SSE : SCIENCE, SOCIETY & ETHICS

November 25, 2015

THE

SSE

Science,Society and Ethics

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SCIENCE is knowledge seeking……

"Science brings SOCIETY to the next level and ETHICS keep us there" 1

November 25, 2015

Mission statement “Our mission through this creation is to make people aware of the link between science and our daily lives and how it leads to those lives, and how scientists and ethics aid in that�

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Contents

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Human Genome - Sherif

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Top 5 unethical experience and Scientific Ethics- Sherif

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Science, Technology, and Society- Youssef Ethical standards in research-Ethics checklist Noura The 5 Science mysteries-Noura Science fun facts that will blow your mind Sherif Scientific discoveries of 2015 Youssef

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The Human Genome and Scientific Ethics !

Scientists believe that the

social, cultural and religious

secret to human longevity lies

perspectives on genetics and

in the human

health. There are also many

genome. Genomic research

controversial issues such as

may greatly change the

stem cell research or

Throughout history science has

practice of health care. But

cloning. Since the beginning of

existed to reflect society's

genomic research alone is not

the Human Genome Project, the

needs. In the times of World

enough to apply this new

National Human Genome

War 1 and 2 society was

knowledge to improving human

Research Institute has

focused on protecting itself from

health. !

understood the need to address

the war so they invented better

We need to carefully study the

these issues as part of

weapons like tanks, machine

many ethical, legal and social

advancing the science of

guns, and poison gas. Later we

issues raised by this research.

genomic research, as such they

wanted to better understand

Such study is crucial to being

have an ethical, legal and social

diseases as such, doctors

able to use genomic research

implications program. Within

attempted human trials to better

to help patients and to

NHGRI, the Division of Policy,

understand the symptoms to

preventing misuse of new

Communications, and Education

cure it. Whether it be through

genetic technologies and

(DPCE) examines the

ethical or unethical means

information. some issues

intersection of ELSI issues with

science always delivers to

include: Possible discrimination

legislative policy and provides

societies' needs. Recently

by employers or health

recommendations for federal

society's main concern has

insurers, the need for ethical

policy and legislation. NHGRI

been in human longevity.As

standards for work with human

also works to increase public

such scientists have been

research subjects or

awareness of ELSI issues in

focused on better

tissues, Consideration of

genomic research.

understanding the human body through its genes,

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TOP 5 UNETHICAL EXPERIMENTS: Syphilis Experiments:

Germ warfare tests:

The Syphilis disease which was often called "The Great Imitator" due to its wide array of effects and ability to lay dormant in a person for decades.

Several studies were conducted to learn about the disease in the early 20th century. Despite a cure being found in the 1940's this information was purposely withheld to continue studying the symptoms of the disease.

There were many experiments done throughout that century such as in Guatemala from 1946 to 1948 when U.S. researchers deliberately infected almost 700 prisoners with gonorrhoea and syphilis without their consent to study the effectiveness of new antibiotics. The experiments left such a devastating legacy in that country that U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton publicly apologised on behalf of the U.S. government in October 2010.

Between 1949 and 1969 the US army dispersed bio-warfare organisms over 239 populated areas to study the patterns. One such instance was the 1955 release of whooping cough bacteria around the Tampa Bay area, causing cases of the disease to jump from 339 to 1,080 in one year. Another example was the deliberate and secret exposure of U.S. warships to VX and Sarin nerve gas during Project Shipboard Hazard and Defense.

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Radiation Experiments ……………………………

During the cold war the US conducted thousands of radiation experiments to study the effects of radiation poisoning of the human body, this ranged from atomic detonation on soldiers to radiating their food, and shoving radioactive rods up the noses of test subjects.

Eugenics Sterilization Laws: …………………………….

I started in the US in the early in 1900's and continued in the 1970's, thousands of feeble-minded individuals were institutionalised and sterilised for the sake of genetic purity. It was a horrible application of Darwin's law of survival for the fittest. Many of the victims of this project were merely poor, uneducated, or caught up in the criminal system of that day. This topic continues to make headlines today. In January 2012 it was recommended

CIA Operation MIKULTRA:!

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One of the most infamous CIA projects Mikultra was a top secret program launched in the 1950's to test the use of drugs such as LSD and their effects on Mental States, subjects were often involuntary experiments. It was revealed by the US congressional church committee in 1975.

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Ever since industrial revolution in the 18th century, the continuation of rapid industrialisation and innovation had lead to the great advancement of science and technology, which are the best aspects of life a society could ask for. Some important areas that technology and science help aid are energy, physical sciences, and the ability to spread information and communication. The advancement had lead to many new discoveries that benefit society, such as the use of radios, telecommunications and the Internet, as well as transportation and agriculture. Societies worldwide had greatly gained from advancement of technology.

Without society then technology and science would not exist, as if there was no technology and science, there would be no society. The advancement of technology and science had lead to a large list of milestones that benefit society in the end such as the computer. This led societies to be so reliant on technology that without it, chaos would occur. The evaluation between the relationship of society, technology and science had become a great area of investigation. The reason why it had become important is because people need to be aware that there are lots of people who are affected by science and technology.

Debatable concerns such as pesticide crops, modified foods and stem cell research are major topics regarding this area of significant research.

So the question still stands, how is society related to technology and science? As the world is developing at such a prompt rate, humanity has the tendency to participate in research activities, education and organisational communities to solve the issues that technology and science had begun that affect societies. The question regarding how does society relate to technology and science are being discussed commonly worldwide today and had even been noted by governments to cause intervention. The progress of answering the question had stemmed many debates and controversial related topics, thus answering the question of how science and technology are related to society.

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Health

Work

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Communication

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Technical innovations have saved physical energy and lessened people’s workload.

The washing machine

The tractor The vacuum cleaner

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A large part of technology has been also dedicated to the advancement of medical science.

The refrigerator

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Sir Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin, the first antibiotic, in 1928.

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In 1796, Edward Jenner paved the way for modern immunology by discovering a vaccine for smallpox.

Dr. William Thomas Green Morton (c. 1846) was one of the first medical practitioners to use anesthesia on a patient before performing surgery.

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ETHICAL STANDARDS in research

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Ethics Checklist: ! !

1) Always Cite sources completely and appropriately.

2) Never claim that your idea is original when it isn't.

3) Don't misinterpret any work just to support your conclusions.

4) Never manipulate data to support your own ideas.

5) Don't be bias.

6) Don't pay for work and claim it as your own.

7) Don't copy and paste any passage long or short from the internet or any other source.

8) Don't claim to use sources that you don't read.

9) Don't take advantage of people or animals in your research.

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The 5 Science Mysteries ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

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1) What is dark energy?

Of all of the great mysteries of science, dark energy might be the largest of all. While dark matter makes up an estimated 80% of all mass, dark energy is a hypothetical form of energy believed to make up around 70% of all content in the Universe. Dark energy has been implicated as the cause for the expansion of the Universe, though there is still a considerable amount of mystery regarding its supposed properties. First, what is it even made of? Is dark energy constant, or are there fluctuations throughout the expanse of space? Why does dark energy’s density appear to match the density of regular matter? Can dark energy be reconciled with Einstein’s theory of gravity, or does the theory need to be reevaluated?

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2) How do animals migrate?

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Many animals and insects migrate throughout the year in order to escape changing seasonal temperatures and the decreasing resources that come with it or to find mates. Some of these migrations can reach thousands of kilometres in one direction, so how do they find their way there and back again year after year? Different animals use

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different navigational tools, including some who are able to tap into the Earth’s magnetic field and use themselves like a compass. However, scientists still don’t know how this trait evolved or how untrained animals know exactly where to go season after season.

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3) How do plate tectonics work?

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It might sound surprising, but the theory of continental plates moving around,rearranging continents and causing earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and even forming mountains , has only received widespread support relatively recently. Though it was first theorised back around 1500 that the continents may have once fit together, the idea didn’t gain a lot of traction until the 1960s when the hypothesis of sea-floor spreading, where rocks are pulled into the mantle of the Earth, recycled, and brought back to the surface as magma, was backed up by physical evidence. However, scientists aren’t entirely sure on what drives this movement or exactly how plate boundaries were created. There are many theories, but none of them completely address all aspects of this activity.

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4) How did life begin?

Where did life on Earth come from? How did it happen? Those who believe in the Primordial Soup model believe that a nutrient-rich early Earth eventually formed increasingly-complex molecules that gave rise to life. This could have taken place in the deep ocean vents, in clay, or under ice. Different models also give different levels of importance to the presence of lightning or volcanic activity for the spawn of life. While DNA is the predominant basis for life on Earth now, it has been suggested that RNA could have dominated the first lifeforms.

Additionally, other scientists question whether other nucleic acids aside from RNA or DNA may have once existed. Did life spawn just once, or is it possible that is was created, wiped out, and then restarted? Some believe in panspermia, in which microbial life was brought toEarth via meteorites or comets. Even if that is true, it doesn’t answer the question of how that life originated.

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5) What is dark matter made of?

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About 80% of all mass in the Universe is made of dark matter. Dark matter is very mysterious stuff, as it doesn’t give off any light. Though it was first theorised about 60 years ago, there isn’t any direct evidence of its existence. Many scientists believe dark matter is made of weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs), which could be up to 100 times more massive than a proton, but doesn’t readily interact with the baryonic matter our instruments were designed to detect. Other candidates for dark matter’s composition include axions, neutrinos, and photinos.

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Science fun facts that will blow your mind: !

1) There is enough DNA in a person's body to stretch from the sun to Pluto and back, 17 times.

2) The average human body carries 10 times more bacterial cells than human cells.

3) There are 8 times as many atoms in a teaspoonful of water as there are teaspoonful's of water in the Atlantic Ocean.

4) An individual blood cell takes about 60 seconds to make a complete circuit of the body.

5) When helium is cooled to almost absolute zero, the lowest temperature possible, it becomes a liquid with surprising properties: it flows against gravity and will start running up and over the lip of a glass container.

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Scientific Discoveries

Space: • A new study based on the calculations of gravitational influence suggests that at least two more planets are circling the sun in our solar system far beyond Pluto’s orbit.

• According to new data, four young stars clustered in the constellation Norma are likely resembling he long predicted dark matter galaxy.

• Scientists discovered a black hole 12 billion times more massive than our sun in the middle of quasar.

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Medical: • Teixobactin, the first new antibiotic discovered by scientists in 30 years.

• The world’s first artificial microscopic machines can travel inside a living organism to deliver their medical attributes without any harmful side effect.

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Biology: • Cambrian Genomics, a synthetic biology company, had raised over $10M to use lasers to alter, edit, or create DNA to allow consumers to create their own living organisms.

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Physics: • Scientists in the UK uncover a powerful electron microscope that can determine positions of single atoms

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Electron Microscope

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Final challenge� decode the message “

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Spot out the differences ! !

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Goodbye Quiz: !

1) What did you enjoy about our magazine?

2) What did you dislike about our magazine?

3) What should we add/omit?

4) Out of the top 5 mysteries in science which one did you find the most mysterious?

5) What did you feel was the most unethical experiment out of the top 5 you read?

6) What do you think about research on the human genome? Should it be put to a stop or not?

If so or if not explain why?

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We hope you enjoyed reading the SSE !!!!

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Answer Key !!!! FOR DECODE THE MESSAGE!!!!

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Work cited!

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"Issues in Genetics, Genomics and Health." Issues in Genetics, Genomics and Health. Web. 21 Nov. 2015.

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"Ethics for the Beginning Researcher." About.com Education. Web. 21 Nov. 2015.

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"Top 10 Unethical Research Programs in U.S. History - Listosaur | Hungry for Knowledge." Listosaur Hungry for Knowledge. 31 Jan. 2012. Web. 21 Nov. 2015.

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Ethics for the Beginning Researcher." About.com Education. Web. 21 Nov. 2015.

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Nature.com. Nature Publishing Group. Web. 21 Nov. 2015.

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(n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.zmescience.com/other/feature-post/10quick-scientific-facts-will-blow-mind/

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