20231 071 1 881 0
D m y t r o
T u r c h y n
УДК 811.111 ББК 81.132.1-92 Т 84
Т 84
Турчин Д. Б. English for International Relations. Answer Key : Англійська мова для міжнародних відносин. Відповіді ; Книга для викладача / Дмитро Турчин. — Вінниця : Нова Книга, 2011. — 48 с. ISBN 978-966-382-365-2 Ця книга містить відповіді до всіх вправ (окрім творчих завдань) навчального посібника “English for International Relations”. Для викладачів факультетів міжнародних відносин та всіх тих, хто самостійно використовує навчальний посібник. УДК 811.111 ББК 81.132.1-92
ISBN 978-966-382-365-2
© Турчин Д. Б., 2011 © Нова Книга, 2011
Contents
Unit 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Unit 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Unit 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Unit 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Unit 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Unit 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Unit 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Unit 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Unit 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Unit 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Unit 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Unit 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Unit 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Unit 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Translation Practice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercise 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercise 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercise 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercise 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercise 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercise 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercise 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercise 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercise 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercise 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32 32 33 34 36 37 38 40 41 42 44 3
Unit 1
Vocabulary Development & Practice 1. 1g 2f 3e 4h 5c 6b 7a 8d 2. 1 admission 2 to serve 3 power 4 expanded 5 academic 6 responsibility 7 passage 8 to permit 4. Your own sentences. 5. 1. Higher education is the foundation of human development and social progress; it also serves the needs of individual development, promotes the formation of intellectual, spiritual, and industrial potential of society. 2. Higher educational establishments carry out the academic process according to the curricula approved by the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine. 3. Annually, the lecturers of the Department of Foreign Languages undergo retraining and refresher courses both at Ukrainian leading research institutions and foreign institutions of higher learning. 4. ἀe manager and his deputy must share the responsibility for what is going on in the company. 5. ἀe Department/Faculty of International Relations of our University provides training for students for the work in the sphere of international relations and foreign policy of Ukraine. 6. To improve the competitiveness and quality of education, the system of durable/lifelong education was established. 7. ἀe valid law envisions that the state must guarantee equal access/admission to higher education. 8. ἀe meeting of two ministers will promote the creation of prerequisites for establishing cooperation between the two countries in the educational sphere. 9. Political scientists believe that permanent political instability and discord adversely aἀect the country’s image in the world. 10. Due to the company’s expansion, the head of the board suggested taking on another 30 employees. 4
6. 1 residence 2 turning point 3 diverse 4 enrichment 5 peer 6 to eliminate 7 to acquire 8 to acquaint 9 extracurricular 10 bond 11 to require 12 to strive 13 setting 14 insight 15 proper 7. 1 undergraduate degree programs 2 to require 3 to complete 4 concentration/set of courses 5 major 6 significant 7 predetermined 8 designed 9 upper-division students 10 to encourage 11 academic minor 12 stringent requirements 13 to broaden 14 interdisciplinary 15 to major in 16 political science 17 graduate degree programs 18 to conduct original research 19 findings 20 academic essay 21 thesis/dissertation 22 careers 8. 1C 2D 3B 4D 5B 6A 7C 8C 9A 10D 11B 12A 13D 14C 15C 9. 1 offer a range 2 sports for both 3 popular attractions 4 offer students 5 participate in 6 student concerns 7 services for students 8 allocate funds 10. 1 society 2 violence 3 effects 4 protection 5 harassment 6 eliminating 7 consume 8 alcoholic 9 maintain 10 protection
Listening 1. 1. A college or university or a type of professional school. 2. ἀe graduate receives a bachelor’s degree. 3. A year or two. 4. ἀe candidate has to submit a dissertation and to complete a minimum of two or three years of further studies. 5. Qualifying the individual for professionalactivity or for employment in higher positions in business, industry, and government. 2. 1 has always been 2 driving forces 3 contemporary 4 access to 5 their peers 6 competitive 7 serve their specific 8 prestigious 9 provide 10 to meet
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Unit 2
Reading & Speaking 1. 1F 2T 3T 4T 5F
Vocabulary Development & Practice 1. A 1d 2e 3a 4b 5c B 1d 2e 3b 4a 5c 2. 1g 2d 3f 4b 5h 6a 7e 8c 3. 1 devotion 2 precision 3 embarrassment 4 greedy 5 contempt 6 beneficial 7 cultivated 8 intolerance 9 purposeful 10 irretrievably 4. Your own sentences. 5. 1. A success keeps abreast of the times trying to broaden his knowledge and outlook. 2. ἀere is no point in talking to him; he is not going to make use of favorable opportunities. 3. She is always finding fault with her subordinates and she absolutely pays no attention to her mistakes and shortcomings. 4. Undoubtedly, if it hadn’t been for the definite purpose, we would have achieved success . 5. ἀe issue of budget/budgetary expenditures is expected to be handled/ to be dealt with by a specially created/ set up commission. 6. ἀe misunderstanding was allegedly caused by fears that the incident would influence the final decision. 7. A soberminded person tries to live within his means. 8. ἀe speaker claimed that such political statements engender resentment, mistrust, and disregard/ disrespect among people. 9. ἀe foreign language syllabus provides for a thorough foreign language study aimed at developing and improving students’ language skills and broadening their professional outlook . 10. A patriot has a keen respect for his native language, customs, and 6
traditions of the people, and is always ready to defend his motherland. 6. 1. to advance, to achieve success 2. partly 3. stems from 4. faith 5. vindicated 6. achievement 7. inherits 8. dedication 9. sacrifices 10. relentless pursuit 11. leading goal 12. virtues 13. brought up 14. scheme 15. betray 16. abandon 17. plot 18. leaks 19. becomes public 20. resembles 21. code of ethics 22. in the long run 23. cherish 24. integrity 25. deviate 26. dictum 27. favors 7. 1 on 2 by 3 for 4 to 5 about 6 within 7 on 8 of 9 to 10 within 11 on 12 in 13 from 14 with 15 at 8. 1C 2I 3F 4G 5J 6H 7D 8A 9B 10E 9. 1B 2D 3C 4C 5A 6A 7D 8C 9C 10B 11D 12C 13D 14A 15B 16C 17B 18A 19C 20B 10. 1 run 2 commit 3 conduct 4 strain 5 congealed 6 discerning 7 inflexible 8 humiliations 9 tarnishes 10 obscure 11. 1 making 2 values 3 journey 4 clarity 5 harmony 6 vitality 7 rocking 8 generation 9 encountered 10 reacted 11 change 12 inequalities 13 clues 14 survived 15 difference
Listening 1. 1 will be able to execute 2 proceeds in fits and starts 3 slip back into your old 4 to evolve precisely on 5 occasional setbacks or slip-ups 2. A C F G I
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Unit 3
Vocabulary Development & Practice 1. 1h 2e 3b 4f 5g 6d 7a 8c 2. 1 boundaries 2 sounds 3 vocal 4 exchange 5 upright 6 scale 7 military 8 societies 4. 1. Language is a constituent part of culture. All cultures are based on language, and all languages must be complex enough to transmit the full richness of culture. 2. Essentially, the might of the country depends on the unity of its/her people and the country’s economic development. 3. Some contemporary scientists oppose Darwin’s theory of evolution by calling it pseudo-scientific. 4. Though I share your beliefs I think we must pay more attention to patriotic education and cultural development of our young people. 5. ἀe participants of the international conference have recently adopted a resolution on the preservation of extinct plants and species. 6. The first thing to do is to discuss the issue of cultural exchange. 7. ἀe House of Commons is composed of Members of Parliament who are elected in general elections every 5 years. 8. Maintaining an upright posture, she spoke slowly trying to articulate each word loudly and distinctly/clearly. 9. What are the distinguishing characteristics of Ukraine’s foreign policy? 10. Scientists believe that australopithecines, our earliest/remote/distant ancestors, had an upright posture and were able to make crude stone tools. 5. 1 vary widely 2 rain forest 3 practice monogamy 4 count into 5 motherin-law jokes 6 tolerant protector 7 means of subsistence 8 human societies 6. 1. belonging to 2. self-definition 3. migrate 4. ancestry 5. exposed to 6. values 7. occupation 8. material possessions 9. wealth 10. kinship 11. place 8
of residence 12. politics 13. distinction 14. compared to 15. dimensions 16. tribes 17. religious communities 18. meaningful 19. to reaffirm values 20. technological development 21. to maintain identity 22. to distinguish oneself 23. commonalities 24. distinctiveness theory 25. to distance oneself from others 26. to count 27. to enhance relationships 28. cultural core 29. inevitable 30. to prove very destructive 7. 1 emergence 2 complexity 3 arrangement 4 respond 5 systematic 6 illiterate 7 totality 8 constitution 8. 1 blending 2 to distinguish 3 to compete 4 to designate 5 junk 6 distilled 7 to maintain 8 artificial 9 complexity 10 clue 11 to depict 12 striking 13 to capture 14 to intend 15 hollow 9. 1C 2B 3D 4C 5D 6B 7A 8C 9D 10B 11C 12C 13D 14C 15A
Listening 1. 1. All religions help their followers to find meaning in the world. 2. Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Judaism 3. One type has a single, all-powerful god and in the other type followers believe in more than one god. 4. Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. 5. Hinduism, Jainism, Shinto, Zoroastrianism, Native American religions, and traditional African religions. 6. A higher state of being – freedom from suffering. 7. Acting in a certain way. 8. ៀey perform rituals, say prayers, have holidays and use written works, such as the Bible and the Qur’an. 9. In buildings, such as churches or temples. 10. Treating others well and doing the right thing.
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Unit 4
Vocabulary Development & Practice 1. A 1d 2c 3a 4e 5b B 1e 2d 3b 4c 5a 2. 1 strict 2 industrial 3 sustainable 4 irreversible 5 layer 6 species 7 crisis 8 resources 3. 1 conservation 2 variety 3 disastrous 4 diverse 5 sustain 6 contamination 7 mistreatment 8 distributes 9 deterred 10 diminishing 4. 1. To avert a global ecological crisis , strict international sanctions should be imposed on countries that violate environmental standards. 2. According to the representative of the public preservation group, the flashmob’s mini-performance was aimed at aἀecting public opinion. 3. Destruction of the world’s tropical rain forests also leads to climate change/altered climate patterns . 4. Industrial pollutants/waste cause irreversible/irreparable damage to the environment. 5. Humans may destroy all plant and animal species and even themselves because of their unnatural activities. 6. Furthermore, our scientists have devised innovative projects aimed at harmonious meshing the country’s economic growth with environmental protection. 7. It is believed that chemical components of aerosols/sprays contribute to the depletion of the ozone layer in the earth’s atmosphere. 8. Sustainable development is economic development that doesn’t causedamage to the environment. 9. We all have to realize that our planet’s natural resources are not infinite/ are finite. 10. If humankind goes on mistreating nature like this, global ecological/environmental collapse/catastrophe is inevitable. 5. 1 the standard of living 2 pollution/contamination 3 partially poisoned 4 chemical wastes 5 uninhabitable 6 to expose 7 endangered 8 extinct 9 to 10
pass laws 10 to reverse the threat 11 all living things 12 to exert pressure on 13 predatory animals 14 to reduce the population 15 prey 16 herds 17 to trample 18 vast stretches 19 to deposit silt 20 estuary 21 bay 22 temporary dislocations 23 to accommodate to 24 to disrupt nature’s delicate balance 25 immediate corrective action 6. 1 air temperatures 2 due to 3 human causes 4 greenhouse gases 5 known as 6 encompasses 7. 1B 2C 3D 4C 5B 6A 7D 8B 9C 10D 11C 12A 8. 1 event 2 result 3 include 4 create 5 involve 6 collapse
Listening 1. 1F 2F 3F 4T 5T 2. 1 concern 2 took place 3 spilled 4 faced 5 barrels of oil 6 were covered with 7 caused 8 was averted 9 poured into 10 human toll
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Unit 5
Reading & Speaking 1. 1F 2T 3T 4F 5T 6T
Vocabulary Development & Practice 1. 1f 2g 3h 4e 5b 6a 7d 8c 3. 1 serenity 2 discovery 3 requires 4 perception 5 verification 6 bitterness 7 eternity 8 valuable, valueless 9 purity 10 distinctive 4. 1. A number of issuesinextricably linked with scientific and technological advancement and preservation of national identity in the framework of globalization processes will be considered/ discussed. 2. Scientists have verified the causal relationships between the Internet addiction and illnesses, social isolation, academic failure, and even excessive financial debts. 3. ἀe philosophic treatise traces the development of society and the eternal laws of nature. 4. According to the dean, more than 300 students of international relations, as well as lecturers, scientists and practitioners attended the scientific conference. 5. People have diἀering/diἀerent views and every person has the right to perceive and interpret the world in his own way. 6. The objective of the research is to elucidate laws underlying the complicated biological processes in the state of weightlessness. 7. You must understand now the distinction/ diἀerence between the words “invention” and “discovery”. 8. It’s strange but the former bitter opponent of biotechnologies has changed/revised his opinion now, claiming that they open up new vistas for humankind. 9. The high-ranking official dismissed the corruption allegations as pure 12
conjecture/ calling them pure conjecture . 10. Everybody believes that you deserve a reward – you have worked tirelessly, unselfishly/selflessly, and fruitfully. 5. 1 into 2 from 3 beyond 4 within 5 in 6 on 7 by 8 to 9 at 10 at 6. 1C 2A 3D 4B 5C 6C 7A 8C 9D 10B 11A 12C 13D 14C 15A 7. 1 composed 2 share 3 effectively 4 distribution 5 access 6 consumption 7 products 8 online 9 interact 10 researching 11 deliver 12 tremendously 13 flexibility 14 interconnection 15 inexpensive 8. 1. living cell 2. vast storehouse 3. encoded in genes 4. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 5. replicates 6. inherited traits 7. genetic engineering 8. encompassed 9. modifying organisms 10. heredity 11. reproduction 12. selective breeding 13. artificial selection 14. artificial insemination 15. in vitro fertilization 16. recombinant 17. combined 18. inserted 19. host organism 20. bacterium 21. great impact 22. tremendous advances 23. afforded 24. controversy 25. unfavorable 26. antibiotic resistance 9. 1 broadest sense 2 devoted to the manufacture 3 exposure to nuclear power 4 coincided with 5 could be harnessed 6 proponents of this technology 7 locus of political struggle 8 irrationally fearing 10. 1 property 2 dimension 3 flowering 4 novel 5 scale 6 range 7 to scratch the surface 8 solid 9 pollutant 10 infancy 11 conservation 12 breakthrough 13 gear 14 coating 15 to exhibit
Listening 1. 1 fascinating ventures 2 remoteness 3 travel in space 4 speculation 5 investigate the reaches 6 human crews 7 sounding rockets 8 reconnaissance 2. 1 life span 2 to feed itself 3 point unimaginable 4 poisonous waste 5 unemployed
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Unit 6
Vocabulary Development & Practice 1. 1f 2h 3e 4a 5g 6b 7c 8d 2. Your own explanations. 3. 1 communication 2 across 3 champion 4 means 5 mechanical 6 first 7 judgment 8 civic 4. 1 convincing 2 substitution 3 judges 4 vitality 5 empowered 6 imply 7 unemployment 8 unbelievable 9 consistency 10 promotion 5. 1. In her speech she pointed out that in contrast to many of her colleagues, he was and he is /he has been a devoted human rights activist . 2. He expects to be promoted/ to get a promotion , since he proved himself to be a responsible and reliable worker. 3. Taking into consideration all these things, the employers will hardly dare to undertake such radical measures. 4. Some TV channels poured scorn on democracy champions to decrease their popularity. 5. Many political analysts trust the survey since the organization, which conducted it, has an unblemished reputation. 6. Undoubtedly, nowadays there is no substitute for the Internet which is an all-purpose means of communication . 7. If you want to win the audience’s respect and trust, you have to be able to speak convincingly and believably. 8. The Chief executive officer said that the company was/is planning to hire two more accountants. 9. Despite the law on state language, mass media by diៀerent means continue the policy of imposing a foreign language, culture and advertising foreign stars. 10. Before forming a judgment on the matter, we have to study the documents/materials of the case thoroughly. 6. 1D 2F 3A 4E 5C 6B 14
7. 1 exchange 2 include 3 estimated 4 experienced 5 involve 6 devices 8. 1 into 2 in 3 from 4 away 5 like 6 as 7 from 8 on 9 in 10 in 11 from 12 during 13 like 14 as 15 in 9. 1 accomplish 2 associated 3 relationships 4 connections 5 reach 6 referring 7 context 8 memorable 9 win 10 definition
Listening 1. 1. Success of many companies depends on the ability of their employees and managers to communicate effectively. 2. In effective communication, individuals achieve a shared understanding, stimulate others to take actions, and encourage people to think in new ways. 3. Effective communication increases your and your organization’s productivity. 4. For most jobs strong oral and written communication skills are required. 2. 1 oratory 2 more attention 3 upon this form 4 are often asked 5 speaks in public 6 become leaders 7 addresses a group 8 an audience 9 provide information 10 persuade 11 are scheduled 12 prepare their 13 impromptu 14 professional writers 15 great influence
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Unit 7
Reading & Speaking 1. 1T 2F 3T 4F 5F 6F 7T
Vocabulary Development & Practice 1. A 1c 2a 3b 4e 5d B 1e 2d 3a 4b 5c 3. 1 contributions 2 Judging, election 3 resemblance 4 legislative/legislature, executive, judicial/judiciary 5 supremacy 6 constituencies 7 assert 8 embodiment 9 subordinate 10 guidance 4. 1. In all democracies/democratic states , elections to bodies of state power are held on the basis of universal suἀrage which guarantees constituents/voters/the electorate free expression of their will. 2. In 1948 the United Nations adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights which declared fundamental civil, political, socioeconomic and cultural human rights and is the embodiment of the highest moral principles, human values, views and beliefs. 3. Under the circumstances, there can be no question of granting citizenship. 4. ἀe main task of the Supreme Court, the highest judicial body, is to secure thefulfillment of laws. 5. ἀe Magna Carta which was adopted in England in 1215 is considered the first legal document that laid the foundation(s) of the concept ofhuman rights and created the preconditions for further affirming human liberties and the supremacy/rule of law in society. 6. ἀe Parliament Commissioner for Human Rights exercises parliamentary control over the observance of constitutional human and citizens’ rights and freedoms. 7. Everyone has the right/is entitled to freedom of opinion and speech and the 16
free expression of their views and beliefs. 8. ἀe 1776 Declaration of Independence of the USA states that “all men are created equal, that they are endowed by the Creator with certain unalienable rights, and among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.” 9. Some sources say/ report that in response to the anti-government rebellions, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs decided to recall its ambassadors from the country. 10. Pacts and Constitution of the Rights and Liberties of the Zaporozhian Host/Army of 1710 (also known as “Pylyp Orlyk’s Constitution”), which is considered to be the greatest achievement of the Cossack legislators/ lawmakers, envisioned the formation of three branches of power: the legislative, the executive and the judiciary, provision of civil rights and liberties, and restriction of the hetman’s power/authority. 5. 1 to 2 into 3 after 4 to 5 to 6 to 7 in 8 against 9 after 10 in 11 for 12 through 13 in 14 into 15 against 6. 1C 2D 3C 4B 5A 6C 7D 8B 9A 10C 7. 1 influential 2 significant 3 affirming attitudes and opinions 4 government officials 5 to tend 6 to reinforce latent attitudes 7 to prompt people to take action 8 voters 9 media coverage 10 to encompass large numbers of individuals 11 broadcasting 12 to affect the operation 13 contests 14 sophisticated 15 to assume the appearance 16 to appeal to 17 thinly spread 18 word of mouth 19 literate 20 neighbourhood 21 to be suppressed 22 text messaging 23 vehicle 24 underground public opinion 25 dense 8. 1 privileged groups 2 extended 3 means of ensuring 4 minor variations 5 adult citizens 6 convicted criminals 7 required special 8 property or income 9 qualified for 10 black populations
Listening 1. 1F 2F 3T 4F 5F 2. 1 positions of authority 2 to make choices 3 promote accountability 4 exerts pressure 5 take place 6 occur 7 coincide with 8 rests largely with 9 electoral districts 10 polling places
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Unit 8
Vocabulary Development & Practice 1. 1d 2g 3f 4c 5h 6a 7b 8e 2. 1 office 2 institutional 3 agency 4 criticism 5 target 6 activities 7 products 8 virtually 3. 1 trade unions 2 charitable institutions 3 to counsel firms 4 public opinion 5 to foster understanding 6 code of ethics 7 to attain the objectives 8 public relations 9 to enhance the image 10 institutional framework 4. Your own sentences. 5. 1. Advertising – in its broader sense – is a medium for transferring information from the producer to the target audience ; it skillfully influences the mind of the customer and motivates him to buy the product advertised . 2. To promote products , different methods and techniques of communication with customers are used. 3. ἀe marketing department of a company determines prices, promotes, and distributes products. 4. ἀe former representative of the government agency accused the independent TV channel of using black PR and laying information grounds for a coup (d’etat). 5. No wonder, that after such a scandalous misuse of public funds the activities of this charitable institution have been subject to sever criticism. 6. Publicity is unpaid advertising which is published in the press or shown on television news programs. 7. All goods/products being transported through customs territory are subject to close inspection/examination. 8. As Encyclopædia Britannica defines, merchandising is an element of marketing that promotes products/ the sale of goods and services to consumers. 9. The code of ethics, undoubtedly, will enhance the image of our company and will foster 18