交響里程碑 Symphonic Milestone
英雄 Eroica
2015年5月15日(星期五)7:30PM 國家音樂廳 National Concert Hall, Taipei 指 揮│根特‧赫比希 Günther Herbig, conductor 小 提 琴│瑟吉‧哈察特楊 Sergey Khachatryan, violin 國家交響樂團 National Symphony Orchestra (NSO) 主辦單位
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各位親愛的觀眾,您好: 歡迎蒞臨欣賞「國家表演藝術中心」國家交響樂團音樂會,由衷感謝您的支持與參與。 本中心所屬單位包括國家兩廳院、臺中國家歌劇院、衛武營國家藝術文化中心及國家交 響樂團,我們期盼由這北中南串起的表演藝術平臺,能以最專業的團隊及服務,滿足大 家的期待,共享藝術的美好與感動!
國家表演藝術中心董事長
Welcome Dear Music Lover, Your support and participation toward the performances of the National Symphony Orchestra (NSO) is highly appreciated. The National Performing Arts Center, of which NSO is a part, also includes the National Theater & Concert Hall, Taipei, the National Taichung Theater, and the National Kaohsiung Center for the Arts, all of which are dedicated to providing a platform for the performing arts connecting the whole of Taiwan.
Chairman, National Performing Arts Center
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曲目 PROGRAM
上半場 約40分鐘 下半場 約50分鐘
理查‧華格納(1813-1883):《唐懷瑟》序曲 馬克斯‧布魯赫(1838-1920):第一號小提琴協奏曲 I.
序奏:中庸的快板
II.
慢板
III. 終曲:充滿能量的快板
~中場休息~
路得維希‧凡‧貝多芬(1770-1827):第三號交響曲《英雄》 I.
充滿生氣的快板
II.
送葬進行曲:相當的慢板
III. 詼諧曲:活潑的快板 IV. 終樂章:非常快的快板
RICHARD WAGNER (1813-1883): Overture to Tannhäuser MAX BRUCH (1838-1920): Violin Concerto No. 1
I. Vorspiel: Allegro moderato II. Adagio
III. Finale: Allegro energico
~Intermission~
LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN (1770-1827): Symphony No. 3, Op. 55, E-flat major, Eroica
I. Allegro con brio II. Marcia funebre: Adagio assai
III. Scherzo: Allegro vivace
IV. Finale: Allegro molto
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演出者簡介
指揮 conductor
根特‧赫比希 Günther Herbig 「樂團在赫比希的帶領下演奏得非常壯麗動人,在舒曼的第四號交響曲中,他以一種自律動人地 演出作了既聰明又溫暖適意的詮釋!」
─《太陽報》
「如果你認為那些偉大指揮家的黃金年代已經不再,最好三思一下。赫比希昨晚指揮柴科 夫斯基的交響曲《悲愴》充滿了高貴、激情與力量的詮釋,讓我聯想起巴畢羅里與楊頌 斯。」
─《曼徹斯特晚報》
赫比希在1984年從東德移居美國之後,開始在歐洲和北美洲地區快速活躍起來。期間,他也親臨 亞洲20多次,並與東京的幾個知名樂團,以及香港、新加坡和臺灣等地樂團合作演出。1984至1994 年間,他先後擔任了底特律交響樂團和多倫多交響樂團音樂總監的職務。 赫比希在中歐開始了他的音樂教育,事師赫曼.阿本德羅斯、赫伯•馮•卡拉揚與赫曼•舍爾 興。他的音樂事業則是開始於東德的威瑪與波茨坦。1972年,他成為德勒斯登愛樂管絃樂團音樂總 監;1977至1983年間,他則轉任為柏林交響樂團音樂總監。1979年轉赴西歐的他,受邀擔任英國國 家廣播公司愛樂管絃樂團的首席客座指揮。很快地,他開始受邀與英國主要的樂團合作,包括倫敦 交響、倫敦皇家愛樂、倫敦愛樂、巴黎管絃、以色列愛樂,以及其他主要城市的知名樂團等等。 在美國,他的音樂事業首先開始於受邀擔任達拉斯交響樂團首席客座指揮,隨後並於各大城市 與多個知名樂團合作,足跡遍至紐約、芝加哥、波士頓、費城、克里夫蘭、舊金山、洛杉磯、多倫 多、巴爾的摩等地。 在1984年離開東德之前,他與東德各主要樂團合作錄製了將近40張專輯,其中包括海頓和布拉 姆斯的交響曲系列。他的近期錄音,包括了與英國國家廣播公司愛樂管絃樂團合作錄製貝多芬第三 號交響曲、第五號交響曲、舒伯特第八號交響曲、布拉姆斯第一號交響曲、馬勒第五號交響曲、理 查.史特勞斯《英雄的生涯》交響詩,以及和其他倫敦的管絃樂團所一起合作的錄音作品。在2001 至2006年擔任沙爾布魯克廣播交響管絃樂團首席指揮期間,他也和樂團一起錄製了馬勒與蕭斯塔科 維契的重要交響曲作品。 4
2008-2010年樂季赫比希擔任國家交響樂團藝術顧問與首席客座指揮。在和國家交響樂團合作的 二年裡,不僅合作演出挑戰性高的經典作品,並以NSO Live品牌實況錄音發行馬勒第六號、第九號 及布魯克納第九號交響曲。自2010年起,接受NSO音樂總監呂紹嘉邀請成為桂冠指揮迄今。
''The orchestra under Herbig played magnificently...in the Schumann Fourth Symphony, Herbig received beautifully disciplined playing for an interpretation that was as warm as it was intelligent...''
—The Sun
''If you thought the days of the great conductors were all in the past, then think again. Günther Herbig's presentation of the Pathétique Symphony of Tchaikovsky last night was one of nobility, emotion and power, the sort I remember from Barbirolli and Jansons.''
—Manchester Evening News
Günther Herbig divides his activities today between Europe, North America and the Far East in a career that has been equally distinguished on all three continents. Herbig’s musical training took place in Central Europe where he studied with Hermann Abendroth, Herbert von Karajan and Hermann Scherchen. In 1972 he was named General Music Director of the Dresden Philharmonic and held the same post with the Konzerthaus Orchester Berlin from 1977 to 1983. In Western Europe Herbig became Principal Guest Conductor of the BBC Philharmonic in 1979 and was soon invited to conduct such major ensembles as the Philharmonia Orchestra London, the London Symphony, the Royal Philharmonic London, the Orchestre de Paris, the Orchestre de la Suisse Romande in Geneva, the Residentie Orkest in The Hague and the Israel Philharmonic. In 1984 Herbig moved to the United States and served for ten years as Music Director of the Detroit and later the Toronto Symphony Orchestra. He has since conducted the orchestras of New York, Chicago, Boston, Philadelphia, Cleveland, San Francisco and Los Angeles among numerous others. He has toured the US several times with the Detroit Symphony Orchestra and in 1989 conducted the orchestra on a European tour. 1991 he led the Toronto Symphony to Europe after having toured with them extensively in the USA, Australia, Singapore, Taiwan and Japan. Herbig has recorded more than 120 works, including cycles of Haydn and Brahms symphonies. His releases include Beethoven’s Symphony Nos. 3 and 5, Schubert’s Nos. 8 and 9, Brahms’s No. 1, Mahler’s No. 5 and Strauss’s Ein Heldenleben with the BBC Philharmonic and the Royal Philharmonic London. As Chief Conductor of the Deutsche Radio Philharmonie, he recorded between 2001 and 2006 several symphonies of Bruckner and Shostakovich. He has been the Conductor Laureate of the Taiwan Philharmonic since 2010. 5
小提琴 violin
瑟吉‧哈察特楊 Sergey Khachatryan
「一位擁有驚人控制力的小提琴家,他無疑地是一位最傑出音樂家。」─加拿大《卡加里先鋒報》 亞美尼亞小提琴家瑟吉•哈察特楊2000年時以15歲之齡贏得了西貝流士小提琴大賽第一名,2005 年又拿下伊麗莎白女王小提琴大賽首獎。近幾個樂季,哈察特楊曾在布隆斯泰特及喬納森•諾特指 揮下與與班貝格交響樂團、詹姆斯•賈斐甘指揮下慕尼黑愛樂、尤漢•沃祖哈指揮下瑞典廣播交響 樂團、葛濟夫指揮下馬林斯基樂團,以及尼爾森斯指揮下和巴黎交響樂團同台演出。並曾與柏林愛 樂、阿姆斯特丹皇家大會堂管絃、法國國家交響、倫敦交響、倫敦愛樂,以及NHK交響樂團共同 合作。哈察特楊最近在美國則與西雅圖交響樂和位於華盛頓的國家交響樂團合作演出。哈察特楊是 瑞士信貸青年藝術家獎2014年獲得者,使用的樂器是由日本音樂基金會所出借的1740年「易薩伊」 瓜奈里小提琴。
"A violinist with an astonishing command of the instrument, he is no less a musician of the highest level." —Calgary Herald Born in Yerevan, Armenia, Sergey Khachatryan won the first prize at the VIII International Jean Sibelius Competition in Helsinki in 2000, becoming the youngest ever winner in the history of the competition. In 2005 he claimed the first prize at the Queen Elisabeth Competition in Brussels. In recent seasons, Khachatryan has performed with the Bamberger Symphoniker (Herbert Blomstedt and Jonathan Nott), Munich Philharmonic (James Gaffigan), Swedish Radio Symphony (Juraj Valcuha), Mariinsky Orchestra (Valery Gergiev) and Orchestre de Paris (Andris Nelsons). He has also collaborated with orchestras such as the Berliner Philharmoniker, Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, Orchestre National de France, London Symphony, London Philharmonic, and NHK Symphony Orchestra. His most recent appearances in the US were with the Seattle Symphony (Ludovic Morlot) and National Symphony Orchestra (Washington) (Vasily Petrenko). Khachatryan is the recipient of the Credit Suisse Young Artist Award 2014. He plays the “Ysaÿe” Guarneri violin on kind loan from the Nippon 6
Music Foundation.
樂團簡介
自信而精銳 國家交響樂團 National Symphony Orchestra 「(呂紹嘉)帶領著樂團在(柏林)愛樂廳呈現了近乎完美的演出。」 ─德國《每日鏡報》2013.11 「銅管清亮的音色、絃樂流暢的律動、木管無瑕的音準、擊樂群無比的精準,臺灣愛樂毫無疑問是 一流的樂團!」
─《協奏曲網》2013.11
「樂團所有聲部在德沃札克第八號交響曲呈現了清新的活力及優美樂句,營造出一個精緻氛圍,特 別在終曲輕快如跳舞般的旋律更為顯著。」
─《音樂美國》2013.11
交響樂團在每個國家有不同的形成背景,在沒有西方管絃樂傳統的臺灣,過去樂團都以文化教育體 系營運。經過二十多年耕耘,我們可以驕傲的說,國家交響樂團(NSO),從交響樂、室內樂到歌 劇,是一自信、精銳,有文化意識的「臺灣之音」。 國家交響樂團的前身「聯合實驗管絃樂團」,是教育部於1986年集合優秀新生代音樂家,以打造頂 尖交響樂團為目標所成立。2005年成為國立中正文化中心附設團隊,2014年4月改隸國家表演藝術中 心,以「臺灣愛樂」立足國際。歷任常任指揮為Gerad Akoka、Urs Schneider及音樂總監包括許常惠、 張大勝、林望傑、簡文彬等人。近十年來NSO銳意求變,大步朝專業、開放、勇於創新的職業樂團發 展,2010年8月,旅德知名指揮呂紹嘉接任NSO音樂總監,更將樂團打造為亞洲地區最具指標性樂團 之一。 樂團現有96名團員,每年樂季演出約80場次。前任總監簡文彬任內(2001─2007)為樂團系統性拓 展曲目,以各種跨界製作開創多項國內先例;2006年《尼貝龍指環》四部連篇歌劇演出寫下亞洲歌劇 演出里程碑。前底特律及多倫多交響樂團音樂總監赫比希(Günther Herbig)為NSO藝術顧問暨首席客 座指揮(2008-2010),為NSO訓練出堅實的演奏實力與動人音樂性,建立駐團作曲家計畫,提供國人 作品更多發表空間。 2010年起,音樂總監呂紹嘉以多元化主題貫穿樂季,整合與對比並存的廣博曲目,本著「精緻、 深刻、悸動」的信念琢磨出樂團多變細膩的音色與深刻撼人的音樂表現;歌劇演出從跨國製作到深 耕國內:《艾蕾克特拉》(2011)、《蝴蝶夫人》(2012)、《女武神》(2013)、《莎樂美》 (2014),次次展現令國際樂評驚豔的製作。呂紹嘉不僅積極拓展樂團演奏近代管絃樂作品的能力, 更致力於鞏固精鍊古典經典名作,同時持續國人管絃樂創作之演出、錄音。2011年起,呂紹嘉帶領樂 團積極展開海外巡演,「2013歐洲巡演」獲得德法義樂評的高度讚譽。 近三十年來與NSO合作過的客席指揮家:馬捷爾、巴夏、潘德瑞茨基、史拉特金、羅斯托波維奇、 柯米希奧納、羅許德茲特溫斯基、霍格伍德、譚盾、麥可•桑德林等;及聲樂家芙雷妮、柯楚芭絲、 帕瓦洛帝、多明哥、卡瑞拉斯、庫拉、特菲爾、波伽利、吉他大師耶佩斯、鋼琴家傅聰、拉羅嘉、提 博德、魯迪、賀夫、巴佛傑、寇瓦謝維契、齊柏絲坦、洛提、歐森、白建宇、拉貝克姐妹、鄧泰山、 薩洛等;大提琴家馬友友、顧德曼、麥斯基、卡普頌、王健、伊瑟利斯、繆勒-修特、嘉碧妲;小提琴 家林昭亮、胡乃元、夏漢、明茲、列賓、希拉蕊•韓、宓多里、絲凱德、林以信、哈格納;擊樂家葛 蘭妮、葛魯賓格及其他器樂家莎賓•梅耶、巴伯羅柯、弗黎崔希等逾八百位音樂家。 7
攝影 Raymond Huang
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National Symphony Orchestra “(Shao-Chia Lü) bietet der Klangkörper in der Philharmonie ein Bild erstrebter Makellosigkeit.“
- Der Tagesspiegel
“The burnished sound from the brass; the diaphanous dance rhythms from the strings; the flawless intonation from the woodwinds; and the tight, meticulous execution from the percussion proved beyond a doubt that the Taiwan Philharmonic is a first-class orchestra.” - Concerto Net.com “All sections of the orchestra were in fine form for Dvorak's Eighth Symphony, which unfolded with fresh energy and elegant phrasing, particularly in the lilting dance-like melody of the closing Allegro ma non troppo .” - Musical America
Founded in 1986, the Taiwan Philharmonic, also known as the National Symphony Orchestra (NSO), is hailed as one of the best orchestras in the Asian region, and became the resident orchestra of the National Chiang Kai-Shek Cultural Center in 2005. Since April 2014, the NSO has been an affiliate orchestra to the National Performing Arts Center. Led by renowned conductor Shao-Chia Lü as its fifth music director since August 2010, the NSO has increased the country’s cultural richness and music educational strength throughout Taiwan. The 99-member NSO presents a 40-week musical season of approximately 75 concerts/chamber recitals and one opera production each year. It also undertakes a countinuing seriers of educational programs and outreach projects constantly. Tour performances are regularly offered throughout Taiwan and overseas. It has been to Vienna, Paris, Berlin, Geneva, Milan, Singapore, Kuala Lumpur, Sapporo, Tokyo, Yokohama, Hong Kong and major cities in China. The NSO works with internationally acclaimed conductors such as Lorin Maazel, Krzysztof Penderecki, Rudolf Barshai, Leonard Slatkin, Christopher Hogwood, Oleg Caetani, Gennady Rozhdestvensky, Michael Sanderling and soloists including Midori, Vadim Repin, Hilary Hahn, Baiba Skride, Viviane Hagner, Yo-Yo Ma, Gautier Capuçon, Alban Gerhardt, Mischa Maisky, Sol Gabetta, Evelyn Glennie, Martin Grubinger, Louis Lortie, Kun-Woo Paik, Stephen Hough, Stephen Kovacevich, Katia & Marielle Labèque, Sabine Meyer, Reinhold Friedrich. The NSO has extended its artistic reach to involve itself in theater and opera productions, including work with Lin Hwai-Min, the world-renowned choreographer and founder of Taiwan’s Cloud Gate Dance Theatre, Austrian digital artist Klaus Obermaier, and opera stage directors Tobias Richter, Moffatt Oxenbould, and Hans-Peter Lehmann. In addition to its record-breaking semistaged concert operas, Der Ring des Nibelungen and Elektra, the NSO has collaborated with world-class opera houses for multinational productions such as Der Rosenkavalier (Deutsche Oper am Rhein, 2007), Carmen (Royal Opera House Covent Garden, Norwegian National Opera and Opera Australia, 2009), and Madama Butterfly (Opera Australia, 2012) as well as in-house productions of Die Walküre (2013) and Salome (2014).
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樂曲解說
典範之重塑與追求 撰文│蔡永凱(國立臺灣師範大學音樂學博士)
檢視十九世紀的音樂發展,除「交響詩」之外,大部份作品都是站在古典時期就已經建立起的樂 類框架上,進一步地發展、變化、融合。因此,十九世紀的德奧作曲家,雖然紛紛在音樂聲響與 理念上推陳出新,但按照歷史的眼光來看,他們其實也始終站在舊與新的樞紐上,不停地回顧典 範、重寫典範、再確立新的典範。在這種眼光下,無論是華格納的《唐懷瑟》之於浪漫德語歌劇與 法國大歌劇;布魯赫的小提琴協奏曲之於古典時期協奏曲;貝多芬交響曲之於海頓(Joseph Haydn, 1732-1809)交響曲,都精彩地體現出此般音樂歷史主義的思考。
理查‧華格納:《唐懷瑟》序曲 華格納在德語歌劇發展上的成就是多元的。一方面,他承襲了德語浪漫歌劇對早期歷史的崇敬, 根據許多日耳曼傳說來撰寫劇本,復興了德語早期文學。在音樂上,他則走出了「道白」、「宣敘 調」與「詠歎調」等傳統人聲使用之限制,發展出一種介於朗誦與歌唱之間的人聲寫作。更重要的 是他的樂團寫作,透過活絡繁複的動機手法與配器法,註解、回應著歌詞內容,一躍成為音樂的重 心。 所謂的德語浪漫歌劇,以韋伯(Carl Maria von Weber, 1786-1826)的《魔彈射手》( Der Freischütz)為代表。這一類作品由民間傳說取材,作品常牽涉森林、海洋等場域,強調大自然的 神秘力量。這股對於「神秘」的想像與追求,刺激了配器手法之演進,為個別作品製造出嶄新 的聲響。一般認為,華格納的「浪漫歌劇」時期開啟於1843年的《飛行的荷蘭人》(Der fliegende Holländer),緊接著還有完成於1845年《唐懷瑟》與1850年的《羅恩格林》(Lohengrin)。 《唐懷瑟》的劇本由華格納自己撰寫,取材自兩個不相關的德國古老傳說:「唐懷瑟」敘述唐懷 瑟想脫離維納斯與維納斯山(Venusberg),卻未得到教皇赦免,只好滿懷痛苦地回到維納斯的世 界,陷入萬劫不復的境地;「瓦特堡的歌唱大賽」(Sängerkrieg auf der Wartburg)則為中世紀所流 傳下來的詩歌集,在其中,真實與想像中的詩人競爭吟詠創作,累積成圖林根(Thüringen)地區文 學發展的重要文獻。 華格納在重塑歌劇情節時,將兩位女主角—依莉莎白與維納斯—互為對照,象徵著唐懷瑟在 「靈」與「肉」兩對立世界的徘徊與掙扎。而這兩個對立的思考,也反映在序曲的結構上。序曲由 單簧管、法國號與低音管的聖詠開啟,以3/4的緩慢步調詮釋對神性的虔誠追求;之後,隨著中提 琴帶出的上行旋律,節拍亦變化為2/2拍,逐漸累積、爆發為歡快的酒神之舞(Bacchanal),具有 濃厚的孟德爾頌(Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy, 1809-1847)色彩。這段象徵縱慾、享樂的音樂,也鋪 陳了序曲之後第一幕開場的「維納斯山」場景。 10
《唐懷瑟》存在多個版本,主要分為兩組:其一為1845年在德勒斯登(Dresden)首演時的版本與 日後之修訂版;其二為1861年華格納為此劇在巴黎演出時所調整的「巴黎版」與日後之修訂版。事 實上,在德勒斯登首演之後,華格納早就察覺作品的不足,而萌生修改的念頭。直至接受巴黎的邀 請,他正好藉此機會,大刀闊斧地加以修改。華格納一方面與當地的歌劇劇本作家紐依特(Charles Nuitter, 1828-1899)密切合作,將歌詞翻譯成法語;一方面則思考將歌劇加入舞蹈。紐依特勸說華 格納按照法語大歌劇的習慣,在第二幕開場添加一段芭蕾舞,以符合當地人對舞蹈的喜愛。華格納 雖然也同意添加一段舞蹈,卻因劇情之合理性,拒絕將舞蹈安插在第二幕開場;他選擇將擴充第一 幕序曲之「酒神歌舞」段落,成為一段群舞。然而,巴黎的歌劇演出之所以不將舞蹈放在第一幕, 正是因為對習慣遲到的觀眾有所顧慮,並且,巴黎人喜愛的舞蹈是獨舞,華格納所設計的群舞讓當 紅的芭蕾舞伶沒有發揮的空間。因此,即使華格納安排了舞蹈場景,卻因為舞蹈類型與出現時刻的 安排,讓《唐懷瑟》最後還是難以逃離首演失敗的命運。但由這個過程,亦可再次見到華格納對作 品各項元素,必須與整部作品之戲劇質素完整結合的強烈堅持。
馬克斯‧布魯赫:第一號小提琴協奏曲 布魯赫於1838年出生於德國科隆(Köln),他因早熟的音樂天份,被譽為莫札特(Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, 1756-1791)與孟德爾頌的接班人。之後,他以多重的身份活躍於當代樂壇,包括 樂團指揮、合唱指揮與作曲等等。他與布拉姆斯(Johannes Brahms, 1833-1897)交情匪淺,但在 創作上卻也一直難逃與布拉姆斯相比較的命運。另外,他亦與當代知名小提琴薩拉沙泰(Pablo de Sarasate, 1844-1908)與姚阿幸(Joseph Joachim, 1831-1901)交好,促成了布魯赫的三部小提琴協奏 曲。 布魯赫的第一號小提琴協奏曲,在 1866年完成後,由科尼格斯洛夫(Otto von Königslow)擔綱 獨奏、作曲家親自指揮首演。隔年,再經當時最知名的小提琴家姚阿幸修訂,成為現今使用的版 本,姚阿幸亦於1868年1月5日的修改版首演中,親自擔綱演出。初聽這部作品,很難不被一開始神 秘的氣氛與第二樂章甜美的旋律所吸引,然而這部作品卻蘊含對傳統協奏曲形式的挑戰。作品雖 然如傳統,由三個樂章構成,且呈「快—慢—快」安排。但第一樂章被作曲家設定為「前奏曲」 (Vorspiel)。雖然樂章速度標示為「快板」,但整體來說卻具有幻想曲般的即興風格。樂章以低音 鼓極弱聲的敲擊開始,樂團以附點節奏的下行旋律加入,帶出樂章的第一主題,即小三度的下行音 程。附點的旋律亦與獨奏小提琴的自由速度獨奏穿插出現。第二主題則為在降B調上的甜美旋律, 由獨奏小提琴帶出。發展部由定音鼓的音型開啟,以小提琴獨奏帶向由樂團齊奏的樂章高潮。再現 部與呈示部的結構類似,同樣開始於木管演奏的附點節奏下行音型,並與小提琴穿插出現。之後, 樂風轉至大調,並直接走入第二樂章。 第二樂章可說是整部作品的核心。這個行板樂章具有兩個主題:第一主題,在樂章一開始即由獨 奏小提琴呈示,具有內斂、哀歌般的特質;第二主題則為法國號的三次下行呼喚,依序為三度、四 11
度與五度音程。樂章可大略分成三個段落,呈現出類似奏鳴曲式的結構。每個段落中,第一主題、 第二主題也都依次出現,卻在每次出現時由不同樂器主奏、伴奏音型亦各不同。因此,雖然主要旋 律素材不變,卻不致單調。在抒情的語調中,體現出布魯赫處理樂團聲部的細緻功力,也無怪乎一 般皆將此樂章視為作品的核心樂章。 第三樂章具有舞蹈式的風格。在樂團帶出具有「上波音」裝飾音型的動機後,獨奏小提琴加入, 演奏具有此動機的主題旋律。主題旋律以雙音旋律構成,亦考驗獨奏者的演奏技巧。在結尾片段, 布魯赫展現出情緒鋪陳的功力,將作品帶至兩個簡短卻宏大的和弦作結。 布魯赫的第一號小提琴協奏曲打破了傳統的協奏曲中,以第一樂章為重的協奏曲規範。將第一樂 章做為第二樂章之「前奏曲」的作法,讓原本只扮演抒情歌唱功能的慢板樂章,轉變為作品的核心 樂章。這樣的作法不僅提升了第二樂章的重要性,亦有助於提升作品整體的密度。布魯赫一生共創 作了三部小提琴協奏曲,每部均可見其對形式的實驗。然而這部第一號小提琴協奏曲仍始終獨佔所 有的光彩,成為布魯赫的代名詞。
路得維希‧凡‧貝多芬:第三號交響曲《英雄》 貝多芬的第三號交響曲,其響亮的別名「英雄」,其實來自他的弟子李斯(Ferdinand Ries, 17841838)的說法。1800年前後,貝多芬因為欣賞法國大革命的領導者拿破崙(Napoléon Bonaparte, 1769-1821),認為他代表了「英雄」的概念,於是想將當時正在譜寫的一首交響曲題獻給他。在 準備將這部作品題獻給他之際,卻發生拿破崙稱帝的事件,貝多芬一怒將首頁上方的題獻行撕下, 僅留下了「英雄」(Eroica)一字,成為這部作品的別名。作曲家事後也證實,這部作品係一部 「交響曲,為懷念一位偉大的人士所作」。 這個傳說應確有其事,但若將此事件視為理解這部作品的依歸,便過於窄化了作品的意義。如同 音樂學家托維(Sir Donald Francis Tovey, 1875-1940)指出:「貝多芬並不把交響曲當成是一個描述 拿破崙事蹟最合適的媒介;但他的確認為這是最適合的途徑,去表現他對於『英雄』和『英雄崇 拜』的感覺」。 貝多芬從1799 年開始創作交響曲。前兩首交響曲(第一號與第二號)雖然已具有作曲家獨特的表 現手法,例如突強音與特殊節奏型態等等,在形式上卻仍未脫交響曲先驅海頓所奠定的規模。一直 到第三號交響曲,貝多芬開始走出自己的路。光是在篇幅上,比起之前的作品就長了將近一倍。此 外,樂章結構與風格上,都可見大膽的嘗試。 第一樂章使用奏鳴曲式。海頓的交響曲第一樂章常使用緩慢「導奏」開啟,在貝多芬前兩首交響 曲也可見到這個傳統。但在第三號交響曲裡,卻只有簡潔的兩聲強音和弦,就接續由大提琴演奏第 一主題。做為導奏的這兩個強音和弦,雖然簡略,卻具有曲式結構的功能,在樂章段落的關鍵處 都再出現,導奏與樂章其他部分的關連因此被強化了。呈示部除第一、二主題之外,作曲家在發展 12
部又加入一個新的主題,打破了之前的交響曲在「發展部」裡只發展既有材料的成規。這個新加入 的主題在「再現部」並未出現,遲至「尾聲」才得以再次發展。這個安排顧全了傳統奏鳴曲式中, 音樂主題的「呈示」與「再現」;另一方面,三個主題的再現位置從「再現部」延伸到「尾聲」段 落,如此一來也提升「尾聲」在首樂章曲式結構上的重要性。不僅如此,作曲家在「再現部」還做 了一個特殊的安排。在發展部最後四小節,調性還未正式回歸,法國號搶先吹出第一主題,對比著 仍停留在發展部、演奏屬調和弦的小提琴,製造出不尋常的張力,在當時可謂相當前衛的作法。 一般的交響曲,在第二樂章常安排抒情慢板,但是第三號交響曲裡則採用較具有情緒張力的「送 葬進行曲」。三段式的樂章結構,由c小調開始,在中段甚至安排了由三個主題構築成的「三重賦 格」,與之前交響曲相比,賦格手法的採用,增加了慢板樂章的份量。 貝多芬在第二號交響曲的第三樂章就開始使用「詼諧曲」,取代海頓交響曲裡常用的「小步舞 曲」,不過在音型與韻律感上,仍具有濃厚的小步舞曲影子。第三號交響曲的第三樂章同樣採用詼 諧曲。它以低音撥奏音響開始,一次一次地湧起,最後迸出強音,突顯出貝多芬在動力鋪陳上的特 色。中段為號角式旋律,而非常見的抒情旋律。號角式的旋律由法國號吹奏,以貝多芬當時的樂器 性能來說,也是很大的挑戰。綜合各個面向,從「小步舞曲」到第三號交響曲的「詼諧曲」,並不 僅在於名稱的轉換、篇幅的擴充,在樂章本質上亦大不相同。 終樂章為一龐大的變奏曲。在交響曲傳統裡,終樂章用意於輕快地結束全曲。在這裡,作曲家卻 採用他所譜寫的芭蕾舞劇《普羅米修斯的創造》(Die Geschöpfe des Prometheus)之終樂章主題做為低 音聲部的線條,發展出結合「變奏曲」與「迴旋曲」的龐大變奏。各段落情緒多樣,有抒情的、也 有輝煌,更再次出現了嚴肅的賦格,遠遠超越了傳統交響曲終樂章的規模,也預告了十九世紀交響 曲對於終樂章的重視。
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Richard Wagner: Overture to Tannhäuser While traveling to Dresden, Richard Wagner passed the mountain of the Wartburg, and in 1842, during a stay in Teplitz he sketched the libretto of his new opera. Tannhäuser und der Sängerkrieg auf Wartburg, described as a grand romantic opera, was staged for the first time in Dresden in October, 1845. The story of the opera is derived from a 14th century legend about a 13th century Minnesinger, the aristocratic poet-composer and crusader Tannhäuser. He is found first in the Venusberg, singing the praise of the goddess of love, but his invocation of the name of the Mother of Christ brings him back to the human world and the valley of the Wartburg, where he hears a band of pilgrims pass and is greeted by the nobles. At a song contest in the Wartburg Castle Tannhäuser's impassioned praise of Venus is defended by Elisabeth, niece of the Landgrave, and the hero is despatched to Rome to seek forgiveness, to be denied him by the Pope. On his return he finds Elisabeth dead of a broken heart, but pilgrims enter bearing a staff from the Pope that has sprouted leaves, a sign of papal pardon. The Prelude to Tannhäuser includes a number of themes and motifs that have later importance in the score. The sound of the 'Pilgrims' Chorus' is heard and a motif of repentance, contrasted with the Venusberg music and the 'Hymn to Venus'. The Dresden version of the Overture ended with a return to the 'Pilgrims' Chorus', while for Paris Wagner led straight into the 'Bacchanal', a pagan celebration of love. This is the Venusberg music of the first act. The entrance of the nobility in the second act is accompanied by a festal march, followed by the entrance of the contestants in the song contest on the subject of love. The introduction to the third act gives a musical account of Tannhäuser's pilgrimage to Rome, in search of absolution. © 2014 Naxos Digital Services Ltd
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Max Bruch: Violin Concerto No. 1 The famous Violin Concerto No. 1 in G minor, Op. 26, caused Bruch considerable trouble. In 1865 he had taken up his first official position as conductor in Koblenz and by then he had already determined to tackle a form that was new to him as a composer, the concerto, embarking on the projected violin concerto in the summer of 1864. In the event Joseph Joachim gave the first performance of the work in its final and definitive form in January 1868 in Bremen, with further performances in other cities. It was soon adopted by other violinists, including Leopold Auer, and Ferdinand David in Leipzig. Bruch had sought the advice of Joachim on the composition, and in particular on the solo writing for the violin, and advice, not all of it acceptable, had come from Ferdinand David and from the conductor Hermann Levi. In later years Bruch was anxious that the importance of such advice should not be exaggerated. He sold the concerto to the publisher August Cranz for 250 thalers, thus losing the possibility of royalties, a matter of obvious later regret. The concerto is unusual in form. With three movements, all largely in sonata-form, it opens with a Vorspiel (Prelude), the soloist entering in the sixth bar with a flourish. There is a lyrical second subject and an opportunity for technical display at the heart of the movement, before a shortened recapitulation, with a return to the music of the opening and a brief Allegro moderato that forms a link to the E flat major Adagio. There the soloist immediately announces the principal theme and, after an elaborate transition, the second, already heard earlier in the movement. Both return in the concluding section. There is a Hungarian lilt to the principal theme of the final G major Allegro energico, and a suggestion of the similar figuration Brahms was to use in his own violin concerto ten years later, both perhaps reflecting the influence of the Hungarian-born Joachim, to whom Bruch's work was dedicated. Š 2014 Naxos Digital Services Ltd
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Ludwig van Beethoven: Symphony No. 3, Op. 55, E-flat major, Eroica Napoleon exercised the strongest influence over the minds of many of his contemporaries in Germany, particularly in the earlier years of his remarkable career, during which traditional monarchies were overturned, to be replaced by republics. Beethoven’s attitude to Bonaparte seems to have remained ambivalent. On the one hand he was impressed by his rise to greatness and by his initial republican sympathies, but at the same time he continued to entertain feelings of admiration of the remarkable achievement even after Napoleon declared himself Emperor, a step that Beethoven condemned, since now his idol appeared fallible, like all the others. The initial inspiration for Beethoven's third symphony seems to have come from the French envoy to Vienna, Count Bernadotte, who had visited the city in 1798, bringing with him in his entourage the virtuoso violinist Rodolphe Kreutzer, to whom Beethoven was later to dedicate his famous Kreutzer Violin Sonata. Bernadotte spent some time in the composer's company and apparently suggested the composition of a symphony in honour of General Bonaparte. The score of the completed symphony was seen by Beethoven’s friends early in 1804, bearing on its title-page the name Buonaparte and the subscription Luigi van Beethoven. Ferdinand Ries tells how, at the news that Napoleon had proclaimed himself Emperor, Beethoven angrily tore up the page, leaving on his own copy the words Sinfonia grande, with the added pencil note, geschrieben auf Bonaparte. In the composer's mind, whatever the fate of the title-page, the work remained a Bonaparte symphony, although it was eventually dedicated to Prince Lobkowitz, for an immediate reward of 400 ducats. It has been suggested that any change in Beethoven’s plans for the dedication of the work may in part have been modified by his decision not to visit Paris. It is known that he had had plans of this kind and these had no doubt influenced his decision to dedicate his concertante violin sonata to Kreutzer, who occupied a position of importance in the French capital. The first publication of the E Flat Symphony described it as Sinfonia eroica composta per festiggiare il Souvenire di un grand’Uomo, a heroic symphony composed to celebrate the memory of a great man. These words were followed by the dedication to Prince Lobkowitz. In 1805, of course, Napoleon was very much alive, and it was, in any case, said that the funeral march that forms the second movement had been written after the death of the British General Sir Ralph Abercromby, killed at Alexandria in 1801, or even, perhaps, intended for Nelson, who had just failed to die at the Battle of the Nile a few years before. Nevertheless the Eroica Symphony, as it has come to be known, remained for its composer inextricably associated with Napoleon. After Bonaparte’s death in exile, Beethoven remarked that he had already written the music for that occasion. The symphony has a number of original features. It is, in the first place, a long work, leading Beethoven to suggest that it should be played near the beginning of a concert programme, anticipating, perhaps, his own later failure in concert planning with programmes of incredible length and weight. The slow movement is in the form of a funeral march, a scherzo replaces the classical minuet as a third movement, and the final movement is a set of variations. The first movement of the Eroica Symphony, monumental in conception, summons our attention with two loud chords, followed by the principal theme, played by the cellos. There is a more elusive second subject, an 16
adventurous development and a recapitulation that has a false start from the French horns, accused by one who heard the first rehearsal of a failure in counting. The funeral march is grandiose in scale, the double basses suggesting the muffled drums of the dead march at its opening, thus making the entry of the timpani themselves even more effective. The tension engendered is interrupted by the soft notes that introduce the Scherzo, significantly extended in length, the Trio allowing the horns due prominence. The finale makes use of a theme from the ballet Prometheus, completed in 1801. This is offered first in skeletal form, to be varied with contrasting fugal ingenuity and passing serenity, before the triumphant conclusion. Š 2014 Naxos Digital Services Ltd
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國家交響樂團
音樂總監 桂冠指揮
呂紹嘉 根特‧赫比希
助理指揮
張尹芳
第一小提琴
★ 吳庭毓 ★ 李宜錦 ☆鄧皓敦 ○ 陳逸群 郭昱麟 林基弘 梁坤豪 陳逸農 卓曉青
方俊人 黃佳頎 李庭芳 賴佳奇 林孟穎 李家豪 曾智弘 蔡竺君
第二小提琴
● 陳怡茹 ◎ 孫正玫 吳怡慧 李京熹 黃衍繹 顧慈美 于爾恩 康信榮 李梅箋
鍾仁甫 蔡孟峰 洪章文 陳偉泓 王致翔
中 提 琴
● 黃瑞儀 ◎ 鄧啟全 ○ 呂昭瑩 黃雅琪 李靖宜 謝君玲 呂孟珊 李思琪 陳猶白
蔡秉璋 吳彥廷 ▲ 袁繹晴
大 提 琴
● 熊士蘭 ◎ 連亦先 ○ 韋智盈 呂明美 周幼雯 陳怡婷 林宜女閒 黃日昇 蘇酩惠
唐鶯綺
低 音 提 琴
● 傅永和 ◎ 蘇億容 ○ 周春祥 王淑瑜 黃筱清 王淑宜 連珮致 蔡歆婕
長 笛
● 安德石 ◎ 宮崎千佳 李 浚
短 笛
鐘美川
雙 簧 管
● 王怡靜 ◎ 阮黃松 楊舒婷
英 國 管
李明怡
單 簧 管
● 朱玫玲 ◎ 張凱婷 朱偉誼 孫正茸
低 音 管
● 簡凱玉 ◎ 陳奕秀 高靈風
倍 低 音 管
簡恩義
法 國 號
● 劉宜欣 ○ 黃任賢 國田朋宏 王婉如 曹予勉 莊于輝
小 號
● 宇新樂 ◎ 陳長伯 張景民 鄒儒吉
長 號
● 宋光清 ◎ 邵恆發 陳中昇
低音長號
彭曉昀
低 音 號
● 宮西純▓ ▲ 廖偉強
定 音 鼓
● 連雅文 ◎ 陳廷銓
打 擊 樂
● 陳哲輝 陳振馨 楊璧慈
豎 琴
● 解 瑄
鍵 盤
▲ 許毓婷
執行長
邱 瑗
企劃演出經理 整銷推廣經理
杜佳舫 王承禹
音樂總監執行祕書 黃毓棻
企劃演出
整銷推廣
企劃專員 謝祥雯 吳孟珊 賴盈帆 賴曉俐 人事組長 林碧珠 譜務專員 高婉瑜 舞台監督 高冠勳 助理舞監 潘柏宏 行政專員 溫慧雯 行政助理 沈靜宜
公關整銷專員 陳卜湄 行銷專員 鄭巧琪 王思懿 曾柏雄 郭玲孜 陳玠維 林欣儀▓ 法律顧問 林信和 音樂諮詢 焦元溥 錄音製作
★樂團首席 ☆樂團副首席 ●首席 ◎副首席 ○助理首席 ▓留職停薪 ▲樂季合約人員 劃底線者為本場協演人員
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National Symphony Orchestra Music Director Shao-Chia Lü
Percussion
Fu ◎ Yi-Juan Su ○ Chun-Shiang Chou Su-Yu Wang Hsiao-Ching Huang Shu-Yi Wang Pei-Chih Lien Hsin-Chieh Tsai
● Jer-Huei Chen Chen-Hsing Chen Pi-Tzu Yang
● Yung-Ho
Conductor Laureate Günther Herbig Assistant Conductor Yin-Fang Chang First Violin ★ Ting-Yu Wu ★ I-Ching Li Hao-Tun Teng ○ Yi-Chun Chen Yu-Lin Kuo Ji-Hung Lin Kun-Hao Liang Yee-Nong Chen Hsiao-Ching Cho Cecilia Fang Jiachi Huang Ting-Fang Lee Chia-Chi Lai Meng-Ying Lin Chia-Hao Lee Chih-Hong Tseng Chu-Chun Tsai
Harp ● Shuen
▲Yu-Ting Hsu
Norell Miyazaki Chuin Lee ● Anders
Executive Director
◎ Chika
Joyce Chiou
Manager, Planning & Production
Piccolo
Sarah Tu
Mei-Chuan Chung
Manager, Marketing & Development
Oboe
Paul Wang
Wang ◎ Tung Nguyen Hoang Shu-Ting Yang
Secretary of Music Director
● I-Ching
Yu-Fen Huang
Planning & Production Programme Coordinator
English Horn
Shelby Hsieh Meng-Shan Wu Ying-Fan Lai Lizi Lai
Ming-I Lee
Clarinet ● May-Lin
● Yi-Ju
Chen ◎ Cheng-Mei Sun I-Hui Wu Ching-Hsi Lee Yen-Yi Huang Tsu-Mei Ku ErAn Yu Hsin-Jung Kang Mei-Jain Li Jen-Fu Chung Meng-Fong Tsai Chang-Wen Hung Wei-Hong Chen Chih-Hsiang Wang
Viola ● Grace
Huang Teng ○ Chao-Ying Lu Yea-Chyi Hwang Jing-Yi Lee Juin-Ling Shieh Meng-San Lu Szu-Chi Li Jubel Chen Ping-Chang Tsai Yen-Ting Wu ▲ Yi-Ching Yuan ◎ Chi-Chuan
Ju Chang Wei-I Chu Cheng-Jung Sun
Assistant Manager, Personnel
◎ Kai-Ting
Bibi Lin
Librarian
Brittney Kao
Bassoon
Stage Manager
Jian ◎ I-Hsiu Chen Ling-Feng Kao ● Kai-Yu
Kuan-Hsun Kao
Assistant Stage Manager Odin Pan
Contrabassoon
Administrator
En-Yi Chien
Hui-Wen Wen
Administration Assistant
Horn
Jing-Yi Shen
Cindy Liu ○ Jen-Hsien Huang Tomohiro Kunita Wan-Ju Wang Yu-Mien Tsao Yu-Hui Chuang ● Yi-Hsin
Marketing & Development PR & Project Coordinator Pu-Mei Chen
Marketing Coordinator Chiau-Chi Cheng Sandy Wang Po-Hsiung Tseng Katherine Kuo Chieh-Wei Chen Eileen Lin■
Trumpet Rusillon Chen Ching-Min Chang Loo-Kit Chong ● Nicolas
◎ Chang-Po
Legal Consultant
Trombone
Hsin-Ho Lin
Sung ◎ Hang-Fat Shiu Chung-Sheng Chen ● Kuang-Ching
Cello
Chieh
Keyboard
Flute
Second Violin
Concert Dramaturgist Yuan-Pu Chiao
Recording Partnership
Bass Trombone
● Lana
Hsiung ◎ Yi-Shien Lien ○ Chih-Yi Wei Ming-Meei Lieu Yu-Wen Chou I-Ting Chen Yi-Hsien Lin Jih-Sheng Huang Ming-Huei Su Ying-Chi Tang
★Concertmaster Auxiliary
Double Bass
Hsiao-Yun Peng
Tuba ● Jun
Miyanishi■ Liao
▲ Wei-Qiang
Timpani ● Ya-Wen
Lien
◎ Ting-Chuan
Associate Concertmaster
●Principal
Chen
◎Associate
Principal
○Assistant
Principal
■On
Leave ▲Season Contracted Musicians
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