Tuesday, October 11, 2016
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NORFOLK DAILY NEWS, TUESDAY, OCTOBER 11, 2016
Some Cancers More Common Than Others Despite decades of research, the cure for cancer remains elusive, and this year millions of people across the globe will be diagnosed with cancer. Cancer is the second-leading cause of death in the United States, behind only heart disease. Although cancer can be deadly, it also is highly treatable when detected early. While cancer can affect every area of the body, some cancers are more prevalent than others. The following are some of the most common forms of cancer in North America. • Skin cancer: The Skin Cancer Foundation states that each year there are more new cases of skin cancer than the combined incidences of cancers of the breast, prostate, lung, and colon. One in five Americans will develop skin cancer in the course of his or her lifetime. Basal cell carcinoma is the most common form of skin cancer and is rarely fatal, but it can be disfiguring. Melanoma accounts for less than 2 percent of skin cancer cases but is attributed to the most deaths, according to the American Cancer Society. • Lung cancer: Lung cancer is the second most common cancer and the primary cause of cancer-related deaths in both men and women in the Unites States, says the National Cancer Institute. Rates of lung cancer are on the decline as more and more people avoid tobacco, the use of
which greatly increases a person’s risk of developing lung cancer. Risk also is increased by exposure to secondhand smoke, environmental exposures, such as radon, workplace toxins (e.g., asbestos and arsenic) and air pollution. • Uterine cancer: Uterine cancer is the most common form of female reproductive cancer. The National Institutes of Health offers that, since 2002, overall incidence rates have not changed significantly, whereas mortality rates have been slowly rising since 2001. There is no routine screening method for uterine cancers, and many women do not know they have the disease unless they notice certain symptoms, such as unusual bleeding. • Prostate cancer: It’s estimated that one in six men in the United States will be diagnosed with prostate cancer in his lifetime, and prostate cancer accounts for roughly 25 percent of all new cancer cases among men in Canada. It’s the most commonly diagnosed cancer among men (excluding skin cancer) and the second most common cause of death. • Colorectal cancer: The third most common cancer among men and women, 95 percent of colorectal cancers are adenocarcinomas, says the ACS. These types of cancers start in gland cells, like the cells that line the inside of the colon and rectum. Because it can be embarrassing to get screened for
colorectal cancer, some people put it off until it is too late. Speak to your physician about screening guidelines and recommendations. • Breast cancer: Excluding skin cancer,
breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer among women, though it also can affect men. Early detection is imperative.
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Despite the ongoing efforts to study cancer and cancer treatments, in many ways the disease remains a mystery to researchers and medical professionals alike. According to data published by the research-based healthcare company Roche, for reasons that are not entirely understood, breast cancer is more common in the left breast than the right. The left breast is 5 to10 percent more likely to develop cancer than the right breast. The left side of the body is also 10 percent more vulnerable to the skin cancer melanoma than the right side of the body. 126681
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NORFOLK DAILY NEWS, TUESDAY, OCTOBER 11, 2016
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Nurse Helps Breast Cancer Patients Navigate All Those Uncertain Roads By MIKE BUHLER mbuhler@norfolkdailynews.com
One of the worst aspects of a breast cancer diagnosis often is not knowing what lies on the road ahead. However, breast cancer patients at Faith Regional Health Services in Norfolk have someone to help them navigate those uncertain waters. Melissa Hahn was named as the hospital’s “oncology nurse navigator” in September 2015 and since then has helped breast cancer patients during and after their battles with the disease. “The main thing I do is I meet with our breast cancer patients as early as possible within their diagnosis,” Hahn said. “From there, I’m an advocate and liaison for them so that they can have someone by their side and on their team to help them through any of the cancer journey.” Being a nurse navigator entails many things. “At times, it’s rearranging medical appointments,” Hahn said. “All of the medical appointments they have, I try to accompany them. They see multiple physicians, so that allows them to really get the comprehensive picture and make sure nothing gets missed when they go from one physician to the other.
“I help get them in touch with any resources we have, such as other breast cancer survivors — and also our Appearance Center, where we have free wigs, mastectomy bras, breast prostheses and then any additional community services or rehab therapies.” Hahn found out about the nurse navigator position when she was in the University of Nebraska Medical Center nursing center program in Norfolk. “While I was in school, Sheri Sheriff ... came and discussed this position that they were adding, along with other positions through Faith Regional,” Hahn said. “At that time, I knew that was what I wanted to do. I’m very fortunate that it was within oncology in itself, mainly because that’s a place that’s near and dear to my heart through family experience.” In her year as FRHS’ oncology nurse navigator, Hahn is pleased with the response that she has seen. “It’s actually had a very strong and very positive response,” Hahn said. “It’s been great because it’s given our breast cancer patients the opportunity to know what’s available. I think that’s the biggest thing with any cancer diagnosis — you never know what you’re going through or the fear of the unknown. It’s letting them know the resources that are there to help
JAKE WRAGGE/DAILY NEWS
MELISSA HAHN, who serves as the oncology nurse navigator at Faith Regional Health Services in Norfolk, stands with some of the wigs that are available for women diagnosed with breast cancer as part of the hospital’s Appearance Center. them through it.” Hahn cited cancer survivor Sarah Naeve as an example of what her goals are. “The nurse navigator program is phenomenal,” Naeve said about the program. “It’s been a godsend to me. I know I don’t have to worry about what needs to be done because Melissa is going to be there.” Sometimes, just being there is important. “I think the biggest thing where I’m very fortunate is the fact that I get to meet my patients at the time of diagnosis and before treatments,” Hahn said. “I get to be with them to help them through the treatments and to move on to their new selves when they’re going through survivorship and moving forward.” As she looks ahead, Hahn would like
JAKE WRAGGE/DAILY NEWS
HELPING WOMEN who have been diagnosed with breast cancer with all of the questions, issues and appointments facing them is the job of Melissa Hahn, who serves as an oncology nurse navigator at Faith Regional Health Services in Norfolk.
to see the nurse navigator program continue to grow and to aid cancer patients in their struggles. “I think overall if we could grow nurse navigation to all the cancers would be ideal,” Hahn said. “But I think just making sure that all of our patients know the resources that are available to help them heal (is important).” Last, but certainly not least, seeing her patients come through their battle — and come through as good as they were before — is important to Hahn. “The biggest thing I tell all of my patients when they come through is I don’t want them to walk away with a deficit they never started with,” Hahn said. “I want them to be as whole and as complete of a person as what they were before when they move forward.”
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NORFOLK DAILY NEWS, TUESDAY, OCTOBER 11, 2016
Signs and Symptoms of Prostate Cancer Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer among men in the world. According to the World Cancer Research Fund International, more than 1.1 million cases of prostate cancer were recored in 2012, accounting for 15 percent of new cancer diagnoses in men that year. Prostate cancer is often found before any symptoms arise. Prostate cancer screening no doubt contributes to that early detection, but many men are reluctant to be screened, feeling that the digital rectal exam, or DRE, is simply too
uncomfortable to undergo. And the Prostate Cancer Foundation notes that there is no unanimous opinion in the medical community regarding the benefits of prostate cancer screening. Men should speak with their physicians to determine if screening is for them, ultimately choosing the option they are most comfortable with and the one they feel best promotes their long-term health. Men who choose not to get screened for prostate cancer or those who are on the fence regarding screening may benefit
from learning as much as possible about the disease. Doing so can help them make more informed screening decisions, and those who choose to avoid screening can learn the potential signs and symptoms so they can bring any problems they might be experiencing to their physicians’ attention as soon as those abnormalities begin to surface. The PCF notes that not everyone will experience symptoms of prostate cancer, but some men will. Sometimes the presence of certain problems associated with prostate cancer may be indicative of other conditions, including benign prostatic hyperplasia, or BPH. BPH is not cancer, but it is an enlargement of the prostate, and a man’s risk for developing BPH grows every year. For example, BPH is present in 20 percent of men in their fifties, and that prevalence rises to 70 percent among men age 70 or older. Symptoms of prostatitis, a painful condition in which the prostate is
inflamed, tender and swollen, may also resemble the symptoms of prostate cancer. But the PCF notes that prostatitis is a benign ailment that is not cancer and does not contribute to cancer. While not everyone experiences symptoms of prostate cancer, some men may experience changes in their urinary or sexual function. Men who notice the presence of any of the following symptoms should consult their physicians immediately. • A need to urinate frequently, especially at night • Difficulty starting urination or holding back urine • Weak or interrupted flow of urine • Painful or burning urination • Difficulty having an erection • Painful ejaculation • Blood in urine or semen More information about prostate cancer is available at www.pcf.org.
Cancer Risk Factors you can Control
GASTROENTEROLOGY 402-844-8010 David A. Dudley, M.D., FACG
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Cancer is a formidable foe and one that the World Health Organization says is responsible for the deaths of six million people each year. But as deadly an adversary as cancer can be, millions of cases of cancer could be prevented. According to the WHO, at least onethird of all cancer cases are preventable. Prevention begins with understanding the risk factors for cancer and what you can do to lower your risk of developing this often deadly disease. Some risk factors for cancer, including family history and gender, are beyond an individual’s control. But the following are risk factors that, when avoided, can dramatically reduce a person’s risk of developing cancer.
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Tobacco
The WHO notes that tobacco causes an estimated 22 percent of cancer deaths each year. That translates to more than 1.3 million tobacco-related cancer deaths each year. While smokers may be most likely to develop lung cancer as a result of their tobacco use, smoking tobacco also increases a person’s risk of cancers of the esophagus, larynx, mouth, throat, kidney, bladder, pancreas, stomach, and cervix. Smokeless tobacco also increases a person’s risk of oral cancer and cancers of the esophagus and pancreas. Avoiding tobacco entirely greatly reduces a person’s risk of cancer, but even those who already smoke can significantly reduce their risk by quitting immediately.
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Bad diet
Several factors may cause a person to be overweight or obese, but many people who are struggling with obesity are doing so because of poor diets. An elevated risk of heart disease may be the first thing people associate with being overweight or obese, but such people are also more
vulnerable to cancer than people who are in shape. The WHO notes there is a link between being overweight or obese and certain cancers, including breast and colorectal cancer. Excess consumption of red and preserved meat may increase a person’s risk of colorectal cancer, while a diet high in fruits and vegetables may have the opposite effect, potentially protecting the body against various cancers.
Physical inactivity
Though poor diet may be the primary contributing factor to being overweight or obese, a lifestyle that does not include routine physical activity also increases a person’s risk for various cancers. The National Cancer Institute notes that studies conducted around the globe have consistently found that adults who increase their physical activity, either in duration, frequency or intensity, can reduce their risk of developing colon cancer by as much as 40 percent compared to those who live physically inactive lifestyles. The NCI also notes that studies have shown that physically active women have a lower risk of developing breast cancer than women who are inactive.
Alcohol
According to the WHO, a person’s risk of developing cancer increases with the amount of alcohol that person consumes. While some studies have connected moderate consumption of alcohol with a lower risk of certain ailments, alcohol consumption remains a risk factor for certain cancers, including cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, liver, and breast. More information about cancer and the risk factors associated with cancer is available at www.who.int/cancer.
NORFOLK DAILY NEWS, TUESDAY, OCTOBER 11, 2016
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Cancer’s Effect on Sexuality Fatigue, nausea and emotional symptoms are common side effects of cancer treatments. Cancer can impact all areas of emotional and physical wellbeing, but few may know that cancer also can affect sexuality. Although it is entirely possible for men and women undergoing cancer treatments to have healthy, intimate relationships, the Mayo Clinic notes that many people find that cancer causes a range of side effects that make sex more difficult. Men experiencing pelvic cancers may experience difficulty with sexual activity both during and after cancer treatment than those who have other cancers. In fact, erectile dysfunction is the most common sexual side effect of cancer treatments among men. Erectile dysfunction for men or the inability to achieve intimacy for women are not the only sexual side effects of cancer treatment. Cancer’s affect on emotions and self-identity plays a large role in how people think about intimate behavior. Disappointment in the way one’s body looks, whether through weight loss/gain, hair loss, mastectomy or other physical side effects of cancer treatment, can impact one’s sexual identity. The American Cancer Society also says that sexual desire and energy levels change during treatment. Individuals may have less interest in sex because of the physical and emotional demands of cancer treatments. Furthermore, medications and the treatment itself may lead to side effects that make it challenging to engage in intimate behaviors. Cancer and subsequent treatments also may have an effect on fertility, and this is something that both men and women need to be aware of. Menstrual cycles may become irregular, potentially making conception more challenging. Cancer patients should discuss their plans
to have children with their physicians before choosing treatment plans. After treatment, testing to assess fertility and if it is the right time to once again try for children may be necessary, as a pregnancy during or just after chemotherapy can be complicated by birth defects, advises the MD Anderson Cancer Center. Treatment-related sexual changes can be long-term and permanent, or they may transient. Patients should speak with their health care team about any concerns regarding their cancer’s affect on sexuality. While some men and women may be hesitant to discuss sexuality with their physicians, they should know that doctors have experience discussing sexuality and cancer treatments with their patients, and that experience can calm any concerns patients may have.
Cancer Screenings Men Should Consider Cancer screenings play an important role in cancer prevention. Screenings may not prevent people from getting cancer, but they can detect the presence of cancer before a person begins to experience any signs or symptoms. Screenings also can help doctors catch cancer before it metastasizes, or spreads, to areas of the body outside the area where it originated. Many women get routine mammograms to detect for breast cancer, but women are not the only ones who should include cancer screenings in their healthcare routines. Men also can benefit from screenings, discussing the pros and cons of each with their physicians during routine health examinations. • Colon cancer: Men should begin getting screened for colon cancer at age 50, though those with family histories of colon cancer or other colon issues should
Foods to Reduce Cancer Risk Cancer affects millions of people across the globe each year. Taking steps to prevent cancer may be easier when tackled together as a family or a group of friends. According the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, one of the world’s leading centers devoted to cancer patient care, research, education and prevention, many foods can help men, women and children reduce their cancer risk. When shopping for household groceries, families and groups of friends living together can aim to make the following cancer-fighting foods part of their daily diets. Produce: Broccoli; Cauliflower; Brussel sprouts; Oranges; Organic spinach; Organic kale or collard greens; Peas (fresh or frozen); Red or purple grapes (preferably organic, if imported)and Tomatoes (no salt added if buying canned tomatoes). Protein: Lean chicken or turkey; Lean fish, including salmon, halibut, redfish or red snapper; Low-sodium black, red or pinto beans; Low-sodium garbanzo beans and Tofu. Dairy: Eggs or egg substitutes; Low-fat cheese and Skim, or fat-free, milk. Grains: Lentils; Regular or instant wild rice or brown rice and Whole grain pasta. Bread: Whole grain bread, tortillas or buns. Condiments: Canola oil; Low-fat or fat-free salad dressing; Olive oil Spices: Turmeric
begin even earlier, as family history increases a man’s risk of developing colon cancer. Colon cancer screenings may discover a type of growth known as a polyp, which is typically benign and can be removed before it develops into cancer. The American Cancer Society notes that men have various options to choose from with regard to screening for colon cancer. Such options include a colonoscopy, a stool DNA test and a camera pill. Speak to your physician about these options and discuss your family history, which will influence how frequently you need to be screened for colon cancer. • Lung cancer: Screening for lung cancer is most important for men who currently or recently smoked. The United States Preventive Services Task Force recommends annual screening for lung cancer with low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) for men between the ages of 55 and 80 who have a 30 packyear smoking history and currently smoke
or have quit within the past 15 years. Screening should be discontinued once a man has not smoked for 15 years or has developed a health problem that substantially limits a man’s life expectancy or his ability or willingness to undergo curative lung surgery. (Note: Pack-year history is calculated by multiplying the number of packs of cigarettes smoked per day by the number of years the person has smoked.) The ACS notes that the risks associated with lung cancer screenings typically outweigh the benefits for men who have never smoked or quit long ago. • Prostate cancer: The National Cancer Institute notes that prostate cancer is the most common nonskin cancer among men in the United States. Being 50 years of age, black and/or having a brother, son or father who had prostate cancer increase a man’s risk of developing the disease. The NCI notes that screening tests for prostate cancer, which include a digital rectal exam and a prostate-specific antigen test, come with risks, and men should discuss these risks and the potential benefits of prostate cancer screenings before deciding to be screened. Cancer screenings can detect cancer in its earliest stages, and as men get older, they should discuss their screening options with their physicians.
With Breast Cancer Early Detection Is Good... But Prevention Is Best Adequate vitamin D supplementation can decrease your risk of breast cancer by 50% or more. Increasing your Omega-3 fats and decreasing your Omega-6 fats can cut your breast cancer risk significantly. Higher progesterone levels are suggestive of decreased breast cancer risk. Accurate Hormone Testing is available to determine normal healthy levels.
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NORFOLK DAILY NEWS, TUESDAY, OCTOBER 11, 2016
Genetic Testing may Detect Cancer Risk Cancer affects people from all walks of life. While there is no guaranteed way to prevent cancer, genetic testing can help individuals better understand their risks for certain types of cancer. Genetic testing has been developed for many diseases. Such testing looks for specific markers that can indicate the likelihood that a person will develop a specific disease. Genetic testing has been used to diagnose genetic disorders such as muscular dystrophy and fragile X syndrome. Genetic testing also is used to raise awareness about risk factors for Down’s syndrome. Since cancer sometimes appears to run in families, people with a family history of the disease may benefit from hereditary testing. Some genetic tests examine rare inherited mutations of certain protective genes that may be indicative of cancers of the breast or ovaries. These genes include BRCA1 and BRCA2. The National Cancer Institute says mutations in genes that control cell growth and the repair of damaged DNA are likely to be associated with increased cancer risk. It’s important to note that even if a cancer-predisposing mutation is present in your family, you will not automatically inherit the mutation. And even if you do, it is no guarantee that it will lead to cancer. The NCI says that mutations in
hereditary cancer syndromes are inherited in three ways: autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive and X-linked recessive inheritance. Autosomal dominant inheritance occurs when a single altered copy of the gene is enough to increase a person’s chances of developing cancer. Autosomal recessive inheritance occurs when a person has an increased risk of cancer only if he or she inherits an altered copy of the gene from each parent. A female with a recessive cancer-predisposing mutation on one of her X chromosomes and a normal copy of
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the gene on her other X chromosome is a carrier but will not have an increased risk of cancer. Two mutations makes her more likely to get cancer. Men are less likely to get cancer from this mutation because they only have one X chromosome. Researchers continue to develop tests to examine multiple genes that may increase or decrease a person’s risk for cancer. Such tests may facilitate a proactive approach that can detect cancer before it spreads. If you feel you are a candidate for genetic testing, speak with your doctor. Risk is based on things like personal medical history and family history. Testing may be conducted by a trained doctor, nurse or genetic counselor. Patients will go through some sort of genetic counseling and be asked a number of questions about their lineage and the
Talk Therapy can Help Cancer Patients Heal Receiving a cancer diagnosis can be a profound experience that often changes the course of people’s lives. Individuals react to cancer diagnoses in various ways, with some retreating into themselves and others sharing their stories to garner as much strength as they can muster. A strong support system can help men and women navigate the ups and downs of a cancer diagnosis and subsequent treatments. While many people lean on friends and family members for support, therapists also can help patients as they battle cancer. Licensed therapists can help treat many of the mental side effects that often accompany a cancer diagnosis. Japanese researchers who reviewed the results of six studies that included 517 patients with incurable cancer and depression found that talk therapy was shown to help treat depression symptoms nearly as well as antidepressant medications. Depression is not the only reason a cancer patient may want to speak with a therapist. Cancer also can bring rise to many issues that may be better addressed in a private, judgement-free zone. According
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family history of the disease in different branches of their family trees, which will help to determine if further testing is warranted. Testing may be done on a sample of blood, cheek cells, urine, hair, amniotic fluid, or other bodily tissues. Results will be interpreted by experts, and the information will be shared. Remember, an increased risk for cancer does not guarantee that you will get cancer. However, it can help you make certain lifestyle choices and become aware of symptoms so that cancer can be caught early. Doctors can help you sort through your options at this point. Individuals should speak with their doctors about their concerns regarding cancer genetics and potential mutations that may be indicative of heightened cancer risk.
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to the American Cancer Society, some additional reasons to seek professional support can include: • trouble adjusting to the illness • feelings of social or familial isolation • family conflicts • concerns about quality of life • changes in perceptions of body image • feelings of grief • trouble communicating In addition to addressing these issues, which are commonly referred to as psychosocial problems, therapists can work with individuals and families in other areas. Therapists can help their patients find community resources where they can connect with others experiencing similar situations. And therapists can help patients learn about the various ways they can educate themselves about their disease. Some therapists may specialize in offering support, while others may focus on cognitive-behavioral therapy in relation to cancer-induced anxieties. Cancer patients have many options when the time comes to choose a counselor. Ask your cancer team to provide references.
NORFOLK DAILY NEWS, TUESDAY, OCTOBER 11, 2016
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Stages of Breast Cancer Upon receiving a breast cancer diagnosis, patients will soon receive a pathology report that informs them about the stage their cancer is in. The stage indicates how advanced the cancer is and whether or not it is limited to one area of the breast or has spread to other tissue or even other parts of the body. Understanding the stages of breast cancer can help patients cope with their diagnoses more effectively. Once the doctor has completed all the necessary testing, patients will then receive their pathology reports, which will include the stage of the cancer. The following rundown of the various stages of breast cancer can help breast cancer patients better understand their disease. Stage 0
Stage I
Stage I refers to invasive breast cancer and is broken down into two categories: stage IA and stage IB. Stage IA refers to invasive breast cancers in which the tumor is up to two centimeters and the cancer has not spread outside the breast. The lymph nodes are not involved in stage IA breast cancers. In some stage IB breast cancers, there is no tumor in the breast but there are small groups of cancer cells in the lymph nodes larger than 0.2 millimeter but not larger than two millimeters. But stage IB breast cancers may also refer to instances when there is both a tumor in the breast that is no larger than two centimeters and small groups of cancer cells in the lymph nodes that are larger than 0.2 millimeter but no larger than two millimeters. The ACS notes that the fiveyear survival rate for stage I breast cancers is roughly 100 percent. Stage II
Stage II breast cancers are also divided into two subcategories: stage IIA and stage IIB. Both subcategories are invasive, but stage II breast cancers are more complex than stage 0 or stage I breast cancers. Stage IIA describes breast cancers in which no tumor can be found in the breast, but cancer that is larger than two millimeters is found in one to three axillary lymph nodes (the lymph nodes under the arm) or in the lymph nodes near the breast bone. But an invasive breast cancer can still be considered stage IIA if the tumor measures two centimeters or smaller and has spread to the axillary lymph nodes or if the tumor is larger than two centimeters but not
Stage III
Stage III cancers are invasive breast cancers broken down into three categories: IIIA, IIIB and IIIC. When patients are diagnosed with stage IIIA breast cancer, that means doctors may not have found a tumor in their breast or the tumor may be any size. In stage IIIA, cancer may have been found in four to nine axillary lymph nodes or in the lymph nodes near the breastbone. Tumors larger than five centimeters that are accompanied by small groups of breast cancer cells (larger than 0.2 millimeter but no larger than two millimeters) in the lymph nodes also indicate a breast cancer has advanced to stage IIIA. But stage IIIA may also be used to describe breasts cancers in which the tumor is larger than five centimeters and the cancer has spread to one to three axillary lymph nodes or to the lymph nodes near the breastbone. A stage IIIB breast cancer diagnosis indicates the tumor may be any size and has spread to the chest wall and/or the skin of the breast, causing swelling or an ulcer. The cancer may have spread to up to nine axillary lymph nodes or may have spread to the lymph nodes near the breastbone. In stage IIIC breast cancer, doctors may not see any sign of cancer in the breast. If there is a tumor, it may be any size and may have spread to the chest wall and/or the skin of the breast. To be categorized as stage IIIC, the cancer must also have spread to 10 or more axillary lymph nodes or to the lymph nodes above or below the collarbone or to the axillary lymph nodes or lymph nodes near the breastbone. The ACS notes that women diagnosed with stage III breast cancer are often successfully treated and that the five-year survival rate is 72 percent.
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Non-invasive breast cancers are considered to be in stage 0. When doctors have determined the cancer is in stage 0, that means they have not seen any indication that the cancer cells or the abnormal non-cancerous cells have spread out of the part of the breast in which they started. Breast cancer patients may hear the term “five-year survival rate” when discussing their disease with their physicians. The five-year survival rate refers to the percentage of people who live at least five years after being diagnosed with cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, the five-year survival rate for women with stage 0 breast cancer is nearly 100 percent.
larger than five centimeters and has not spread to the axillary lymph nodes. Stage IIB breast cancer describes breast cancers in which the tumor is larger than two centimeters but no larger than five centimeters, and there are small groups of breast cancer cells in the lymph nodes. These small groups of cells are larger than 0.2 millimeters but no larger than two millimeters. Stage IIB may also be used to describe breast cancers in which the tumor is larger than two centimeters but no larger than five centimeters and the cancer has spread to between one and three axillary lymph nodes or to lymph nodes near the breastbone. Tumors that are larger than five centimeters but have not spread to the axillary lymph nodes may also be referred to as stage IIB breast cancers. The fiveyear survival rate for stage II breast cancers is about 93 percent.
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Stage IV
Invasive breast cancers that have spread beyond the breast and lymph nodes to other areas of the body are referred to as stage IV. Stage IV breast cancer may be a recurrence of a previous breast cancer, though some women with no prior history of breast cancer receive stage IV diagnoses. The five-year survival rate for stage IV breast cancers is 22 percent. More information about breast cancer is available at www.breastcancer.org.
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NORFOLK DAILY NEWS, TUESDAY, OCTOBER 11, 2016
Potential Complications of Cancer and Cancer Treatments A cancer diagnosis is a life-altering event experienced by millions of people across the globe each year. According to the World Health Organization, 14 million new cases of cancer were reported worldwide in 2012, highlighting just how formidable a foe cancer truly is. Cancer researchers continue to work hard to develop new treatments, and outreach programs aimed at raising awareness and promoting preventive measures can be highly effective. But in its “World Cancer Report 2014,” the WHO estimated that annual cancer cases will rise from 14 million in 2012 to 22 million within the next two decades. Cancer prevention should be a priority for people of all ages, but gaining a greater understanding of the potential complications of cancer and its treatments can help patients and their families combat this potentially deadly disease should they ever receive a cancer diagnosis. No two people are the same, and some people may respond to cancer and its treatments better than others. While the severity of symptoms can vary greatly from patient to patient, the Mayo Clinic notes that the following are some of the complications that may result from cancer and its various treatments. • Chemical changes in the body: Cancer upsets the body in various ways, and it may interfere with the body’s normal chemical balance. Chemical changes in the body related to cancer may result in frequent urination, excessive thirst,
constipation, and feelings of confusion. • Diarrhea: The bowels may be affected by cancer and certain cancer treatments, and that can lead to diarrhea. Patients receiving chemotherapy or radiation therapy to the pelvis may experience diarrhea, and this diarrhea may be characterized in grades. These grades range from mild (grade 1 indicates an increase of less than four stools per day) to severe (grade 4 is potentially lifethreatening and requires immediate medical attention). • Difficulty breathing: Shortness of breath may be a side effect of cancer, though the Mayo Clinic notes that treatment may alleviate this complication. • Nausea: Cancer may cause nausea prior to beginning treatment, but treatment also can cause nausea. Oncologists may advise patients that nausea is a likely side effect of their treatment plan, and in such instances, patients may be prescribed medications to prevent or reduce instances of nausea. • Pain: Some cancer sufferers experience pain as a result of the cancer, while others experience pain only after beginning treatment. Some people may not experience pain at all. Doctors may want to treat cancer-related pain with medications or other methods. • Weight loss: Cancer cells take food from normal cells, depriving those cells of the nutrients they need and contributing to weight loss. Some cancer patients may experience a loss of appetite that also
contributes to unwanted weight loss. Cancer researchers continue to advance treatments and improve survival rates for various cancers. But cancer
Handling Cancer-related Fatigue Cancer can take both a physical and emotional toll on a person. Treatments designed to combat cancer cells are often effective, but they also may compromise the body in certain ways, including causing extreme fatigue in patients. Causes of fatigue
The Mayo Clinic advises that fatigue can result from the treatment or the cancer itself. The exact causes of cancer-related exhaustion aren’t always clear, and the coping mechanisms may differ from person to person. Some doctors believe that cancers release proteins called cytokines that contribute to fatigue. Other cancers may tax the body’s immune system, causing it to expend more energy to fight the disease. Chemotherapy and radiation may damage healthy cells in addition to targeted cancer cells, which may result in fatigue. If treatment destroys too many red blood cells, patients may develop anemia and related fatigue. Another potential cause of fatigue is the emotional toll cancer can take on a person. Concerns or depression may lead to lack of sleep, and interrupted or inconsistent sleep can add to fatigue. Additionally, poor nutrition, medications, lack of exercise, and hormonal changes may contribute to feelings of fatigue.
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patients and their families should still prepare themselves for potential complications of cancer and cancer treatments.
Men and women undergoing cancer treatments can take steps to alleviate any fatigue they might be feeling. First,
prioritize your daily to-do list, doing only those things that are most important to you. This way you will have enough energy to tackle those tasks that can’t go undone. Then you can employ these guidelines for conserving energy. • Don’t be shy about asking for help. Ask relatives and friends to run errands or handle tasks that take up too much of your limited energy. Your friends and family will no doubt be happy to lend a helping hand. • Do one thing at a time, and don’t worry about multitasking. • Try to maintain a daily routine that keeps your energy levels up. Balance activity with rest so you can recharge. • Get outdoors to enjoy fresh air and sunshine. Simply spending time outside can improve your mood and replenish your energy levels. • Reorganize your home to put important items within your reach. • Limit work that requires reaching over your head. • Follow a healthy meal plan that is loaded with vitamins and minerals. • Avoid extremes in temperature, including long, hot baths or showers. Steer clear of smoke or harmful fumes. • Talk to your doctor about which exercises you can continue to do or incorporate into your treatment regimen. Fatigue is a common side effect of cancer treatments, but cancer patients can employ several strategies to restore their energy levels.
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Help Your Body Bounce Back After Cancer Treatment Cancer treatments like chemotherapy and radiation therapy can take a toll on patients’ bodies. Though the side effects vary depending on the type of cancer and the treatment being administered, cancer patients may experience both short- and long-term consequences related to their treatments, leaving many with some work to do once their treatments have proven successful. Fatigue, bruising and bleeding and skin irritation are some of the more common short-term side effects associated with cancer treatments. But cancer patients may also experience long-term side effects. For example, Susan G. Komen®, a tax-exempt organization that aims to address breast cancer through various initiatives, notes that early menopause is a potential longterm consequence of breast cancer treatments. Helping their bodies recover after cancer treatment is a primary goal for many cancer survivors. While cancer survivors should work with their
physicians to devise a post-treatment recovery plan, the following are some helpful tips for survivors to keep in mind as they get back in the swing of things. • Recognize the importance of exercise. Cancer survivors who did not exercise much prior to their diagnosis should recognize the important role that exercise can play in their lives going forward. According to the Mayo Clinic, cancer survivors who exercise may benefit from improved mood and sleep, and many report feeling less anxiety than they did during or prior to treatment. And the American Cancer Society notes that some evidence suggests that maintaining a healthy weight, eating right and being physically active may reduce the risk of cancer recurrence and other serious, chronic diseases. • Take it slow. Cancer survivors should approach their post-treatment recovery slowly at first as they reacclimate their bodies to regular exercise. According to the ACS, cancer survivors should aim for at
least 30 minutes of exercise five or more days per week. As the body grows more accustomed to exercise, survivors can increase the intensity and duration of that exercise. But some low-intensity yet routine exercise once treatment has ended is a great first step on the path to recovery. • Don’t downplay feelings of fatigue. While fatigue is generally a short-term side effect of cancer treatment, survivors should not downplay any feelings of fatigue that linger even after treatment has run its course. On days when cancer survivors lack the energy for vigorous physical activity, a walk around the block or something similar can take the place of more strenuous activities. Report prolonged feelings of post-treatment fatigue to your physician. • Focus on nutrition. The ACS notes that a healthy diet can help cancer survivors regain their strength and rebuild tissue. The ACS recommends that cancer survivors try to eat at least 21⁄2 cups of fruits and vegetables each day and include
plenty of high-fiber foods in their diets. In addition, the ACS suggests limiting red meat intake to no more than three to four servings per week. Bouncing back from successful cancer treatments may take survivors some time, but staying committed to exercise and a healthy diet can help survivors regain their strength and potentially reduce their risk of recurrence.
Coping with the Side Effects of Cancer Treatments Affecting people all around the world, cancer does not discriminate based on gender, age or ethnicity. A cancer diagnosis and subsequent treatments can be overwhelming. Medical teams work together with patients and families to choose the best treatment plans. But while treatments are often highly effective, coping with both the emotional and physical side effects of cancer treatments is a big part of winning the fight. The National Cancer Institute says cancer treatments cause side effects because treatments not only affect cancerous cells, but also healthy tissues or organs. Side effects vary from person to person, even among those who get the same treatment. Side effects are particularly common among recipients of chemotherapy. According to The Mesothelioma Center, fatigue is the most frequently reported side effect of chemotherapy, affecting up to 96 percent of cancer patients. Nausea and vomiting also occur in 70 to 80 percent of chemo patients. Cancer patients dealing with side effects like nausea, vomiting and fatigue can focus their efforts on feeling the best they can despite these effects. Nausea can occur during both radiation and chemo treatments. Patients undergoing treatments for cancers of the
brain may also experience nausea, says the American Cancer Society. Patients can discuss alternative treatment plans with their physicians if nausea becomes overwhelming. Furthermore, there are medications designed to staunch the feelings of nausea that may help alleviate vomiting spells. Patients should always speak with their cancer care teams about how nausea or vomiting is affecting them, especially if it’s impacting how much nutrition they are able to receive. Fatigue is another common concern. MD Anderson Cancer Center says that fatigue is treatable, but many patients fail to discuss fatigue with their doctors. Cancer-related fatigue can have a trickle-down effect that leads to sleeping disorders; emotional distress, including depression; and added stress. A healthy lifestyle can help fight fatigue, and such a lifestyle includes healthy eating and exercise. Exercising while undergoing cancer treatments can be challenging, but even a 20-minute walk during the day can help reduce stress and increase energy. People experiencing fatigue should resist the urge to nap too frequently. One 30-minute nap may be all you need to recharge. In addition, maintain a fatigue journal, which can help doctors identify
potential fatigue triggers. Emotional effects of cancer treatment can be overwhelming, and some patients may not be eager to share such side effects with their physicians. But seeking help for depression, anxiety, fears, and any of the other myriad feelings that cancer and its treatments can produce can make a world of difference.
Trained therapists who specialize in helping cancer patients routinely work with individuals to assist them in coping. Cancer treatments may come with side effects. But these effects can often be mitigated so patients can direct their energy and focus to fighting the disease more effectively.
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What exactly is cancer? Cancer can affect anyone. Sometimes it strikes with no warning, while other times people may have a genetic predisposition. Various medical organizations say there are between 100 and 200 different types of cancer. Everyone has heard of cancer, but some are still unsure of what cancer is. Defining cancer The organization Cancer Research UK defines cancer as abnormal cell growth. Cancer cells are cells that divide in an uncontrolled way. New human cells normally grow and divide to form new cells as the body requires them. As healthy cells grow old or become damaged, they die off and new cells take their place. However, when cancer develops, this process goes haywire. Damaged cells become even more abnormal and can survive when they would normally die. These cells keep multiplying and eventually can form lumps or masses of tissue called tumors. This is the case in most cancers, with the exception of leukemia, wherein cancer prohibits normal blood function due to abnormal cell division in the bloodstream. Not all lumps in the body are tumors. Lumps that remain in place and do not spread to other areas of the body can be harmless or benign. According to the American Cancer Society, cancerous tumors are malignant, which means they can spread into, or invade, nearby tissues. Cancer stages actually are determined based by how far cancerous cells have spread beyond their point of origin.
Cancer stages
Cancer is staged according to particular criteria based on each individual type of cancer. Generally speaking, lower stages of cancer, such as stage 1 or 2, refer to cancers
that have not spread very far. Higher stages of cancer, such as 3, mean cancer has branched out more. Stage 4 refers to cancer that has spread considerably.
Common forms of cancer
Cancer can occur just about anywhere in the body. Cancers of the breast, lung, colon, and prostate cancers affect males and females in high numbers. Classifying cancer involves understanding where the cancer originated. Cancer Treatment Centers of America offers these classifications: • Carcinomas begin in the skin or tissues that line the internal organs. • Sarcomas develop in the bone, cartilage, fat, muscle or other connective tissues. • Leukemia begins in the blood and bone marrow. • Lymphomas start in the immune system. • Central nervous system cancers develop in the brain and spinal cord. Cancer is treated in various ways and depends on the cancer’s stage, type and effects on the body. A person’s age as well as his or her current health status also may play a role in treatment decisions made by both the patient and his or her medical team. Surgery may be conducted to remove a tumor, while chemotherapy employs chemicals to kill cancerous cells. Radiation therapy, which uses X-rays to direct radiation toward cancerous cells, is another potential cancer treatment. The side effects of each treatment vary, and there are ways to mitigate these effects.
Why does cancer occur?
Cancer develops for various reasons — some of which may not be fully understood.
Breast Self-Exam Guidelines In addition to scheduling clinical screenings and mammograms, women should routinely examine and massage their breasts to detect any abnormalities. These breast self-exams can be an important part of early breast cancer detection. Although many women are aware that they should become familiar with their bodies, many are unsure about just how frequently they should conduct breast examinations. Experts at Johns Hopkins Medical center advise adult women of all ages to perform self-examinations at least once a month. That’s because 40 percent of diagnosed breast cancers are first detected by women who feel a lump. Establishing a regular breast self-exam schedule is very important. Begin by looking at the breasts in a mirror. Note the size and appearance of the breasts, and pay attention to any changes that are normal parts of hormonal changes associated with menstruation. Breasts should be evenly shaped without distortion or swelling. Changes that should cause concern include dimpling, puckering or bulging of the skin. Inverted nipples or nipples that have changed position, as well as any rash or redness, should be noted. In addition, the same examination should be done with arms raised over the head. The breasts should be felt while both lying down and standing up. Use the right hand to manipulate the left breast and vice versa. Use a firm touch with the first few fingers of the hand. Cover the entire breast in circular motions. The pattern taken doesn’t matter so long as it covers the entire breast. All tissue, from the front to the back of the breast, should be felt. The same pattern and procedure should be conducted while standing up. Many women find this easiest to do while in the shower. It is important not to panic if something is detected. Not every lump is breast cancer. And bumps may actually be normal parts of the breast, as certain areas can feel different than others. But bring any concerns to the attention of your doctor. Breast self-exams are a healthy habit to adopt. When used in conjunction with regular medical care and mammography, self-exams can be yet another tool in helping to detect breast abnormalities. Doctors and nurses will use similar breast examination techniques during routine examinations.
The National Cancer Institute states genetic changes that cause cancer can be inherited from a person’s parents. Cancers can also arise during a person’s lifetime as a result of errors that occur as cells divide or because of damage to DNA that results from certain environmental exposures. Cancer-causing substances include the chemicals in tobacco
smoke. Ultraviolet rays from the sun also have been linked to cancer. Learning more about cancer can help people reduce their risk for developing this potentially deadly disease. Individuals should always speak with their physicians if they have specific questions about cancer.
Guide to Wigs and Head Coverings Cancer patients face various challenges. One of the more difficult side effects of cancer treatment is the probability of hair loss, as both men and women report hair loss as one of the side effects they fear the most after being diagnosed with cancer. Hair loss may be a side effect of chemotherapy. But the Mayo Clinic notes that not everyone who undergoes chemotherapy will experience hair loss, which may be a side effect of the medication chosen and dosage administered. Chemotherapy drugs are powerful medications that attack rapidly growing cancer cells. However, these drugs not only impact cancerous cells, but they affect healthy cells as well. That means they can affect any cells in the body, including those that form hair follicles. Cancer-related hair loss can occur just about anywhere hair grows. But while hair loss elsewhere on the body can be concealed relatively easily, it’s hair loss on one’s head that may affect a person’s body image. Wigs and other coverings can help cancer patients maintain a healthy body image, and the following are some tips to help patients find the right product for them. • Begin shopping early. Hair loss may begin two to four weeks after treatment is initiated. Explore your options once you know your treatment plan. Ask for referrals to reputable wig shops or browse online to see which options are available to you. • Learn about sizing. Women’s wigs generally come in three different sizes: petite, average and large. Many wear an average cap. To achieve the correct measurements, have someone measure the circumference of your head, tracing around the perimeter of your hairline and continuing behind the ears. A flexible seamstress measuring tape is helpful. Also, measure from the tip of the spine to the
front of the head. • Choose your hair type. Wigs come in a variety of materials. These include human hair, synthetic hair and heatfriendly synthetic hair. Human hair will require similar maintenance to a regular head of hair and will not hold styles long. Therefore, if you desire a wig that requires less maintenance, then synthetic is the way to go. These wigs retain their shape and can still be relatively indistinguishable in appearance from human hair. For women who would like versatility in styling, a heat-friendly synthetic wig can be styled much like human hair and will not be damaged by heat-producing appliances. • Select cap type. Caps come in different materials and sewing types. Some, such as hand-tied caps, have monofilament strands sewn to a very soft piece of lace fabric. They can be quite comfortable and offer the most natural look possible. • Consider scarves, hats and head wraps. Wigs are not for everyone. Head wraps and scarves can help women look fashionable if wigs are not their first choice. Comfort should always be an important factor when selecting scarves. Look for materials that are soft to the touch. Silk, terry cloth and cotton are comfortable, breathable fabrics. Diversity in both pattern and texture is an advantage of scarves and wraps. These pieces can complement wardrobe choices, make bold statements or blend in when desired. Head wraps fit almost any head size and can be put on quickly and easily, which is a boon when energy levels are waning. Explore the many manufacturers who specialize in chemotherapy or alopecia caps, scarves, wraps, and hats. Hair loss is a common side effect of certain cancer treatments. However, both men and women can continue to look their best through the use of fashionable wigs and head coverings.
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Demystifying Colonoscopies Among cancers that affect both men and women, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention identify colorectal cancer as the third most common cancer and the second-leading cause of cancerrelated deaths in the United States. Thousands of people receive a colorectal cancer diagnosis every year, but screening can help save lives. However, some people fear the screening process even more than the reality of cancer. A typical physical involves numerous tests, and while many are unpleasant, few elicit such strong negative feelings as a colonoscopy. A colonoscopy remains one of the best methods of examining areas of the rectum, colon and other parts of the intestinal tract to detect abnormalities that indicate diseases such as cancer. According to the Mayo Clinic, a colonoscopy should become part of routine checkups by age 50 in patients without a family history of colon abnormalities. Doctors may advise earlier screenings for those at higher risk. A colonoscopy can be awkward, but it is a common procedure that is relatively safe. Understanding the process can alleviate some patients’ trepidation. Your doctor will describe in detail what can be expected, as it may vary from practitioner to practitioner. The following is a rundown of what people can expect when receiving a colonoscopy. Preparation
Some have described colonoscopy preparation as the most unpleasant part of the procedure. In order to provide clear images of the interior of the colon, the colon needs to be completely empty. To achieve this, your doctor will prescribe a solution that will empty the bowels thoroughly. This solution is consumed over a certain period of time prior to the procedure and will draw fluid into the
colon to expel stool. Patients will need to stay near a bathroom after consuming the solution, and this prep work may be repeated on the morning of the procedure. In addition to the beverage, you will be advised to eat a clear diet for 24 hours before the procedure. This means only clear broths and fluids. Solid food is not allowed. Again, this is to ensure that the laxative does its job and there will be no obstructions in the colon. Day of procedure
The majority of colonoscopy procedures are performed when the patient is under anesthesia. Therefore, patients will need to bring a friend or relative along to the medical center to drive or escort them home once the procedure is finished. Gastroenterologists typically perform the colonoscopy in a hospital or outpatient center. The anesthesiologist will meet with the patient to explain his or her role in the procedure. The doctor will once again explain the procedure, which involves the insertion of a flexible camera into the anus, to patients. The scope will travel through the colon slowly, looking for any abnormalities. Patients can expect to lie on their sides on a gurney during the procedure. Patients will be hooked to an intravenous line and various monitors will keep track of their pulse and oxygen levels. Once the anesthesia is administered, patients will quickly drift off, and this is when the doctor will begin. After the procedure has been performed, many people do not remember it and experience no pain. Because air is pumped into the colon to help the scope move unencumbered, patients can expect to feel some bloating and gas, but this should abate over time. Once the grogginess has worn off, you will
be allowed to go home and enjoy a large lunch and fill your empty stomach. Follow-up
The gastroenterologist may discuss the results of the colonoscopy right after the procedure or schedule a follow-up appointment a few days after. Patients will
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The Types of Radiation Therapies Radiation therapy is an effective treatment option in the fight against breast cancer. Cancer cells that remain in the breast after surgery can potentially cause significant harm, and radiation therapy can effectively destroy those cells. Cancer cells are less organized than healthy cells, and that makes it hard for cancer cells to repair the damage caused by radiation therapy. According to Breastcancer.org, a nonprofit organization dedicated to providing up-todate information about breast cancer, there are three main types of radiation: • External radiation: The most common type of radiation, external radiation therapy employs a linear accelerator that aims a beam of highenergy radiation at cancer-affected areas. Treatment with external radiation is extensive, lasting as long as seven weeks, during which radiation is administered on an outpatient basis five times per week. • Internal radiation: Internal radiation therapy is being studied for use after a lumpectomy, a surgical procedure in which a lump is removed from the breast, often before the cancer has spread to other
areas. Internal radiation typically involves the use of seeds, which are small pieces of radioactive material placed in the area where the cancer was prior to the lumpectomy procedure being performed. These seeds work by emitting radiation into the surrounding tissue, which is an area that is at great risk of recurrence. Multiple small tubes or catheters are typically used to deliver internal radiation doses. • Intraoperative radiation: Intraoperative radiation is unique from other forms of radiation in that it is administered during cancer surgery after the cancer has been removed. The underlying breast tissue is exposed during the procedure, when a single, high dose of radiation is directed at the area where the cancer was found. There are two ways to administer intraoperative radiation therapy, neither of which typically takes more than 10 minutes. Debate regarding intraoperative radiation therapy persists, and research is ongoing as to who are the ideal candidates for this relatively new type of treatment.
be provided with ongoing care information and recommendations to improve colon health. A diet that includes more full-grain fiber may be recommended. Although a colonoscopy may not be an enjoyable procedure, it is vital to maintain health and a valuable tool for screening for cancer and other diseases.
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Skin Care Tips When in Cancer Treatment The effects that cancer treatment can have on a person’s skin have long been overlooked. But patients who have suffered through skin rashes and burns will be glad to know that a growing trend in treating cancer focuses on curing both the disease and helping patients maintain their self-esteem and quality of life. A new movement combining oncology and dermatology aims to address both the disease and the potentially negative consequences that rashes, burns and blemishes can produce. “For obvious reasons, the skin, hair, and nails have not been the topmost concerns in oncology -- the most important goal is to treat and cure the cancer,” says Mario Lacouture, M.D., who specializes in dermatologic conditions that result from cancer treatments. “But skin side effects can affect patients’ sense of self and their interactions with others. These side effects can lead to costly treatments, affect overall health, and perhaps most significantly, they may require that anticancer treatments be reduced or stopped altogether.” Upon receiving a cancer diagnosis, patients concerned about the potential impact that treatment may have on their complexions should discuss their options with their physicians. After initiating such discussions, men and women being treated for cancer can take additional steps to maintain their appearance and quality of life both during and after treatment. * Alter your skin care routine. Upon receiving a cancer diagnosis, patients must make a host of lifestyle adjustments to many things, including to their skin care routines. Intense skin rashes and burns are common side effects of chemotherapy and radiation, and certain side effects are actually an indicator that the treatment is working. While such consequences can affect patients’ selfimage, these side effects are entirely manageable. “What many patients do not realize is that most dermatologic side effects are manageable, allowing people to maintain their quality of life and continue their cancer treatments,” says Lacouture. Recognizing traditional skin care products’ ineffectiveness at combating the dermatologic side effects of cancer treatment during her own battle with the
disease, cancer survivor and entrepreneur Lindy Snider began working with dermatologists, oncologists, nurses, and skin care formulators to address the issue, eventually developing Lindi Skin, a collection of skin care products designed specifically for individuals undergoing treatment for cancer and related disorders. Combining state-of-the-art technology with innovative natural ingredients, Lindi Skin products include a host of botanical extracts boasting antiinflammatory, analgesic, anti-bacterial, and anti-viral properties, while providing
a soothing and gentle solution even for those patients with especially sensitive skin. “Tarceva, the medication I take for lung cancer, has played havoc with my skin, which has become unbelievably dry and sensitive,” says Phyllis of Coral Gables, FL. “(Lindi Skin) products are the only ones I can use on my face and body. They actually soothe, whereas all others create a burning sensation.” * Embrace antioxidants. Often touted as miracle ingredients in a host of foods, antioxidants can be found beyond the dinner table as well. In developing Lindi Skin, Snider and her team designed an exclusive formulation of concentrated botanicals that deliver high levels of beneficial antioxidants to the skin. Known as the LSA Complex(R), this formulation includes Snider’s pioneering use of astaxanthin, a powerful antioxidant that is only now beginning to receive widespread recognition for its restorative properties, a decade after Snider began using it in her skin care products. While astaxanthin can relieve the pain and inflammation in the skin that cancer patients often feel, it also can help those suffering from less severe, non-cancer related skin problems, such as sunburn, rosacea, dry skin and UV damage. Skin damage is an often overlooked side effect of cancer treatment. But cancer patients should know that side effects like skin rashes and burns are manageable and don’t have to negatively impact self-image or quality of life.
Did You Know? While cancer remains the second-leading cause of death in the United States, with only heart disease claiming more lives, there is a silver lining to the cancer cloud. Statistics released by the American Cancer Society show that more people than ever are surviving cancer. The cancer death rate in the United States has dropped by nearly 25 percent since its peak in 1991. Many factors no doubt contribute to the decline in cancer-related deaths, but the decline in smokers may be near the top of that list. In addition, advances in cancer research and treatments and highly effective campaigns educating men, women and children about the dangers of cancer are also contributing to the decline in cancer-related deaths.
Cancer Terms
Receiving a cancer diagnosis can be a life-changing event, and the impacts are both immediate and long-term. Upon being diagnosed with cancer, men and women may find themselves perusing their dictionaries to learn the meanings of certain terms related to their disease and treatments. The following are a handful of terms that men and women may encounter when they or someone they love is diagnosed with cancer. • Acute: When cancer symptoms are acute, they begin and worsen quickly but do not last over an extended period of time. • Benign: Describes tumors that are not cancerous. • Carcinoma: A cancer that starts in the epithelial tissue of the skin or a cancer of the lining of the internal organs. • Chemotherapy: The use of drugs to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy drugs are often used in combination to fight cancer. • In situ: Also called “noninvasive cancer,” “in situ” refers to cancer that has not spread to nearby tissue. • Invasive cancer: Cancer that has spread outside the layer of tissue in which it started. Such cancer may grow into other tissues or parts of the body. • Malignant: A term that describes tumors that are cancerous and capable of invading nearby tissue or spreading to other parts of the body. • Metastasis: The development of secondary malignant growths away from the primary site of the cancer. When cancer has metastasized, that means it has begun to spread to others part of the body. • Oncologist: Doctors who specialize in treating patients with cancer. • Pathologist: Doctors who specialize in interpreting lab tests and evaluating cells, tissues and organs to diagnose disease. • Sarcoma: A type of cancer that develops in the tissues that support and connect the body, including fat and muscle. • Stage: A term used to describe how advanced a cancer is. Stages differ for each type of cancer, and the stage may shed light on where in the body the cancer is, whether or not is has spread and its effects on the body at the time of diagnosis. • Tumor: Masses that form when cells start to change and grow uncontrollably.
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