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