20160520 Kun Woo Paik & Friends Program Note

Page 1

2016

演出時間│ 2016年5月18日 (星期三) 7:30 PM

演 出 者 鋼

演出地點│ 新營文化中心演藝廳 Xinying Cultural Center, Tainan

琴│白建宇 Kun Woo Paik, piano

小 提 琴│李宜錦 I-Ching Li, violin 鄧皓敦 Hao-Tun Teng, violin

演出時間│ 2016年5月20日 (星期五) 7:30 PM

陳偉泓 Wei-Hong Chen, violin

演出地點│ 國家音樂廳 National Concert Hall, Taipei

中 提 琴│陳猶白 Jubel Chen, viola 大 提 琴│連亦先 Yi-Shien Lien, cello

主辦單位│

黃日昇 Jih-Sheng Huang, cello 低音提琴│蘇億容 Yi-Jung Su, double bass

共同主辦│ 演出長度│上半場約40分鐘,下半場約45分鐘

指定住宿│


1︱白建宇&NSO-五重奏

演出曲目

Program

法蘭茲•舒伯特(1797-1828): 鋼琴五重奏《鱒魚》

FRANZ SCHUBERT (1797-1828): Piano Quintet in A major, D. 667, Trout

I. II. III. IV. V.

生動的快板 行板 詼諧曲:急板 主題與變奏:小行板 適度的快板

I. II. III. IV. V.

Allegro vivace Andante Scherzo: Presto Andantino Allegro giusto

~中場休息~

~Intermission~

約翰•布拉姆斯(1833-1897): F小調鋼琴五重奏

JOHANNES BRAHMS (1833-1897): Piano Quintet in F minor, Op. 34

I. II. III. IV.

不太快的快板 稍慢的行板 詼諧曲:快板 終曲:稍微持續的─不太快的快板─ 不太快的急板

I. Allegro non troppo II. Andante, un poco adagio III. Scherzo: Allegro IV. Finale: Poco sostenuto – Allegro non troppo – Presto, non troppo

演出者介紹 鋼琴 / 駐團音樂家|白建宇

Kun Woo Paik|Piano / Artist-in-Residence

白建宇的第一場音樂會是在 十歲時,與韓國國立管絃樂團演 出葛利格的鋼琴協奏曲。十五歲 時,白建宇遷至紐約,於茱麗亞 音樂學院隨羅西娜•雷賓學習, 及於倫敦拜師伊洛娜•卡波斯。 他亦曾在義大利求教於圭多•阿 戈斯蒂和威廉•肯普夫。他國際演奏生涯的起 飛,肇始於在紐約的嶄露頭角:在林肯中心演奏 拉威爾全套鋼琴作品,他與樂團的初登台則始於 卡內基廳。

Kun Woo Paik's first concert was at the age of 10 performing the Grieg Piano Concerto with the Korean National Orchestra. At the age of 15, Kun Woo Paik moved to New York to study with Rosina Lhevinne at the Julliard School and with Ilona Kabos in London. He also studied in Italy with Guido Agosti and Willhelm Kempff. His international career took off following his New York appearance, in which he performed complete piano works by Maurice Ravel at the Lincoln Centre, and his orchestral debut at the Carnegie Hall. Since then he has collaborated with conductors such as Zubin Mehta, Lorin Maarel, Mariss Jansons, Long Yu, Sir. Neville Marriner, Wolfgang Sawallisch, Jiri Belohlavek, Vladimir Jurowsky, Dmitri Kitaenko, Paavo Yarvi, Ivan Fischer, and Penderecki to perform his new piano concerto under his direction and performed with orchestras such as the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra, New York Philharmonic, St. Petersburg Philharmonic, London Symphony, BBC Symphony (Last Night of the Proms 1987), Orchestre de Paris, Orchestra National de France, Berlin Symphony, H u n g a r i a n N a t i o n a l, O s l o P h i l h a r m o n i c, Rotterdam, Rai Italia, Warsaw Philharmonic, and English Chamber Orchestra, etc. Kun Woo Paik's numerous recordings include Scriabin, Liszt ("To play Liszt for Kun Woo Paik is a mystical journey, a way of bringing his audience to the very heart of the work, to feel its fundamental pulse…"─Brigitte Massin, Le Matin), Mussorgsky, complete Rachmaninoff piano concertos for BMG. His complete Prokofiev Piano concerto recording received both the "Diapason

從此白建宇和許多知名指揮合作,諸如:祖 賓•梅塔、羅林•馬捷爾、馬里斯•楊頌斯、余 隆、內維爾•馬利納爵士、沃夫岡•薩瓦利希、 伊里•貝洛拉維克、弗拉基米爾•尤羅夫斯基、 德米崔•契塔顏柯、帕佛•賈維、伊凡•費雪以 及潘德瑞茲基(在他指揮下演奏潘德瑞茲基的鋼 琴協奏曲);曾與白建宇合作的樂團包括:以色 列愛樂、紐約愛樂、聖彼得堡愛樂、倫敦交響、 英國廣播公司交響(1987年逍遙音樂節最後一 夜)、巴黎管絃、法國國立管絃、柏林交響、匈 牙利國家愛樂、奧斯陸愛樂、鹿特丹愛樂、義大 利國家交響、華沙愛樂以及英國室內等等。 白建宇灌錄的大量作品包括斯克里亞賓、李 斯特(「演奏李斯特對白建宇而言是趟神祕的 旅程,藉此為他的聽眾帶出作品的核心,以感 受其基本脈動……」─布里姬特•馬辛,《晨 報》)、穆梭斯基以及為博德曼唱片公司灌錄的 拉赫瑪尼諾夫全套鋼琴協奏曲。他浦羅柯菲夫全


2︱白建宇&NSO-五重奏

套鋼琴協奏曲的錄音,於法國同時奪得「1993年 度金音叉獎」和「新學院錄音獎」。身為迪卡唱 片公司的專屬藝術家,他為之灌錄了布梭尼的巴 赫改編曲、佛瑞的鋼琴作品(在法國贏得所有重 要獎項),並和安東尼•維特及華沙愛樂樂團一 起錄下蕭邦全套鋼琴協奏作品。 2005年,白建宇開始新的計畫,為迪卡唱片 公司錄製貝多芬所有32首奏鳴曲。「白建宇的戲 劇感、他的機智、微妙的神祕、深思熟慮、重 量、和弦,以及敏捷手指的精湛技藝,這全都非 凡卓越」─羅伯•考萬,《獨立報》。近期的計 畫包括卡內基廳的獨奏會、在斯卡拉歌劇院和尤 利•泰米卡諾夫及聖彼得堡愛樂樂團的合作演 出、在聖彼得堡演奏拉赫瑪尼諾夫的全套協奏 曲,以及與新日本愛樂交響樂團、中國愛樂樂 團、上海愛樂樂團、卑爾根愛樂樂團的再次合 作,還有法國、義大利、西班牙等地的獨奏會。 白建宇現居巴黎。他於2002年獲法國政府頒 授「法國藝術與文學勳章騎士勳位」。

d'or of the year in 1993" and "Nouvelle Academie du disque" award in France. As an exclusive Decca artist, he recorded Busoni's transcriptions of Bach, Faure's piano works, which won all the major prizes in France, complete works for piano and orchestra by Chopin with Antoni Wit and Warsaw Philharmonic. In 2005, Kun Woo Paik started new project to record all 32 Sonatas by Beethoven for Decca. "Paik's sense of drama, his wit, mastery of nuance, thoughtfully, weighted, chords, and fleet-fingered virtuosity, all are remarkable"─Rob Cowan, The Independent. Recent engagements include a recital in Carnegie Hall, performance in La Scala with St. Petersburg Philharmonic and Yuri Temirkanoff, the complete Rachmaninoff concerto in St. Petersburg and return to New Japan Philharmonic, China Philharmonic, Shanghai Philharmonic, Bergen Philharmonic, beside recitals in France, Italy, Spain, etc. Kun Woo Paik lives in Paris, and he was made the "Chevalier de l'ordre des arts et des letters" by the French Government in 2002.

小提琴|李宜錦

I-Ching Li|violin

國家交響樂團首席,新英 格蘭音樂學院音樂碩士。琴藝 精湛屢獲國內外樂壇肯定,曾 獲Musicorda協奏曲比賽首獎、 Fischoff國際室內樂比賽銀牌。除 樂團演奏之外亦致力於推廣現代 音樂及涉獵各領域演出。

Having completed both bachelor and master degree with academic honor at the New England Conservatory, I-Ching Li started her position at the Taiwan Philharmonic (NSO) first as the associate concertmaster in 2002, and since 2004 became as the concertmaster. Her virtuosic performances had garnered her top prizes at numerous competitions in the States and Asia. She is excited about the prospect of developing her skills as an artist and collaborating with musicians both locally and abroad. In August 2014, she is the guest artist of the Kirishima International Music Festival.

小提琴│鄧皓敦

Hao-Tun Teng|violin

國家交響樂團副首席。曾任 長榮交響樂團首席小提琴及助理 指揮。2004年起擔任台北愛樂青 年管絃樂團之駐團音樂家,並受 邀於玄音國際音樂節(台北)和 歐洲藝術音樂節(維也納)任 教。

Graduated from Taipei National University of the Arts. Teng was appointed the concertmaster a n d a s s i s t a n t c o n d u c t o r t o t h e E v e rg r e e n Symphony Orchestra in 2002. Since 2004, he is the artist-in-residence to Taipei Philharmonic Youth Orchestra. In the last two years, he was invited as faculty in the Shuan-Yin International Music Festival, Taipei. Teng is now Associate Concertmaster to National Symphony Orchestra.

中提琴|陳猶白

Jubel Chen|viola

印地安納大學音樂學士、密 西根大學音樂演奏碩士。2004年 為了繼續室內樂的研究,進入舊 金山音樂院室內樂研究所。2005 年9月成為國家交響樂團的一員。

Violist Jubel Chen started studying in the U.S. at the age of 13. A graduate from Idyllwild Arts Academy in California, Bachelor of Music from Indiana University and Master of Music from University of Michigan. Jubel had been a student to Alan de Veritch, Yizhak Schotten and Jodi Levitz. Jubel has been a member of Taiwan Philharmonic (NSO) since 2005.


3︱白建宇&NSO-五重奏

大提琴│連亦先

Yi-Shien Lien|cello

國家交響樂團大提琴副首席, 馬里蘭大學音樂系大提琴演奏博 士。曾獲Homer Ulrich Honor Award 獨奏比賽首獎。2000年擔任太平洋 音樂節樂團大提琴首席。除樂團演 出外,也積極參與室內樂、電影配 樂等各種音樂活動,並與知名演奏 家合作。

Yi-Shien Lien received her Bachelor's and Master's degrees at the Peabody Conservatory of Music of John's Hopkins University and Doctoral Degree of Musical Arts at the University of Maryland. Since 2001 she has been the associate cello principal in Taiwan Philharmonic (NSO).

大提琴|黃日昇

Jih-Sheng Huang|cello

台灣師範大學藝術學院音樂學 士、台北藝術大學音樂碩士。多次 參與台北市立交響樂團、台北縣立 交響樂團、台北世紀交響樂團及台 北愛樂管絃樂團演出。甫畢業即獲 國家交響樂團聘為大提琴演奏員。

Received B. A. degree from the National Taiwan Normal University and M. A. from Taipei National University of the Arts. Jih-Sheng Huang had played with Taipei Century Orchestra, Taipei County Symphony Orchestra, Taipei Philharmonic Orchestra, Yu Tze Small Symphony Orchestra and the Taipei Youth Orchestra as guest cellist. Since 2009, he has become member of Taiwan Philharmonic (NSO).

低音提琴│蘇億容 國家交響樂團低音提琴副首 席,畢業於美國新英格蘭音樂院與 波士頓大學。曾獲世界低音提琴協 會成人組獨奏比賽(International Society of Bassists)首獎、第二屆 歐盟國際低音提琴協會比賽(Berlin Bass 2010 Solo Competition) 第二 名。曾參加瑞士韋爾比耶、北德Schleswig Holstein Musik Festival、Taiwan Connection等音樂節演出。

Yi-Jung Su|double bass

Yi-Jung Su received her Bachelors of Music with honors at New England Conservatory and prize winners of International Society of Bassists Solo Competition, 2010 Berlin International Double Bass Solo Competition, the Double Bass Symposium Competition and among many others. Starting 2015, Su has been the associate Double Bass Principal of Taiwan Philharmonic (NSO).

樂曲解說 室內樂裡的協奏曲—鋼琴五重奏 撰文│蔡永凱 (國立台灣師範大學音樂學博士) 所謂「五重奏」,即由五把樂器(亦包括人聲)共同 演奏,使用在器樂裡,常見有「絃樂五重奏」、「鋼 琴五重奏」、「木管五重奏」與「銅管五重奏」等。 上述組合,雖都具有相同的聲部數目,當各有其淵 源。就鋼琴五重奏來說,它在一端承接了鍵盤合作式 奏鳴曲;另一端則連結至鍵盤協奏曲。進入十九世 紀,鋼琴五重奏的重要性扶搖直上。最關鍵的原因, 是因為鋼琴與絃樂的聲響衝突,向來都是寫作鋼琴室 內樂的最大挑戰。但此時鋼琴樂器的機械發展已臻成 熟,以追求宏亮、飽滿的聲響為前提,以此對應四把 絃樂,形成兩個團體:兩方不但在音量與聲部複雜度 上都足以互相抗衡,亦可各自形成獨立的次團體。因 此,浪漫時期裡,大量具有鋼琴家背景的作曲家均熱

中寫作「鋼琴五重奏」,且以「競合」取代傳統室內 樂美學中的「融合」,成為室內樂發展史上的特殊現 象。 舒伯特:鋼琴五重奏《鱒魚》 舒伯特的《鱒魚》鋼琴五重奏,可以說是古典音樂發 展史上最知名的室內樂作品之一。這部作品具有特別 的編制:除鋼琴外,尚使用小提琴、中提琴、大提琴 與低音提琴。有一說認為,舒伯特係為一位音樂愛好 者兼大提琴家庖姆嘎特納(Sylvester Paumgartner) 與他的朋友量身訂作這部五重奏作品,而他們當時正 在練習胡麥爾(Johann Nepomuk Hummel)七重奏的 五重奏版本。舒伯特就依照同一個編制,創作出這部 五重奏。


4︱白建宇&NSO-五重奏

作品具有五個樂章。第一樂章「生動的快板」,在樂 章開始即展現出有如鋼琴協奏曲的態勢:由鋼琴帶出 的A大調主和弦上行琶音,與小提琴、大提琴的四音 音型,共同組成第一主題群,成為此樂章最主要的素 材。在這個樂章裡,五個樂器被分成三組:小提琴與 中提琴;大提琴與低音提琴;鋼琴則為獨立一組。這 一點可以從由大提琴帶出第二主題後,主題的聲部分 佈而清楚得知。在這兩個主題後,舒伯特還陸續帶出 數個主題,構築出多個段落。鬆散串接的結構,反映 出早期舒伯特追求旋律完整性的傾向。經過以第一主 題為變化素材的發展部,再現部亦有巧思。當呈示部 由第一主題的A大調過渡至第二主題的E大調;再現部 卻由D大調開始,一反奏鳴曲式框架裡,再現部應回 到主調的習慣。直到第二主題才符合期待地回到A大 調。雖然再現部的段落排列與呈示部幾乎一致,但舒 伯特利用調性來模糊發展部與再現部間的界線,以此 避免單調重複。 第二樂章採F大調,作曲家在如藝術歌曲般的優美旋 律裡,再次展現調性安排的創意。按音樂主題,本樂 章可視為ABCA'B'C'的結構。A段由F大調開始,由鋼 琴帶出高音域的清麗旋律;B段轉至升f小調,主旋律 改由中提琴與大提琴呈三度拉奏,帶有陰鬱色彩;雄 壯的附點音型,後接下滑的三連音快速音群,則是C 段主要素材,此時音樂則來到D大調。當C段結束在G 音上三和弦時,舒伯特別具創意以G音為導音,引至 降A大調再現A段主題,以遠系調的張力妝點樂段之 重複;B'段來到a小調,同樣以中提琴與大提琴歌唱旋 律;到C'段時回到F大調,在看似不變的素材裡,卻經 歷了一段奇異的旅程。 經過了具有貝多芬風格的詼諧曲,來到第四樂章,亦 是知名的「主題與變奏」。在這個樂章裡,舒伯特使 用自己的藝術歌曲《鱒魚》(Die Forelle)成為變奏主 題,應是委託者庖姆嘎特納所要求。然而值得注意的 是,雖然名為「變奏」,但舒伯特在這個樂章裡所使 用的變奏手法,卻與當代主流大相逕庭。在樂章裡, 《鱒魚》的旋律大致被完整地保留,交由不同樂器演 奏;而所謂的「變奏」概念,則反映在各段落的伴奏 裡:由藝術歌曲裡如水花噴濺的上行音型開始,逐漸 豐厚至各式華麗音響。如此作法,指向了文藝復興時 期蔚為風尚的維京諾琴(virginal)音樂傳統,註解這 部作品之沙龍性質。 在如此精彩的變奏曲之後,如何以一個適切的終樂章 總結整部作品,無疑是一大挑戰。在終樂章裡,舒伯 特再度回到民謠舞曲風格,但比詼諧曲樂章更具野 性。相較於其他樂章多以鋼琴領軍,這個樂章則以絃

樂齊奏展現力道。至於在結構上,舒伯特則仿照如第 二樂章般設計,將素材之重複安排於調性之遊歷上。 樂章最後,鋼琴的下行分解和弦對照了首樂章開始時 的上行分解和弦,令人回味無窮。 布拉姆斯:F小調鋼琴五重奏 布拉姆斯這部知名的鋼琴五重奏,創作肇始於 1862 年。一開始,他係以絃樂五重奏來構思,包括兩把小 提琴、中提琴與兩把大提琴。他的小提琴家好友姚阿 幸(Joseph Joachim)則建議他應使用鋼琴,以符合整 部作品厚重的特質。作曲家遂將此作改編為雙鋼琴版 本,並與鋼琴家陶希克(Carl Tausig)於1864年演出。 之後,又應克拉拉•舒曼(Clara Schumann)的要求, 再度將這部作品改編為鋼琴加上絃樂四重奏的版本。 這部作品,可說是集布拉姆斯之特點於一身。首先, 鋼琴部份繁重艱難,卻又不似當代炫技風格,體現出 作曲家獨特的鋼琴語法。此外,布拉姆斯之所以流芳 後世,被荀貝格(Arnold Schoenberg)譽為「持續發 展中的變奏」(entwickelnde Variation)之經典手法, 在其中亦有清楚呈現。以第一樂章為例,第一樂章開 始由鋼琴與小提琴和大提琴齊奏帶出的旋律,是整部 樂章的靈感源頭:就音程來說,有爬升的 C-F-G- 降 A,亦有鋸齒狀的降A-F-降D-F狀的音型,都在樂章 裡被緻密使用。更仔細來看,前述倒鋸齒狀音型的降 D還與之後出現的C音隱然形成小二度下行音程,亦 是重要素材。除此之外,節奏上亦由附點提供變化可 能。在主題呈示後,布拉姆斯即刻以減值讓主題加快 滾動,並搭配絃樂部份的小二度下行音程,馬上以同 一素材變換出不同外形,有如瞭然於心。相對於呈示 部的開宗明義,再現部的同一主題則考驗了演奏者與 聆聽者的注意力。在發展部尾聲,調性再度回到f小調 時,鋼琴仍兀自接續著下行和弦,但中提琴與大提琴 已以弱聲帶出主題。更有趣的是大提琴接續重複時, 若有遲疑,搖擺在大調與小調間,終於拿定主意,以 減值昭告再現到來。在反覆框架裡追求細微差異,這 亦是布拉姆斯讓後世作曲家由衷膜拜之處。 第二樂章行板呈ABA'形式。A段主題由鋼琴主奏,雖 為常見的三拍,但反附點與切分音讓旋律有如失重。B 段轉為E大調,節奏較為平穩,且使用許多上行大跳音 型。至A'段時,失重節奏回歸,但整體聲響加厚,最 後結束在樂章開始般的靜謐。 第三樂章為詼諧曲。詼諧曲段落以大提琴弱聲的撥奏 第三樂章為詼諧曲。詼諧曲段落以大提琴弱聲的撥奏 開始。最主要的斷奏旋律,令人響起華格納(Richard Richard 開始。最主要的斷奏旋律,令人響起華格納( Wagner )《萊茵的黃金》(Das Rheingold)裡,用來 Wagner)《萊茵的黃金》(Das Rheingold)裡,用來


5︱白建宇&NSO-五重奏

表示地下世界的主導動機。而這段旋律,在詼諧曲 中段還引發一段雙重賦格。此外,鋼琴大量使用複 雜的八度和弦,亦是布拉姆斯鋼琴語法另一大特 色。至於中間段落,則以號角般的音型,勾勒出田 園景致。 龐大的終樂章架構在自由的奏鳴曲式上。先由慢板 開啟,各樂器陸續帶出連續上行兩個音程,八度加 上半音,宛如巴哈再現。第一主題為在f小調上的 斷奏旋律,先由大提琴與鋼琴呈示;第二主題則建 立在G音大三和弦上,特色為第一小提琴的下行半 音音程。雖然這個樂章沒有明確的發展部,但「發 展」之展現則是移至了樂章的「尾聲」裡。藉由節 拍轉化,布拉姆斯讓同一主題產生不同變貌,有始 有終地結束這部重量級的五重奏作品。

Program Notes Franz Schubert: Piano Quintet in A major, D. 667, Trout In March, 1817, Schubert met the distinguished singer Johann Michael Vogl at the house of his friend Schober. Vogl was to become a close friend of Schubert and an important interpreter of many of his songs. In the summer of 1819 the two, curiously dissimilar in appearance and disparate age, set out to visit Vogl's native district of Steyr and it was there that Schubert set to work on the A major Piano Quintet, known from the theme and variations that form its fourth movement as The Trout Quintet. It was intended for Vogl's friend Sylvester Paumgartner, a local amateur who played wind instruments and the cello and held regular musical evenings at his house, and was completed in Vienna on Schubert's return there. At Paumgartner's request the work is scored for the same instruments as Hummel's E flat Piano Quintet, violin, viola, cello, double bass and piano. It seems that Paumgartner also suggested the use of the theme from Schubert's song Die Forelle (The Trout) for the fourth movement. The delightful first movement has a characteristic principal melody, reminding us of Schubert as a genius creator of songs, and leads through typically remoter keys during its idyllic progress. This is followed by a second, slower movement in the key of F major, in which the piano announces the first melody, leading to two other thematic elements in the more distant keys of F sharp minor and D major and to further harmonic complexity in deceptively simple guise. The third movement, a scherzo and trio, is followed by the famous theme and its five variations. The last movement re-establishes the original key of A major, adding a second theme that has about it touches of The Trout. The movement lacks a formal central development, but

discusses the proposed thematic material in passing, providing a conclusion in the same happy mood with which the work had begun. © 2015 Naxos Digital Services Ltd

Johannes Brahms: Piano Quintet in F minor, Op. 34

Brahms' Piano Quintet in F minor, Opus 34, originated as a string quintet in 1862, scored, like Schubert's great quintet, for two cellos. Joachim suggested that the weight of the composition suggested the advisability of using the piano, and it was then recast as a sonata for two pianos and played in this form by the composer and Carl Tausig in 1864. The work owes its third transformation to the intervention of Clara Schumann. Brahms completed his Piano Quintet in the autumn of 1864 and published it the following year with a dedication to Princess Anna of Hesse. The first movement opens with the restrained announcement of the first subject by first violin, cello and piano, before an explosion of energy and the statement of the theme in fuller splendor, leading to a second subject largely in the unusual key of C sharp minor. The re-appearance of the first theme marks the beginning of the central development, and, less directly, the recapitulation, with its second subject now in F sharp minor. The slow movement, in A flat major, breathes an air of calm serenity and is followed by a Scherzo that starts with the hushed plucked bottom note of the cello, an accompaniment to the syncopated theme that leads from A flat to C minor, before a cheerful and robust outburst in C major, and the later contrast of a C major Trio. The Finale has a subdued introduction; the ascending octave of the cello answered by the first violin, piano, viola and second violin in turn. The cello is given the opening theme of the Allegro that follows, breaking the suspense of what had gone before, with a second subject appearing in the first violin, marked un pochettino più animato and proceeding to a passage that combines great energy with rhythmic and contrapuntal subtlety. The movement, which lacks an orthodox central development, ends in a coda, marked Presto, non troppo, that serves to emphasize still more the underlying thematic and harmonic unity of the work. © 2015 Naxos Digital Services Ltd

電子問券請掃描, 支持NSO愛地球。


Turn static files into dynamic content formats.

Create a flipbook
Issuu converts static files into: digital portfolios, online yearbooks, online catalogs, digital photo albums and more. Sign up and create your flipbook.