Wild Outdoors in Northern Michigan
Fall 2014
‘It’s like flying a lawn chair’
Special section More inside
BIG BOY ADVENTURES p7
REJOINING THE HUNT p4
Photo by Chris Engle
Jonathan Burke gears up for a flight in his paraglider.
Local eccentric Burke goes above & beyond with
his new paraglider ‘flying machine’ More about Jonathan Burke Jonathan Burke is also an aspiring children’s author and has collaborated with local artist Barbara Counsil to bring one of his original songs, “MADE!” to life in storybook form. The book will be sold with a CD copy of the song. Burke and Counsil are planning a Kickstarter page to crowdsource funding to cover the book’s initial printing costs. More information is available at the website for Burke’s Straight & Narrow Records, sandnrecords.com; and on Facebook by searching Straight & Narrow Records or Bon Jurke.
I
GAYLORD — f you’ve ever met Jonathan Burke, you’re probably not surprised to hear his latest pastime involves a lawn chair that flies. Burke, 33, is most easily recognized by his handlebar moustache which he finger-twirls to perfect, pointed curls. If his facial hair doesn’t turn heads, his recently acquired 1988 Land Rover certainly will. It looks like something plucked from the African wilderness and seems like it should be pursuing a herd of cape buffalo down the streets of Gaylord. He’s even got the safari hat and pipe to match, even though he doesn’t smoke. When he’s not roving in search of wildebeest, Burke is hundreds of feet up in the seat of his powered paraglider where
spotting wildlife is much easier. He’s even snuck up on whitetail deer with his nimble, quiet aircraft. The flying contraption is basically a backpack with a 21-horsepower motor and threeblade propeller. Burke is safeguarded from the whirring prop by a thin, protective cage. The whole rig and pilot are suspended from a wingshaped parachute by dozens of paracords, each rated for 200 pounds. There’s a nylon sling just big enough for Burke to sit in so he’s not suspended from his shoulders. “It’s like flying a lawn chair,” he joked. Burke’s glorified flying lawnmower was built 15 years ago by Daiichi Kosho, a Japanese manufacturer of karaoke machines
which made a brief, unexpected and unsuccessful foray into the aviation industry. The controls are basic: There are two steering toggles, one for each hand, which he pulls to bank left or right like any parachute. Pulling both causes the wing to flare, converting Burke’s downward fall into forward momentum for landing. Speed and altitude are controlled by a throttle similar to a hand brake on a bicycle. Giving the engine more gas points the wing up, generating lift and taking him higher. He can go as high as 10,000 feet, though his typical flights usually keep him below 1,000 feet. Aside from the controls, Burke needs to be mindful of the weather since even the slightest See ‘It’s, p3
SHARING LOVE OF THE HUNT p6
DARK SKY PARK p7
About
Wild W
e hope you enjoy this fall offering of Wild Outdoors in Northern Michigan published by the Northern Michigan Review, Inc. This special section was written by Mark Johnson, Mchael Jones and Benjamin Mero; edited by Jeremy Speer and Cathy Landry, and designed by Frank Michels.
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2 • Fall 2014
Wild Northern Michigan
Courtesy photo
Jada Johnson wasn’t expecting to encounter this grizzly bear when she was hunting wolves in British Columbia, but she was quick on her feet to take it down. “You never know what’s going to come out of the woods and present you with an opportunity of a lifetime,” Johnson said.
Courtesy photo
Jada Johnson of Big Boys Adventure compared the size of the grizzly bear she took down in British Columbia to that of a large wild horse.
You never know when you’ll have the chance the opportunity to really feel like you’re part of their world. It is so important to me to focus my mind when I’m e arrived at camp exhausted outdoors. It helps me gain an appreciation and respect from our travfor this sport I love. els. However It was the evening of day after a home-cooked meal three when we heard the and a short debrief of what our guide had been scouting, sound we had been waiting for, a gorgeous bull was I was eager for morning to bugling and we were able arrive. to call him into range. HowBeing so far in the bush, ever, we were losing daylight it gave us the chance to reand thought we were goally take our time without interference. It was textbook ing to miss our chance at a rut going on — the bulls were shot. His curiosity caused him to circle us for a while, bugling early in the mornwhich made it hard to get ing and evening. It was so into position. Finally he thrilling being able to call stopped long enough to give these monster animals into archery range. Although, be- me a beautiful front, shoulcause I was hunting with my der shot and he dropped right there, a beautiful 7-by-7 new 300 win.mag, observing them that close is always bull. I had just gotten my new, custom made Horizon exhilarating. Firearm and I could not have I think elk are one of my been more pleased with favorite animals to hunt for that reason. They’re so com- the unbelievable precision municative, which gives you and accuracy it performed Jada Johnson Big Boys Adventures
W
Courtesy photo
Jada Johnson and her father, Kevin, show off the large bull elk she harvested while hunting in British Columbia.
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with. In true British Columbia form, my excitement didn’t stop there. We had entered this hunt with two elk tags, which we filled (although my dad’s wasn’t as big as mine, I was still proud of him), and a Mountain grizzly tag. Time was running out, and I really didn’t think we would be lucky enough to encounter one. It was the second to last night of our hunt and our guide asked if we wanted to go have some fun with the wolves. We went to where we’d been hearing them howl and got set up. Our cameraman had just turned on the camera when my guide tensely whispered in my ear, “Get your gun ready! There is a monster grizzly heading right towards us.” We were in complete shock! At first, I thought it was a wild horse — it was that big! Because we were only planning on hunting
wolves, I was the only one who had a gun, and there was no back up plan or gun! As soon as I got him in my scope, I took the shot. After two shots I laid him right down. I put a third one in just to be safe. I was shaking uncontrollably and for a full 30 seconds we all just sat there in complete disbelief. I just took down a world class Mountain grizzly, one of the top 50 harvested in North America, all within the span of 10 minutes. This is one of the reasons I love this sport so much. You never know what’s going to come out of the woods and present you with an opportunity of a lifetime. Having my dad right by my side, sharing this experience, is something I’ll never forget. I can’t encourage parents enough to engage their children in the outdoors. You never know when you’ll have the chance.
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Wild Northern Michigan
Fall 2014 • 3
Photo by Chris Engle
Jonathan Burke makes a low, slow pass over a field near Gaylord Middle School on an early October evening.
‘It’s a lot like meditation to me’ Cont’d
breeze can throw off his course. Columns of rising air called thermals can cause him to dramatically gain altitude, while downdrafts have an opposite and dangerous effect. Because of this, he limits his short flights to early morning and late evening when the air is most stable. This also lends spectacular views of sunrises and sunsets. “To be honest I don’t think about much really,” he said of flying. “It’s a lot like meditation for me. I marvel at the fact I am in the air, the beauty and scenery, and that I am sharing this view with God and the birds. I feel closer to my creator when I am up there.” Burke has roots in a different segment of aviation. He was born in Salem, Ore., grew up in Boise, Idaho, and lived all over the Pacific Northwest. He worked as a flight attendant for five years as a way to see the world. “I got into that because I wanted to travel and thought ‘What better way for a poor boy to travel than to work for an airline?’” he said.
He eventually made it to Gaylord where he has worked as a paramedic and emergency room technician. He currently works for Tri-Township EMS. He’s also a musician, performing solo and with other local artists at Farmfest, Seams Like New and various other venues. His love of flying has expanded into other interests. Burke performed his first skydive this summer toward a certification which requires 25 jumps. “I didn’t like it at first and I almost quit,” he said. He’s now one jump away from certification and wants to keep progressing toward his wingsuit certification — that’s a type of skydiving where jumpers wear webbed suits built for gliding. That endeavor didn’t come without hiccups. During one solo jump, his chute deployed while he was falling backward, causing it to snag temporarily before it finally inflated. Powered paragliding has its own dangers. He ate dirt once during a botched takeoff when he lifted his legs before the wing supported all his weight. Landings can also be unpredictable
when weather’s a factor. The old aviation adage, “It’s better to be on the ground wishing you were in the air than in the air wishing you were on the ground,” rings very true in this sport. An astonishing fact about paragliding is that the Federal Aviation Administration – the regulatory agency governing everything flight related – does not require any training or license to fly a paraglider. Still, training is a very, very good idea so Burke sought it out from the Ohio man who sold him the rig. Three days of training with the instructor had him confident enough to fly. “There’s inherent danger in it, but the best tools are learning and experience, especially learning from someone with experience,” Burke said. Burke’s bucket list of flying destinations include Sleeping Bear Dunes, and the mountains and coast of the Northwestern U.S. “Some of the most gorgeous scenery in the world is the PaPhoto by Chris Engle cific Northwest,” he said. “I look Jonathan Burke wings past the moon during an evening flight near Asforward to seeing it from a new pen Park in early October. perspective.”
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4 • Fall 2014
Wild Northern Michigan
Rejoining the hunt:
Local man hopes to purchase chair, allowing him to hunt once more
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Courtesy photo
Kurtis Wilson was first able to try out the Action Trackchair last summer at a garage sale in Gladwin. After seeing what the chair is capable of and how much it could help him, Kurtis and his family hope to raise enough money to purchase one for him.
GAYLORD — eer hunting season is underway again in Michigan. With bow hunting season beginning not long ago and firearm deer season coming soon, people will start to notice a lot more camouflage and hunter orange. To many, hunting season means an opportunity to get outside and enjoy the outdoors. It means spending time with friends and enjoying great food and drink around a fire at deer camp and, if lucky enough, bagging that 10-point trophy buck. While thousands practice this yearly tradition every fall, there are some who are held back from doing so. Kurtis Wilson, 22, of Grayling, is one of these hunters. Kurtis was born with cerebral palsy, or as his parents refer to it, “CB.” Cerebral palsy has kept Kurtis in a wheelchair for most of his life. But he does not let his disability define who he is. He graduated from Gaylord High School in 2011 and has never let anything hold him back or let himself become confined to his home. “He has never been a video games or TV kind of kid, never,” said Vicki, his mother. “He is not one of those kind who like to sit around inside all day.” But being in the chair he has now makes it almost impossible to go through the snow and into a woodland blind to wait for a buck to come his way. He has tried going out in his current chair, but it is not made for woodland terrain. “It just doesn’t hold up, it is not made for the outdoors,” Kurtis said. “It is pretty frustrating.” He said when he has tried taking his current chair out, it either gets stuck in the snow and mud, or it stalls. To be able to go on a hunt now, Kurtis needs special arrangements and someone to help. Thanks to the help of family friends and through other private hunts, Kurtis was able to experience hunting, something that sparked a passion for the outdoors within that still burns today. Randy Cherwinski is friends with the Wilson family and took Kurtis on two hunting trips at the Spiderweb Ranch in Vanderbilt. He recalled bringing Kurtis out the first time in hopes of shooting a deer. He brought Kurtis and a crossbow out to the See ‘Anything, p5
Story by Mark Johnson
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Wild Northern Michigan
Fall 2014 • 5
Courtesy Photo
A number of people helped Kurtis Wilson so he could participate in a 2011 hunting trip. Wilson hopes he can raise enough money for a unique chair so he can be more independent and hunt without so much help from others.
‘Anything people could do would be very helpful’ Cont’d
blind and waited anxiously for a deer to come out. Before long, a 6-point buck came into range and Kurtis took a shot with the bow. “He made a fine shot,” Cherwinski said. The shot brought down the deer and immediately after, Cherwinski took Kurtis out to go find his first buck. Cherwinski said he still fondly remembers Kurtis’ reaction when they finally found the deer. “He couldn’t believe it,” he said. “He was tickled to death and grinning ear to ear.” That buck is now mounted and displayed proudly in the Wilson home. When Kurtis was asked to describe the moment when he shot the buck, nearly six years later, he couldn’t find any words. All he could do was muster that ear-to-ear grin again. Desperation to get back out on his own Because of his current chair and other reasons, Kurtis has been forced to wait for a number of years where he has longed to once again don his camouflage and get back out and wait for another buck. Vicki and Kurtis’ father, Greg, have seen firsthand, the struggles Kurtis has had to endure in seeing other people going out year after year, while he remains at home. For a long time the family had come to acceptance that Kurtis would have to remain in the chair he is in now. But things changed when they
stopped at a garage sale fundraiser in the Gladwin area this past summer. The fundraiser was done to help raise money to purchase an Action Trackchair, that Kurtis hopes to have, for a disabled veteran. The unique chair was on display and intrigued Kurtis and his family. They were able to try it out and saw for themselves just what this chair could do for Kurtis. Upon leaving the sale, Vicki and Greg knew they were going to begin doing everything they could to help provide their son with this chair. “They were doing demonstrations with the chair at the sale, and we thought it was the coolest thing we had ever seen,” Vicki said. “We had never seen anything like it.” Instead of normal wheels, the chair features tank-like tracks, which make navigating through mud and snow much easier, limiting the chances of getting stuck. It can also navigate in shallow water, to the delight of Kurtis, who is also an avid fisherman. Along with those features, the chair has the ability to extend to the point where the person in the chair is actually standing without being harmed. A few weeks later, a salesman brought a chair to their home as a demonstration, serving as a further opportunity for Kurtis to try the chair. It was then that Kurtis and his family knew they must have the chair. But, there was one obstacle — the cost. Priced at around $17,000, Kurtis and his parents knew it would be impossible to pay out of pocket.
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They looked at other insurance and funding options but have yet to have success. With that in mind, they decided to begin organizing an auction to help raise money. A number of items and funds have been donated toward the fundraiser, and the family has been raising money for nearly two months, resulting in the collection of several hundred dollars. With thousands of dollars left to raise, they hope the auction will help push them closer. There will be food in addition to the auction, and Kurtis hopes to see many people come out, enjoy themselves and hopefully help him in purchasing the chair. “Anything people can do would be very helpful for us,” Greg said. “Anything would be much appreciated.” The fundraiser is scheduled for 4 to 7 p.m. Saturday, Nov. 1, at the Otsego County Sportsplex, 1250 Gornick Ave. Anyone interested in helping out, donating items or making a monetary donation can call the Wilsons at (989) 745-2187. Donations can also be sent to the Wilsons at 3386 E. North Down River Road, Grayling, MI, 49738. To learn more about the chair the Wilsons are holding the fundraiser for, visit www.actiontrackchair.com. “Having that chair would make a world of difference,” Kurtis said. “I would be more independent. I wouldn’t have to worry about people helping me all the time. “It would be really awesome to be able to get out and go hunting again.” Follow @Mark_JohnsonCMU on Twitter.
HT - Mark Johnson
Despite dealing with cerebral palsy, Kurtis Wilson has been able to go on past deer hunts thanks to help from friends and his parents, Greg and Vicki Wilson. Through raising money and a fundraiser in November, they hope to come up with enough money to purchase a unique chair for Kurtis, which would make it much easier to navigate in the outdoors and allowing Kurtis to be more independent.
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6 • Fall 2014
Wild Northern Michigan
Courtesy photo
Stuart Clark with his grandson, Maguire, who is becoming an avid deer hunter. The two are posed with the first buck shot by Maguire in 2012.
Local sportsman sharing love of hunting with his grandson
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CHESTER TWP. — he home on the family farm Stuart Clark was born and raised on Beckett Road in Chester Township is now bookended on the east side by Clark’s ranch-style house and to the west by his brother Don’s home. The brothers have deer hunted on the family’s 140 acres of rolling open fields and dense woods since the 1960s when they were each old enough to legally sit in a deer blind on November’s opening day of the twoweek rifle season. “My dad didn’t hunt, but he didn’t discourage my brother Don and I from deer hunting,” Clark said of his early days of hunting the family’s land almost a half century ago. “My Uncle Toivo and some of my friends who hunted got me interested in deer hunting. My uncle came up from Bay City and I had a grandfather to the east of our farm who was a hunter.” Clark’s first opening day yielded a little 4-point buck, which he said was followed by a long drought and several years when he lived near Bay City where he got a teaching job after college and wasn’t able to
devote as much time to the sport. But like most hunters, Clark was hooked on the adrenaline thrill of opening day after he bagged that first buck when he was only 14 years old. It wasn’t until 1985, almost two decades after Clark began hunting, that he was able to take advantage of the deer hunting afforded on the family farm on a regular basis. “I got a teaching job in Vanderbilt, and I really looked forward to getting opening day off,” Clark said. “I hunted downstate, I even saw the biggest buck of my life down there. But the schools didn’t close for opening day and getting the day off was based on seniority and I always had to wait a few days to get out into the woods.” Back in Otsego County and getting into the woods almost every day of the deer season allowed Clark the time to hone his skills and to enjoy being outdoors during the short rifle season. To date Clark has taken 13 deer during the rifle season, including the buck he shot at the age of 14. Clark said he isn’t so much interested in setting
his sights on a trophy buck as he is getting a deer each year providing the opportunity to stock his freezer with venison. “If it has 3 points I’m going to take it,” he said. “It’s good to eat and that’s what interests me, along with getting outside with nature.” There are, of course, exceptions to the rule of not holding out for a trophy buck. Clark has racks of antlers mounted on the wall in his basement. One big trophy shoulder mount — an 8-point buck, his biggest deer ever, which he shot in 2010. “I told myself that if I ever got an 8-point I would have to have it mounted,” Clark said, leading into his well-told deer hunting story of how he bagged his trophy buck. “I saw that buck back in our woods and I said to myself, ‘Well Merry Christmas to Stuart.’ I called my wife on my cellphone and was being kind of evasive, telling her I would be late getting back to the house. She figured it out and said ‘You got your trophy buck didn’t you?’” Living in his own home on the family farm was just the tonic Clark needed to make deer hunting a
lifelong passion, one he would eventually pass on to another generation. Hunting in the Clark family for some reason seems to skip generations. Stuart and his brother hunt, but their father didn’t. Clark’s two daughters and their spouses don’t don hunter’s orange come Nov. 15, but his daughter Carrie Sharpe has a son, 13-year-old Maguire, who is becoming an avid deer hunter and has sat with his grandfather in a family blind on opening day the past two years. “Maguire got a deer his first year, a 3-point, and my brother Don got an 8-point,” Clark said of the first year he and his grandson shared time in the deer blind. “He has a real interest in hunting. With kids today hunting doesn’t seem to interest them like it did when I was a kid, so I’m glad to see Magurie taking an interest in the outdoors and nature in general.” Clark said because he and his brother hunt on property where they live they don’t experience a traditional deer camp tucked away in a remote area of Northern Michigan. “We have developed
In 2010, Stuart Clark took this 8-point buck; his biggest ever, on the family farm on Beckett Road, east of Gaylord.
Courtesy photo
a preseason dinner with the family and an opening day dinner where we trade stories,” Clark said of the hunting traditions shared each deer season. “The stories are what keeps it together. And now that Maguire is a hunter he can share in those stories and tell ones of his own.” Clark, who retired from teaching and serving as Vanderbilt’s athletic director three years ago, now has more time to devote to hunting and he is proud to share some of that time with his grandson, passing on the knowledge of the hunt from his years of ex-
perience out in the woods. “I feel good about his interest in hunting, knowing that the interest will keep hunting going on on this property. I try to work the conservation part into it with the grandkids so they can see the big picture.” Passing on the love of hunting is something which brings joy to Clark. “You know, I’m not tired of hunting at all. I still get as excited about opening day as back when I was young. There is always something new to see in the woods. I look forward to it all the time.”
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Wild Northern Michigan
Fall 2014 • 7
THE HEADLANDS
Courtesy photo
Special events, like this one led by David Levy, are often held at the Headlands International Dark Sky Park.
International Dark Sky Park one of a kind in Emmet County backdrop of the natural beauty that is the wilderness of the Straits area. MACKINAW CITY — “I think one of the most he night sky is an intimate, but also inaccessible, astounding thing of things that we describe to ourbeauty that has been an selves is the night sky,” said integral part of human Mary Stewart Adams, the proexistence and wonder gram director of the Dark Sky throughout the centuries. This Park. “We still can’t just reach has been reflected in mytholo- up and touch the stars and yet, gies across the globe as the since ancient times, humanity stars in the night sky were con- has always regarded the stars sistently made the agents of as a source for information illustration for the tales woven about who we are.” by man. For thirty years, Adams has Today, those illustrations pursued the cultural beauty are observed, but often in a that is the human perception different light. Astronomy, in of the night sky. Having a laudits age, has developed to everable background in poetry and higher levels of sophistication storytelling complementing and, in doing so, has given us her passion for the stars, she a better understanding of our helped spearhead the initiative place in the universe. to achieve Dark Sky designaOne factor has persisted tion for the Headlands. between these two distinct perThe Dark Sky Association ceptions of the night sky, how- is an organization based out ever. Namely, it is the insatiable of Tucson, Arizona. Since the human curiosity for the stars 1980s’, has been setting aside and the desire to explore them. and safeguarding pieces of The International Dark Sky land that retain a level of darkPark located in Emmet County ness ideal for studying the ceis a place that seeks to bridge lestial objects in the night sky. the gap between the scientific Such an endeavor has become objectivity and cultural stoincreasingly imperative given rytelling of astronomy in the the ever-continuing pattern Benjamin Mero WILD Contributor
T
when she was teaching the public about the night sky from The Dark Sky Park in the the perspective of cultural stoHeadlands hosts a pleth- rytelling. In the course of her work, ora of programs for the she had made acquaintance public to participate in. with Mary Lou Tanton, who, at the time, was endeavorFrom stargazing picnics ing to spread awareness of during the new moon the importance of mitigating light pollution and Fred Gray, to dances themed after who was part of a team aimed the equinoxes, there is at increasing awareness of variety aimed at capturthe parks in northern Emmet County. ing the interest of any During the years that folindividual who finds him lowed, the trio met to discuss or herself looking upward the prospect of achieving Dark Sky designation for the Headto the cosmos in the eve- lands Park, which was already a place of natural, terrestrial nings. beauty and boasted a level of nighttime darkness ideal for of urban development on the such a site. earth and the consequential, In 2009, Adams made the extensive light pollution of the proposition of the Headlands sky. obtaining such an interna“Ideally we wouldn’t need tional status to the Emmet a Dark Sky Park designation,” County Board of CommissionAdams said. “Because we will ers. After she had received the have figured it out that we commissioners’ unanimous need the light focused down, agreement, Adams began the not spilling up into the sky.” process of applying for Dark Adams came across the idea Sky status for the Headlands. of obtaining Dark Sky designaIn May of 2011, after comtion for the Headlands in 2006 pletion of the 75-page applica-
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tion, the Headlands became the sixth International Dark Sky Park in the United States and the ninth in the world. As of 2014, there are seventeen Dark Sky Parks worldwide, but the Headlands stands out in a unique way that reflects the vision of its program director. “Usually Dark Sky Parks were motivated by astronomers wanting to do deep-space research with their telescopes that are Earth-based so they need a dark environment,” Adams said. “Well I came along without a telescope and just wanting to tell the story so the people could just be out looking at the sky without any kind of technology and it has proven very popular.” The Dark Sky Park in the Headlands hosts a plethora of programs for the public to participate in. From stargazing picnics during the new moon to dances themed after the equinoxes, there is variety aimed at capturing the interest of any individual who finds him or herself looking upward to the cosmos in the evenings. Another noteworthy event See International, p8
8 • Fall 2014
Wild Northern Michigan
International Dark Sky Park Courtesy photo
A beautiful Lake Michigan sunset is often replaced by world-class viewing of the night sky at Headlands International Dark Sky Park near Mackinaw City. Cont’d
type is the viewing sessions that are held during the meteor showers that populate the night sky at regular intervals throughout the year. The park offers programs that give the mythological backgrounds of the constellations that the meteors seem to emanate from when they are observed in the sky. People who are interested in the more terrestrial aesthetics will have no trouble finding
them at the Headlands. There are two miles of shoreline and over five miles of hiking trails. “If you take the trail from the entrance to the north end of the property,” Adams said. “ There is just this jungle of ferns and these really tall hardwoods and you’re climbing up this ridge, and it’s just these vast views through this deep forest. It’s really beautiful.” The Headlands is also the indigenous habitat of the rare
Dwarf Lake Iris, which only grows in the northern region of the upper Great Lakes. The park has future plans for building an observatory and indoor programming space, which will offer shelter from the weather given that programs are run at the park regardless of the weather. Individuals who are interested in visiting the Headlands are able to do so free of charge and are given leave to stay as long as they like.
The park respectfully requests that its visitors follow the regulations it has set. Namely, if visiting at night, people are asked to be mindful of the use of white light as it greatly inhibits the ability to see the stars in the way that a Dark Sky Park can offer. To that effect, the use of flashlights with red filters is encouraged, as such light does not inhibit night vision. Although visitors may stay as long as they like, they are
prohibited from erecting a campsite of any sort. “In Emmet County, we keep the lights off for you” Adams said. The International Dark Sky Park in the Headlands is located at, 15675 Headlands Rd. in Mackinaw City. Individuals interested in contacting Adams can do so by calling (231) 838-8181 or by email at, darksky@ emmetcounty.org
EXPIRES 10/ 31/14
Code: GHTHG2014
PN-00431726