Лінгвокраїнознавство, вид. 2 / Гапонів О. Б. by Nova Knyha

О. Б. Гапонів, М. О. Возна Wales

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ЛІНГВО

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Republic of Ireland

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20231 071 25641

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О В Т

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зна ., В о

їн а р к і вн о м о Англ

2nd

ti edi

Вінниця НОВА КНИГА 2018

УДК 81.432.1-923 Г19

Рекомендовано вченою радою Інституту філології Київського національного університету імені Тараса Шевченка як підручник (протокол № 7 від 25.02.2014 р.)

Рецензенти: Ільченко О. М. — доктор філологічних наук, професор Левицький А. Е. — доктор філологічних наук, професор Малиновська І. В. — кандидат філологічних наук, професор

Г19

Гапонів О. Б. Лінгвокраїнознавство. Англомовні країни : підручник / Гапонів О. Б., Возна М. О. — Вид. 2-ге. — Вінниця : Нова Книга, 2018. — 352 с. : іл. ISBN 978-966-382-606-6 Друге, оновлене, видання першого вітчизняного підручника з лінгвокраїнознавства англомовних регіонів складається з 14 розділів, кожний з яких присвячується окремій країні (Англія, Шотландія, Уельс, Північна Ірландія та Республіка Ірландія, США, Канада, Австралія, Нова Зеландія, острів Мен) або їх окремим адміністративним одиницям (Гаваї, Аляска, Тасманія), які з огляду на географічні, історичні, культурні та інші чинники мають яскраво виражені особливості. Підручник пропонує свіжий погляд на різні аспекти життя цих країн і наводить багато маловідомих у нашій країні фактів з різних аспектів духовної та матеріальної культури англомовних націй. Рекомендується для студентів фахових факультетів вищих навчальних закладів України, фахівців-лінгвістів, а також усіх тих, хто хоче поглибити свої знання з різних аспектів життя країн, мова яких вивчається. УДК 81.432.1-923

ISBN 978-966-382-606-6

Contents Передмова . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Definition: THE BRITISH ISLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Chapter 1. GREAT BRITAIN AND THE UNITED KINGDOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Pronunciation Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Chapter 2. ENGLAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Pronunciation Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.1. Flags and National Symbols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.2.1. Physical Geography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.2.2. Human Geography and Demographics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.2.3. London. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.3. History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.3.1. Pre-Roman England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.3.2. Roman Britain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.3.3. The Anglo-Saxons, Celts, Vikings and the Dark Ages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.3.4. The Norman Invasion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.3.5. Norman and other English Castles. . . . . . 26 2.3.6. The Tudors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 2.3.7. Civil War and Oliver Cromwell . . . . . . . . . . 29 2.3.8. The Industrial Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.3.9. The British Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.3.10. World War 1 and the ‘inter-war’ years . . 32 2.3.11. World War 2 and the ‘post-war’ years . . 33 2.4. Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 2.5.1. System of Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.5.1.1. Local Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.5.2. System of Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 2.5.3. Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 2.5.4. Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 2.6. Mass media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 2.7. Sport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 2.7.1. Football . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 2.7.2. Cricket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 2.7.3. Squash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 2.7.4. The Oxford-Cambridge University Boat Race. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 2.7.5. The Wimbledon Championships. . . . . . . . 46 2.7.6. Snooker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

2.8. Arts and Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 2.8.1. William Shakespeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 2.8.2. JRR Tolkein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 2.8.3. JK Rowling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 2.8.4. Other English authors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 2.9. Traditions, Customs, Public Holidays and Food. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 2.9.1. May Day. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 2.9.2. Fireworks Night. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 2.9.3. Mother’s Day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 2.9.4. Easter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 2.9.5. Christmas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 2.9.6. Food and Drink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 2.10.1. Icons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 2.10.2. Personalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Chapter 3. SCOTLAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Pronunciation Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 3.1. Flags and National Symbols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 3.2.1. Physical Geography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 3.2.2. Human Geography and Demographics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 3.2.3. Edinburgh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 3.3. History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 3.4. Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 3.5.1. System of government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 3.5.2. System of Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 3.5.3. Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 3.5.4. Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 3.6. Mass media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 3.7. Sport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 3.7.1. Shinty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 3.7.2. Golf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 3.7.3. Highland Games. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 3.8. Arts and Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 3.8.1. Bagpipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 3.8.2. Literary figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 3.8.3. The Edinburgh Festival. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 3.8.4. The Edinburgh Festival fringe . . . . . . . . . . 98 3.8.5. The Edinburgh Military Tattoo . . . . . . . . . . 98 3.9. Traditions, Customs and Public Holidays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 3

3.9.1. Hogmanay and Ne’erday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 3.9.2. The Burns Supper and the Haggis . . . . .100 3.10.1. National Icons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101 3.10.2. National Personalities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105 Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107

Chapter 4. WALES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110 Pronunciation Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110 4.1. Flags and National Symbols. . . . . . . . . . . . .110 4.2.1. Physical Geography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111 4.2.2. Human Geography and Demographics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112 4.2.3. Cardiff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112 4.3. History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113 4.4. Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115 4.5.1. System of government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117 4.5.2. Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118 4.5.3. Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118 4.6. Mass media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119 4.7. Sport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119 4.7.1. Cnapan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119 4.7.2. Rugby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120 4.8. Arts and culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120 4.8.1. Welsh Male Voice Choirs . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121 4.9. Traditions, Customs and Public Holidays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121 4.9.1. The National Costume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121 4.9.2. Shrove Tuesday Customs in Wales . . . . .122 4.10.1. National Icons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122 4.10.2. Personalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125 Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128 Definition: THE ISLAND OF IRELAND . . . . . . . . . .131 Pronunciation Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131 Chapter 5. NORTHERN IRELAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132 5.1. Flag. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132 5.2.1. Physical Geography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132 5.2.2. Human Geography and Demographics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133 5.3. History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134 5.4. Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135 5.5.1. System of government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136 5.5.2. System of Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137 5.5.3. Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137 5.5.4. Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137 5.6. Mass media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138 5.7. Sport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138 4

5.8. Arts and Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138 5.9. Traditions, Customs and Public Holidays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138

Chapter 6. THE REPUBLIC OF IRELAND . . . . . . 139 6.1. Flags and National Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . .139 6.2.1. Physical Geography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139 6.2.2. Human Geography and Demographics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140 6.2.3. Dublin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140 6.3. History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141 6.3.1. Ancient and Celtic History . . . . . . . . . . . .141 6.3.2. The Ancient Kings of Ireland . . . . . . . . . .142 6.3.3. The struggle against English occupation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143 6.3.4. The Great Famine and emigration . . . . .146 6.3.5. Independence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147 6.3.6. The Easter Rising. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148 6.3.7. Modern Ireland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149 6.4. Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150 6.5.1. System of government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151 6.5.2. System of Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152 6.5.3. Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152 6.5.4. Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153 6.6. Mass media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153 6.7. Sport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153 6.7.1. Hurling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153 6.7.2. Gaelic Football . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154 6.8. Arts and Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155 6.8.1. Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155 6.8.2. Music and Dance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155 6.8.3. Theatre. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156 6.9. Traditions, Customs and Public Holidays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156 6.9.1. Beltane (or Beltaine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157 6.9.2. Bloomsday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157 6.9.3. Lughnasadh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157 6.9.4. Saint Patrick’s Day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157 6.9.5. Ancient gods and spirits . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158 6.10.1. National Icons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159 6.10.2. National personalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164 Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168 Chapter 7. THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171 Pronunciation Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171 7.1. Flag and National Symbols. . . . . . . . . . . . . .173 7.2.1. Physical Geography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173

7.2.2. Human Geography and Demographics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174 7.2.3. Washington DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176 7.2.4. New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178 7.3. History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182 7.3.1. Native Americans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182 7.3.2. Immigration and the creation of the USA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184 7.3.3. Racial inequality and the Civil War . . . . .189 7.3.4. Growth and expansion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191 7.3.5. The rise of modern America after WW1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193 7.4. Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197 7.5.1. System of government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198 7.5.2. System of Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199 7.5.3. Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200 7.5.4. Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201 7.6. Mass media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201 7.7. Sport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .202 7.7.1. Baseball . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .202 7.7.2. American Football . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203 7.7.3. Basketball . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204 7.7.4. Football . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205 7.8. Arts and Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205 7.8.1. American literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205 7.8.2. American cinema and Hollywood . . . . .208 7.8.3. American music . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212 7.9. Traditions, Customs and Public Holidays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218 7.9.1. Independence Day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218 7.9.2. Thanksgiving Day. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .219 7.9.3. Christmas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .219 7.9.4. Easter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .219 7.9.5. May Day and Labor Day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220 7.9.6. Groundhog Day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221 7.9.7. Halloween. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221 7.10.1. National Icons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222 7.10.2. National Personalities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .226 Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .229 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231

Chapter 8. HAWAII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .235 Pronunciation Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .235 8.1. Flag and National Symbols. . . . . . . . . . . . . .235 8.2.1. Physical Geography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .236 8.2.2. Human Geography and Demographics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .236 8.3. History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .237 8.4. Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .238

8.5.1. System of government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .239 8.5.2. System of Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .239 8.5.3. Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .240 8.5.4. Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .240 8.6. Mass media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .241 8.7. Sport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .241 8.8. Arts and Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .242 8.8.1. The Lei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .242 8.9. Traditions, Customs and Public Holidays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .242 8.9.1. Public Holidays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .242 8.9.2. The Luau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .242 8.9.3. Pele . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .243 8.10. National Personalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .243 8.10.1. Queen Liliâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;uokalani of Hawaii . . . . . . . .243 8.10.2. Barack Obama. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .244 8.10.3. James Dole. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .244 Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .245 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .245

Chapter 9. ALASKA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .247 Pronunciation Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .247 9.1. Flag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .247 9.2.1. Physical Geography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .247 9.2.2. Human Geography and Demographics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249 9.3. History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .250 9.4. Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252 9.5.1. System of government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252 9.5.2. System of Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .253 9.5.3. Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .253 9.5.4. Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .253 9.6. Sport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .253 9.7. Traditions, Customs and Public Holidays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .254 9.8.1. National Icons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .254 9.8.2. National Personalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .255 Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .256 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .256 Chapter 10. CANADA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .258 Pronunciation Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .258 10.1. The Canadian Maple Leaf Flag and National Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .258 10.2.1. Physical Geography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259 10.2.2. Human Geography and Demographics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .260 10.2.3. Ottowa and Toronto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .261 10.3. History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .262 10.3.1. First Nations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .262 5

10.3.2. European Colonisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . .264 10.3.3. The Klondike Gold Rush. . . . . . . . . . . . . .265 10.4. Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .266 10.5.1. System of Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . .267 10.5.2. System of Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .268 10.5.3. Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .269 10.5.4. Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .270 10.6. Mass media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .270 10.7. Sport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .270 10.8. Arts and Culture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .271 10.9. Traditions, Customs and Public Holidays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .272 10.9.1. Traditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .272 10.9.2. Public Holidays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .275 10.10.1. National Icons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .275 10.10.2. National Personalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . .278 Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .280 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .281

Chapter 11. AUSTRALIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .284 Pronunciation Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .284 11.1. Flags and National Symbols . . . . . . . . . . .284 11.2.1. Physical Geography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .285 11.2.2. Human Geography and Demographics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .286 11.2.3. Canberra and Sydney . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .287 11.2.4. Melbourne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .288 11.2.5. The Ukrainian Diaspora in Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .288 11.3. History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .289 11.3.1. Aborigines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .289 11.3.2. The Discovery of Australia and its Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .289 11.3.3. The Foundation of Modern Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .290 11.3.4. Settlers and Convicts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .291 11.3.5. Immigration and Racism . . . . . . . . . . . . .292 11.3.6. The Evolution of Contemporary Australian identity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .293 11.3.7. Recent History and Republicanism . . .294 11.4. Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .295 11.5.1. System of government . . . . . . . . . . . . . .297 11.5.2. System of Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .298 11.5.3. Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .298 11.5.4. Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .299 11.6. Mass Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .299 11.7. Sport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .299 11.7.1. Australian rules football . . . . . . . . . . . . .299 11.7.2. Swimming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .300 6

11.7.3. Cricket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .300 11.8. Arts, Culture and Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . .302 11.9. Traditions, Customs and Public Holidays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .302 11.9.1. Traditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .303 11.9.2. Public Holidays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .304 11.10.1. National Icons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .305 11.10.2. National Personalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . .308 Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .311 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .312

Chapter 12. TASMANIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .315 Pronunciation Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .315 12.1. Flag and National Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . .315 12.2.1. Physical Geography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .315 12.2.2. Human Geography and Demographics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .317 12.3. History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .317 12.4. Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .318 12.5.1. System of government . . . . . . . . . . . . . .318 12.5.2. System of Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .319 12.5.3. Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .319 12.5.4. Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .320 12.6. Mass media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .320 12.7. Sport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .320 12.8. Arts and Culture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .320 12.9.1. National Icons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .320 12.9.2. National Personalities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .321 Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .321 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .322 Chapter 13. NEW ZEALAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .323 Pronunciation Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .323 13.1. Flag and National Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . .323 13.2.1. Physical Geography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .324 13.2.2. Human Geography and Demographics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .325 13.2.3. Wellington and Auckland . . . . . . . . . . . .326 13.3. History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .327 13.4. Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .329 13.5.1. System of Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . .330 13.5.2. System of Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .331 13.5.3. Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .331 13.5.4. Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .331 13.6. Mass media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .332 13.7. Sport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .332 13.7.1. Rugby. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .332 13.7.2. Yachting – The America’s Cup . . . . . . . .333 13.8. Traditions, Customs and Public Holidays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .334

13.8.1. Public Holidays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .334 13.9.1. National Icons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .335 13.9.2. Natioanl Personalities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .336 Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .337 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .338

Chapter 14. ISLE OF MAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .340 Pronunciation Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .340 14.1. Flag. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .340 14.2.1. Physical Geography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .340 14.2.2. Human Geography andÂ Demographics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .341 14.3. History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .342

14.4. Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .342 14.5.1. System of government . . . . . . . . . . . . . .342 14.5.2. System of Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .344 14.5.3. Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .344 14.5.4. Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .344 14.6. Mass media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .344 14.7.1. National Icons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .344 14.7.2. National Personality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .346 Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .346 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .347

Source material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .348 Additional reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .348

Передмова Пропонований підручник “Лінгвокраїнознавство. Англомовні країни” є другим, оновленим, виданням першого вітчизняного підручника з лінгвокраїнознавства для низки країн, в яких англійська мова є основною або однією з основних мов спілкування. Підручник розрахований на студентів фахових факультетів вищих навчальних закладів України й містить інформацію країнознавчого та лінгвістичного характеру, висвітлює різні аспекти сучасного життя, історії та культури таких країн. Підручник був розроблений в Інституті філології Київського національного університету імені Тараса Шевченка й відповідає програмі з лінгвокраїнознавства для студентів філологічного та перекладацького відділень. Головним автором підручника є носій британського варіанта англійської мови, випускник Манчестерського університету Алекс Гапонів. Підручник складається з 14 розділів, кожний з яких присвячується окремій країні (Англія, Шотландія, Уельс, Північна Ірландія та Республіка Ірландія, США, Канада, Австралія, Нова Зеландія, острів Мен) або їх окремим адміністративним одиницям (Гаваї, Аляска, Тасманія), які з огляду на географічні, історичні, культурні та інші чинники мають яскраво виражені особливості, а тому розглядаються окремо. Тексти підручника супроводжуються ілюстраціями, які допомагають краще уявити описувані факти та явища й полегшують сприйняття насиченого інформацією країнознавчого матеріалу. Всі розділи побудовано за єдиною структурою, до якої входять такі підрозділи, як опис державного прапора та інших національних символів, короткі відомості з фізичної географії та демографії, інформація про столицю країни та її найбільші міста, ко-

роткий нарис з історії країни та опис мовної ситуації, характеристика систем державного управління, освіти та правопорядку, засобів масової інформації, національних видів спорту. Крім того, кожний розділ також містить короткі відомості про найвидатніших письменників, поетів, художників та інших представників культури та мистецтва, що здобули всесвітнє визнання. Особливу увагу в кожному розділі приділено національним святам, традиціям та звичкам кожної з англомовних країн, в першу чергу тим, що є унікальними для даного народу. Автори пропонують своє розуміння того, які предмети матеріальної культури та прояви духовного життя кожної з описаних націй стали символічними і можуть служити візитною карткою тієї чи іншої англомовної країни. Кожний розділ містить також короткі біографічні нариси найвидатніших особистостей описуваних країн. Оновлене видання підручника враховує певні зміни, які відбулися в суспільно-політичному та культурному житті описуваних англомовних країн у період після виходу в світ першого видання. Підручник пропонує свіжий погляд на різні аспекти життя в цих країнах і наводить багато маловідомих фактів з різних аспектів духовної та матеріальної культури англомовних націй. Увага зосереджується, насамперед, на тих питаннях, які були недостатньо висвітлені в вітчизняній навчальній літературі. Підручник багато в чому ламає усталені стереотипи про життя в цих країнах, які за браком свіжої неупередженої інформації все ще продовжують існувати в нашому суспільстві. Для зручності користування неправильні уявлення про реалії життя англомовних країн та неправильне використання певних термінів у дру-

гому виданні виділені наскрізним символом-малюнком. Джерелами інформації для авторів послужили незчисленна кількість сайтів мережі Інтернет, а також англомовні дослідження життя в цих країнах таких відомих авторів, як Bill Bryson, JeremyPaxman, Michael Wood, Magnus Magnusson та ін. Всі названі вище країнознавчі питання описуються за допомогою системи термінів, які позначають національно-специфічні реалії суспільного життя, матеріального побуту, історії та культури кожної англомовної країни, й отримали назву лінгвокраїнознавчих. Список лінгвокраїнознавчих термінів разом з тлумаченням наводиться в кінці тексту для кожної країни окремо. Важливим критерієм таких термінів є відсутність еквівалентного словникового відповідника в перекладі, але цей аспект залишається поза рамками підручника. Всі

лінгвокраїнознавчі терміни в тексті підручника виділені жирним курсивом. Інша важлива інформація в тексті виділена жирним шрифтом. Для полегшення засвоєння студентами фонетичної форми тих з лінгвокраїнознавчих термінів, які читаються не за правилами, кожному розділу передує фонетична транскрипція таких слів, до якої увійшли також власні та географічні назви, читання яких може викликати складності. Всі слова, винесені в фонетичну таблицю, в тесті виділені курсивом. Закріплення лінгвокраїнознавчого матеріалу здійснюється за допомогою системи типових вправ в кінці кожного розділу, особлива увага в яких приділяється лінгвістичному аспекту країнознавства, а також розвитку навичок самостійної роботи студентів з різними джерелами інформації. Автори

Definition: The British Isles Selected vocabulary: Anglesey

Island

Bailiwick

Orkney

Bute

Reagan

Clyde

Rockall

Eire

Scilly

Haughey

Wight

Hebrides

Ynys Mon

Ireland

The British Isles is a traditional geographical term used to identify the group of islands off the northwest coast of Europe consisting of Great Britain, Ireland and the many smaller adjacent islands. These islands form an archipelago of more than 6,000 islands off the west coast of Europe – totalling 315,134 km2 of land – the most important being:  Great Britain (an EU member, comprised of England, Scotland and Wales)  The island of Ireland, which comprises Eire (an EU member) as well as including Northern Ireland (part of the UK)  The Isle of Man (a Crown Dependency of Britain but not part of the UK)  The Isle of Wight (a county of England)  The Northern Isles, including Orkney, Shetland and Fair Isle (part of Scotland)  The Hebrides, including the Inner Hebrides, Outer Hebrides and Small Isles (part of Scotland).

The British Isles

 Rockall  The islands of the lower Firth of Clyde, including the Isle of Arran and Bute (part of Scotland)  Anglesey (or Ynys Mon in Welsh, a county of Wales)  The Isles of Scilly (with its own local government but part of the UK)  Lindisfarne (part of the English county of Northumberland)  The Channel Islands (grouped as two Crown Dependencies of Britain or “bailiwicks” but not part of the UK). The most important of these are Jersey and Guernsey.

Of these islands above, Lindisfarne is the smallest and has a popula on of only 162 (2001 census) but has a monastery da ng from 638 A.D., hence a Chris an presence since then, and even its own castle da ng from the 16th century.

Please note that this symbol is here and reappears throughout the book to indicate a point of especial interest

English-language Cultural Studies

Rockall’s status is not agreed, as it is being claimed by the United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland, Denmark (for the Faroe Islands) and Iceland. By itself, the island does not have much importance, but the seas around it are considered very valuable. Its owner can claim 200 nautical miles of an exclusive economic zone in a part of the ocean where fishing rights are extremely valuable. Rockall is one of many glorious examples of politics challenging both geography and common sense. To confirm its territorial waters, the owner must demonstrate that the island is ‘habitable’ although the picture above shows the difficulty of this. In 2013, Nick Hancock, a Scot attempted to live on the rock for 60 days, but only managed 42.

The current dislike of the term “Bri sh Isles” is mostly due to mistakes made by poli cians over recent years; this was exemplified by an embarrassing and controversial misunderstanding by the then American First Lady Nancy Reagan during an Irish visit, when she confused Britain with the Bri sh Isles. As a result, the term is no longer used in Irish government documents, has been abandoned in schoolbooks in the Republic of Ireland and is being phased out of textbooks.

Rockall

The term “British Isles” is accurately used to describe the whole archipelago, but many Irish people, as well as some Scottish and Welsh nationalists find the term “British Isles” proprietorial and unacceptable as being inconsistent with any modern meaning of the word “British”. Another problem is the occasional tendency for “England” to be wrongly used as a synonym when referring to Britain or the British Isles, especially by Americans. The Irish Parliament has actually passed a statute prohibiting the description of the Republic of Ireland as being part of the British Isles. The same mistake was made during a visit to Charles Haughey, then President of the Republic of Ireland, by then Soviet Union leader Mikhail Gorbachev, when he indicated that he presumed Ireland’s Head of State was Queen Elizabeth II, given that she was the British Queen and his officials had told him correctly that Ireland was part of the British Isles.

Please note that this symbol is here and reappears throughout the book to indicate misconcep ons and common errors

Definition: The British Isles

Chapter 1. Great Britain and the United Kingdom Britannia

Brigantes

Boudicca

Bretayne

Great Britain is a group of islands lying off the western coast of Europe, comprising the main territory of the United Kingdom. Great Britain is also used as a political term describing the combination of England, Scotland, and Wales, the three nations which together make up all the main island’s territory. The Union Flag below of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

Elizabeth I. Both Royal and popular pageants have depicted her to symbolize Britain since then. The most likely origin of this symbol is Queen Boudicca (see the chapter on England). Britannia has appeared on many British coins and banknotes, but is currently only on the back of the 50 pence coin. Britannia

The Union Flag

The flag of the UK is sometimes wrongly called the the Union Jack, but Union Flag is actually the correct name as it only becomes a “Jack” when flown from a ship’s jack mast. There are many coats of arms used in the UK and GB – in theory the arms of Queen Elizabeth should be used for the UK, but Scotland uses its own version and many English regions as well as Wales and Northern Ireland present their own version. None of these has been pictured. There are two major iconic symbols of Britain, Britannia and John Bull. In Renaissance times, Britannia upper right came to be viewed as the personification of Britain, in imagery that was developed during the reign of Queen 12

English-language Cultural Studies

John Bull is a literary and cartoon character created to personify Britain by Dr. John Arbuthnot in 1712 and popularized first by British printers and then overseas. Bull is usually portrayed as a stout man in a tailcoat with breeches and a Union Jack waistcoat. He also wears a low top hat (sometimes called a John Bull topper) on his head and is usually accompanied by a bulldog, as on the pub sign below.

John Bull

As well as the main island, Great Britain includes the Isles of Scilly, Anglesey, the Isle of Wight, the Hebrides, and the island groups of Orkney and Shetland but does not include the Isle of Man or the Channel Islands. The part of the island of Ireland that includes Northern Ireland is also shown – this territory together with Great Britain is the United Kingdom. “Great Britain” is also widely used as a synonym for the country properly known as the “United Kingdom”. This is wrong as the United Kingdom includes Northern Ireland in addition to the three countries of Great Britain. The prefix “Anglo”, historically meaning English, is sometimes used to denote the UK, as in the AngloIrish Agreement or Anglo-French relations. Some people feel that this usage should be avoided, however, as it may cause offence to people from the other three nations which make up the UK. In the case of AngloEnglish, used to describe language, it is much more precise, as it differentiates that form of English from the Scottish, Welsh, Irish and other dialects lumped together clumsily as “British English”. The origin of the name “Britain” is unclear. Some historians say that when the Romans took over the southern part of Great Britain they named the island after the Brigantes, one of the largest Celtic tribes living there. The Romans gave it the name “Britannia”. The earlier Celtic inhabitants became known as “Britons” and the island as Britain. After the fall of the Roman Empire, the name Britannia largely fell out of use,

Great Britain

With an area of 229,850 km², the main island of Great Britain is the largest of the British Isles, itself an archipelago that comprises 6000 islands. The main island is the largest in Europe, and ranks either eighth or ninth in size among the islands in the world (depending on whether Australia is classified as an island or a continent).

This use of Great Britain is thought by some to derive from usage as an abbrevia on of the correct full name of “United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland”. But the British themselves occasionally use the abbrevia on “GB”, such as in the Olympic Games where the UK team is some mes informally referred to as ‘Team GB’ and the UK uses the interna onal foreign vehicle iden fica on code of “GB”. Similarly the currency in Northern Ireland as well as Great Britain is the GBP, which should logically be called the “UKP”.

Chapter 1. Great Britain and the United Kingdom

only to be used in a historical sense, referring to the Roman possessions. During medieval times, the British Isles were referred to as “Britannia major” and “Britannia minor”. The term “Bretayne the grete” was used by chroniclers as early as 1338, but it was not used officially until King James I proclaimed himself “King of Great Britain” on 20 October 1604 to avoid the more cumbersome title “King of England and Scotland”. The translation by the Yale Law School of the The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles , known as the Avalon Project, is a key source. The Chronicles began being written in the 9th century and so pre-date the vast majority of historical sources from later centuries. Although Bede wrote earlier, during the 8th century, his history of England only starts with the Roman invasions and is dedicated to demonstrating a unified history of Christianity, which was not the the objective of the AngloSaxons. The Chronicles start as follows: The island Britain is 800 miles long, and 200 miles broad. And there are in the island five nations; nglish, Welsh (or British), Scottish, Pictish, and Latin. The first inhabitants were the Britons, who came from Armenia, and first peopled Britain southward. Then happened it, that the Picts came south from Scythia, with long ships, not many; and, landing first in the northern part of Ireland, they told the Scots that they must dwell there.

Most historians believe that the name Armenia is a mistake for Armorica, the ancient name for Northern France, now Brittany and Normandy. Scythia’s appearance in this text is obviously interesting to Ukrainians, even more so when added to current theory that King Arthur was a Sarmat mercenary brought from (today’s) Ukraine by Roman soldiers. Over the centuries, Great Britain has evolved politically from three independent states (England, Scotland, and Wales) through two kingdoms with a shared monarch (England and Scotland), a single all-island Kingdom of Great Britain, to the situation following 1801, in which Great Britain together with the whole island of Ireland constituted the larger United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (UK). The UK then became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in the 1920s, when Ireland regained independence. The name “Great Britain” is used rather than just “Britain” as there are two Britains: the island of Britain in the British Isles and the land of Britain in France. In French these are known as “Grande Bretagne” and “Bretagne”, in English as “Great Britain” and “Brittany”. The word “great” in this context has its old meaning of 14

English-language Cultural Studies

“big”. Likewise, the ending “-y” on the end of “Brittany” has the meaning “little”, as in “doggy”, meaning “small dog”, or “Jimmy”, meaning “little Jim”. Britons are also great in size. The UK is the most obese country in western Europe, according to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Its annual Health at a Glance report, published in 2017, shows that 26.9% of the UK population had a body mass index of 30 and above, the official definition of obesity, in 2015. Only five of the OECD’s 35 member states had higher levels of obesity, with four outside Europe and one in eastern Europe. The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy, with executive power exercised by a government headed by the Prime Minister and his Cabinet. Executive power is vested in the monarch but in reality Her Majesty’s Government is answerable and accountable only to the House of Commons, the lower and only directly elected house in Britain’s bicameral Parliament. Although there is a Northern Ireland Assembly, a very limited Welsh Assembly since 1998, and a Scottish Parliament, the British Parliament acts as the United Kingdom Parliament. By constitutional convention, Ministers of the Crown are chosen largely from among MPs or Members of Parliament (members of the Commons). The British system of government has been emulated around the world because of the UK’s colonial legacy. Nations that follow British-style parliamentarism, with an executive chosen from, and (theoretically) answerable to the legislature, are said to operate under the Westminster system. The UK’s current monarch and head of state is Queen Elizabeth II who acceded to the throne in 1952 and was crowned in 1953. She has now reigned longer than any other monarch in modern Britain, with Queen Victoria, on the throne for 63 years, coming second. Prince Charles is heir to the throne, and has been waiting a long time to be King.

The Queen is not allowed by law to set foot in the House of Commons, because she’s not a commoner.

One common mistake made both by the Bri sh and foreign tourists is to refer to the bell tower, which has a clock on each face, as “Big Ben”. That is the name of the 47-ton bell itself, inside the tower, but not the structure which has no especial name.

Queen Elizabeth II

The monarch’s role is mainly though not exclusively ceremonial. She has access to all cabinet papers and is briefed weekly by the Prime Minister. Upper right a recent portrait taken in Canada during a State visit. The United Kingdom monarch also reigns in 15 other sovereign countries that are known as Commonwealth Realms. Although Britain has no political or executive power over these independent nations, it retains influence, through long-standing close relations. In some Commonwealth Realms the Privy Council is the highest Court of Appeal. The British (currently UK) Parliament is bicameral, composed of the 659-member elected House of Commons and the appointed House of Lords. Historically, the House of Lords has featured members of the nobility who were granted seats by nature of birthright, although this system has been abolished. Furthermore, the House of Lords Act 1999 severely curtailed the powers of the hereditary peers – only 92 out of several hundred retain the right to sit in the House of Lords. House of Lords originally called for all of the hereditary peers to lose their voting rights, however a compromise was reached which will allow them to be gradually phased out. The House of Lords today consists of 26 senior clerics of the Church of England (the “Lords Spiritual”), as well as 669 members of the Peerage (the “Lords Temporal”). Lords Spiritual serve as long as they continue to occupy their ecclesiastical positions, but Lords Temporal serve for life. The British Houses of Parliament are one of the more familiar landmarks of the world. Part of the buildings, which are open to the public, includes the

The British Houses of Parliament

original hall used by the first parliament set up by Simon de Montfort in 1265. Upper a view of parliament taken across the Thames from the South Bank.

Terms Commonwealth Realm A soverign country that is part of the Commonwealth. House of Commons The 659-member elected chamber of parliament of MPs. House of Lords The 695-member appointed chamber of parliament of peers. Lords Spiritual The 26 senior clerics of the Church of England appointed to the House of Lords. Lords Temporal The 669 peers appointed to the House of Lords. Union Jack The Union Flag when flown from a ship’s mast. Westminster system The form of UK parliamentarianism as used in whole or in part in other countries around the world. Chapter 1. Great Britain and the United Kingdom

Chapter 2. England Albion

Leeds

Aneirin

Leicester

Angles

Leofric

Badon

Limeys

Blenheim

Lindisfarne

Boadicea

Luddites

Boer

Marlowe

Boudicca

Mercia

Camelot

Merlin

Camlann

Monmouth

Celliwig

Montfort

Celts

Newburgh

Claudius

Northumbria

Danes

Oswiu

Deorham

Pennines

Derbyshire

Raleigh

Eanred

Salisbury

Ethelfleda

Sassenachs

Galahad

Saxons

Gawain

Scafell Pike

Gilbert

Shires

Gododdin

Sin Fein

Greenwich

Stoneleigh

Guinevere

Thames

Hadrian

Tintagel

Hastings

Tithings

Heathrow

Tudor

Julius Caesar

Vikings

Jutes

Walsall

Kent

Warwick

Lancelot

Wessex

English-language Cultural Studies

This chapter by its nature overlaps with the previous sections on Great Britain and the United Kingdom, also with reference to subsequent chapters. This is because England is at the core of much that is the history and culture of English-speaking nations; in terms of language, cuisine, parliamentary system and legal structure, to give just a few examples. All the countries in this book were at one time part of the British Empire, with the exception of Alaska. There is a section on cuisine that is here rather than in any other chapter since its contents will be mostly familiar not only to the English, but to Irish, Canadian and Australian citizens. (The USA has drawn on many other influences in terms of cuisine, especially German, Mexican, Italian, Jewish and Russian.) In a similar way, Christmas and Easter are described at length here but only significant differences in local custom are then detailed in later chapters, as on the whole all the countries in this book celebrate these two festivals in a similar way.

2.1. Flags and National Symbols The English flag is the St. Georgeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Cross, a thin red cross on a white field. A red cross acted as a symbol for many Crusaders in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries AD. It became associated with Saint George, and England claimed him as their patron saint.

The English flag

Cry – God for Harry! England and Saint George! is for many the most memorable line from Shakespeare’s Henry V, echoing an English battle cry in use from the 14th century, and the saint was even documented by Bede in the 8th century as being part of the English cultural heritage. Many countries have adopted St. George either as their single patron saint or one of them. These include: Georgia (obviously!), England, Greece, Germany, Lithuania, Malta, Montenegro, Potugal, and Russia. The most important English naƟonal symbol is the Lions of Anjou. The three lions were first used by Richard I (Richard the Lionheart) in the late twel h century. Many historians feel that the Three Lions are the true symbol of England. They are shown in their heraldic form leŌ and as they appear on the crest of the English Na onal football team right.

The English flag is below and the Georgian flag is above. Or is it the other way round?

This flag remained in national use until 1707, when the Union Flag (which English and Scottish ships had used at sea since 1606) was adopted for all purposes to unite the whole of Great Britain under a common flag. Alternative names sometimes used for England have included the slang “Blighty”, from the Hindustani “bila yati” meaning “foreign”; and “Albion,” an ancient name popularised by Pliny the Elder and Ptolemy in the 1st century, supposedly in reference to the white (Latin alba) cliffs of Dover. (In its origins, however, the name applied to the whole island of Great Britain.) More poetically, England has been

called “this scept’red isle...this other Eden” and “this Green and Pleasant Land”, quotations respectively from the poetry of William Shakespeare (in “Richard II”) and William Blake (“And did those feet in ancient time”). Slang terms sometimes used for the English include “Sassenachs” (from the Scots Gaelic and used by the Scots) and “Limeys” used by Americans, in reference to the citrus fruits carried aboard English sailing vessels to prevent scurvy, and “Les Rosbifs” used by the French, as the English traditionally eat a lot of Roast Beef. “God Save The Queen” is the national anthem for the UK as a whole, but England does not have an official anthem of its own. “Jerusalem” (incorporating the Blake phrase quoted above) and “Land of Hope and Glory” are all widely regarded – unofficially – as English national hymns (although the last more properly refers to Great Britain, not just England). English and British symbols often overlap at sporting events. “God Save The Queen” is played for the England football team, although Land of Hope and Glory has been used as the English anthem at the Commonwealth Games (where the four nations in the UK face each other independently).

Chapter 2. England

2.2.1. Physical Geography England covers 130,395 sq. km, with London on latitude 51° 30’ (Kyiv is on 50° 25’).

Map of England

Much of the terrain of England is gently rolling hills, although there is one major range of hills, the Pennines, that passes between Leeds and Manchester. The highest peak is not part of that range – Scafell Pike at 978m in the Lake District, one of England’s seven National Parks (NP on the map). Although renowned for having a mild, damp climate throughout the year, the highest temperature ever recorded in England was 38.5 °C on August 10, 2003 in Kent. Snow is relatively rare in the south of England and any at all causes traffic chaos, but is normal in the north of the country. The sea gap to France is 34 km. The Channel Tunnel near Dover links England to Europe.

English-language Cultural Studies

2.2.2. Human Geography and Demographics England is both the most populous and the most ethnically diverse nation in the United Kingdom with around 49 million inhabitants, of which about a quarter live in the greater London area. There are 24m male and 25m female inhabitants. Around 86 % were born in the UK. Roughly a tenth are from non-white ethnic groups. London has a population of almost 8.2m (2011) with some 12–13 million living in the region known as Greater London. The territorial definition varies between authorities and so the population similarly varies. However, this is in total around a quarter of the whole population of England. London itself has an unusual demographic profile as according to the 2011 Census, 44.9 % of London’s residents are White British. London is one of the few places in the United Kingdom in which White Britons comprise less than half of the total population. 37 % of the population were born outside the UK, including 24.5 % born outside of Europe. This undeniably makes it one of the most ethnically diverse large cities on earth. As of 2007, there are over 300 languages spoken in London and more than 50 non-indigenous communities with a population of more than 10,000. Historically, the population of England is mostly made up of, and descended from, immigrants who have arrived over millennia. The principal waves of migration have been in: c. 600 BC

Celts

55 BC – 400 AD

the Roman period (garrison soldiers from throughout the Empire)

350–550

Angles, Saxons, Jutes

800–900

Vikings, Danes

1066

Normans

1650–1750

European refugees and Huguenots

1880–1940

Jews

1950–1985

Caribbeans, Africans, South Asians

1985–

citizens of the European Community member states, East Europeans, Kurds, refugees.