"The Legacy of Bagyi Aung Soe - 20th Death Anniversary (2010) by NTU Libraries

(A*sDatmifpdk;uG,fvGefjcif; ESpf20jynfh trSwfw&)

A*st D rd pf may trSwf-106 (4vTm)? atmifr*Fvmvrf;? ausmufajrmif;? wmarGNrdKUe,f? &efukefNrdKU

'dkUwm0efta&;oHk;yg; jynfaxmifpkrNydKuJGa&; wdkif;&if;om; pnf;vHk;nDnTwfrI rNydKuJGa&; tcsKyftjcmtmPm wnfwHhcdkifNrJa&;

pmrlcGifhjyKcsuftrSwf rsufESmzHk;cGifhjyKcsuftrSwf rsufESmzHk;"mwfyHk a&Tz;D rsufESmzHk;'DZdkif; A*sDvif;0PÖ tBudrfESifhxkwfa0onfhumv 2010? Zlvdkifv/ yxrtBudrf apmifa& 1000 wefz;kd xkwaf 0ol rsuEf mS zH;k ESit hf wGi;f yHEk ydS o f l ZrÁLwvl yHkESdyfwdkuf trSwf-1110? a&TawmifMum;? 5vrf;? 63&yfuGuf? pufrIZkef? awmif'*Hk? &efukefNrdKU

'dkUta&; 'dkUta&; 'dkUta&;

jynf o l U oabmxm; jynfytm;udk; ykqdef½dk; tqdk;jrif0g'Drsm;tm; qefUusifMu/ EdkifiHawmfwnfNidrfat;csrf;a&;ESifh EdkifiHawmfwdk;wufa&;udk aESmifh,Suf zsufqD;olrsm;tm; qefUusifMu/ z EdkifiHawmf\ jynfwGif;a&;udk 0ifa&mufpGufzuf aESmifh,Sufaom jynfyEdkifiH rsm;tm; qefUusifMu/ z jynfwGif;jynfy tzsuform;rsm;tm; bHk&efoltjzpf owfrSwfacsrIef;Mu/ z z

z z z z

EdkifiHa&;OD;wnfcsuf 4&yf EdkifiHawmfwnfNidrfa&;? &yf&Gmat;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh w&m;Oya' pdk;rdk;a&;/ trsKd;om;jyefvnfpnf;vHk;nDnTwfa&;/ cdkifrmonfhzJGUpnf;yHk tajccHOya'opf jzpfay:vma&;/ jzpfay:vmonfh zJUG pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'opfEiS t hf nD acwfrzD UHG NzKd ;wd;k wufaom Edik if aH wmfopfwpf&yf wnfaqmufa&;/

pD;yGm;a&;OD;wnfcsuf 4&yf pdkufysKd;a&;udktajccHí tjcm;pD;yGm;a&;u@rsm;udkvnf; bufpHkzGHUNzdK;wdk; wufatmif wnfaqmufa&;/ z aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepf yDjyifpGmjzpfay:vma&;/ z jynfwGif;jynfyrS twwfynmESifh t&if;tESD;rsm;zdwfac:í pD;yGm;a&;zGHUNzdK; wdk;wufatmif wnfaqmufa&;/ z Edik if aH wmfp;D yGm;a&;wpf&yfv;kH udk zefw;D Edik rf pI rG ;f tm;onf Edik if aH wmfEiS hf wdik ;f &if; om; jynfow l Ukd \ vuf0,fwiG &f adS &;/ z

vlrIa&;OD;wnfcsuf 4&yf wpfrsKd;om;vHk;\ pdwf"mwfESifhtusifhpm&dwåjrifhrm;a&;/ trsK;d *kP?f Zmwd*P k f jrifrh m;a&;ESih f ,Ofaus;rItarGtESprf sm; trsK;d om;a&; vu©Pm rsm; raysmufysuaf tmif xde;f odr;f apmifah &Smufa&;/ z rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwf &Sifoefxufjrufa&;/ z wpfrsKd;om;vHk; usef;rmMuHhcdkifa&;ESifh ynm&nfjrifhrm;a&;/ z z

rmwdum 23/ ausmufpDyef;csD

tcef ; (1) 1/ jrefrmhyef;csD 1 2/ urÇmausmf b*FgvDuAsm q&mMuD; a'gufwm &mAifj'mewfw*dk; 2 3/ &Sew f ed ad uwef 5 4/ &Sew f ed ad uwefrS yef;csDynmoifb0 10 5/ &Suv f kduw f mAsm 15

tcef ; (4) 24/ aq;pufus&m 25/ a0'vu©PmESihf raemr[d'¨d "gwful;yef;csD ed'gef; 26/ raemr[d'¨d "gwfyef;csD (Mysticism Art)

uAsmonfyef;csD? yefcsDonfyif..uAsm uAsmo½kyaf z: yef;csD A*sDatmifpkd;&JU uAsmo&kyaf zmfyHkrsm; pmrJhuAsm A*sDatmifpkd;&JU o&kyaf z:yHkrsm; rsuEf SmzHk;'DZkdi;f rsm;

20 24 26 38 40 46

tcef;(3) 12/ 20&mpkaemufykdi;f jrefrmhyef;csD[efopf 13/ A*sDatmifpkd;&JU yHkMurf;rsm; 14/ A*sDatmifpkd;&JU yef;csD 15/ Ak'¨tEkynm 16/ *&yfzpfyef;csD 17/ yHkwlrsm; 18/ A*sDatmifpkd;a&;wJhyef;csD 19/ tcspfeJUtDa&mwpf yef;csD 20/ yHkESyd yf ef;csD 21/ umwGe;f eJU ½kyjf y 22/ ydk;pmyHkEySd yf ef;csD

90 94 98

27/ raemr[d'¨d "gwfyef;csD

tcef ; (2) 6/ &/ 8/ 9/ 10/ 11/

54 59 62 63 65 67 70 80 84 86 88

(Automation)

28/ raemr[d'¨d "gwfyef;csDum;rsm;

100 104

tcef ; (5) 29/ A*sDatmifpkd;ESihf armf'efyef;csD 108 ,Ofum (Yin Ker) 30/ use;f rmwJh tufqpf ajrcspo f l 137 31/ yef;csDarSmt f wwfynmESihf zefwD;&Sif (tifwmAsL;) jrifhvGicf kdi(f 0dZÆm^odyÜH) 142 32/ A*sDatmifpkd; cif a rmif & if 152 33/ atmifpkd;? A*sDatmifpkd;? a*smef Datmifpkd; armif&efa0; 154 tcef;(6) 34/ A*sDatmifpkd;&JU b0yHk&yd rf sm; 35/ udk,af &;tw¬KyÜwåd 36/ A*sDatmifpkd;&JU pmpkpm&if;

157 166 168

pDpOfolawG&JU trSmpm wu,fawmh 'Dpmtkyu f kdxkwaf 0zdkU&m A*sDatmifpkd;uG,v f eG jf yD; 1991 uwnf;u pwifjyKpkcJUMuwmyg/ udjk rifph ;kd (A*saD tmifp;kd om;MuD;)eJU uAsmq&majrcspo f w l Ukd eUJ twl A*saD tmifpk;d udk av;pm;jrwfEk;d MuwJh pme,fZif;toD;oD;u yk*Kd¾ vfrsm; u 0dki;f 0ef;ulnDcJhMuygw,f/ wu,fwef;xkwaf 0jzpfwmuawmh ESpaf ygif;ESpq f ,fMumrSyJ xkwaf 0Edkicf yhJ gw,f/ 'Dtcsed rf mS udkjrifph k;d (1955-2007) eJUukjd riho f ef; (ajrcspo f l? 1948-1997)wdkU r&SMd uawmhyg/ olwkdUukd 'Dpmtkyjf zpf ajrmufa&;rSm yg0ifcJhMuolrsm;tjzpf trSww f &qdkyg&ap../ 'Dpmtkyu f kd xkwaf 0Edkizf kdU waMumhjyefvmol A*sDatmifpkd; &JUom; ti,fqHk; armifarmifpkd;eJU olUoli,fcsi;f aZolwkdUu jyefvnf taumiftxnf az:apcJhygw,f/ uRefawmfhtaeeJU ESpf 20 vHk;vHk; csxm;&wJh 'Dpmtkyu f kd xkwaf 0Edkizf kdY jyefvnfBudK;yrf;tm;xkw&f ygawmhw,f/ A*sDatmifpkd;[m ESpaf ygif;av;q,fausmf tEkynmvky&f yf rsm;udk zefw;D vkyaf qmifcw hJ t hJ xJrmS pme,fZif;yef;cso D mru aqmif;yg; rsm;udkvJ a&;om;cJhwJhtwGuf 'Dpmtkypf DpOfzkdU&m rsm;pGmtaxmuftyHh &apcJhygw,f/ uRefawmfwkdUtaeeJU pkaqmif;&&Sw d Jh owif;tcsuf tvuf? pmrl? yef;csDum;? rdwåLrsm;udk taMumif;t&mvdkucf GJjyD; tcef;(6)cef;eJU wifjyxm;jcif;jzpfygw,f/ A*saD tmifpk;d &JU ynmoifb0rsm;rSm q&mOD;vSabmf (19041949)? OD;bÓPf(1897-1945)wdkUxHrSm obm0yef;csDa&;zGJU enf;rsm;udk avhvmcGi&hf cJhNyD; 1951 ckESprf Smawmh urÇmausmb f *FgvD uAsmq&mBu;D &mAifj'mewfw*d;k (Rabin-dranath Tagore 1861-1941) wnfaxmifwJh tdEd´,EdkifiH&Sd &Sefwdedauwef ausmif;awmfMuD;rSm

tEd ´ , tpd k ; &ynmoif q k & jyD ; wuf a &muf oifMum;cJhygw,f/ a'gufwm eE´vmbdkYpf (Nandala Bose 1882-1966) vufatmufrSm ta&SUwdkif;yef;csDeJU tawG;tac:t,ltqawGukd oifMum;cGi&hf &So d vdk? tdE, ´d &JUyef;csD tausmt f armfawGeUJ vJ tuRrf;0ifciG hf &&Scd Jhygw,f/ 'Dvkdou d Rrf;cGihf&wJhtxJrSm tif'kdeD; &Sm;Edik if u H emrnfausmf yef;csq D &m tzef';D (Affandi 1901-1990) vJyg0ifcJhygw,f/ tzef'D;u 1949 ckEpS u f xJu tdE, ´d ynmoifqk&cJo h yl g/ A*saD tmif pdk;eJU 1951ckESprf Sm awGqHkcJhMuygw,f/ &Sew f ed ad uwefuae Adqb G m&wDvkUd 1951 ckESprf Sm ajymif;vJzGJUpnf;cJhygw,f/ 'D AdqGbm&wD wuúokdvu f kd q&mOD;qef;xGe;f (ref;wuúokdv)f ? a'gufwm armifjzL;? q&mawmf t&SiOf ;D em*aoeeJU A*saD tmifp;kd wdYk wufa&mufynmoifMum;cGi&hf cJMh uwJh jrefrmausmif;om;awG jzpfygw,f/ A*sDatmifpkd;&JU &Sew f ed ad uwef yef;csDynm oifb0eJU tawG;tac:awGukd olU&JUaqmif;yg;awG rSm zwf½I&rSmjzpfygw,f/ A*saD tmifpk;d &JU vuf&mrsm;udk 1947 ckEpS f wm&mr*¾Zif;upNyD; uG,v f Gecf sed f (1990ck) txd ESpaf ygif; (40) ausmf a&;qGJwJhyHkrsm;rSm jrefrm pme,fZif;toD;oD;&JU pmrsuEf SmawGay:rSm axmif csDjyD;&Scd Jhygw,f/

A*saD tmifp;kd &JUvuf&mrsm;udk jyefvnfavhvm Munfh&mrSm(1) obm0udktajccHwJh yef;csD (2) jrefrmha&S;&dk;yef;csDeJU aus;vuftEkynm&yf rsm;udktajccHwJh yef;csD (3) armf'efepfZef (Modernism) udt k ajccHwyhJ ef;csD (Surreulism, Cubism, Abstract)

(4) raemr[d'¨d ac: tif;ESihfoufqkdiw f Jh *Pef; tu© & mrsm;ud k t ajccH N yD ; ol u d k , f w d k i f trnfay;xm;wJh "gwfyef;csD pwmawGukd awGU&Sd&ygw,f/ A*saD tmifp;kd trsm;qH;k a&;qGcJ w YJ YJ o½kyaf z:yHk rsm;rSm rif?rifjcpfeYJ a&aq;rsm;jzpfNyD; collage ac: zefwD;jyKvkyfcsuf? opfxGif;yef;csD (wood cut) wdkUukad &;qGJavh&ySd gw,f/ yef;csDum;taeeJU qDaq;? tufc&Jvpf (Acrylic) rsm;eJUa&;qGJovdk rSey f ef;csD? zvifjym;? yHkESdyyf ef;csDrsm;jzpfwJU lino cut, mono print, POP Sd ef nf;rsm;udkvJ toHk;jyKavh&o dS vdk print pojzifh yHkEy oltBudKufESpo f ufqHk;uawmh Felt-tip pen ac: aqmhzyf if a&mifpHkeJUa&;qGJ&wmudk aysm&f TiEf SpNf cdKuf ygw,f/ olU&UJtaumif;qH;k tpOftvmwpfcu k awmh reufr;kd vif;wmeJU yef;csq D aJG vh&ydS gw,f/ ruse;f rmwJh aeUuvGv J Ukd uG,v f eG cf sed t f xd aeUpOfeeH ufwikd ;f yef;csD a&;qGJwm A*sDatmifpkd;&JU tEkynmzefwD;rItwGuf aumif;wJhtm;awG jzpfapcJhygw,f/ uRefawmfoleJU ESpaf ygif;ESpq f ,fausmef ;D yg; twlaecJ&h m 'Dtcsu[ f m

twk,l&r,fhtcsufvdkY owdjyKrdygw,f/ A*sD atmifpkd; jzpf&wJh taMumif;&if;wpfckvkdY qdk&rSm jzpfygw,f/ yef;csDa&;qGJwJh taMumif;t&mrsm;taeeJU o&kyfazmfyHkawGtwGufuawmh pmrlygtaMumif; t&mudk ay:vGiaf tmif a&;qGaJ vh&jdS yD;? yef;cst D aeeJU a&;wmuawmh rdbarwåm? tcspfESifhtD&mwpf taMumif;t&mawG tygt0if tvkyo f rm;? v,fo rm;wdkU&JU b0o½kyaf wGukd azmfxkwaf &;om;avh&Sd ygw,f/ 'Dvkda&;om;cJhwJh yef;csDawGxJrSm jrefrm yef;csDavmurSm &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; azmfxkwaf &;cJhwJh olYrlykdiv f kdUqkd&r,fh raemr[d'¨d ac: ½kyu f kdra&;? emrfuakd &;wJh "gwfyef;cs&D UJ t,ltqaqmif;yg;awGeUJ olU&UJ zefw;D a&;qGcJ suaf wGrmS A*saD tmifpk;d &JU xif&mS ; f rf;wif wJh tEkynmopf (New Art) taeeJU rSww &rSm jzpfygw,f/ A*sDatmifpdk;&JU tjcm;tEkynm&yfrsm;udk umwGe;f eJU ½kyjf ya&;qGJjcif;udkvJ jyKvkycf Jhygw,f/ ]pdwåZyef;csn D rsm;} ½kyjf ypmtkyrf mS xif&mS ;ygw,f/ yHkqGJjcif;? yef;csDa&;qGJjcif;rsm;tjyif olU&JU aemuf tEkynm&yfwpfckuawmh ½kyf&Sifo½kyf aqmiftjzpf o½kyaf qmifjcif;rsm;udkvnf; jyKvkycf Jh ygw,f/ jrefrmh½kyf&SifZmwfum;rsm;rSm ZmwfydkU? f o½kyaf qmifcJhovdk Zmwf&Htjzpf us&mZmwf½kyu 1965ckESprf Sm 'g&dkuw f mOD;okc ½dkuu f l;wJh ]rdk;vHk; ywfvnf}Zmwfum;rSm jrifah tmif? wifwifr?l Munf MunfaX;? abbDEGJU? OD;ausmufvHk;wdkUeJUwGJjyD; acgif;aqmifrif;om;tjzpf ½dkuu f l;cJhzl;ygw,f/ 'Dpmtkyrf mS xnfo h iG ;f azmfjycGijhf yKwJh pmrl&iS f rsm;jzpfMuwJU uAsmq&majrcspo f l rdom;pk? q&m jrif h v G i f c d k i f ( 0d Z Æ m ^od y Ü H ) ? q&mOD ; cif a rmif & if ? d f r[m0dZÆm (Art jyifopfEkdiif H Sorbonne wuúokv

history) bGUJ twGuf

wifoiG ;f wJh pmwrf;udk toHk;jyK cGiafh y;wJh ,Ofum (Yin Ker)? ¤if;pmwrf;udk arwåmeJU bmomjyefqkday;cJhwJh q&mr rod*Ð? A*sDatmifpkd; a&;om;cJhwJh vufa&;rl raemr[d'¨d pmrlrsm;udk wnf ; jzwf a y;MuwJ h q&marmif a usmuf w d k i f ? q&mrQm;eD? vdktyfwJhpmrl? rdwåLyHkrsm;udk ul;,l cGijhf yKcJMh uwJh r*¾Zif;toDo;D rS yk*K¾d vfrsm;? "gwfykrH sm; udk toHk;jyKcGihfay;cJhMuwJh "mwfyHkynm&SiBf uD;rsm;? 1946ckESpf Armjynfyef;csDor*¾"mwfyHkrSm yg0ifwJh yef;csyD nm&Sirf sm;udk jyefvnfazmfjy&mrSm rSwrf o d rQ D &mBuD; OD;pef;vdiI (f 1923) udk ajzMum;ay;cJw h hJ yef;csq eJY yef;csDq&mBuD; OD;aomif;[ef(1936)? rsuEf SmzHk; "mwfyu kH kd toH;k jyKciG ahf y;wJh "mwfyakH &Tz;D ? pmtkyt f zH;k udk arwåmeJY a&;qGaJ y;wJh A*saD tmifpk;d &JU wynh&f if; vnf;jzpfwJh A*sDvif;0PÖ? pmpDpm½dkufay;wJh ausmx f ufpk;d (A*saD tmifpk;d ajr;)? 'Dpmtkyu f kd ½dkuf EdSyfay;cJhaom ZAÁLwvlpmayrS OD;ÓPfvdIif? udkoufaZmfvIid f ESihf 0dki;f awmfom;rsm;? aus;Zl;wif f ltm;vHk;udk aus;Zl;wif&ydS gaMumif; rSww f rf; xdkuo wif az:jy&ygw,f/ 'Dvdkq&maumif; rdwfaqGaumif;awG&JU tultnDeJU A*sDatmifpkd; trSww f &pmtkyf xGucf Jh ygNyD/ 'Dpmtky[ f m A*sDatmifpkd; tEkynmawG&JU ed'gef;rQom jzpfygw,f/ uRefawmfwkdYtaeeJY uAsm q&majrcspo f l ajymovdk A*sDatmifpkd;&JU tEkynm awGukd az:xkwjf yEdkiw f Jh tpGr;f r&Syd g? b0udk tEk ynmqefpGm aexdkijf yD;? wpfb0vHk;eJU&if;NyD; jrefrmh ½dk;&m0dnmOfeYJ &eHyY g0ifwhJ acwfopfyef;csD tEkynm awG&UJ euf½iId ;f rIBuD;udk wdki;f wmjyzdu kY kd cufcaJ Mumif; wifjy&ygw,f/ av;pm;pG m jzif h qef e D n d r f ; (pD p Of o l r sm;&J U ud k , f p m;)

]]aus;Zl ; wif v T m }} 1/ 2/ 3/ 4/ 5/ 6/ 7/ 8/ 9/ 10/ 11/ 12/ 13/ 14/ 15/ 16/ 17/ 18/ 19/ 20/ 21/ 22/ 23/ 24/ 25/

uAsmq&majrcspo f lro d m;pk q&m OD;cifarmif&if q&m OD;pef;vdIif (yef;csD) q&m OD;aomif;[ef (yef;csD) ,Ofum (Yin Ker, University of Paris - Sorbonne) q&mr rod*Ð q&m armifausmufwkdif "gwfyHk OD;wifarmifat; "gwfyHk nDnDrkd; (&efuif;) "gwfyHk a&TzD; yef;csD ydkykd ½Ir0r*¾Zif; rdom;pk q&m jrifhvGicf kdif (0dZÆm^odyÜH) q&m armif0Ho (tawG;tjrif) yef;csD OD;Munf0if; (&efuif;) OD;jrwfckdif (vQyfwjyuf *sme,f) Jasdeep Sandhu, Gajah Gallery, Singapore.

OD;jrihv f Gif (GV Art Centre) OD;rif;a0atmif (New Trasure Art Gallery) rrmrm (Suvannabhumi Art Gallery, Chiang Mai, Thailand.) aersKd ;aq; (nm Gallery) q&m aZmf[ed ;f q&m aumif;ñGeUf q&m armif&efa0; ODoef;a|; (Owå&vGifjyif)

A*sDatmifpkd; pmtkyx f kwaf 0Edkiaf &;twGuf 0dki;f 0ef;ulnDMuwJh txufazmfjyyg yk*¾Kd vftm;vHk;udk txl;aus;Zl;wif&Syd gaMumif; rSwfwrf;wiftyfygw,f/ A*sDatmifpdk;rdom;pkESihf pDpOfolrsm;/

pD p Of o l r sm; qefeDnrd ;f rQm;eD A*sDvif;0PĂ&#x2013; armifarmifpkd; aZol ausmx f ufpkd;

see "bas - myanma bagyi.pdf"

tcef; (1)

jrefrmhyef;csD jrefrmhyef;csDqkw d m bmvJ? [d;k a&S;u yk*eH &H aH q;a&;yef;csaD wGukd jyefu;l a&;&wmudyk J qkrd vm;? uReaf wmfeYJ q&meef; (OD;eef;a0) (1926-2008)wku Yd k, d w f ikd f trsm; BuD;yJ yk*aH q;a&;awGukd udk,w f ikd u f k, d u f somG ;NyD; a&;ul;qGNJ yD;NyDav? cifAsm;todyJ.../ 'geJY jrefrmh½kd;&myef;csD jzpf&awmhrvm;? aemuf tif;0? uke;f abmif? &wemyHk tp&Sw d Jhacwfu rEÅav; bk&m;BuD; eH&aH q;a&;? tr&yl&u OD;ydew f w H m;xdyrf mS &Sw d hJ bk&m;BuD; xJu tif;0acwf? uke;f abmifacwfu eH&aH q;a&;yef;csaD wGukyd J ul;qGJ &rSmvm;? ul;vnf; ul;qGJNyD;cJhMuygNyD/ uRefawmf &Sew f ed ad uwef roGm;rD uwnf;u qkMd uygpd/kY 'grSr[kw&f if rEÅav;acwf &wemyHkavmufu yk&ydkujf zL? yk&ydkuef ufwkYdxJu Illusstrate rSww f rf;yef;csDawGukdyJ ul;qGJ½HkeJY jrefrmhyef;csDjzpfa&mvm;? ZGwBf uD;yJ jrefrmh½k;d &m-jrefrmh,Ofaus;rIawGvkYd atmfaewJh rsK;d cspf rsuu f ef;awGvkdyJ qGJrS jrefrmhyef;csDjzpfa&mvm;? xD;[ef eef;[efawGukd ZGwBf uD;yJ emrnfawGtrsK;d rsK;d qkid ;f bkwf wyf½ekH YJ jrefrmhyef;csv D Ydk ac:&rSmvm;? vdYk trsK;d rsK;d awG;awmp&m rvkyd gbl;/ jrefrmhyef;csq D w kd m b,fae&mrSmyJa&;a&;? b,ftcsed f b,fumv rSmyJa&;a&;? qDaq;eJY tu,f'rpfvykd aJ &;a&;? armf'efac:wJh acwfopf yef;csDukdyJa&;a&;? b,fenf;b,f[efeJY bmyJa&;a&; a&;csi&f ma&; jrefrmh&eHY? jrefrmh[efygzkYv d kw d ,fvkYd uRefawmfajymcsiyf gw,f/ jrefrmh &eHYqk&d mrSm pmvHk;av; 4-vHk;yJ &Sad yr,fh tifrwefus,0f ef;vSw,f/ jrefrmh&eH&Y zku Yd kyd J uRefawmf ESpf 40 ausmcf yhJ gNyD/ 'gawmif jrefrmh &eHYtppfukd r&Edkiaf o;bl;? py,fyef;udk xkyx f m;wJh iSuaf ysm&Guu f py,fepYH aJG ewJh zuf&u G u f kd ½SL&wmavmufy&J ydS gao;w,f? py,ftppf ukd rerf;bl;? r½SLbl;ao;yg? rsuu f ef;rsK;d cspaf wGvkq d &kd if ZGwBf uD;jrefrm rIjyKwmwkY[ d m atmufwef;vnf; tifrwefusyJ? a&S;wke;f u [dktmz

&duwku d x f u J Zl;vl; (vl½ikd ;f )awG vkyd J jzpfrSmaygh/ yDyDjyifjyif jrefrm&eHYuom wefzk;d xufvSygw,f/ (½dk;&mrS onf acwfopfok)Yd qkw d hJ pmtkyf xJrSmvkdyJ/ pmtkyfom xGuf oG m ;w,f ? b,f y ef ; csD q &m rSvnf; rzwfygbl;? pdwv f nf; r0ifpm;Muygbl;Asm? a&;vnf; a&;a&;yJ&Sw d myg/ 'gayr,fh uRefawmf tm;r avQmhygbl;? armf'efukd aygvf uvDw?Ykd rmwD;(pf)wkv Yd rkd sK;d jrefrmh &eHu Y kd tajccHNyD; uReaf wmf a&;qGJ prf;oyfMunfhwmrsK;d yg/ olwkdYu Oa&mywdkufrSm? Oa&mytaemufwikd ;f 'óeay:rSm tajcwnf N yD ; a&;qG J o vk d ? uReaf wmfu tm&Swku d rf mS ? ta&SU wkdif;'óeay:rSm tajccHNyD; yef;csDqGJw,f/ 'g[m uG m jcm;csuf r S m uRefawmfhudk bm;rm;yDumqkd vkdYac:&if tifrwef emwwf ygw,f/ A*sD a tmif p d k ; jrefrmhyef;csD?0geDjym? rwfv? 1991

summary A*sD a tmif p d k ;

urÇmausmf b*FgvDuAsmq&mBuD; a'gufwm&mAifj'mewfw*dk;\ yef;csDu@ q&mBuD; &mAiffj'mewf w*dk;onf uAsm tajrmuftjrm; a&;oGm;cJhonfhjyif (&mAifjf 'mewf qH*pf) uJo h akYd om aw;oDcsi;f rsm;udk pyfqckd o hJ nfrmS ,aeYwikd f tdE, d´ wpfjynfvk;H u wav;wpm; oDqkd wD;rIwf aeMuygonf/ uRefawmfaecJh&aom &Sefwdedauweft&yf&Sd (Adqb G m&wD) Visuwa Bharite trnfcHxm; aom tEkynm,Ofaus;rIqkdif&m ausmif;awmfBuD;ü eHeufapmapm t½kPw f uf Mu,feDay:xGe;f pumv wGif eHeuf 4 em&DcefYuyif ausmif;olausmif;om; rsm;ESihf q&mrsm;ygyl;aygif;í ausmif;0if;twGi;f vSnv hf nfí ¤if;\oDcsi;f udk oDqNkd yD; vrf;avQmuf avh&SdMuygonf/ w'Hk'Hk AHkwkad v;udkwD;í wcRifcRifjrnfaeaom pnf;0g;oHav;rQom yg&Sad pumrl tvGeyf Jom,m emaysmzf , G v f nf; &Sv d yS gonf/ onftawGUtBuKHu ESpfaygif;oHk;q,f ausmfvmcJhNyDjzpfaomfvnf; uRefawmfhtwGuf tvGew f pf&myif vGr;f p&mjzpfae

rd o nf / tJ o nf v k d uAsmoD c sif ; rsm;omru q&mBuD;onf jyZmwfaygif;rsm;pGmudkvnf; a&;om; cJhao;onfhjyif yef;csDum;tajrmuftjrm;udk a&;qGJ cJhygonf/ tck uRefawmfa&;csio f nfh taMumif;uawmh q&mBuD; a&;qGo J mG ;cJah om yef;csu D m;rsm;ESihf ouf qkid o f nfh tcsurf sm;omjzpfygonf/ q&mBuD;u b,fawmhrS olYuAsm? olYyef;csDrsm;udk &Si;f jyavhr&Sd ygbl;/ xifa,mifxifrmS ; jzpfrmS pdk;onft h wGuyf g/ uAsmyJjzpfjzpf? yef;csDyJjzpfjzpf Content udk zwfol? rSwo f l? cHpm;olrsm;twGuf jzpfaumif;jzpf ygvdrrhf nf/ Content taMumif;t&m r&Si;f onfrmS oabmu'Dvkyd g/ Two in One ESpcf kaygif;rS wpfck jzpfqko d vkd uAsmwpfyk'u f kd ½kww f &uf zwfMunfh vku d v f Qif ½dk;½dk;t"dyÜm,fay:aeaomfvnf; trSerf Sm olajymcsif a&;csio f nfu wpfrsK;d jzpfwwfonf/ &Si;f rjybJaeonfu cHpm;rIykd&So d jzifh &Si;f rjy onfu aumif;ygonf/ ,ck Form vuf&m?

wufcef d (Technic) wGif What bmvJ? bma&; wmvJ? How b,fvkda&;ovJ? Why bmaMumifh 'Dvkad &;&wmvJ ponfwkYdrSm trsm;em;vnfatmif ajymMu? a&;Mujcif;jzpfonf/ onfvrkd S &Si;f rjyvQif rw&m;bl;aygh/ udk,u f kd,w f kid u f r&Si;f vkYd jzpfcsif jzpfrnf/ rodvkYdvnf; jzpfcsijf zpfrnf/ ,ck uRefawmfu q&mBuD;\ a&;yHka&;enf; av;udk cyfwkw d kEd Sihf vG,af tmif&Si;f jyyg&ap/ Oyrm (Owå&)H trnf&dS q&mBuD;w*d;k \ aetdrf rSm eef;awmfBuD;[k atmufarh&avmufatmif tBuD; BuD;jzpfonf/ &Si;f &Si;f ajym&vQif jrefrmjynf&Sd csi;f acsmif;eef;awmfBuD;rsK;d yif/ ,if;tdru f kd ,ck jywdkuf vkyfxm;onf/ w*dk;\ Original rl&if;yef;csD vuf&mrsm; &Syd gonf/ q&mBuD;[m bmhaMumifhyef;csDa&;ovJ[kar; vQif a&;csiv f aYkd yghyJ ajz&rSmyg/ bmjzpfvaYkd &;csi&f wmvJ[k xyfar;vQif uAsmq&mBuD;u olU&UJ uAsm awGukd aomwtm½Hk oDcsi;f rsK;d ESihf tm;r&ao;bJ (Visual Art) taeESihf jrifomxifomatmif yef;csD a&;qGJjcif; jzpfygonf/ odkrY o S m (Audio Visual) ½kyjf rifoMH um;oabm ESihf qifqifwlayrnf/ [dkwpfacwfwpfcgu Television wdkY? Video wdkY ray:aygufao;ay/ uRefawmfwkYd uAsmawGukd o½kyaf zmfa&;qGJ& onft h cg atmifjrifwm&So d vkd ratmifjrifwmvnf; &Sdonf/ wcsKdUuAsmusawmh uAsmudkvnf;zwf? t½kyaf wGukdvnf; wGJMunfh&ygonf/ wcsKUd usjyef awmh uAsmq&mu bmyJa&;a&; yef;csDq&mu oluk, d w f ikd f cHpm;&onft h wkid ;f a&;qGaJ y;vku d w f m rsK;d vnf; &Sw d wfonf/ xkaYd Mumifh uAsmo½kyaf zmfykH rsm;rsm;a&;qGaJ y;&avav (Thought) tawG; tac: &ifhoefvmavav jzpfygonf/ wjcm; o½kyaf zmf

a&;qGJwmawGxuf oluydkNyD; (Thought Idea) tawG;tac: tBuHtpnfawG &aponf/ odkYjzpf&m uAsmq&mBuD;udk,w f kid f a&;qGJxm; aom yef;csDum;awGrSm ydkNyD;tawG;tac:ESifh 'óersm; ygaernfyif/ q&mBuD;\ yef;csDum; awGudkMunfhí yef;csDaywHESifhwkdif;vQif uav; wpfa,muf awmifjcpf? ajrmufjcpf jcpfxm;ovm; [k atmufarh&onf/ xkYdaMumifh q&mBuD;w*dk;\ yef;csu D kd Munfw h wf? cHpm;wwforl sm;qkv d Qif yef;csD aywHESihf b,fawmhrS rwkid ;f Muyg/ uAsmq&mwpfa,muf\ uAsmudk zwf&ovkyd J q&mBuD;\ yef;csu D m;udk Munf½h cI pH m;&onfrmS tif rwef pdw0f ifpm;p&m aumif;vSonf? t&omvnf; &Syd gonf/ vuf&m b,fvykd aJ eae? taMumif;t&m taeESihf wpfurÇmvH;k u a'gufwm&mAifj'mewfw*d;k \yef;csDukd tjrwfwEdk; xm;Mu&ygonf/ (Clever in Hand) vuf&maumif;zkYq d ko d nfrSm avhusihfvQifjzpfonf/ (Clever in Mind) usawmh pma&;onfhvufa&;u b,favmufnHhnHh? aMumif jcpfovkjd cpfjcpf? ola&;aompm\ twGi;f tESpo f m& udo k m jrifatmifMunf½h zI wfwwfzYdk ta&;BuD;ouJo h Ykd ,ck w*dk;\ yef;csDawGrSmvnf; xko d abmrsK;d yif jzpfonf/ Oyrm-'*kew f m&myef;csq D w JG ,fqkw d m uReaf wmf rjrifb;l ayr,fh udkaX;NrKdif bmudkyq J q JG JG olv Y ufa&; vkd aumufwad umufauG; vufa&;ao;ao;rTm;rTm; yJjzpfjzpf uReaf wmfwu Ykd yef;csaD ywHEiS hf wkid ;f rMunfh csiaf y/ olEiS hf tvGe&f if;ES;D NyD; olpY mawGukd trsm;BuD; zwfzl;cJhonfh uRefawmfhtaeESihf ol\ tifrwef jynfhpHkvSaom tawG;tac:uAsmtaMumif;? pm taMumif;ESihf olYtawGUtBuKHrsm;udkom t"duxm; NyD; Munf½h MI u&rnfjzpfygonf/ xkaYd Mumifh yef;csu D m; 3

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

udk udk,fwkdifrjrifbl;aomfvnf; ola&;qGJrnfh [efukd txif;om; jrifNyD;ouJhokdY jzpfaeygonf/ q&mBuD;w*d;k u yef;csu D kd yef;csu D o hJ Ykd rMunfb h J uAsm½Iaxmifhu a&;onfrsK;d yif/ xkYad Mumifh BuKduf Mu&onf/ q&mBuD;onf yef;csu D kd b,frmS rS roif bl;ay/ b,fupçovJqkv d Qif yxr oluAsm a&;onf/ a&;NyD;rBuKdufvQif jcpfypfvdkufavh &So d nf/ xkjd cpfypfvkduaf om uAsmpmaMumif;rsm; ay:u aemufxyf topfwpfaMumif;xyfa&;? rBuKdufvQif jcpfypfvdkufESifh a&;&if;a&;&if; jcpfxm;aom rsO;f aMumif;rsm;rSm rk;d ay:uwdru f o hJ kYd vGiahf e&if;ESihf udk,phf w d u f ;l xJu wpfckck bmudkrqkd pd w f u l ; vd k u f v Qif ud k , f v k d c sif a om yH k P ² m ef ay:vmvdkuf? wpfckajymif;vdkuf? aemufwpfck ajymif;vdkuf? Form yHkP²meftrsKd;rsKd;udk pdwful; Munf&h if;Munf&h if;ESihf yef;csu D m;wpfcsyjf zpfvmonfh oabmyif / tif u sLa&;&Sif ; (Inuation) olYtvkt d avsmuf yHkoP²mefESihf yef;csD½kyyf Hkrsm;yJ jzpfygonf/ olu tawG;tac: &ifhusufvmrSa&;aom yef;csDum;rsm;jzpfojzifh olYb0? olYtawGUtBuKH? olUtawG;tac:rsm;udk odxm;Muonfh urÇmrSvrl sK;d pHku wefzk;d xm;Mu&onf/ olYvkd uRefawmftcka&; Munfhygvm;? urÇmu vlrsK;d pHkrajymESihf vrf;xJu vlawGawmif 0dki;f [m;MurSmaygh/ (yef;csv D nf; rqGJ wwfbEJ iS hf 'gvm;yef;cs)D [k ajymMurSmaocsmonf/ yDumqkd qkw d mvnf; 'Dvkyd J a&;onf/ rm;wdpf qkw d mvnf; 'Dvkyd J a&;onf/ rmvdk qdkwmvnf; 'Dvkyd J a&;onf/ 'lzD;vf qkw d mvnf; 'Dvkyd J a&;onf/ olwkYu d kdtm;usNyD; uRefawmfuvnf; vku d af &; wmyg/ jzpfrvm;vkYd/ 4

uRefawmf ½dk;&myef;csDukd tdE´, d rSmoGm;oifNyD; bmjzpfvYkd armf'efyef;csD Modern udk ½dk;&mopfqNkd yD; a&;qGJaeygovJ/ tajzuawmh &Sad eygNyDcifAsm;/ q&mrsm;udk uRefawmf þaqmif;yg;av;jzifh uefawmhvku d &f ygonf/ q&mrsm;qko d nfrSm q&m OD;bMunf? a'gufwmxifatmif? q&maZmf*s?D q&m rif;ok0Pf? t*Fvyd pf mygarmu© q&mOD;rsK;d rif;? q&m wufbke;f BuD;OD;ode;f azjrifh ponfhyk*¾Kv d Bf uD; rsm;yif/ olw\ Ykd aus;Zl;jzifh ynmoifc&hJ jcif; jzpfyg onf/ yef;csDq&mBuD; OD;bMunfu r*¾Zif;o½kyaf zmf yef;csDq&mBuD;rsm; uefawmhyGJwGif rdeYfMum;cJhaom tqkw d pfckrSm]atmifpkd;[m tvsiu f qk&d if [dkcwf'DcwfeJY a&;csi&f mawGa&;? qkcd siw f mawGq?dk y&rf;ywmeJY vkyaf evkYd q&mwku Yd tdE, d´ jynfu &Sew f ed ad u wefrSm&Sw d Jh w*dk;ausmif;udk ydkYvku d &f wm} wJh/ tJ'grSeyf gw,f/ tckjyefvmrS armf'efukd yDyD jyifjyif a&;qGJvmwwfawmhw,f/ uRefawmfu q&myJ&Smygw,f/ wynfhuawmh wpfa,mufrS r&So d avmufygyJ/ xkYdaMumifh q&mawGukd tvGef a&G;NyD; wynfhcHcJhygonf/ (enf;jyq&m ynmriHh? rukew f efYu? enf;cHwynfh? ayghoGy\ f &Sihf/) qko d nfh pdEÅausmo f l a&;aompmuJo h kyYd if/ uRefawmf [m q&maumif;rsm;ESihfcsn;f awGUcJh&í tifrwef uHaumif;onf[k qk&d rnf/ uReaf wmfu h , kd u f Reaf wmf r,Hkojzifh wynfhvnf; rarG;yg/ wynfhvnf; rvkdcsifyg/ 'gygyJ/ A*sD a tmif p d k ; &mbifeif j'mewfw*dk;?pHy,fjzL? Edk0ifbmv? 1986

see "bas - Article 2 53.05 Thway Thauk.pdf"

&Sefwdedauwef bdk(vf)ylNrdKUi,fuav;um; tdEd´,jynf b*Fvm;e,f umv uwåm;NrdKUrS e,l;a'vDokdYoGm;&m rD;&xm;vrf;wGif wnf&Sí d umv uwåm;NrdKUrS 99 rdkicf efYom uGma0;avonf/ xdkNrdKUuav;odkY tdEd´,jynfwjynfvHk;ESifh urÇmt&yf&yfrS {nfhonfrsm; a&muf&Sv d monfhtxJwGif tEkynm&Sirf sm;? ynma&; yg&*l? ygarmu©rsm;ESihf ausmif;om;rsm;omru urÇmausmyf k*¾Kd vfBuD; rsm;yif yg&Sad vonf/ ,cka&;vwåaH om &Sew f ed ad uwef (Santiniketan) rSm xdkNrdKUav;rS 2 rdkirf Qom a0;uGmavawmh&m rD;&xm;rS xdkNrdKUuav;wGif qif;í &Sew f ed ad uwefokdY armfawmfbwf(p) wqifhajymif;vJ pD;eif;Mu&av onf/ &Sew f ed ad uwefonfvnf; urÇmausmf b*FgvD uAsmq&mBuD; a'gufwm&mAifj'mewfw*dk; wnfaxmifoGm;cJhaom AdqGbm&wD wuú o d k v f ausmif ; BuD ; aMumif h þrQurÇ m Y { nf h o nf a wmf r sm; vma&mufMu&jcif;yifwnf;/ f momjzifh &Sew f rd Sm Nidr;f csr;f jcif; t"dyÜg,fukdaqmifí ouF½kdub edauwefrmS t&yfjzpfav onf/ &Sew f ed ad uwefonf tdE, ´d trsKd ;om; ,Ofaus;rItEkynmrsm;\ pHjyjzpfonfhtjyif? ta&SUwkdi;f ,Ofaus;rI qdkif&m bmom&yfwdkYudkyg avhvmvdkufpm;Edkifjcif;aMumifh urÇm t&yf&yfwGif ausmMf um;vsu&f So d nf/

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

odkY&mwGif vGecf JhonfhESpaf ygif; 50 ausmf url &Sefwdedauwef t&yfonfum; &moDOwkyljyif; vSonfhtjyif uGi;f jyif vGiw f D;acgifacgifjzpfaom aMumifh opfyif0g;yifrsm; aygufa&mufjcif;vnf; r&S/d vlaetdraf jcwdkYrSm enf;yg;vSayonf/ a'gufwmw*dk;\ zcifBuD;onf xdka'o odkYa&muf&Sí d opfyifrsm;udk pwifpkduyf sKd ; jyKpkysKd ; axmifay;cJo h jzifh ,aeY&eS w f ed ad uwefwiG f vlaetdrf ajcrsm; wdk;wufvmNyD; opfyifyef;rm(vf)wdkYjzifh pdkajypdr;f vef;vsuf &Sad yonf/ a'gufwmw*dk;\ zcifBuD; a&S;OD;pGm rsKd ;aphcsay;cJhaom opfyifBuD; atmuf w G i f w*d k ; \zcif B uD ; txd r f ; trS w f ausmufwkdif pdkux f lxm;avonf/ xdktxdr;f trSwf yGJawmfrSm O,smOfpkdujf cif; yGaJ wmfjzpfí ESppf OfEpS w f kid ;f &moDyaJG wmf wpfcktae jzifh &Sew f ed ad uwefwiG f wcrf;wem; qif,ifusi;f yjcif; jyKavh&SMd uayonf/ 6

&Sew f ed ad uwef ausmif;oifcef;BuD;udk 1901 ckESpfwGif a'gufwm&mAifj'mewfw*dk; pwif wnfaxmifcJhNyD; 1951 ckESpw f Gif tdEd ´d,Edkiif Hawmf tpdk;&u Adqb G m&wDwuúokdvt f jzpfokdY a&muf&cSd Jh avonf/ xdkESpw f Gif ausmif;BuD; tESp5f 0ajrmuf tcrf;tem;udk usi;f yNyD;pD;cJhonf/ xdkwuúodkvfodkY jrefrmjynf ynma&;ydkif;rS q&maZmf*sD? NrdKUrausmif;q&mBuD; OD;bvGif tp &So d nfh yk*¾dKvf 3-4 OD;xufrenf; a&mufcJhbl; aMumif;odcJh&onf/ 1951 ckESpw f Giv f nf; tdE´d, ynma&;0efBuD;ESihf 0efBuD;csKyf &S&Dae½l;wdkYtjyif w½kw, f Ofaus;rI rdwq f uftzGJU0ifrsm; vma&muf oGm;Muavonf/ qdAk , D uf,el , D rH S avmu"gwfq&m 2 OD;onf acwårQ vma&mufaexdkio f Gm;cJhMu\/ &Sew f ed ad uwef\ xl;jcm;aom 0daoorsm;rSm tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;rI? Zmwfjrifh? Zmwfedrfhr&Sd? vlrsKd ;wrsKd ;ESihf wrsKd ;rSm nD&if;tpfukd rdwaf qG&if;csm tjzpfawGUqkHMuí ynmcsi;f ES;D aESmzvS,f aqG;aEG; EdkiMf ujcif;jzpfonf/ vljzL? vlrJ? jA[®mP trsKd ; tEG,Ef Sihf qif;&Jom;? [dE´LESihf rlqvif trsKd ;om; wdkYonf twlvufwGJí ynmoifMum; Mu&ay onf/ &Sew f ed ad uwefwiG f arwåmw&m;onf vTr;f NcHK d [k qdkMuonf/ vsu&f S\ AdqGbm&wDwGif 'D*&D? bGJUxl;? *kPx f l; wdkYukd qG w f c l ; Ed k i f \ / twD ; ? trI w f ? tqd k ? tu wdkYukdvnf; oifjyay;avonf/ tdE´d,trsKd ;om; yef;csDukdom oifMum;jyoay;aom &Sew f ed ad uwef ausmif ; onf urÇ m ausmf \ / yef ; csD q&mBuD; a'gufwmeE´vmbd(Yk pf)ud, k w f ikd f oifjyay;vdu k af om ol\wynfhom;ajr;rsm;rSm ,aeYtdEd´,yef;csD avmuwGif a&SUwef;rSm&Sad eMuonf/ usrf;jyKq&mrsm;twGuf? txufwef;ynm &yfrsm; &SmazGavhvm&m okawoeXmeudkvnf; awGY&Sd&avonf/ rlvwef;rS txufwef;txd

ynmoifMum;ay;aomausmif;rSm oD;jcm;&Sdonfh tjyif wuúokv d 0f ifpmar;yGaJ tmifonfh ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;av;rsm;udk AdqGbm&wD ,leDAmpwD rSmyif bDat? trfat 'D*&DbGJUrsm;ESihf q&mjzpf oifwef;rsm;odkY 0ifa&mufoifMum;cGih&f Mu\/ odkYr [kwf rdrd0goemyg&m tEkynmoifwef;rsm;odkY av;ESpw f mrQ wufa&mufoifMum;í atmifjrif aomtcg 'DyvdkrmbGJU ay;tyfavonf/ wuúokdvüf w½kwt f rsKd ;om;pmay? bmom pum;ESihf ,Ofaus;rIqkdi&f m bmom&yfrsm;udk ydkYcs oifjyay;&m w½kwfausmif;aqmif&Sdavonf/ xdkoifwef;rsm;udk yg&*lbGJU& w½kwyf garmu©rsm; udk,w f kid f oifjyydkcY say;avonf/ tpövmrfbmom? [dE´Lbmom? ouF½kdupf mayrsm;udkvnf; avhvm oifMum;EdkiMf uayonf/ xdkYaMumifh &SefwdedauwefodkY tar&duESifh Oa&mywcGirf S ta&SUwkdi;f ,Ofaus;rIwkdYukd pdwyf g 0ifpm; ynm&SmrS;D vdkMuonfh taemufwkid ;f om;rsm;? *syef? w½kw?f ,dk;',m;? tif'ked ;D &Sm;? jrefrm paom ta&SUwdkif;om;rsm;wdkYonf &SefwdedauwefodkY vma&mufMu&ukef\/ AdqGbm&wDwuúodkvf f m taqmuf BuD;qdkayr,fh acwfrDvSaom wdkuw tODBuD;awGESihfvm;[k rxifvkduyf gESihfOD;/ pmoif wef;rsm;rSm ajrBuD;ay:ü t&dyt f m0goaumif;aom opfyifBuD;rsm;atmufwiG f q&mvkyo f u l wayceYrf Q jrifah om urluav;ay:wGix f ikd v f suf wynfrh sm;u 0dki;f í pmtH pmoif Mu&avonf/ pmoifcef;rsm; rxm;acs/ a,musFm;uav;rsm;ESihf rde;f uav;rsm; twlwuG ynmoifMum;a&;pHepfonf tdE´, d jynf d nf[k wjynfvHk;wGif &Sew f ed ad uwefwGio f m &So qdk\/ ynmoifMum;a&;enf;pHepfrmS vnf; taemuf ynma&;pHepfukd r,l? a&S;a[mif; [dE´LAk'¨bmom wuúokdvBf uD;rsm;\ enf;pHepfrsm;udk rSD;avonf/ a&S;a[mif;tdE´d,trsKd ;om; ,Ofaus;rIwkdYukd 7

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

jyefvnfxkwaf zmfxed ;f odr;f ay;vsu&f o dS nf/ ausmif; csdefum; eHeufapmapmrS ae0ifonftxdjzpfí pmzwf? pmtH? xrif;pm;csed ?f a&csKd ;csed ?f tem; ,lcsdefponfjzifh owfrSwfay;xm;NyD;? q&mESifh wynfhrsm; qufqHa&;rSmvnf; nDtpfukdarmifESr awGuo hJ kYd aexdkiMf u&ojzifh ausmif;aeonfEiS hf rwl tdraf xmifpBk uD;wpkEiS hf wlaeao;awmhonf/ q&mESihf wynfw h krYd mS tNrJwapyif yl;l uyfvsu&f jSd cif;aMumifh ynmoif,l&mü jynfhjynfh00BuD; oif,lEkdio f nfh tcGihfta&;rsm; &&Sad yonf/ wynfhwkdYonfvnf; q&morm;tm; rsm;pGm½dkaoMu&onf/ t&ufaopm? pD;u&uf? aq;vdyaf omuf jcif; tavh t usif h w d k Y r S m rsm;pG m enf ; yg;vS a cs\/ r&So d avmufyif? cdku&f ef a'gojzpfjcif;wdkrY mS vnf; rawGUBuHKcJh&/ þrQpnf;urf;ao0yfMuojzifh a,musFm;uav;ESihf rde;f uav;rsm; xrif;pm;cef; rSm twlwljzpfí rsuEf Smcsi;f qdkif xdkiMf u&vsuf tvSnhu f s ausmif;olav;rsm;u xrif;cl;ay;jcif;? [if;vsmrsm; vdkuv f Hxnfhay;jcif;jyKMu&\/ ajymifjcif;? aemufjcif;? &Gwjf cif; rvkyMf u/ xrif;pm;csdefwGifum; ausmif;&SdvlukefwNyHKBuD;

awGUqkMH u&ojzifh waysmw f yg;BuD;yif...../ xrif; pm;cef;rBuD;xJokaYd &mufvQifyif vljzL? vlr?J q&m? wynfh rcGjJ cm;/ wwef;pm;wnf; xrif;? [if;wdu kY kd aMu;vifyef;xJwiG f a&maESmí avG;Mu&awmhonf/ pm;aomufNyD;ygu rdrpd m;xm;aom vifyef;udk ud k , f w d k i f y ef ; uef a q;aMumaom ae&mod k Y ,loGm;Mu&onf/ xrif;? yJ[if;? tmvl;? 'decf sOf rsm;u aeYpOftpm;taomufygay/ ausmif;a&mufp wywfcefY 0rf;awG a&Smaeao;onf/ rsuEf SmjzL taemufwkdi;f om;? tar&duef ponhf olrsm;rSm vnf; 'dkwD zdk;½dkYzm;,m; bdeyfrsm;yif rpD;awmhbJ c&if;ryg ZGe;f r&SEd Sihf yJ[if;udk vufig;acsmif;ESihf wNyHK;NyHK; tkyaf evdkuMf uonfrSm tm;&yg;&&Sv d S awmhonf/ rsm;rMumrSD olwv kYd nf; 0rf;awGa&Smukef Muojzifh ausmif;aq;½Hkü awGUcJh&\/ a'gufwm&mAifj'mewfw*dk; aexdkifcJYaom tdrBf uD;rSm ]]Owå&}H } aqmif[ak c:\/ ¤if; ]]Owå&}H } aqmifrSm ,cka'gufwmw*dk;\ toHk;taqmif f jzpf rsm;ESihf uAsm? pmay? yef;csDwkdY\ jywdkut jyoxm;\/ ¤if; ]]Owå&H}} O,smOfwGiu f m; yef; rsKd ;pHk&\ dS / y'krm® MumjzL? MumeD wdkUaygufa&mufaom a&uef0,f? vdyjf ym? ydwke;f wdu kY m; w0D0&D pf0v J suf tawmfyif vSywifhw,f ½Icsipf zG,jf zpfygonf/ &Sefwdedauwef pmMunfhwdkufwGif urÇmY pmayESifh ta&SUwdkif;a&S;a[mif;pmayyk&ydkufrsm; tawmfpHkvif\/ urÇmt&yf&yfokdY a'gufwmw*dk; vSnfhvnfcJhpOfu vufaqmifay;vkdufMuaom pmtkyrf sm;tjyif a'gufwmw*dk;\ uAsmpmaywdku Y kd bmomtoD;oD;odkY jyefxm;onfh pmtkyfrsm;rSm rsm;vSygonf/ tywfpOf ausmif;owif;vTm? vpOf*sme,f? ausmif;r*¾Zif;ponfh taxGaxGpmtkyrf sm; tjyif ausmif;oHk;pmtkyfrsm;udk ausmif;&SdyHkESdyfwdkufrS wm0ef,lí xkwfa0vsuf&Sdonf/ rMumcPqdk

ovdk ausmif;uyGJ? jyZmwfrsm; usi;f yavh&So d nfh tjyif tqdk? tu? twD;? trIwo f ifausmif;rS oDqkdujyaom a'gufwmw*dk;\]]pdMwef*'}}tu ZmwfrsKd ;uvnf; csD;rGr;f bG,&f myifwnf;/ yef;csD ausmif;jywdu k w f iG v f nf; tNrJyif yef;csjD yyGrJ sm; &Sad v onf/ uAsm? pmay? Edik if aH &; aqG;aEG;yGrJ sm;uvnf; rjywfrvwf&onfhtjyif &moDyGJawmfrsm;jzifh Ykd kd ay:vGiaf p tdE, ´d trsKd ;om; ,Ofaus;rIt&yf&yfwu onfwum;/ ¤if ; tjyif ausmif ; ol ? ausmif ; om;rsm; awGUjrif&onfrSm [efr&S?d t0wftpm;rsm;rStp vGepf Gm½dk;om;vSí wdki;f &if;jzpf trsKd ;om;t0wf tpm;rsm;ESio hf myif ..... / EIwcf rf;arT;? rkwq f w d ?f yodki;f arT;zGm;vsm;ESihf uAsmpmayponfh usr;f pm tkyBf uD;rsm;ydkuv f suf xef;&nfraomufbJ tawG; pdwu f ;l ,OfavmuxJwiG f ,pfr;l vsu&f adS om vkvif ysdKuav;rsm;rsufESmwGif EIwfcrf;aq;qdk;jcif;? aygif'g½dkujf cif;? pdeaf &T0wfxm;jcif; r&Sad omfvnf; ... yy0wD? Or®m'EDÅrsKd ;EG,0f ifrsm; jzpfMuonfh tm;avsmfpGm rdef;racsmuav;rsm;? (þae&mü ukvm;r BudKufaom pma&;q&m ocifwifOD;tm; tjypfwifcrhJ jd cif;udk ½kyo f rd ;f vdku&f ayonf) aEGO;D udk BudKqdkaom &moDyGJwpfckESihf pum;ajym&qdk& onfrSm NiD;aiGUvmwwfonf/ ajymvdkufonfh tbd"r®m &Gwv f u kd yf gbd uAsmvuFm&,f.... qdv k q J kd Edkio f nfh aw;csi;f ? idkíNyHK;qdkovm;? &,fíidkqkdo vm;awmhrod? zdk;oef;aqG (pma&;q&moef;aqG)rS odayawmhrnf/ wpfcgwpf&H udk,fhudk,fudkyif bmem;axmifNyD; ae&rSe;f rodjzpfwwf\/ wpfcgwpfcgvJ pum;aumif; ajymae&mu *DwusL;oHMum;vQif raeEdki?f rxdkiEf kdi?f acgif; wvIyv f yI ef UJ vufwvIyv f yI ef UJ jzpfvmNyD; ajymaewJh pum;yif rnfonfah e&ma&mufukerf eS ;f rod&awmh/ 'gudk*w D &JU tndK§ UbaJ c:&rvm;rod/ 'gESiyhf if &Sew f d

edauweftaMumif; ed*Hk;csKyf&vQifawmh xdkt&yfü aygufaom i½kyyf ifrSi½kyo f D;wdkYonf csKd uke\ f / f wf/ xdka'oüaeukeaf om acG;rsm;yifvQif rudkuw nwdkif;ü idkcsif;cswwfMuonf/ Nidrfoufwdwf qdwjf cif;&Sad om ae&mjzpfojzifh udk,pf w d Ef SvHk;csr;f ajrU\/ q&m'*kefwm&m\ w[DwDduRef;uAsmxuf om,m\/ a>rief;BuD;rsm;vJ wu,fyif&Sd\/ va&mifatmuf vdkuw f ef;ajy;wef;vnf; upm; Edki\ f / w[DwDuRef;ay:rS tke;f &nfxuf &Sew f ed d auwefrS pGeyf vGe&f nfum; ydkrkv d kYd MunfvifcsKd at; aomufí aumif;vSao;onf/ rnfokdYyifjzpfap? &Sefwdedauwefü taemufwdkif;,Ofaus;rIrsm; ypfpvufcwf r0ifa&mufcJh? rvTr;f rdk;Edki/f tdE´d, trsdK;om;,Ofaus;rItarGtESpfrsm;udk rysufpD;& dS nfah e&mum; avatmif umuG,x f ed ;f odr;f vsu&f o tdEd´,jynfwjynfvHk;wGif &Sefwdedauwefonf xdyq f Hk;u ae&m,lvsuf &Sad vonfwum;/ A*sD a tmif p d k ; &Sefwdedauwef?aoG;aomufr*¾Zif;? ar? 1956

summary A*sD a tmif p d k ;

&Sefwdedauwef rS yef;csDynmoifb0 uRefawmf ,cka&;om;rnfh taMumif;t&m rsm;rSm &Sew f ed ad uwef wuúokdvrf S ynma&;pepf taMumif ; t&mrsm; r[k w f a y/ *k ½ k q &mBuD ; a'gufwmeE´vmbkpYd \ f oifMum;ydckY saom tdE, d´ ESihf ta&SUwikd ;f yef;csD oifwef;rsm;taMumif; tusO;f csKyf rQomyif jzpfygaMumif;/ ta&SUonf ta&SU? taemufonf taemuf yifjzpfonf[k NAdwo d Qpma&;q&mBuD; upfyvifu ajymMum;onfukd zwfzl;cJh&uwnf;u taemuf f S rZÑdra'ot&yfokdY uRefawmf tvGeaf &mufcsiv ygonf/ bdvyf? jyifopf? Oa&myodkYyif ajcOD;rvSnhf csicf Jhyg/ uH t m;avsmf p G m uRef a wmf \ q&mocif aus;Zl;&Sif q&maZmf*sDu apmifrMunfh½IcJhojzifh tdE, ´d tpdk;&ynmoifqkukd &&Scd JhNyD; &Sew f ed ad uwef (w*dk;,leAD mpDw)D odkY ynmoif&ef a&muf&o dS mG ;cJ&h yg onf/ þae&mwGif uRefawmfwpfck 0efcHxm;vkyd g onf/ q&mhtay: um,uH? 0pDu?H raemuHwjYkd zifh jypfrSm;cJhonfrsm;udk vufq,fjzmrk;d í um,uH? 0pDuH? raemuHwkYdrS yaysmufapjcif;iSm OD;ESrd cf sí uefawmh awmif;yeftyfygonfcifAsm;/ q&monf jrefrmh½kd;&myef;csDukd jyefvnfqef; opfapjcif;tvdiYk mS uReaf wmft h m; ta&SUwidk ;f ½d;k &myef; csw D t Ykd ygt0if tdE, d´ yef;csD b,fob kYd ,fykH jyefvnf qef;opfvmatmif BuKd;yrf;cJhMuonfrsm;udkyg avhvmqnf;yl;cJah pjcif;iSm waMumif;aMumifv h nf; yg&SdcJhygonf/ 10

þae&mü uReaf wmfonf q&m\apwemt&m ajrmufatmif rxrf;aqmifEdkifcJhonfh tjypfrsm; &Sdaeygonf/ q&monf uRefawmf\ ynma&;? BuD;yGm;wk;d wufa&;rsm;ESiw hf uG rdom;pkpw d "f mwfjzifh uReaf wmfh tm; tNrJvkv d kd oGeo f ifqHk;rcJhaom *k½kq&mocif wpfOD;yif jzpfygonf/ q&monf &Sew f ed ad uwefrS aea&;xkid af &; pm; aomufa&;ygrusefatmif q&mESifh tvGefw&m cifrif&if;ESD;aom *k½kBuD; a'gufwmeE´vmbkdYpf xHokdYyif tyfESHay;&Smygonf/ vla&G;rSm;vkdY q&mh&nf&G,fcsufawGuawmh vGJukeyf gNyD/ uRefawmfwkYd w*dk;ausmif;rSm tdE, ´d yef;csDynm &yfrsm;udk oifMum;yHk oifMum;enf;wkYrd Sm taemuf utaeESihf vHk;0uGJjym;jcm;em;jcif;&Syd gonf/ &Syd HkrSm ausmif;rwufrDtcsed w f Gif ausmif;om; rsK;d pHkonf ausmif;pmMunfw h u kd Bf uD;a&SUwiG f pkaygif; í rdrb d momtvku d f Oyrm-[dEL´ jzifh [dEL´ ? rGwq f vifjzifh rGwq f vifbmom? c&pf,mefjzifh c&pf ,meftvdkuf rdru d kd;uG,&f m bk&m;ocifukd rdr\ d pdww f Gi;f rS w&m;pmrsm;udk &Gwq f kNd yD; uefawmhMu &ygonf/ bmomw&m;udk udkif;½dIif;&GwfqkdMu &mwGif bmoma&;vGwv f yfcGihf&Syd gonf/ þae&mü aysmfp&mtwdyif &SdMuygonf/ uRefawmfu Ak'¨bmomqkad wmh aexGu&f m ta&SU aumif;uifukd arQmu f efawmhaepOfrmS yif? rGwq f vif uvnf; r[mar'iftvkdt& taemufbufodkY vS n f h í ol Y b momtavsmuf tv’ m ocif u d k wkid w f nf&Scd k;d vsuyf if &Sad eygonf/ c&pf,mefus awmhvnf; olwb Ykd k&m;ocifukd uefawmhonfyh kpH EH iS hf uefawmhtNyD; tmrifEiS yhf J tqHk;owfvku d yf gonf/

&Sew f ed ad uwefonf urÇmt&yf&yf vlrsK;d aygif;pHk vma&mufynmqnf;yl;Muaom Cosmopolitan Place wpfckyif jzpfygonf/ rdrdoifMum;vkdaom rnfonfhpum;udkrqkd oifMum;cGi&hf ydS gonf/ [dEL´ bmom? tpövmrfbmom? w½kwfbmom? ygVdbmom? ouF½dkufbmom ponfh ausmif;aqmifrsm;wGiv f nf; naeoifwef; rsm;ü oifMum;cGihf&Syd gonf/ a,musmf ;uav;ESihf rde;f uav;wkYd twlwuG ynmoifMum;cGirhf mS þausmif;wpfausmif;yJ pwif oifMum;ay;ygonf/ *k½kBuD;w*dk;&JU ÓPftajrmftjrif BuD;rm;vSyHk uawmh tHhrcef;? ajymrqHk;Edkiaf tmifyif/ *k½kBuD;onf uAsmpyf\/ *k½kBuD;onf yef;csD a&;qGJonf/ *k½kBuD;onf oDcsi;f *Dwrsm; pyfqkcd Jhonf/ *k½kBuD;onf jyZmwfrsm; tajrmuftjrm; a&; om;cJhygao;onf/ i,fpOfuvnf; udk,fwkdif jyZmwfwkYdwGif 0ifa&mufo½kyaf qmifvkycf Jhonf/ 0w¬Ka&;onf/ ZmwfñTe;f a&;onf/ udk,w f kid f f m? udk,w f kid Zf mwfaqmif? udk,w f kid o f Dcsi;f 'g½dkuw rsm; pyfqko d nf/ ukeaf &m/ ukeaf &m/ tEkynme,fwGif olryg wm r&SNd yD/ ynma&;pepfusawmhaum/ uRefawmf qufr a&;Ekid af wmhyg/ tJ'gawGom a&;&rnfqkyd gu NyD; awmhrnfr[kwfyg/ &Sew f ed ad uwef jycef;aqmifwGiv f nf; rMum cP a[majymyGJawG vkyMf uonf/ a&S;½dk;aum? armf'efyef;csDum;rsm;ygrusef urÇmYjywdkufrsm;rS iSm;&rf;jyoonfrSmvnf; 'kESihfa';/

urÇmt&yf&yfu yef;csq D &maygif;vnf; pHkvyS g onf/ tJ'Dvkd tEkynm&yfawGtv,frSm uRefawmf rsufpdvnf&onf/ q&maZmf*sD rSmMum;vku d o f vk?d jzpfapcsio f vkd uReaf wmf rjzpfEikd af wmhyg/ Munfph &m jrifp&mawGu teEÅESihf/ uRefawmf bmoif&rSe;f rcefYrSe;f Edkicf Jh f nf/ wwf awmhyg/ tukev f k;H odcsio f nf/ oifcsio vnf; wwfcsiv f Sygonf/ w*dk;\ jyZmwfrsm;xJwGiv f nf; uRefawmfyg onf/ uAsm&GwfqkdMuonfhae&mwGifvnf; 0if ygonf/ vluawmh cyfEkHEkH cyfzsi;f zsi;f / rodwm awGuvnf; rsm;yJrsm;vGe;f onf/ w*dk;\ uAsm bmomjyefrsm;rSm cyf&Sm;&Sm;rkdY uRefawmfa&muf oGm;wJhtcsed rf Sm tlvnfvnf jzpfaewmaygh/ w*dk;uAsmudk jrefrmjynfü '*kew f m&m\ wm&m r*¾Zif;xJwGif ]pef;paomfwm}awmh awGUzl;yg&JU/ uAsmtaMumif;uvnf; uRefawmfrod/ 'gayr,fh uAsm&Gwyf g&Gwyf geJY 0dik ;f awmif;qkMd uoHawG yGuyf u G f qlaeawmh uRefawmfvnf; acsmif;enf;enf;[efYNyD; w*dk;\ *DwÍövDuAsmudk jrefrmvdk [Jvkduo f nfrSm ausmif;om; ausmif;olwodkuf NidrfoGm;MuNyD; uRefawmf\ &Gwq f k[ d efxJwGif epfajrmukeMf uNyD; trSefu uRefawmfjrefrmjynfudk vGrf;vGrf;ESifh &ifacgif;xJu wkef&DNyD;xGufvmaom toHyif/ uReaf wmfu rJZmawmifajc&wk &Gwo f vkd qkw d myg/ vuf0JokE´&\ rJZmawmifajc&wkukdu odyf aumif;aeojzifh w*dk;\ *DwÍövDtjzpf ajymif;vJ oGm;onfukd olwo Ykd rd rS od&mS MuyJ/ uAsm\ pmom; uom uGJjym;wmudk;/ taMumif;t&mawmh cyf qifqifyg/ oHa0*&apaom uAsmvuFmyif jzpfonf/ &Gwq f kad omtcg oHa0*toHukd XmefESihf hf í dk tvGeyf ifom,memaysmzf , G f jzpfomG ;onf/ rmefEiS q 11

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

'Dae&mrSm Mum;jzwfajymp&m ay:vmygonf/ w*dk;taMumif;ajym&if; udkaX;NrKdif ('*kew f m&m)ESihf uRefawmft h aMumif;uav;wpfckyg/ tck udkaX;NrKdif vnf; yef;csq D aJG eaMumif;Mum;&í olUvuf&m yef;csD um;av;rsm;udk uRefawmfoyd Mf unfhcsiyf gonf/ 'gayr,fh uRefawmfu olYtay: opömazmuf cJholwpfa,mufrkYd tckawmh odyt f ac:tajymr&Sd MuawmhyJ a0;ae&NyD/ udkaX;NrKdiu f vl½kd;vlat;/ &efvnf;rjzpfwwf/ t&ufvnf; raomufwwf onfh vlaumif;vlawmfwpfa,muf/ tvGecf sppf &m aumif;ygonf/ uRefawmfu t&ifwke;f u t&uf orm;/ t&ufukd rdk;rTeaf tmif aomufwwfonfv h /l &efuvnf; tvGejf zpfcsio f l/ tJvkrd wlwJh vlESpf a,muf nntjyifxu G Nf yD; vrf;xdyrf mS a&cJoyk pf m; &if; pmay? *Dw? yef;csDtaMumif; ajymMuavh&Sd f if onf/ uRefawmf rodao;wm&Sv d Qif olu oGeo jyoavh&Sdonf/ ol pE´&m;wD;onfhtcgrsK;d rSmvnf; uRefawmf tNrJvkv d kt d em;wGif &Sad eonfyJ/ 'gayr,fh bmjzpf ovJqkad wmh uRefawmfhrSm *Dwem;r&Sad wmh olESihf tEkynmtaMumif; ajymMu qkMd u aqG;aEG;Mu& onfukdyif uRefawmf tvGeyf si;f vSygonf/ olu bmudkyifjzpfjzpf jrif&if tEkynmrsupf ed YJ MunfhNyD; a0zefjyEdkipf Gr;f vnf;&So d nf/ uRefawmfu olESihf wGJae&onfukd NiD;aiGUonf[k xifvmNyD/ trSefu uAsmawGudk uRefawmfpdwf0ifpm; vm&wm udkaX;NrKdi\ f ajrawmifajr§mufay;cJhonfh aus;Zl;yifjzpfonf/ wm&mr*¾Zif;wGif uRefawmfh uAsmo½kyaf zmfyHkawG pygvmjcif;yif/ udkaX;NrKdiv f kd vl½kd;vlat; wpfa,muftay: uReaf wmf b,fvo kd pömazmufco hJ vJqo kd nfukd ajym jycsiyf gonf/ Mumvnf; MumygNyD/ aoumeD;vnf; 12

eD;MuygNyD/ uRefawmfwkYdESpaf ,muf cifvnf;cif? cspv f nf;csp?f twlomG ; twlvm twlpm; aeaeMu &mrS uRefawmfu vl½Iyv f layG tifrwef qlylolqkd awmh udkaX;NrKdiEf Sihfae&mwm ysi;f vmygonf/ 'g aMumifh olESihfqufpyfr&aom tkypf kbufukd uRef awmf oGm;aygif;rdonf/ [dkrSmu t&ufvnf; rdk;rTeaf tmif aomuf&? ayGcsiw f kid ;f vnf; ayGvkYd &? &efjzpfvkYdvnf; aumif;onf/ odkYESihf uRefawmf wkEYd pS af ,muf wjznf;jznf; uGo J mG ;MuNyD; uReaf wmf vnf; olYtay: opömazmufovkd jzpfoGm;onf/ 'gygyJ . . ./ uRefawmfwkdY &SefwdedauwefwGif ausmif;p wufNyDqu dk wnf;u taemufOa&myESihf wjcm;pDjzpf onf/ taemufwkid ;f enf;pepfu yHkwlul;qGJjcif;udk f m;/ Still Life qkad om oufNidrf poifonf r[kwv yHkawGukpd NyD; yef;csaD usmif;awGrmS avhusichf &hJ onf/ vufuRrf;usiaf tmif? Drawing aumif;vmatmif? vufaoaeatmif avhusihfcJh&onf/ tm&Senf; ta&SUenf;usawmh Clever In Hand wifruawmhay/ Clever In Mind udkyg wpfyg wnf; BuKd;pm;avhusihaf y;&onf/ tm&Senf;rSm ½kyEf Sihf emrfukd ,SOw f GJavhusihf&onf/ vufusihf aumif;atmif? rwlwal tmif ul;qGv J Qi&f NyD/ emrfyikd ;f qkid &f mMuawmh rnfokdYavhusihf&rnfenf;qko d nfh tydki;f a&mufvmonf/ wpftcsufu ausmif;y&d0kPf yef;csDqGJonfh t cef;xJ rnfolrQ zdeyfpD;r0if&/ ESpt f csuf - ajcvufrsm;udk oefY&Si;f pifMu,f atmif aq;&onf/ oHk;tcsuf - ukvm;xkid ?f yef;csD wifqGJ&m tD q,f? jrif;pD;cHkrsm;wGif rxkid &f / &Sv d nf; r&Syd g/

om;a&EG,[ f k ac:qkad om oifjzL;zsmav;wpf csyaf y:wGif xkid zf kYdyif/ [dkavQmuf onfavQmuf roGm;&/ olrsm;a&;onfukv d nf; oGm;rMunfMh uyg/ udk,ahf e&mudk,f xdkiNf yD;&if ]'l} [laom armif;wpf csuw f D;vdkucf sed f bk&m;udk tm½HkjyK? xGuo f uf 0ifouf avhusihcf ef; tenf;qHk; 15 rdepf? rdepf 30avmuf orx a,m*D? tvkyef JY pdwu f kd orm"d &atmif avhusihMf u&onf/ tJ'gawG NyD;pD;NyDqkdrS aA'ifq&mcHkav;vkd cHkuav;ay:wGif yef;csDpNyD;qGJ&ygonf/ ckeu ajymouJo h Ykd oufNidryf rkH sK;d rqG&J bl;awmh r[kwaf y/ qGJawmh qGJ&onf/ rdru d l;qGJcsiaf om yef;yGihfwpfyGihfyHkqk&d if tyif ay:uyef;yGihfukd rQpfcsK;d ESpcf sK;d r,l&ay/ yef;yGihf\ tvSukd rzsuq f ;D &/ yef;yGiu hf av;udk olt Y yifuae csK;d cl;vdkuNf yDqo kd nfEiS hf yef;yGiahf v;udk owfypfvku d f onfyif/ yef;yGihfav; aooGm;onfESihf ygPmwd ygwm olt Y oufukd owfjcif;ESihf twlw[ l k ,lq& onf/ ausmif;0if;BuD;uvnf; tus,Bf uD;/ pdu k yf sK;d xm;aom yef ; yG i f h r sm;rS m vnf ; &moD t vd k u f tjynfhyif/ Oyrm-pHy,fjzLyGiafh v;udk a&;qGcJ siv f Qif pHy,f yifatmufukd oGm;xkid í f tyifu pHy,fjzLav; udk toufygatmif psmef0ifpm;NyD; cspv f matmif? jrwfEk;d vmatmif 15 rdepfcefY orm"d,u l m apwem ay:ap&ef Munfah e&onf/ udk,u f k, d w f ikd f pHy,fjzL jzpfoGm;atmif tavhtusihfvky, f l&onf/ þonfrSm psmefoabmwpfckyif/ tyifudk owfrypf&? tvSw&m;udk rzsuq f D;&/ onftxd apwem 0ifpm;&ygonf/ ]]iSufuav;rsm;ESifh owå0gi,fav;rsm;udk oem;Muifem&rnf/ uav; oli,frsm;udk cspw f wfygap/ udk,cf si;f pmemoifh

onf/ tvStyudk jrwfEkd;ouJhokdY ½dk;om;jzLpif &rnf/ trdEdkifiHudk cspfjrwfEdk;&rnf}} ponfh t"dymÜ ,fyg&Sad om w*dk;\ aw;*Dwrsm;? trsK;d om; oDcsi;f udkvnf; tNrJ0wfwufovkd oDqkMd u&yg onf/ emrf? raem? pdww f efc;kd rsm; &&Sad p&ef ,ckuo hJ kYd avhusihfcef;rsm;yg avhusihaf y;ygonf/ ]oDv? orm"d? ynm} qko d nfukd tNrJ aqmifyk't f aeESihf oifMum;ay;xm;onf/ þwGif uRefawmfi,f pOfu aecJah om NrKdUrausmif;\aqmifyk'Ef iS hf wlnaD e ygonf/ pdwaf vhusihfcef;rsm;? pdww f efck;d xlaxmifenf; rsm; avhusifhcJh&onfhtBudrf rsm;vmaomtcg uRef a wmf \ rl v &nf & G , f c suf ]jref r myef ; csD jyefvnfqef;opfa&;}bufwiG f tm;aysmv h m&onf/ olu urÇmESihft0ef; us,jf yefYvSonf/ uRefawmf rvku d Ef kdiaf y/ pdwv f nf; r0ifpm;rd/ odkYESihf uRef awmfvnf; wjznf;jznf; jrefrmh½kd;&menf;rsm;udk pdwrf 0ifpm;awmhbJ armf'efbufukd tm½Hkpl;pdkurf I ydkjyif;jyvmonf/ trsKd;om;yef;csDjrefrmrIudk avhvmvdkufpm; Muonfh jrefrmyef;csDq&mrsm; &SMd uygonf/ 1/ jrefrmh½kd;&m yef;csDq&mBuD; OD;bMunf 2/ jrefrmh½kd;&m 'DZkdi;f OD;at;jrifh 3/ jrefrmh½kd;&m yef;csDOD;ausmf 4/ yef;csDq&m OD;aq;½dk; 5/ wrÜ0wDu OD;0if;armif 6/ OD;aiGvIid f polwkYdrSm jrefrmh½kd;&myef;csDynmü ynmom; jynfhjcif;? pdwo f efjcif;? tywfwukwEf Sihf jrefrmh ½dk;&mudk jyefvnfazmfxkwq f ef;opfcJhaom jrefrm yef;csaD usmrf sm;yif jzpfonf/ tjcm;jrefrmh½k;d &m yef;csD 13

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

&S e f w d e d a uwef & S d ausmif ; om;rS w f w rf ; pmtkyfrSm awGU&Sd&wJh A*sD a tmif p k d ; &J U trnf ? wuf a &muf w J h c k E S p f e J Y touf 27ESpf 6v azmf j yxm;yH k

q&mBuD;rsm;vnf; &SdMuygonf/ arhusefcJhvQif cGiv hf w T Mf uyg/ ,ckacwfwiG f jrefrmh½k;d &myef;csq D &m rsm;rSm 'kESihfa';qko d vkd &Sad eNyD/ tm;usK;d rmefwuf vkyaf qmifaeMuNyD/ uRefawmfwpfa,muftaeESihf xyfrvkad wmh[k xifygonf/ tck&SNd yD;om; yef;csD q&mBuD;rsm;ESihf vHkavmufaeygNyD/ olwkYo d nf ESpf aygif;rsm;pGmuwnf;u jrefrmtrsK;d om; ,Ofaus;rI udk xdef;odrf;vmcJhaom q&mBuD;orm;BuD;rsm; vnf;jzpfMuygonf/ ½d;k &mjrefrmyef;csaD &;qG&J mü (1) pdw0f ifpm;&jcif; (apwem)? (2) pdw&f Sn&f jcif; (tao;pdwf a&;qGJ Edik jf cif;)? (3) yd&ad ooyf wdus&jcif; ponfh tcsuf aygif; awmfawmfrsm;rsm; &So d nf/ aemuf STATIC wnfNidrrf I&&Sd ygrnf/ xkt d &nftcsi;f rsm; uRefawmfh wGif wpfckrQr&Syd g/ uRefawmfESihfMuawmh zDvmus aeygonf/ ,ckawmh uRefawmfhrSm vkyftm;vnf;r&Sd? vkycf sipf w d v f nf; ukecf rf;aeNyD/ tdE´, d uvnf; ½dk;&mopf? *syefuvnf; ½dk;&mopf pojzifh vkyf 14

aqmifBuKd;yrf;aeMuNyDukd uRefawmf udk,af wGUvuf awGU awGUae&onf/ uRefawmfuvnf; jrefrmh½kd;&m opfukd jrefrm&eHyY gatmif BuKd;yrf;aqmif&u G cf sujf zifh trdjrefrmjynf\ aus;Zl;? q&mocifwkY\ d aus;Zl; udk qyfEkdiaf umif;wef&JU[k BuKd;yrf;&SmazGprf;oyf MunfhaeqJ/ ½dkaoav;jrwfpGm tpD&ifcHtyfygonf cifAsm; ... rSm;,Gi;f aeonfrsm;awGU&ifvnf; qkq d Hk;rMu apvkyd gonf/ xkYdtjyif jrefrmh½kd;&mynm&Sirf sm;\ tqkt d rdeYu f kdvnf; rSm;vQifjyif? vrf;½dk;a[mif;wGif qifu h mxGi?f vkv d QifBuHq? enf;vrf;&qkb d o d uJo h kYd qkdqHk;rMuyg[kom arwåmavmif;í arwåm&yf cHvkdu&f ygonf cifAsm; . . ./ A*sD a tmif p d k ; &SefwdedauwefrSyef;csD ynmoifb0? pHy,fjzLr*¾Zif;? atmufwdkbm? 1986

summary

see "bas - Article 9 85.10 Sabaypyu"

&SufvdkufwmAsm

(yef;csDq&mwpfOD;&JU zGifh[0efcHcsuf)

uRefawmfyef;csDavmuxJ a&mufwJhtcsed rf Sm uRefawmfi,fygao; w,f/ i,f&, G w f JhuRefawmf[m vli,fyDyD yef;csD odyrf awmfayr,fh igrS igqkNd yD; odyu f kdb0ifjrifhygw,f/ xkt d csed u f pme,fZif;xJ 0ifwk;d Edkizf kYdu uRefawmfht&if pmayavmuxJ a&mufaewJh yef;csDq&mrsm; f Tm;Edkicf Jhygbl;/ uRefawmfhpw d x f JrSmawmh olwkYx d ufigom udk rausmv w,f/ ighavmuf olwrYkd odygbl;? rqGEJ kid b f ;l vkYd xifjrif,q l xm;wm ayghAsm/ 'geJY ]pwefY} xGiNf yD; ]pdw책aA'vkYd} trsm;uac:MuwJh 'Modf wGxu J cdk;csu;l ,lNyD; uRefawmfu h k, d yf kid f vkyv f u kd f ern Art'udk pmtkya wmygyJ/ ]yef;csDopf} ayghav/ ,ckvakd wmh armf'efyef;csu D kv d nf; aoaocsmcsm *CPerodao; ayr,fh odovkv d kd [efwpfvHk; yefwpfvHk;eJYaygh/ tJ'DyHkpHeJY pme,fZif;awGxJ 0ifwk;d NyD; emrnf&vmcJhygw,f/ uRefawmfhukd . . . ]]cifAsm;a&;qGJxm;wm bmawGrsm;vJ}}vdkY f kid f bmrSe;f rodvkYd &Si;f r vmar;vkYd&S&d ifvnf; uRefawmfukd,w jyEdkib f J rajzwwfb;l / ar;vmwJo h u l kd ]]oGm;Asm? usKyf &Si;f rjyEdkib f ;l ? cifAsm;wdkYbmom cifAsm;wkYMd unfhNyD; awG;,laygh}} vkYo d m a[mufypf vdkuf&ygw,f/ trSeaf wmh uRefawmfu olrsm;qDu ul;csck;d csxm;wmrkYd &Si;f rjy Edkifwmyg/ armf'efyef;csD[m bmvJ? bmaMumifhvJqkw d m &Si;f vif;jyvkYd & ygw,f/ a'gufwm &mAifj'mewfw*dk;udk bmyHkvJvkYd ar;&if q&mBuD;u bmyHkyJ? 'g[m bmaMumifha&;ovJ? b,fvadk &;ovJqw dk mudk &Si;f vif; ajymMum;wwfygw,f/ 15

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

q&myJAsm? wynfhuar;&if &Si;f jy&rSmaygh/ 'gaMumifhvnf; urÇmrSm vQrf;vQrf;awmuf q&mBuD;yef;csDawG ausmMf um;wmaygh/ urÇmuvlawG[m tm;vH;k t½l;awG? oli,fEyS f pm;awGvnf; r[kwyf gbl;/ usK;d aMumif;qufpyfrS vufcHMuwmygAsm/ tckOpömu uRefawmfrodvkYd &Si;f rjyEdkiaf yr,fh tay:pD;taeeJY [efwpfvk;H yefwpfvk;H vkyyf pfvu kd f wmygyJ/ armf'efyef;cs[ D m cufcNJ yD;? acwfopfyef;csq D w dk m t,ltq eufeJoa,mifeJY uRefawmf rodwmudk umuG,fxm;vdkufygw,f/ vlYobm0udkuvnf; rodwmudkrS odcsif w,f/ txifvnf; BuD;wwfw,f r[kwv f m;/ NyD;awmhvnf; [dkaxmif onfaxmifeJY axmif axmif axmifaxmifvkyfawmh vlodrsm;vmNyD;? uRefawmf pmayavmuxJ 0ifqHhvmygw,f/ 'geJY q&maZmf*sD? q&mOD;bMunfwkYdu . . . ]]om;qk;d wpfa,muf}} udk vdr®mvmapcsiw f Jh rdbozG,f uRefawmfhukd vdr®ma&;jcm;&Syd gapawmh qkw d o hJ abmeJY a'gufwm&mAifj'mewfw*dk;&JUausmif; &Sefwdedauwef (Santineketan) udk ynmawmf oiftjzpf ydkYvku d Mf uygw,f/ tJ'DawmhrS Nidraf &mvm;vkYad r;&ifawmh rNidrw f Jh tjyif ydkawmifaxmifvmygw,f/ q&mvkyo f lu yef;csDqGJckid ;f &ifvnf; w½kwf pmtkyx f Ju 0g;yifwpfyifyHkukd ul;csNyD; qGJjyvdkuf wmaygh? NyD;&ifvnf; at;at;raebl;/ q&mudk jyefNyD; 'D[mu Brush stroke construction yJ? [dk[mu bmyJnmyJeJY jyefNyD;q&mvkycf Jhygw,f/ uRefawmfh q&mjzpfoluawmh bmrSjyefrajym ygbl;? acgif;wndwn f w d ef JY NyKH;NyD;aevdkuyf gw,f/ 16

t"dyÜm,fuawmh . . . ]]rif; i,fygao;w,f}} vkYd qkv d kw d Jhoabm yJjzpfygw,f/ q&mvkyo f lu rSm;w,f rSew f ,fvkYd bmwpf cG e f ; rS r ajymbJ csD ; vnf ; rcsD ; rG r f ; ? ½I w f v nf ; r½IwfcsbJeJY uReaf wmfu h kd bmjyefajymovJqakd wmh rqDrqkid f . . ]]rif; wkdYausmif;0ef;usifudk tvnftywf a&mufNyD;NyDvm;}} wJh/ ]]wkYdausmif;eJY reD;ra0;rSm qefom;(vf)qkw d Jh &Gmuav;wpf&Gm&Sw d ,f/ oGm;vnfygvm;}} vkYdyJ ajymygw,f/ uRefawmfuawmh . . . ½kw½f kwf ½kw½f kwef JY r[kww f ½kwaf wG ajymNrJ ajymvsu&f Syd gw,f/ axmifNrJ? cRefNrJyJ/ 'geJY q&m&JU Ed;I aqmfwu kd w f eG ;f csut f & ausmif; ywf0ef;usi&f GmawGqD xGuv f nfygw,f/ tJ'yD wf0ef;usirf mS uawmh uReaf wmfwYkd txuf tnmrSm xef;yifawGaygrsm;ovkd pGeyf vGeyf ifawG u trsm;BuD;yg/ aemufNyD; &Gmudkvnf; 0g;yifawGeYJ NcHpnf;½dk;cwf NyD;xm;ygw,f/ uRefawmfvnf; &GmxJ 0ifa&mufvSnhfywf Munfh½INyD; &GmtjyifbufrSm NcHvkyNf yD;um&Hxm;wJh 0g;yifawG atmufrSm yufvufvSeNf yD; tdypf uf wJhtcg . . . 0g;&dyu f t&dyaf umif;w,f? at;csr;f ygw,f/ tdyv f kYdvnf; odyaf umif;ygw,f/ yufvuftyd &f if; tay:armhNyD; tjyma&mif rk;d aumif;uifBuD;udkvnf; jrif&ygw,f/ 0g;yifawG[m avxJrmS avcRefovkd w&T;D &T;D eJY tkyq f kdi;f aeNyD;? ,dr;f uçovkd [dkbufonfbuf ,dr;f aewm tvGeMf unfhvkYdaumif;vSygw,f/

wdkufcwfwJh avn§if;avjynfav;uvnf; uRefawmfhukd tarmajy at;csr;f apygw,f/ tJ'0D g;½Hkyifw0dkuu f kd a&mifpkiH u S u f av;rsm;u vnf; yso H ef;vl;vmcwfaewmudkvnf; awGUjrif&yg w,f/ tjyma&mif rk;d aumif;uifBuD;rSm wdrjf zLav;awG uvnf; [dkwqkyo f nfwqkyf vGihfyg;aew,f/ tJ'DtcsdefrSm trnfazmfrjyEdkifwJh cHpm;rI a0'emwpfrsK;d udk uRefawmf &&Sv d ku d w f myJ/ wpfcsed f wnf; uRefawmf[m uAsmpyfqkcd siv f mygw,f/ uAsmacgif;pnf;uawmh ]]&Sew f ed ad uwef}} vkYdyJ trnfay;vdkufygw,f/ SANTINEKETAN

&Sew f ed ad uwefqkw d Jh t"dyÜm,fav;uawmh ouF ½ d k u f b momeJ Y &S e f w d (Santi) qd k w mu at;csr;f Nidro f uf wdwq f w d jf cif;yJ jzpfygw,f/ aemufqHk;pmvHk; edauwefqkdwm ae&ma'ovkdY t"dyÜm,fqkv d kyd gw,f/ uReaf wmf&h UJ uAsmtrnfav;udku at;csr;f Nidrf ouf wdwq f w d jf cif;&Sw d Jh t&yfa'ovdkY t"dyÜm,f &ygw,f/ 'g[m uRefawmfh&JU vufawGUcHpm;rIuAsmyJ jzpfygw,f/ uRefawmfhESvHk;om;xJrSm apwemawG jynfhvQrf;vmygawmhw,f/ tJ'cD pH m;rIukd zefw;D zk&Yd mu uRefawmfrh mS uAsm *DweJY yef;csDyJ &Syd gw,f/ uAsmudak wmh uReaf wmf rpyfwwfvYdk rpyfEikd yf g bl;/ udk,ef JYuRrf;wJh yef;csDukdyJ a&;csiw f Jh pdwaf p wem tjynfht0 ay:vmcJhygw,f/ tJ'Dyef;csDa&;r,fvkYd pOf;pm;rdNyD; OD;qHk;ay: vmwmuawmh . . .

&S e f w d e d a uwef at;csr;f Nidro f ufNyD; aewJhae&mrSm ig a&mufaew,f? ig tdypf &m ightay:u t&dyaf umif;vSwJh 0g;yifBuD; [mvJ? jrL;vkYd? ,dr;f uaeovkyd J 0g;yifBuD;[m avxJrSm avcRefaew,f a&mifpHk iSuu f av;awGuawmh oDcsi;f qkad eMuNyDaygh? 'gayr,fh rk;d aumif;uifjymjym BuD;rSmawmh? wdrjf zLav; vufwqky[ f m ighvkyd J? wudk,w f nf; txD;usef wpfa,mufwnf;ygvm;? vSyvku d w f mAsm . . ./ vkYd uAsmpyfcsiw f JhtaMumif;[m 'gygyJ/ ckawmh uRefawmfyef;csDum;yJ a&;&awmhrSm jzpfygw,f/ 'kw, d ay:vmwmuawmh q&maZmf*sD&JU ½kyyf Hk vTmudk pOf;pm;rdwmeJY wNyKdief uf q&maZmf*sD (q&m ocif aus;Zl;&Si)f &JU tqkt d rdeYfukd em;xJrSm jyefNyD; Mum;vdku&f ygw,f/ b,fvkv d Jqkad wmh . . . apwemudk yGm;rsm;&w,f apwem[m qef;Mu,fvm&if ÓPf[mvnf; qef;Mu,fvmw,f ÓPfqef;Mu,fvm&if uHyg qef;Mu,fw,fwJh/ tJ'D q&mhtqkdtrdefY[m uRefawmfhem;xJrSm d o f vkyd J jzKef;ueJ ay:vmw,f/ &aumf'gzGihfvku tJ'Dtcsed rf Sm uRefawmf[m uRefawmfh&JUq&m ocif q&maZmf*sDukd OD;ESrd cf sNyD; uefawmhvku d &f ygw,f/ 17

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

&S e f w d e d a uwef w G i f a epOf u a&;qG J c J h w J h yef ; csD y H k M urf ; wpf c k

'DawmhrS uRefawmf[m uHqkw d Jh tvkypf cef; 0ifvdkufygw,f/ tcGio hf mcdu k f &vdu k w f ?hJ 0g;yifawG trsm;BuD;udk t&rf;tm;&yg;& avhvmvdku?f yHkawG (SKETCH) puufcsaf wG trsm;BuD;qGJvku d ef JYayghav/ tcsed [ f m wjznf;jznf;eJY rdk;pkwpf kwcf sKyfNyD; vrif;BuD;ay:xGuv f mwJt h xd ZGeJ bJeYJ a&;qGaJ vhvm &ygw,f/ tJ'DtcsdefrSm wqufwnf; 0g;trsKd;rsdK;&JU obm0 Oyrm-Mucwf0g;? Muaomif;0g;? 0g;bk;d 0g; tp&Sw d Jh 0g;yiftrsK;d rsK;d ? 0g;&Guf tBuD;tao;? 0g;qpfrsm; ydik ;f jcm;xm;wJh t&G,t f pm; ponfwu Y dk kd rsu0f g;xifxif avhvmvdkY a&;qGJvkYdaygh/ aemuf uRefawmf&JUvufOD;q&mjzpfwJh q&m OD;vSabmf&JU vufoHk;pum;av;ygyJ/ opö m onf o m tvSw&m; . . . wJh/ 'DawmhrS &SufvdkufwmAsm? uRefawmf[m rodom;qk;d &Gm; a,mifvnfvnfeYJ q&mhukd 0g;yifukd 18

qGJjycJhwm? NzD;wm jzef;wm ygvm;qkw d mudk awG;rdygawmhw,f/ tJ'v D dk r[kww f ½kwu f kd t[kwv f kyjf ywm[m &Supf &m taumif;qHk;yJ qkw d mudkvnf; uReaf wmf oifcef;pm &vdkuw f Jhtcsed yf gyJ/ aemufwpfaeYusawmh uReaf wmf a&;qGx J m;wJyh kH Murf; Sketch puufcsaf wG,Nl yD; ausmif;udkjyefcyhJ g w,f/ uRefawmfq&mhukd &Su&f Suef JY uRefawmfhyHkukd jyvku d &f ygw,f/ uRefawmfwaYkd usmif;rSm ]]*k½k}} vkaYd c:wJh q&m BuD;wpfOD;udkvnf; jy&ygao;w,f/ ausmif;rSmu q&mqkv d kYd tJ'D ]]*k½k}} BuD;yJ &Sw d ,f/ usew f Jh q&mawG q&mrawGukdawmh a&SUutpfukd tpfr awGyJ xnfhac:avh&Syd gw,f/ tJ'D ]]*k½k}} q&mBuD;uawmh tdE´, d jynfrSm vQrf;vQrf;awmuf ausmMf um;vSwJh yef;csDq&mBuD; &mbifj'mewfw*d;k eJt Y wl &Sew f ed ad uwef ausmif;BuD; udk wnfaqmufcJhwJh yk*¾Kv d Bf uD; a'gufwm eE´vm bkYdpf ygyJ/ Brush Stroke Construction

'geJYyJ q&mawGu uRefawmfhukd Studio yef;csD cef;xJrSm yef;csDum;a&;qGJcGihfay;ygw,f/ uReaf wmfu olck;d qdkawmh ul;cswm tusiyhf gNrJ ygaeygw,f/ 'gayr,fh tckul;cs&rSmuawmh wjcm;olrsm; qDu r[kwyf gbl;/ uRefawmfqGJwJhyHkukd uRefawmf jyeful;cs&rSmyg/ 'geJu Y Reaf wmfvnf; uReaf wmfqx JG m;wJh puufcsf yHkMurf;av;rsm; uRefawmfh&JUa&SUrSm tpDt&Dcsxm; vku d Nf yD;rS ul;qGrJ ,fh yef;csu D m;udk qGzJ [ Ykd efjyifvu kd f w,f/ 'Dwif q&mu ta&SUwidk ;f eJY taemufwidk ;f yef;csD qGJyHk rwlaMumif;udk &Si;f vif;ajymqkyd gw,f/ ta&SUonf . . . ta&SU/ taemufonf . . . taemuf . . . wJh/ ta&SUwidk ;f yef;cs[ D m twGi;f tZÑwåpw d u f kd trsm; qHk; t"duxm;NyD; Spiritual Perfection &ap&ef avhusihfNyD; a&;qGJ&wJh taMumif;yJaygh/ ynma&Tt;kd vlrck;d qkw d myJayghAsm/ pmtkyx f rJ mS &Sw d mudk vlwikd ;f yJ ul;qG&J ifjzpfygw,fw?hJ OD;aESmuf xJrmS ud, k yf ikd &f w dS musawmh vlc;dk vkv Yd nf; r&Edik b f ;l / 'ghaMumifh ta&SUwkid ;f yef;csDrSm ynma&Ttk;d vlrck;d vkYd qkv d kw d mygyJvkYdvnf; &Si;f vif;oifMum;ay;NyD; uRefawmfh&JU yHkMurf; puufcsaf wGukd pk½ke;f odr;f ,l oGm;ygw,f/ ]]udk,hfOD;aESmufeJY ESvHk;om;xJrSm &Sw d ma&;? ul;cszkYdrvdkbl;}} vkYd ajymNyD; q&mvnf; uRefawmfhtcef;xJu xGufoGm;ygawmhw,f/ uRefawmf avhvmxm;wJh ul;,lp&mawG ,l oGm;awmh a,mifeeeJY tcef;xJrSm use&f pfcJhygawmh w,f/ 'DawmhrS OD;aESmufxJrSm rSwrf o d rQ t<uif;

tuseaf v;awGukd jzpfnp§ pf Of;pm;NyD; tvGwyf J a&;qGJ cJh&ygw,f/ tJ'Dtcsed u f pNyD; . . . uRefawmf[m OD;usK;d oGm;ygw,f/ axmifaxmif axmifaxmifvnf; rvkyaf wmh ygbl;/ rmefrmevnf; csvkduf&ygw,f/ usoGm;yg w,f/ vlwkid ;f tay:rSm apwemt&if;cHNyD; arwåm w&m;vnf; arG;zGm;vmygawmhw,f/ uRef a wmf a &;qG J r ,f h uAsmyH k a wG u d k q k d & if teaEÅm teEÅig;yg;udk t&ifqk;H ylaZmfuefawmhNyD;rS yef;csDa&;qGJavh &Syd gw,f/ 'Dvkv d ky&f wm ynma&Ttk;d vlrck;d qkw d m odjrif vmwJhtcsdefuwnf;uygyJ/ uRefawmf[m tHhMozG,af umif;avmufatmif ajymif;vJvmcJhygw,f/ uRefawmf[m b0ae0ifcsed rf Sm tvif;a&mif awmufyaeygw,f/ t&ufvnf; b,faysmufoGm;rSe;f rodygbl;/ vHk;0 t&ufaomufcsiw f Jhpw d f r&Sad wmhyg/ ynmudk tjrwfEkd;qHk;xm;NyD; apwem ay:vm wmuawmh uReaf wmfq h &m&JU ]]opömonfom tvS w&m;}} qkw d mav;eJYyJ ed*Hk;csKyfvkdu&f awmhw,f cifAsm;/ A*sD a tmif p d k ; &SufvdkufwmAsm? (yef;csDq&mwpfOD;\ zGifh[0efcHcsuf) pHy,fjzLr*¾Zif;? atmufwdkbm? 1985

summary A*sD a tmif p d k ;

tcef; (2)

uAsmonf yef;csD yef;cso D nfyif . . . uAsm uAsmaumif;wpfyk'fudk o½kyfazmfyef;csD a&;qGJay;&avwdkif; BuD;onfi,fonfr[l uAsm&Sipf mqdktm; av;pm;OD;ñTwrf yd gonf/ 0rf;pmudk t"duxm;í r*¾Zif;o½kyaf zmfyef;csD a&;qGaJ om tvkyu f kd vkyu f kdiaf eaom yef;csDtvkyo f rm; uRefawmfonf uRefawmf\xHokdY yef;csDa&;qGJay;&ef a&muf&Sv d maom uAsmrsm;tm; pdw0f ifpm;onf jzpfap? pdwrf ygonfjzpfap? 0wå&m;t& zwf½I&onfupí wjznf; jznf; rkqkd;pdkio f if qdkovdk uAsmrsm;udk zwf½Iwwfvmonf/ yxrtp tvkyo f abmt& zwf&mrS aemufwjznf;jznf; uAsm\ tvStyü ,pfrl;vm&ayawmhonf/ uAsmcspfcifjrwfEdk;vmonfESifhtrQ uAsmawGUvQif rzwfbJ raewwfatmif 0goemBuD;xGm;vmygonf/ uAsmuay;aom t&omudk rawGUawGUatmif &SmazGcpH m;&jcif; udk pGv J rf;wrf;w vmwwfatmif uAsmuyif vkyaf y;yg\/ xdktcg uAsmaumif;wpfyk'u f kd zwf&vQif uAsmESihf uAsm&Sif pmqdk\yg&rDukd av;pm;&\/ OD;ñTwrf yd g\/ ,aeY uAsmaumif;wpfyk'u f kd zwf½I&avwdki;f ... cspo f lESihf awGU&bdouJhokdY &Sad wmh\/ uAsmonf uRefawmf\ cspo f ljzpfovdk? uReaf wmft h wGuf uReaf wmf\cspo f o l nf uAsmyif jzpfacs\[k qd&k vQif rSm;tHh rxifEkdiyf g/ ESpaf ygif; ESpq f ,frQ MumjrifhcJhygNyD/ tdEd´,wdkif; rZÑdra'oü uRefawmfhcspfol&Sdyg\/ xdkpOfu uRefawmfonf ta&SUwdkif;yef;csDudk tdE´d,wGif ynm&SmrSD;aepOf 20

vl&G,v f lvwfykdi;f a&mufygNyD/ uRefawmf ynm&Sm aeaoma'oESihf umvuwåm;NrdKUrS rdkif 100 rQ a0;uGmygonf/ aqmif;OD;aygufausmif;ydw&f uf twGi;f umvuwåm;NrdKUokdY oGm;a&mufvnfywfNyD; tjyef nwpfnü ..... uRefawmftcef;wGif tdyaf ysmaf epOf n em&Djyef ESpcf suw f D;cefYü wHcg;acgufoHESihftwl uRefawmfh trnfukd om,mn§i;f aysmif; avoHoJhoJhuav; ac:oHMum;&í zswu f eJ tdy&f mrS Edk;cJhygonf/ uRefawmfvnf; ½kwfw&uf tcef;wHcg;udk zGihfí Munfhr&d m . . . . . tumv ntcg wxd e f x d e f o maeaom vrif;BuD;ESit hf wl jzLqGwaf om qm&Dyg;uav;udk acgif;NrD;NcHKí rsuEf Smuav;udk zHk;vsuf acgif; uav;iHkYum &yfaeaom uRefawmf\ cspo f lukd b,fvkdrS rarQmfvifhbJ uRefawmfawGUvkdu&f aom wpfcPwGif &ifxJü wvSyv f Syjf zifh tHhMojcif;? 0rf;ajrmufjcif;? MunfEl;jcif;ponfh trsKd ;rsKd ;aom pdw\ f vIy&f Sm;rIrsm;udk cHpm;&ygawmhonf/ cspfpGmaompmzwfol......... þcH p m;csuf r sm;ud k uRef a wmf y ef ; csD j zif h a&;qGJjyEdkifpGrf;iSm rwwfEdkifyg/ wpfenf;om &Syd gawmh\/ tu,f í uRef a wmf o m uAsmyg&rD & S d o l uAsm&Sif pmqdo k mjzpfygrl? tonf;ESv;kH Mum;rS ,dpk ;D xGuaf y:vmrnfh uAsmwpfyk'yf g/ odkaY omf uRefawmfrh mS uAsmyg&rDprG ;f r&Scd yhJ gí pmzwf o l o nf ,ck v d k [d k w pf v H k ; 'D w pf v H k ; uabmufcsd uabmufcsmpmudkom awGUjrifae&NyD r[kwyf gavm .../ xd k n vça&mif a tmuf w G i f cspf o l w d k Y bmombm0 Mum rsm;jynfah eaom uefBuD;\eHab;

wGix f kid u f m MunfE;l rI &SmaeMuavonf/ uReaf wmfh &ifxw J iG f uReaf wmfch spo f t l m; cspaf w;oDzUJGjycsiaf om pum;rsm; wpfyBkH u;D &Sad eygonf/ od&Yk mwGif b,fvrkd Q rajymwwf rzGJUjywwfojzifh xdkiaf e½HkrS wpfyg; bmrsm; a&SUquf&ygvdrhf/ onfwGif uRefawmfhcspfolurl uRefawmf\ t*Fvyd pf mjy q&mryDyD uRefawmfhrsuEf Smudk olr\ 0dki;f pufjynfh&eT ;f yDwv d rT ;f aom rsuv f Hk;BuD;rsm;jzifh rsuv f Tmuav;rsm;yifhum Munfhvsuf . . . cspo f lwkdYbm0 olajymcsiw f mav;awGukdawmh wwGww f Gwf ajymae&Smygonf/ olrtoH omomav;\ tedrhftjrifh? twdk; tus,f &GwfqdkoHav;udk em;axmif&jcif;jzifh uAsm&SnBf uD;wpfy'k f jzpfaumif;jzpfvrd rhf nf[k &dypf m; rdygonf/ odkYaomf u&pf&Sem;ESihf &m'gqdkaom pum; vH;k rsm;rSty uReaf wmfw h iG f tjcm;taMumif; t"dymÜ ,f ray:cJhacs/ 'Dxufvnf; ydkNyD;em;rvnfEkdicf Jhyg/ uRJyg; apmif;wD;qdkovdkyif jzpfvrd hfrnf[k xifr\ d /

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

xkn d tzdkYrl ,ckvkd rcsw d ifuJ om,mMunfEl; zG,&f m Zmwfvrf;uav;udk tqHk;owfcJh&onfrSm tESpf 20 odkYyif wdkicf JhayNyD/ uAsmudkcspcf if&rSe;f ? jrwfEkd;av;pm;&rSe;f odvmygjyD/ uRefawmfvnf; ,aeY qHjzLoGm;usKd ;pt&G,?f touf 50 t&G,o f kdY wdkicf JhavNyD/ uAsm&JUt&om tESpfom&rsm;udk rufarm ESpNf cdKuf pGJvrf;vmonfESihftrQ uAsm[lorQ pGJpGJ d nfhtjyif Edkiif Hjcm; vrf;vrf; &SmazGzwf½Iavh&So uAsmwdk? &Snrf sm;udkvnf; zwf½Iavhvmrdygonf/ wpfaeYwGif pmtkyfwpftkyfxJü ESpfaygif; 800ausmu f ouF½kdub f momjzifh [dE´LuAsmq&m BuD ; ]*s&ma'0g} (Jayadeva) a&;om;pyf q d k oGm;cJhaom ]*Dw*dkAif'g} (Gita Govinda) uAsm &SnBf uD; p-qHk;udk t*Fvyd b f momjyef zwf½aI vhvm rdygawmh\/ xdkuAsmBuD;rSm uRefawmfwdkY Ak'¨bmom0if jrefrmvlrsdK;wdkYonf &mrrif;ESifh oDwma'0D[k Mum;vdku&f vQif &mrZmwfawmfBuD;udk uGuu f Guf uGi;f uGi;f jrifvmouJhokdY... [dE´Lbmom0ifwdkYtzdkYvnf; ]*Dw*dkAif'g} tcspzf GJU uAsm&SnBf uD;qdkvQif olwkdY\ EIwzf sm;rS wzG z G om,mNid r f h a nmif ; aom *D w oH t jzpf xGufay:vmwwfygonf/ ol w d k Y \ bk & m;avmif ; ]u&pf & S e m;}ES i f h EdkYonfrav;wdkY\ tcsprf Sm olwkdYpHwifxm;onfh tcspzf GJYBuD;yif jzpfygonf/ cspo f lwkdY bmombm0 tcspyf sd K;csed 0f ,f qdk &ifjzifh olwkdY&ifxJ ESvHk;onf;yGwMf um;xJrS tcspf &nf tcspaf oG;rsm;onf om,mvSyaom aw;*Dw oHtjzpf cspo f lwkdY\EIwzf sm;rS w&G&G xGuaf y:vm cJhMuygonf/ 22

]*Dw*dkAif'g ...}uAsm&Snfudk pGJvrf;ESpf NcdKufpmG zwf½&I if;? wjznf;jznf; tESpf -20ausmu f twdwfqDodkY uRefawmfh\pdwfonf OD;vSnfhoGm; cJhygonf/ ]*D w *d k A if ' g ... *D w *d k A if ' g ..... igMum;zl;ygw,f... Edo Yk nfrav; &m'g[m BudKurf &Suf idkurf &Suq f kdovdk olUcspo f l u&pf&Sem;xH tumvntcg b,fvkdtEÅ&m,frsKd ;udkrS rrIEkdib f J wdww f cdk; ta&mufoGm;cJh&Smw,fqkdygvm;...} cspo f ltwGuq f kd&if ..... [kwyf gNyD .... igMum;zl;ygw,f ..... at;av ..... tESp2f 0u ighcspo f l EIwzf sm;u wzGzG &Gwq f kdjycJhwJh uAsmpum;vHk; oHav;awGukd igjyefMum;ae&ygNyD/ olajymcsiw f mawGu 'gawGygvm; ...../ olUcrsmajymawmh ajym&Smom;bJ ...../ igrSuAsm&JU t"dymÜ ,fukd em;rvnfcw hJ mudk; ...../ ]*D w *d k A if ' g}uAsm&S n f B uD ; ud k z wf & if ; MuufoD;arG;n§i;f rsm;yif xvmrdygonf/ tcsed u f m; ..... ESpaf ygif; 20 Mumjrifch hJ ygNyD/ vGefcJhygNyD/ NyD;cJhwmawGvnf; NyD;ygapawmh/ &,fp&mav;wpfckvkdyJ &,foGr;f aoG;Edkio f nf/ uRef a wmf q d k v d k & if ; t"d u tcsuf u awmh avmuwGif b,f[mudkrqdk uAsmyJjzpfjzpf yef;csyD J jzpfjzpf wjcm;[myJjzpfjzpf em;rvnfvQif b,f t&omrsdK;rS rawGUEdkifbJ uRJyg;apmif;wD;ovdk omvQif tcsn;f ESD; jzpfwwfygw,f[lvkd/ tdE´, d tEkynmwGif oauFw0g' (Symbolism) onf ta&;BuD;qHk;aom taMumif;csi;f &m wpf&yftaejzifh tNrJwrf;yg0ifavh&Syd gonf/ uAsmpmaywGif vnf;aumif;? tuwGif vnf;aumif;? yef;csDyef;ykwGif vnf;aumif; tjyif

A[d'¨½kyP f m² ef wpfckwnf;udkom tm½Hkrjym;apbJ twGif;tZÑwå vIyf&Sm;rIrsdK;udk oauFw0g'jzifh ay;pGr;f Edkicf Jhygonf/ þonfudk taemufwdkif; (Modern Art) yef;csDq&mrsm;u cdk;,loGm;cJhMuygonf/ Oa&my yef;csDq&mrsm; jzpfMuaom Aif*kd;? a*:*if? bdkewf? rmwd(pf)wdkYvnf; yg&Si;f ? *syef yef;csrD sm;rS enf;em ,lcMhJ u&onfrmS vnf; txift&Sm;yif jzpfonf/ uRef a wmf w d k Y jref r marmf ' ef t wf yef ; csD q&mrsm;urlum; taemufwdkif;armf'eftwfqDrS wpfqifhjyefí ta&SUwkdi;f ypön;f rsm;udk olckd;vufrS ol0Suv f kEkdicf JhMu\/ uRefawmfwkdY rqdk;/ 'gudkem;rvnfcJhí uRefawmf uRJyg;apmif;wD; jzpfcJh&jcif;yg[k qdkvkdjcif; jzpfygonf/ Oyrmay;&vQif ]*Dw*dkAif'g}uAsmBuD;wGif cspo f lwkdY EIwzf sm;rS &Supf Edk;aMumifh rxGu&f uf rxGu0f Hhaom pum;vHk;rsm;udk oauFw0g'jzifh eufeufeJeJBuD; ñTejf yxm;ygonf/ þ]*Dw*dkAif'g}uAsm&Snfudk acwftquf qufu *l*s&wf? &m*sfyGwf? bm½dIvDtp&Sdaom yef;csDq&maygif;pHkonf yef;csDjzifh o½kyfazmfcJh Muonf/ pifppftm;jzifh tdE´d,yef;csDrIonfvnf; uAsmo½kyaf zmf yef;csDum;csyrf sm;rS jrpfzsm;cHav onf/ þuAsmo½kyfazmf yef;csDum;csyfrsm;onf urÇm\ av;pm;jcif;udk cHMu&onf/ þuAsm&Snfrsm;rSm yef;csDq&mrsm;\ ESvHk; onf;yGwftwGif;odkY euf½dIif;pGmyif 0ifa&muf xdk;azmufcJhum yef;csDq&mrsm;\ vufzsm;rSaeí tvGeyf if ESpv f kdjrwfEkd;zG,&f m yef;csDum;csyrf sm;udk zefwD;apcJhygonf/

þyef;csDum;csyrf sm;rSm tdE´d,yef;csD ppfppf jzpfaMumif;udk urÇmt&yf&yf&Sd yk*¾Kd vftoD;oD;u rSwfcsufcs&ygavonf/ ]uAsmonf yef;csD? yef;csDonfyifvQif uAsmjzpfavonf/} td E d ´ , yef ; csD a vmuwG i f omru ta&S U wpfvTm;&Sd Edkiif Hrsm;jzpfaom w½kw?f *syefyef;csD avmuwGiv f nf; yef;csD ESiu hf Asm? uAsmESihf yef;csu D kd cGJjcm;í r&paumif;[k qdkcsiyf gonf/ uAsmaMumif h yef ; csD o nf wef z d k ; jrif h r m; vmonfESifhtrQ yef;csDaMumifhvnf; uAsmonf wefzkd;jrihrf m; BuD;xGm;vm&ayonf/ xdkYaMumifh uAsmaumif;wpfyk'u f kd o½kyaf zmf yef;csD a&;qGJay;&avwdki;f BuD;onfi,fonfr[l uAsm&Sipf mqdktm; av;pm;OD;ñTwrf yd gownf;/ A*sDatmifpdk; ½Ir0½kyfpHkr*¾Zif;? pufwifbm? 1973

see "bas - Article 3 88.06 Nway Oo.pdf" A*sD a tmif p d k ;

uAsmo½kyfazmfyef;csD A*sD a tmif p d k ; uRefawmf[m tawmfhukd xHkwJhnHhwJh taumifyg/ '*kew f m&mvkd xufjrufwhJ uAsmq&mwpfa,mufqrD mS ynm,l&rSmyJ/ olvydk *k K¾ v d u f yef;csv D nf;0goemygw,f/ yef;csq D &maygif;pHk&UJ taMumif;awGvnf; avhvmxm;zl;ygw,f/ Edkiif aH &;? vlraI &;? tEkynm e,fy,fygrusef olzwfzl;wJh tEkynm&Siaf wG&JU taMumif;awGukd ajymjyygw,f/ tJ'Dwke;f u uRefawmf euef;wpfvHk;rS em;vnfwmrSr&Sb d J/ 0r&Sb d J 0dvkycf siaf ewmyJ&Sw d ,f/ uRefawmfu Armhwyfrawmfu xGupf yJ&Sd aeygw,f/ bmrSem;rvnfao;wJv h /l 'Dvkd oli,fcsi;f vnf;jzpfw,f? uAsmq&mvnf; [kwfw,f/ uAsm&JUtaMumif;awGudk ajymjy? &Si;f vif;jy? oifMum;ay;Edkiw f mu olwpfa,mufyJ/ uRefawmfwkYd acwfavmufqDu twk;d wufqHk; vlwpfa,mufvnf; jzpfw,fvkYd uReaf wmf,kMH unfw,f/ uAsm&JU o½kyaf zmfykaH wG qGcJ si&f ifawmh uAsm d Jh todavmufawmh uRefawmfhrSm &Syd g q&mudkyJ csO;f uyf&r,fqkw w,f/ uAsmudk em;rvnfbJESihfawmh uRefawmf yef;csDrqGJcsib f l;/ uReaf wmf&h UJ oufwrf;wpfcv k ;kH rSm uAsmo½kyaf zmfyakH wGeyYJ J touf arG;0rf;ausmif;vkycf w hJ m ESpaf ygif; 35 ESpaf vmuf&NdS yD/ yef;csu D m;awG qGJcJhwm axmifaygif;rsm;pGmyJ/ tjzLESihf teufyHkyef;csDum;awGyJ jzpfygw,f/ uRefawmf a&mifpHkrqGJbl;/ uavmifwHwpfacsmif;ESihfyJ vljzpfvmwmyg/ uRefawmf[m ppfNyD;uwnf;u pmaye,frmS uAsmvkid ;f wpfvkid ;f wnf;rSmyJ &yfwnfNyD; uavmifwpfacsmif;udk tjzLESifhtrnf; 24

wpfrsK;d udkomoHk;pGJNyD; ,aeYtxd tckvkd wpfvkid ;f wnf; a&;qGJcJholyg/ uAsmyk'af &aygif; axmifESihf aomif;ESihf zwf½I cHpm;cJw h hJ vlwpfa,mufygyJ/ tJ'aD vmuf zwf½cI NhJ yD; yef;csDqGJcJhzl;ygw,f/ tJ'Dvkd tawGUtBuKHrsm;vmwJhtcg (Experience) awG & vmw,f / (Past experience) qdkygawmh/ tJ'D tawGUtBuKHukdyef;csDrSm uRrf;usif vdrm® rIEiS hf aygif;pyfNyD; wwd,rsuv f k;H qkyd gpdkY (Creative Imagination) topfzefwD;rIukd zefwD;vmEdkif pGr;f &Sv d mw,fyJ qkMd uygpdkY/ uAsmo½kyaf zmfyHkusawmh oif,lvkYdr&ygbl;/ yef;csDukdawmh oif,lvkYd&ygw,f/ ,aeY yef;csDvl i,fawGq&kd if ynmwwfa&m? yef;csaD usmif;qif;awG a&m t&rf;awmfMuygw,f/ vli,fawG&JU yef;csD vuf&mudk uRefawmf rrDygbl;/ (Clever in HandCraftman-ship)udk ajymwmyg/ uAsmusawmh (Clever in Mind) tawG;tac: OD;aESmufykdi;f ESihf trsm;BuD; qufpyfaeawmh uRefawmf 'DaeYtxd &yfwnfEkdicf Jhygw,f/ uRefawmfhtawGUtBuKHu uAsme,fy,frSm ESpf 40 ausmcf JhygNyD/ a&;qGJcJhwJhyHkawGuvnf; axmif aomif;ruawmhygbl;/ 'Davmuf a&;cJzh efrsm;awmh vnf ; orm"d t m;aumif ; vmNyD r k d Y ,aeY t xd uRefawmf a&;qGJEdkifwm? &yfwnfEdkifwm[m 'gaMumifhyJjzpfygw,f/ rqef;ygbl;/ uRefawmfu uAsmudk cspw f ,f? jrwfEkd;w,f? av;pm;w,f/ tJ'Dawmh b,fyef;csDq&myJjzpfjzpf uRefawmfhvkad &; &if uRefawmfhvkjd zpfrSmyJ/ 'gayr,fh wpfckawmh&Sd w,f/ apwem&ifhoef&rSmygyJ/ apwemrSev f Qif ÓPfqef;Mu,f? ÓPfqef;Mu,fvQif uHqef; Mu,fr,f/

tEkynmqkw d mu ud, k Ehf v S ;kH om;? ud, k &hf ifxu J xGuaf y:vm&wmyJjzpfygw,f/ ESvHk;aoG;xJu pD; qif;vmwJh apwem arwåmawGu vufqDudk pD;qif;NyD; vufua&;wmygyJ/ uRefawmf[m uAsmq&mawG uAsmra&;&if uRefawmf xrif;rpm;&bl;/ olwkYdukdyJ aus;Zl;wif aeygw,f/ uAsmq&m xrif;iwf&if A*sDatmifpkd; iwfw,f/ wpfoufvkH; udk,t hf wGuf xrif;&Smay; aewJh uAsmq&mawGukd uRefawmf aus;Zl;wifae ygw,f/ uAsmq&mawGuvnf; xdwfxdwfBuJ tawG;tac: &ifhoefwJholrsm;om jzpfMuygw,f/ tJ'Dawmh uRefawmfhvkd cyfnhHnhHu tawmfwk;d ae& ygw,f/ ae&mav;wpfae&m &yfwnfEdkifzkdY[m acwfa&pD;aMumif;xJ renf;BuD; BuKd;pm;ae&jcif;yJ jzpfw,f/ uRefawmf vla[mif;jzpfayr,fh atmifpkd; a&;&if tNrJopfae&r,f/ topfyJ a&;w,f/ ta[mif;r[kwaf p&bl;qkw d Jh ay:vpDukd tNrJqkyf udkifxm;ygw,f/ uAsmq&m t,f'w D mwpfa,muf&UJ vkyyf kid cf iG hf udk uRefawmf em;vnfygw,f/ uAsmo½kyfazmf a&;qGJenf;uawmh oD;jcm; b,fvkad &;qGJ&r,fqkdwm r&Syd g/ yef;csDtajccHawG wwfoed m;vnf&if uAsmo½kyaf zmf a&;qGJEkid Mf u wmcsn;f jzpfygw,f/ 'gygyJ/ A*sD a tmif p d k ; aEGOD;r*¾Zif;? 1988? ZGef

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

A*sDatmifpdk;&JU uAsmo½kyfazmfyHk uAsm o½k y f a zmf

]]uAsmaumif;wpfyk'fudkzwf&avwdkif;... cspfolESifhawGUcJh &bdouJhokdY&aSd wmh\/ uAsmonf uRefawmfhcspo f ljzpfovdk? uRefawmfh twGuf uRefawmfhcspo f lonf uAsmyifjzpfonf jzpfacsonf}} ....vdkUqkdcJhwJhtwdki;f ? jrefrmpmayavmu&JU uAsmo½kyaf zmfyHk rsm;udk trsm;qHk;a&;qGJcJhNyD; ESSpaf ygif; 40 ausmu f mvtwGi;f uAsm q&mawG&JU uAsmrsm;[m A*sDatmifpkd;eJUrvGwcf JhMuyg/ uAsmo½kyaf zmfyHkrsm;udk a&;qGJ&mrSm qef;opfwJh wifjyyHkawGeJU a&;qGcJ o hJ vdk tEkynmzefw;D rIrmS vnf; tm;aumif; jynf0h vSygw,f/ ]]uAsmaMumifh yef;csDonf wefzdk;jrifhrm;vmonfESifhtrQ yef;csaD Mumifv h nf; uAsmonf wefzkd;jrifhrm; BuD;xGm;vm&ayonf/}} vdkYqdkcJhwJhtwdkif; uAsmo½kyfazmfyHkawG a&;qGJ&muae A*sD atmifpkd;u 1970 ckESprf sm;rSm xdxad &mufa&muf zefwD;NyD; yef;csDeJU a&;zGJUxm;wJh pmrJhuAsmyHkawGukd a&;qGJcJhygw,f/ 1971 rSmawmh ]]pmrJhuAsm}}qkkw d JU pmtkyx f kwaf 0cJhygw,f/ ESpaf ygif; 40 ausmu f mvtwGi;f A*sDatmifpkd;a&;cJhwJh o½kyf azmfykHrsm;rSm axmifcs&D NdS yD; a&;enf;trsKd ;rsKd ;eJU wifjyavh&w dS mawGxu J aumif;Edk;&m&m o½kyaf zmfyHktcsKd Uukd aumufEkww f ifjyvdku&f ygw,f/

1955ck E S p f ? puf w if b mvxk w f jr0wD r *¾ Z if ; rS m azmf j ycJ h w J h uAsmo½k y f a zmf y H k

uAsmo½k y f a zmf y H k 1958ck E S p f ? rwf v xk w f jr0wD r *¾ Z if ;

1969ck E S p f ? Ed k 0 if b mvxk w f jr0wD r *¾ Z if ; rS uAsmo½k y f a zmf y H k / 27

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

vrf;pOf*sme,frS uAsmo½kyfazmfrl&if;yHk (10.5 _ 16 vufr) OD ; qef e D n d r f ; pk a qmif ; onf / 28

1962ckESpf? rwfvxkwf jr0wD r *¾ Z if ; rS

1965ck E S p f ? atmuf w d k b mvxk w f aiG w m&D r *¾ Z if ; rS o½k y f a zmf y H k

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

uAsmq&m xDvmppfol&JU uAsmpmtky f rsufESmzHk;yHk (1961) 30

aus;vuf a wm&G m aw;uAsmpmtk y f t zH k ; (1966)

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

uAsmo½k y f a zmf r l & if ; yH k ? (8 _ 10.5vuf r ) OD ; qef e D n d r f ; pk a qmif ; onf 32

1970ck E S p f Zef e 0g&D v xk w f jr0wD r *他 Z if ; rS

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

1970ck E S p f ? arvxk w f jr0wD r *¾ Z if ; rS

1978ck E S p f ? Mo*k w f v xk w f ½I r 0r*¾ Z if ; rS

1983ck E S p f ? Ed k 0 if b mvxk w f aiG w m&D r *¾ Z if ; rS

1978ck E S pf ? Zl vd k if v xk wf ½I r 0r*¾ Z if ; rS 34

uAsmo½kyfazmfrl&if;yHk (10.75 _ 5 vufr) New Trasure Art Gallery rSpkaqmif;onf?

1988ck E S p f x k w f jr0wD r *¾ Z if ; rS

1988ck E S p f x k w f jr0wD r *¾ Z if ; rS 35

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

1988ck E S p f ? ZG e f v xk w f jr0wD r *他 Z if ; rS

1988ck E S p f x k w f jr0wD r *他 Z if ; rS

1988ck E S p f jr0wD r *他 Z if ; rS uAsmo遜k y f a zmf y H k r sm; 36

1985ck E S p f ? rwf v xk w f jr0wD r *他 Z if ; rS

1985ck E S p f ? Zl v d k i f v xk w f jr0wD r *他 Z if ; rS

1988ck E S p f x k w f jr0wD r *他 Z if ; rS 37

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

pmrJhuAsm

rod e f ; ar rk e f Y [ if ; cg; emrnf B uD ; w,f . .. (1976ck E S p f ? ZG e f v xk w f ½I r 0r*¾ Z if ; rS ) 38

tajz 1976ck E S p f ? {NyD v xk w f ½I r 0r*¾ Z if ; rS OD ; atmif p d k ; aumif ; rI a v; 1976ck E S p f ? azazmf 0 g&D v xk w f ½I r 0r*¾ Z if ; rS (tay:0J ) yef ; oD ; av;u csd K vd k u f w m

1971ck E S p f x k w f ]pmrJ h u Asm} pmtk y f t rS m pm 39

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

A*sDatmiffpdk;&JU o½kyfaz:yHkrsm;

1952ck E S p f ? arvxk w f ½I r 0r*¾ Z if ; rS

½I r 0r*¾ Z if ; yg aMumif e uf trnf a y;xm;wJ h o½k y f a zmf y H k (tay:? ,m) 40

jrefrmr*¾Zif;rsm;rSmazmfjywJh 0w¬KeUJ rsuEf mS zH;k rsm;udk A*saD tmifp;kd u oljzwfoef;cJhwJh ESpaf ygif; (40) umvtwGi;f rSm wm&mr*¾Zif; upvdkY o½kyaf zmfykH trsKd ;rsKd ;a&;qGaJ y;cJyh gw,f/ obm0udk tajccH wJhyHk? ½dk;&m"avh? aus;vuftEkynmudk tajccHwJhyHkawG? armf'efukd tajccHwJh acwfrDyef;csDvuf&mawGeJU raemr[d'¨dqkdwJh "gwfyef;csD awGtygt0if &J&ifjh ywfom;NyD; tm;aumif;vSwhJ yef;csaD wGuv kd nf; tajrmuftjrm; zefwD;cJhygw,f/ jrefrmyHkEdSyfenf;ynmrSmvnf; 'kwd,urÇmppfMuD;rwdkifrDu pvdkYZifhbavmufeJY ½dkuEf Sdycf Jh&m 1970 ckESprf sm;rSmawmh 'g½dkuf umvmqdkNyD; ta&mif 3 a&mif (t0g?teD?tjym)eJU ½du k Ef ySd cf hw J hJ yHEk ySd ef nf; acwfpm;cJhygw,f/ 1970 ckESpaf ESmif;ydki;f Muawmh jrefrmEdkiif HrSm (off-set) rsm; ay:xGe;f vmcJNh yD; yHkEy Sd t f &nftaoG; jrifrh m;vmcJw h ,f/ 'DvkdyHkESdyef nf;ynmrsm;udk tajccHwJh yef;csDyHkrsm;udk A*sDatmifpkd;u rdr&d & toHk;jyKoGm;yHkukd olU&JUvuf&mawGrSm awGUjrif&ygw,f/ yHEk ySd ef nf;ynmtay:rSm tNrJrjywfavhvmavh&w Sd Jh A*sDatmifpkd;&JU acwfrDrIwpfckvkdUvJ qdk&rSmyg/ Off-Set yH k E d S y f e nf ; ynm xG e f ; um;vmawmh o½k y f a zmf yef;csyD kaH wGukd pdwMf udKufta&miftaoG;eJU a&G;cs,zf efw;D cJMh uygw,f/

1953ck E S p f rwf v xk w f jr0wD r *¾ Z if ; rS

1953ck E S p f {NyD v xk w f jr0wD r *¾ Z if ; rS

1953ck E S p f ? azazmf 0 g&D v xk w f ½I r 0r*¾ Z if ; rS Munf a t;&J U pcef ; om0w¬ K o½k y f a zmf y H k

'DvkdzefwD;&mrSm A*sDatmifpkd;&JU vuf&mawG[m vGwfvyfjyD; pmzwfy&dowftwGuf tjrifqef; apcJhygw,f/ A*sDatmifpkd;&JU o½kyaf zmfyHk rsm;udk jrefrmr*¾Zif;toD;oD;rSm ESpaf ygif; 40 twGi;f tajrmuf tjrm; &Sw d t hJ xJu wpfcEk iS w hf pfck

rwlaom enf;ynm uGJjym;oGm; wmawGudk t"duxm; azmfjy vdkufygw,f/

1955ck E S p f rwf v xk w f jr0wD r *¾ Z if ; rS 41

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

0w¬ K o½k y f a zmf r l & if ; yH k (8.5_13.5 vuf r ) OD ; qef e D n d r f ; pk a qmif ; onf (0JyHk)

o½kyfazmfyHkrl&if; (5.5 _ 7 vufr) New Trasure Art Gallery

rS p k a qmif ; onf (atmuf y H k ) 1962ck E S p f ? azazmf 0 g&D v xk w f jr0wD r *¾ Z if ; rS

rdom;pk o½kyfazmfyHk

o½k y f a zmf y H k r l & if ; (21.5 _ 13.15 vufr) (Felt-tip pen, color ink and poster color on paper)

OD ; qef e D n d r f ; pk a qmif ; onf

uRef a wmf q uf í a&;csif a om 0w¬ K rsm; (1973ck E S p f ? rwf v ? ½I r 0r*¾ Z if ; rS ) 43

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

o½kyfazmfrl&if;yHk (13 _ 17 vufr) 1976ck E S p f x k w f ? ayzl ; vT m r*¾ Z if ; rS OD ; qef e D n d r f ; pk a qmif ; onf

o½kyfazmfyHkrl&if; (11 _ 14.5 vufr) rSpkaqmif;onf (wpf z uf p mrsuf E S m )

New Trasure Art Gallery

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

rsufESmzHk;'DZdkif;rsm;

armif M unf & S i f a&;aom ]r[m*D w jyZmwf } pmtk y f r suf E S m zH k ; 1330jynf h E S p f ? jymod k v

rd k ; a0pmayr*他 Z if ; (1980ck E S p f ? Zef e 0g&D v ) 47

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

a'gufwm tkef;armif\ pmtkyfrsufESmzHk;yHk (1972? Edk0ifbm)

Munf a t;\ 0w¬ K rsuf E S m zH k ; yH k (1980? atmuf w d k b m) 48

'*k e f O D ; xG e f ; jrih f \ r[m&mr0w¬ K rsuf E S m zH k ; yH k

½I a 'gif h * sme,f 1961ck E S p f ? arv? 15&uf (wpf z uf p mrsuf E S m )

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

aiGwm&Dr*他Zif; rsufESmzHk;rl&if;yHkrsm; nm Gallery rSpkaqmif;onf Photo: Nay Myo Say

(tay:)

aomif ; ajymif ; axG v mr*他 Z if ; twG J - 13? trS w f - 10 1980? Mo*k w f rsuf E S m zH k ; rl & if ; (10.25 _ 13.5 vufr) rif a &mif p H k OD ; qef e D n d r f ; pk a qmif ; onf (wpf z uf p mrsuf E S m )

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

tawG;tjrif rsufESmzHk; ? 1987 ck? pufwifbmv armif0Ho pkaqmif;onf/ 52

tawG;tjrifrsufESmzHk; t"dyÜm,f&Sif;vif;csuf t&nftcsif;eJY t&if;tjrpfudk o½kyfazmfa&;qJGxm;jcif;yJ jzpfygw,f/ MuufOwpfvHk;udk cJGjcrf;,SOfjyxm;ygw,f/ b0qdkonfrSm tpuwnf;u zdk&JUOeJY r&JUO ESpfckaygif;pyf atmifjrifvmonfESifh wpfjydKifeuf uvmyfpnf; (cell) wpfck&,fvkYd jzpfvm&NyD; tpuwpfck? aemufEp S cf k? aemufav;ck? &Spcf k&,fvkYd &vmygw,f/ ESpq f wdk;wdk;vmw,f/ wjznf;jznf;wdk;yGm;vmonfxuf wdk;yGm;MuD;xGm;vmNyD;aemuf wpf½SL; (tissue)wdkY? t*Fg (organ) wdkYjzpf vmNyD vl&,f? wd&pämef&,fvkYd taumiftxnfawG jzpfNyD;wmeJY emrfpw d ?f ywf0ef;usi?f ADZ? taetxdkif tavhtusihf wdkYyg jzpfay:vmcJhapw,f/ aemufqHk; oknwzef jyefNyD;jzpfoGm;wmudk o½kyaf z:a&;qJGxm;jcif;bJ/ r&So d knuae t&St d jynhf okn jzpfay: cJhNyD; r&SdoknudkyJ jyefa&mufoGm;um b0wpfck[m csKyfNidrf;&wmudk jyvdk&if;jzifh a&;qJGjyjcif;yif jzpfygw,f/ 'gygyJ... uRef a wmf A*sD a tmif p d k ; ted p ö o abmbJ a ygh c if A sm... tawG ; tjrif ? 1987? puf w if b mv (wpf z uf p mrsuf E S m ) 53

see "bas - Article 4 85.pdf" A*sD a tmif p d k ;

tcef; (3)

20&mpkaemufydkif; jrefrmhyef;csD[efopf jrefrmh½;kd &m ,Ofaus;rItEkynmawGrmS tajccH tcsuBf uD; oH;k csuef YJ t&if;cH rlwnfxm;wmudk owdjyKrdMuygvdrhfr,f/ tJ'gawGu bmvJq&kd if oDv? orm"d? ynm vkq Yd w kd hJ zkcd kHavmuf qdkiw f nfaewJh rlvtajccHw&m;awGygyJ/ ynm

oDv

orm"d

1/ tusihfoDv&S&d r,f/ 2/ orm"dtm;aumif;atmif a,m*Dtvkypf cef; w&m;xkid &f r,f/ 3/ aemufqHk;tcsuu f awmh ynmyg&ygr,f/ uRefawmf i,fpOf NrKdUrtrsK;d om;ausmif;rSm ynm&ifEkdYaomufpkdYcJh &uwnf;u tJ'D ,HkMunfcsuf 3 csuu f kd ausmif;&JU txdr;f trSwf taeeJY oifMum;cH,lcJh&zl;ygw,f/ 'Dvked JYyJ yef;csDq&m jzpfvmcJh&wmyg/ yef;cso D ifMum;&wJt h cgrSmvnf; tJ't D csuf 3 csuu f kd &Sew f ed ad u weft&yfrSm&SdwJh urÇmausmf uAsm0d"l? b*FgvDuAsmq&mBuD; a'gufwm&mAifj'mewfw*dk; pwifwnfaxmifcw hJ hJ Adqb G m&wD (urÇmh nDaemifrsm;)vkYd t"dymÜ ,faqmifwhJ wuúokv d af usmif;awmfrmS 'Dtwkid ;f tajccHtkwjf rpftjzpf oifMum;avhvmcJh&jyefygw,f/ 54

tJ'rD mS awmh tEkynm&o&,f? oauFwynm&,feYJ tZÑwå twGi;f aysmhaysmif;nDñGwrf I &pforf&,fukdyg xyfavmif;jznfhpGux f m;wJh a&S ; td E ´ d , ouF ½ d k u f b momeJ Y a&;om;xm;wJ h umva0' usr;f vmtwkid ;f jznfhpGuo f ifay;cJhygw,f/ tJ'D tdE´d,jynfrSm uRefawmfyef;csDynmoifMum;cJhwmqkd&if ESpaf ygif;oHk;q,fausmcf JhygNyD/ jrefrmh½;kd &m ,Ofaus;rItEkynm&yfukd csp&f aumif;? jrwfE;kd av;pm; &aumif;udk pwifod&Sdem;vnfrdcJhwmvnf; [dk;a&S;*syefacwfu pw,fqkad wmh ESpaf ygif;av;q,f ausmcf JhygNyD/ uReaf wmf&h UJ vufO;D q&mrsm;uawmh jrefrmhtEkynmudk jrwfE;kd vSwhJ yef;csDq&mBuD; OD;vSabmf&,f? NyD;awmh q&mBuD;OD;bÓPf (yef;csD

q&mBuD;)eJY t*Fvefukd twlomG ; a&mufNyD; Adokumtwwfudk oifMum;cJw h hJ uG,v f eG o f l Adou k m q&mBuD; OD;omxGe;f wkyYd gyJ/ tJ'D q&mBuD;awG[m armf'eftwf&JU trsK;d tpm; trsK;d rsK;d wku Yd kd oifMum; ay;cJhwJh aus;Zl;&Sifq&mBuD; rsm;yg/ uRefawmf armf'eftwfudk a&;cJ h w mvnf ; ES p f a ygif ; av;q,fausmf MumcJhNyDyJ/ jrefrmh½kd;&m jrefrmhyef;csDukd avh v mvd k u f p m;NyD ; a&;qG J c J h wmvnf; xkYdtwlygyJ/ tJ'Dvkd tawGUtBuKHawGukd yxrOD;qHk; pmayAdrmefr*¾Zif; pmtkyfxJrSm jrefrmh½dk;&myef;csD jyefvnfqef;opfa&;eJY jrefrmhyef;csD [efopf &SmyHkawmf qkNd yD;aqmif; yg;rsm; a&;om;cJhzl;ygw,f/ owdjyKMuolwYdk rSwrf v d rd yhf gr,f/ aemuf w pf t kyf u awmh ]½dk;&mrSonf acwfopfokdY}qkw d Jh vHk;csi;f pmtkyyf gyJ/ 'gawGudk bmaMumifhajym ae&wmvnf;qk&d if . . 15-5-51 ckEpS f jrefrmh½k;d &m yef;csD jynfvnfqef;opfa&; aumfrwD&JU &Si;f csurf Sm . . yef;cst D Ekynm&yfukd vlwikd ;f Mum;zl;? jrifzl;MurSm jzpfayr,fh ,if;yef;csDynm&yf&JU av;euf 55

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

yHkukd odwJhol tawmf&Sm;yg;ygw,f/ trSefrSmawmh 'DynmeJYuif;NyD; b,folrS raeEdkiMf uygbl;/ bmaMumifhvJqkdawmh vl&,fvkdYjzpfvm&if vlY,Ofaus;rI tEkynm&yfawGeJY,SOfwGJNyD; ynm oifMum;cJhMu&vkYdygyJ/ ynmwwfvmw,fqkad wmh tEkynmvkYad c:wJh okckrynm&yfrsm;vnf; ygygw,f/ vl[m vlY&JUobm0tavsmuf ckeajymcJhwJh okckrtEkynm&yfrSmygwJh jzpfwwfay:wwfwJh aysmjf cif;? &Tijf cif;? 0rf;ajrmufjcif;? 0rf;enf;jcif;? pdww f kjd cif;? om,mMunfEl;jcif;pwJh (Emotion) ADZpdwrf sm;udk vko d vk&d atmif tJ'D okckrtEkynm &yfrsm;eJY,SONf yD; jyKjyifay;Edkiyf gw,f/ 'gaMumifh wu,fyh nmjrifch si&f if okcrk ynmudk jr§ihaf y;zkYd vkw d mygyJ/ okckrtEkynm&JU oabm[m pdwu f kd vIy&f Sm;Ekid w f ,f? qGJiifEkid yf gw,f/ 'gaMumifhvJ tvuFmqkid &f m tEkynm (Fine Arts)? 0gPdZt Æ Ekynm (Commercial Arts)? vufrI tEkynm (Industrial Arts) &,fvkYd toD;oD;cGJjcm; wnf&Sad ecJhwmygyJ/ urÇmrSmvnf; wGiw f iG u f s,u f s,Bf uD; olaY e&meJY ol oHk;aeMuygw,f ponfjzifh &Si;f jycJhygw,f/ uReaf wmfo&d oavmufuvnf; yef;cst D Ekynm &yfrmS Art eJY Carft udk cGjJ cm;NyD; od&rSmjzpfygw,f/ Oyrmay;&&if yef;csD[m Art eJY qkid w f ,f/ yef;xdrw f kYd? yef;wOf;wkYduawmh Craft eJY wku d ½f kduf qufoG,Nf yD; aeygw,f/ okckrtEkynmqkw d mu okckrtEkynmydki;f qkid f &m Art a&m? vufrItwwfqkid &f m Craft a&m olt Y ydki;f eJo Y l tifrweftoHk;0if tzk;d wefvyS gw,f/ jrefrmh½k;d &mrS jrefrmhyef;cs[ D efopf a&;qGEJ kid zf [ Ykd m rSm &nf&G,cf su(f 2)ck xm;ygw,f/ 56

wpftcsuu f awmh . . (1) a&S;u uRefawmfwkYdrSm&Scd JhwJh jrefrmh½kd;&m yef;csDukd azmfxkw&f rSmjzpfygw,f/ ,ckvnf; azmfxkwx f ed ;f odr;f aewJh q&mat; (rEÅav;)wdkYvkyd k*¾Kv d rf sm; &Sad eygw,f/ bmaMumifh vJqkad wmh . . jrefrmhtavhtx? ,Ofaus;rI? [eftrlt&m? jrefrmhyef;csD t,ltq? jrefrmhyef;csD&eHYawG 0dnmOf awGygwJh jrefrmhyef;csDum;ppfjzpfzkYd vkyd gw,f/ a&;enf ; [m b,f a vmuf a umif ; aumif ; tajccHtkwfjrpf raumif;&if? uif;uGmae&if taqmufttHkaqmufwJhtcg tkwfjrpfrckdifvkdY NyKdysuo f vkyd J/ tJ'g[m tkwjf rpfjzpfwJh tajccH ynm&yfrsm; aoaocsmcsm em;vnfcH,lzkYdvnf; vkdw,f/ 'Dae&mrSm rEÅav;u jrefrmhyef;csq D &mBuD;rsm; jzpfMuwJh q&mBuD; OD;at;jrifeh YJ q&mBuD; OD;atmif cifwkY&d JU tqkt d rdeYu f kd txl;tm;xm;Mu&rSm jzpfyg w,f/ jrefrmh½k;d &m 'DZkid ;f q&mBuD; OD;at;jrifq h w kd m uvnf; jrefrmh½k;d &m yg&*lwpfqyl g/ 'Dq&mBuD;u bmvkyo f vJq&dk if [d;k a&S;ESpaf ygif; 30ausmaf vmuf uwnf;u rEÅav;awmifNrKdU? tr&yl&aqmif;'g; &uf u ef ; ausmif ; rS m aexk d i f N yD ; tywf w uk w f BuK;d BuK;d pm;pm;eJY tJ'aD 'owpf0u kd rf mS &Sw d hJ jrefrm'DZikd ;f yHkawGomru jrefrmjynf te,fe,ft&yf&yfrmS &Sw d hJ jrefrmh½kd;&m'DZkdi;f rsm;udkyg pkaqmif;&SmazG rSww f rf; wifxm;cJw h hJ yk*K¾ v d Bf uD;wpfO;D jzpfvYkd olx Y rH S jrefrmh ½dk;&m'DZkdi;f eJY ywfoufwmawGukd qifhymG ;ul;,lay; ojzifh? uRefawmfwkdYudk vufqifhurf;tarGawG ay;cJw h mrkYd uReaf wmf&h UJ aus;Zl;&Siq f &kd ifvnf; rrSm; ygbl;/ uReaf wmf tdE, d´ jynfrmS ESpaf ygif; 30 avmuf u ta&SUwkid ;f ½dk;&myef;csDrsm;udk oifMum;cJhpOfu

vnf; tJ'Dtwkid ;f ygyJ/ uRefawmfh&JU q&morm; jzpfwJh a'gufwmeE´vmbkdYpf udk,fwkdifuvnf; 'Dtwkid ;f yJ ajymMum;cJhzl;ygw,f/ a&S;tpOftvmudkyJ ZGwfrSdwfNyD; a&S;u&SdwJh odMum;½ky?f jA[®m½ky?f e*g;½ky?f *VKef½kyrf sK;d awGeJY uEkwyf ef;awGukyd J xyfwvJvJ a&;qGaJ e&if bk&m; aqmif;wef;yef;csDtqifhu wufrSmr[kwfawmh ygbl;? tJ'Dvkd q&mBuD;rsm;&JU tqkt d rdeYfrsm;udk pOf;pm;a0zefrw d meJY tckuReaf wmf 20 &mpkaemufyikd ;f jrefrm[efopfyef;csDudk a&;qGJMunfhwm wpfESpf ausmaf vmufyJ &Syd gao;w,f/ 'Dt&ifuawmh tdE, ´d jynfu jyefa&mufvmNyD; jrefrmjynfte,fe,f t&yf&yfukd uGi;f qif;avhvm &if;eJY a&S;½dk;&mjrefrmvuf&mrsm;udkyJ ul;a&;qGcJ w hJ m awGtrsm;todygyJ/ a&;qGJavhvmcJhwmawGudk vnf; jyEdkiyf gw,f/ ,cktcsed rf mS awmh uRefawmf awGU&pdS rf;oyfcsuf rsm;udk cs,&f Dr*¾Zif;uae wifjyprf;oyfwJhtqifh avmufom &Sad o;w,f/ 20 &mpk jrefrmh½k;d &myef;csD [efopfeJY erlemoabmrQomvkdY rSwf,lapcsif ygw,f/ 20 &mpkaemufykid ;f jrefrmhyef;cs[ D efopf[m oD;jcm;jzpfwyhJ kHpaH wmh r[kwEf kid yf gbl;/ ,aeYtrsm; a&;qGJaewJhyHkpHeJY tenf;i,fom jcm;em;rSmjzpfyg w,f/ tJ'D erlem[m jrefrmh&eHY jrefrmhyef;csDtaeeJY wifjywmawmh r[kwaf o;ygbl;/ avhvmqJum vrSm prf;oyfMunfhwJh vuf&mwpfckomyg/ ,aeY trsm;olig a&;qGaJ eMuwmvnf; vuf&dS 20 &mpktwGi;f vuf&Sd jrefrmh½ky0f w¬KtjrifawGyJ a&;aeMuwm jzpfygw,f/ 20 &mpkaemufykid ;f yef;csD [efopfqdkwmuvnf; ,aeY½kyf0w¬KtjrifudkyJ a&;&rSmjzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh a,bk,soabmrSm toG i f w l a eygw,f / toG i f o abmtm;jzif h

tmrdMwm&Sm*,f(vf) Three Girls (1935)

wloa,mif&aSd omfvnf; &oay;wJah e&mrSm jcm;em; vdrhfr,fvkYd ,HkMunfygw,f/ ,aeY 20 &mpkaemufykdi;f jrefrmyef;csD[efopf qdkwm 'gygyJ/ NyD;awmh bmjzpfvkYd YOGA tavh tusihf ygvmovJqk&d if uRefawmfwkYd ta&SUwkid ;f tEkynm&yfawGrmS jrefrmjynftygt0if? Inner Mind(Spritual Perfaction) qk d w J h tZÑwå twG i f ; pdw"f mwfukd t&if;cHxm;NyD; a&;qGJ jyKvkyMf u&rSm jzpfvkdYygyJ/ tJ'gudkoabmaygufwJh *smreDEdkifiH bm;a[mhcf (Bahause) tEkynm oifwef;ausmif; rSm olYausmif;om;rsm;udk pdwaf vhusihfcef;awGyg xnfhoGi;f ay;xm;wmudk awGUEkdiyf gw,f/ 'gaMumifhrkYd Modern Art rSm ta&SUwkid ;f rS ynm awGukd taemufwkid ;f u twk,l&ygw,fvkYd ajym 57

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

wmyg/ ckawmh 'Dvkrd [kwb f l;/ olwkYdqDrSm a&muf aewJh ynm&if;udkrodbl;/ olck;d qDu ol0Suv f kae Muwm roifhygbl;/ udk,hfrSm e*dkuwnf;u &SNd yD; om;yg/ tJ'gudk odvm&if bmrSolrsm;qDu ck;d aep&m? 0Suaf ep&m r&Syd gbl;/ yef;csDukd ESp&f Snv f rsm; ta&;tqGJrsm;vmwJh tcg Experience awGuku d Skillful jzpfvmNyDaygh/ tJ'gudk Mind Eye tZÑwå pdwrf suv f Hk; (wwd, rsuv f k;H yJac:ac:)eJY aygif;pyfay;vdku&f if Creation jzpfvmNyDaygh? tJ'gudk Creative Art vdkYac:qkNd yD; udk,hf&JUrlykdit f EkynmjzpfvmzkYd vkyd gw,f/ tJ'g uRefawmf apwemaumif;eJY ajymwmyg/ awmifuul;cs? ajrmufuul;cs vkyrf aezkyYd gyJ/ Creative Art qkw d m odvm&if tvG,af v;yg/ ul;csaep&m rvkyd gbl;/ udk,hfrSm vlwkid ;f rSm &SNd yD; om;awGyg/ tJ'gav;udk rjrifMuvkYd Modern Art [m usqHk;cJh&ygw,f/ jyefvkyMf unfhprf;ygOD;/ &Sew f ed ad uwefrmS [dk;a&S;ESpaf ygif; 30 ausmu f qkad wmh tckacwftaeeJY ajym&r,fq&dk ifawmh tawmf udk atmufwef;aemufwef; usawmhwmaygh/ ausmif;olav;awG&JU ,leDazmif;0wfwmutp tckvkd One Set awG a&mifpHk b,folrSr0wfMu bl;/ tjzLa&mif wpfa&mifwnf;eJY qm&DawGyJ 0wfMuwm awGU&vdrrhf ,f/ acsmif;xJqif;NyD; a&csK;d wmawmifrS qm&Da&pdk½kyH J pdkw,f/ vyfaewJh tom; ae&mqkv d kYd vufarmif;av; ae&mavmufyJ jrifcJh& ygw,f/ uHqk;d w,fyJ qkrd vm;/ ckacwf abmfbD (BOBBY) Zmwfum;xJu Swimming Costune eJY ukvm;rav;rsK;d jrifcGihf? MunfhcGihf r&cJhygbl;/ 'Dae&mrSm olw&Ykd UJ ½dk;&m,Ofaus;rIukd xde;f odr;f xm; wJah e&mqkad wmh bke;f BuD;ausmif;? oDv&Sif Z&yfawGyJ 58

awGUEkid w f ,f qkw d Jhae&mrsK;d yJ/ 'gaMumifh olYvlrsK;d tcsi;f csi;f uawmif odyNf yD; acwfaemufusw,fvkYd ajymqkw d m cH&ygw,f/ &Sew f ed ad uwefausmif;taMumif; ajym&r,fqkd &if trsm;BuD;ajym&rSmyg/ 'Daqmif;yg;av;rSm jynfph kH atmif azmfrjyEdkiw f mudk awmif;yefvkyd gw,f/ aemif tvsO;f oifhvQif tjynfhtpHk aqmif;yg; wpfyk'af vmuf a&;jyzkYd pdwu f l;xJrSm &Sad eygw,f/ rdr&d JU trsK;d om;,Ofaus;rIawGukd cspMf uyg? jrwfEkd;Muyg/ 'gayr,fh w,loef rdr[ d mudk rrD[q k Ndk yD; ZGwf twif;zufxm;&if . . acwfaemufusoGm;ygvdrhf r,f/ OD;at;jrifw h v Ykd kd yk*K¾ v d u f trsK;d om; ,Ofaus; rIawGudk xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufxm;wJhol&Sdovkd acwfeJY avsmn f DpmG vrf;½dk;a[mif;wGif qifhumxGif vkv d Qif BuHqenf;vrf;& qkw d Jh aqmifyk'u f av; vkv d nf; rdr&d UJ trsK;d om;,Ofaus;rIukd jyefvnfqef; opfatmif vkyu f kid af &;qGw J o hJ rl sm;vnf; &St d yfygNyD/ Oyrm- tdE´, d Edkiif HrSmqk&d if 'Dvkyd k*¾Kv d rf sK;d awG trsm;tjym;&Sw d ,f/ *smreD½KG id ;f (Jamini Roy 18871972)? tmrdMwm&Sm*,f(vf) (Amrita Sher-Gil 19131941) pwJh yef;csDq&mrsK;d awGayghcifAsm/ olwkY[ d m tdE, d´ wGif ruygbl; urÇmrSmawmif ausmMf um;wJh yef;csDq&mawGyg/ tJ'gudk uRefawmf tm;usw,f/ A*sD a tmif p d k ;

A*sDatmifpdk;a&;wJhyHkMurf;rsm;

A*saD tmifp;kd &JU avhusiahf vhvmrIawGxrJ mS yHMk urf; (Skeches) awGukdvJ a&;avh&y Sd gw,f/ i,fpOfuwJu yHkMurf;a&;qGJavh&SdwmudkvJ awGU&Sd&ygw,f? &Sefwded auwefrSjyefvmjyD; jrefrmhtEkynmtarGtESpfpka0;&m rEÅav;? yk*HpwJha'oawGukd oGm;a&mufjyD; avhvma&; qGJcJhygonf/ jrefrmh½kd;&mtEkynmrsm;udk avhvma&;qGJ&mrSm ,Ge;f yef;csD? eH&Hyef;csD? opfom;yef;yk? a&Tcsnx f kd;? jrefrmh AdokumtaqmuftOD? uEkwyf ef;? tajymuftuGurf sm; jrefrmhaus;vuftEkynm"avhrsm;udkyg a&;qGJavhvm xm;yHkawGukd A*saD tmifpk;d xm;&pfcw hJ hJ yHkMurf;awGu ouf aocHaeygw,f/ 'DrmS azmfjyxm;wJh yHak wGrmS yHEk ySd af zmfjyNyD;jzpfwyhJ EkH ySd f awGyg&So d vdk? wpfBudrw f pfcgrS yHkEydS af zmfjyjcif;r&Sad o;wJU yHkawGukdvJ awGU&rSmjzpfygw,f/

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

A*sDatmifpdk;&JUyef;csD A*sDatmifpkd;&JUvuf&mawGukd r*¾Zif;pmrsuEf SmawGay:rSm trsm;qHk;awGU&&Sd ovdk tcgtm;avQmfpmG yef;csDum;csyrf sm;vJ a&;qGJcJhygao;onf/ bmoma&;qdki&f myef;csrD sm;udk a&;qGcJ &hJ mrSmvnf; Ak'j¨ rwfpmG bk&m;&JU yHkawmfawGvkd rkj'm? tmoe? b*F pwJh &dk;&mtpOfvmawGay:rSm tajccHNyD; olUenf;olU[efeJU a&;qGJcJhygw,f/ obm0udktajccHwJhyHkawGeJU yHkwlawGukda&;qGJ&mrSm vlwpfa,muf&JUyHkukd wdku½f kduu f l;,lwmrsKd ; r[kwb f J olU&UJ tavhtusi&hf x dS m;wJh rSwo f m;csuef UJ pdwu f ;l eJUoma&;avh&ydS gw,f/aus;vufeUJ ½k;d &myHkawGukd tajccHa&;qGJ&mrSmvJ 'Denf;twdki;f om a&;qGJavh&Syd gw,f/ olU&JUyef;csDum;awGeJU o½kyfazmfyHkawGrSmyg awGU&Sd&wJhtaMumif;t&mawGuawmh arwåmbGJU? rdbarwåm? tcspEf iS t hf aD &mwpfyef;csD (Erotic Painting) um;rsm;yJjzpfygw,f/ tcspEf iS hf tDa&mwpf udka&;qGJ &mrSm oP²eef rd w d ?f a0'emedrw d ?f oauFwedrw d f (Symbolism) qdkwehJ rd w d o f kH;yg;udk xl;jcm;wJph w d u f ;l rsm;eJU a&;qGJcJhovdk armf'efepfZif (Mordennism) enf;t& Surrealism, Cubism, Abstract, pwmawGeJUvnf; zefwD;a&;qGJavh&Syd gw,f/ A*sDatmifpkd;&JU t,ltqwpfckuawmh ta&SUwkdi;f yef;csDu yHkt&G,t f pm;tm;jzifh cyfao;ao; yJa&;avh&SdwJh Miniature Painting awGyJjzpfw,fvdkU ajymqdkavh&SdjyD; jrefrmeH&Hyef;csD? yk&ydkufyef;csD awGukdaxmufjyNyD; ajymavh&Syd gw,f/ 'gaMumifhvJolu yHkt&G,cf yfao;ao;yJ a&;qGJavh&Syd gw,f/ A*sDatmifpdk;&JU xl;jcm;wJhvuf&mwpfckuawmh jynfvrf;rSm&SdwJh ,cif aq;wuúodkvf(1) taqmuftODu ausmufpDyef;csD (mosaic) vuf&myJjzpfygw,f/ 1957ckESpfu 'DtaqmuftOD tvSqifzkdYtwGuf OD;tke;f vGi?f OD;cifarmif(&efuke)f ? OD;eef;a0? A*sDatmifpkd;wdkY&JU vuf&mawGukda&G;cs,Nf yD; jyKvkycf w hJ mjzpfygw,f/ (OD;bMunfuawmh vdycf k;H ta&SUrmS ua'gif;yHkBuD;udk eH&yH ef;cst D jzpf a&;qGcJ yhJ gw,f) t&G,t f pm;tm;jzihf (18ay x 10ay)jzpfNyD; yef;csOD ;D Munf0if;(&efuif;)u ausmufpyD ef;csjD yKvyk zf &Ykd m wm0ef,Nl yD; A*sDatmifpkd;aexdki&f m trSw(f 97)? vrf;rawmfvrf;aetdrrf Sm rl&if;yHkukd yHkBuD;csJUNyD; jyKvkycf Jhygw,f/ jyKvkycf sed f wpfvcGJcefY jyKvkycf Jh&ygw,f/ 'Dvuf&mudk ,ckxw d kdif awGUjrifEkdiyf gao;w,f/ &Sefwdedauwefu oif,lcJhwJh wood cut, lino cut, mono print pwJh zefwD;rIrsm;udkvJ awGU&rSmjzpfovdk? &Sew f ed ad uwefukd tvGr;f eJU a&;wJhyef;csDum;rsm;vJ yg0ifygw,f/ A*sDatmifpkd;&JU rdr½d kd;&m tEkynm0dnmOfygwJh acwfopfyef;csD (Modern Art) az:aqmifa&;qGJcJhwJh yef;csu D m;awG 50cefY pkaqmif;vdk&Y &Scd yhJ gw,f/ 'DtxJurS yef;csu D m;wcsKd Uukd a&G;cs,af zmfjyvdku&f ygw,f/ 62

Ak ' ¨ t Ek y nm

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

*&yf z pf y ef ; csD

1964ck E S p f ? usm;ysH r aumuf a q;aygh v d y f r S xkwfa0wJh jyu©'defyg *&yf z pf y ef ; csD r sm; ODoef;a|; (Owå&vGijf yif)? rEÅav; rS p k a qmif ; onf /

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

1964ck E S p f ? usm;ysH r aumuf a q;aygh v d y f r S xkwfa0wJh jyu©'defyg *&yf z pf y ef ; csD r sm; ODoef;a|; (Owå&vGijf yif)? rEÅav; rS p k a qmif ; onf /

yHkwlrsm;

wm&mr*¾ Z if ; t,f ' D w m? pma&;q&m? uAsmq&m '*k e f w m&m aiG w m&D r *¾ Z if ; (1961? ar)

uAsmq&ma'gif ; EG , f a qG (1959)

armif j rih f p d k ; (Munf 0 if ; atmif & J U yxravSum;xpfav;taMumif; o½k y f a zmf y H k r S ) (1975ck E S p f ? Mo*k w f v ? ½I r 0r*¾ Z if ; )

½k y f & S i f ' g½d k u f w m? pma&;q&m armif 0 PÖ 67

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

om;armif a rmif p d k ; (rS e f y ef ; csD ) A*sDatmifpdk;rdom;pkrS pkaqmif;onf/

orD;oef;oef;pdk; (Pastal on paper) (tay:) orD ; oef ; oef ; pd k ; (atmuf ? ,m) A*sD a tmif p d k ; rd o m;pk r S pk a qmif ; onf / 68

A*sD a tmif p d k ; &J U Innocent trnf a y;xm;wJ h (charcoal sketch) 1951ckESpfxkwf owif ; pmjzwf y d k i f ;

yHkwl a&aq; (9.5 _ 8.5 vufr) New Trasure Art Gallery rS pkaqmif;onf

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

A*sDatmifpdk;a&;wJhyef;csD jref r mh ½ d k ; &m,rif ; ½k y f u d k tajccH a &;qG J x m;wJ h rif ; om;eJ Y rif ; orD ; yH k

&mrorif v d k u f c ef ; (15 _ 9 vufr) Poster color on paper

OD ; qef e D n d r f ; pk a qmif ; onf (tay:yH k ) ½I r 0½k y f p H k r *¾ Z if ; rS m yH k E S d y f a zmf j yxm;wJ h &mrorif v d k u f c ef ; yH k E S d y f y ef ; csD (0J y H k ) 70

td E ´ d , trsd K ;orD ; Gouche on paper Gajah Gallery, Signapore

rS pk a qmif ; onf

aus;vuf u pm;p&m (Acrylic on canvas)

rrmrm Suvannabhumi Art Gallery Chiang Mai, Thailand.

rS pk a qmif ; onf &SefwdedauwefrSm a&;qGJcJhwJh tdE´d,trsdK;orD;yHk (4 _ 4.5 vufr) Gajah Gallery, Signapore

rS pk a qmif ; onf 71

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

td E Â´ d , trsd K ;orD ; oH k ; OD ; Gouche and felt-tip pen on paper Gajah Gallery, Singapore

rS pkaqmif;onf (tay:? 0J) ewf y G J felt-tip pen on paper

(10.5 _ 14.5 vufr) OD ; qef e D n d r f ; pk a qmif ; onf (tay:? ,m) jref r mtrsd K ;orD ; Gouche and felt-tip pen on paper

(10.5 _ 14.5 vufr) OD ; qef e D n d r f ; pk a qmif ; onf 72

Mother Series (3), (20 x 15 inches), Acrylic on board

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

qd k v mtif e m*sD nm Gallery

rS pk a qmif ; onf Photo : Nay Myo Say

tar Acrylic on board

OD;oef;vGif pkaqmif;onf (atmuf )

trnfay;rxm;? nm Gallery rS pkaqmif;onf/ Photo : Nay Myo Say

trnf a y;rxm; Oil on canvas

OD ; aumif ; 単G e f Y pk a qmif ; onf /

trnf a y;rxm; Collage New Trasure Gallery

trnf a y;rxm; rS pkaqmif;onf/

Oil on canvas

OD ; aumif ; 単G e f Y pk a qmif ; onf / 75

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

ud k , f w d k i f a &;yH k w l nm Gallery rS pkaqmif;onf Photo : Nay Myo Say

r,f0PĂ&#x2013; (14 _ 19 vufr) New Trasure Art Gallery

rS pkaqmif;onf/

Photo : Sonny Nyein

aus;vuf u pm;p&m (18 _ 24 vuf r ) Acrylic on canvas

A*sD a tmif p d k ; rd o m;pk r S pk a qmif ; onf / 76

trnfay;rxm; (17 _13 vufr) Acrylic on canvas

OD;qefeDndrf; pkaqmif;onf/

Road to Nirvana (Acrylic on canvas) Gajah Gallery, Signapore rS pkaqmif;onf

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

My Lover (1985)

(13.25 _ 18 vufr) Acrylic on canvas

OD ; qef e D n d r f ; pk a qmif ; onf

arc? rvd c Gouche on canvas

(18 _ 26 vufr) OD ; qef e D n d r f ; pk a qmif ; onf 78

trnf a y;rxm; (11.5 _ 25 vufr) New Trasure Art Gallery

rS pk a qmif ; onf

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

tcspf e J U tD a &mwpf y ef ; csD

rSefyef;csD (4.5 _ 6 vufr) OD ; qef e D n d r f ; pk a qmif ; onf

rd k ; a0pmayr*他 Z if ; rsuf E S m zH k ; yH k

uk @ vd e D 80

Nude

Ă&#x2013; (13 _ 16 vufr) Acrylic on canvas

OD;Av (okarmif) pk a qmif ; onf (tay:?,m) Woman Geography

(1977) (8 _ 11.5 vufr) Ink on paper

OD ; qef e D n d r f ; pk a qmif ; onf (tay:? 0J)

tysd K r Poster Color

a&aq;txl 81

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

trnfay;rxm; (felt-tip pen on paper) (1988) MPP &Jjrihf pkaqmif;onf

qef ; paomf w m (pmrJ h u AsmrS ) 82

trnfay;rxm; (Ink, water color on paper) Gajah Gallery, Signapore rS pkaqmif;onf

pmajcmufÂ˝kyf (10.5 _ 14.5

vufr)? flet-tip pen on paper 83

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

yHkEdSyfyef;csD lino print on paper

(5.25 _ 6.5 vufr)

orD ; roef ; oef ; pd k ; yH k w l mono print on paper

(4.5 _ 5.5 vufr) 84

aus;awmol lino print

pwk w ÂŹ t Bud r f a jrmuf pmayAd r mef y ef ; csD j yyG J (1961ck E S p f ? azazmf 0 g&D ) rS m wif o G i f ; jyocJ h w J h yef ; csD u m;/

lino print on paper

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

umwGef;ESifh½kyfjy A*sDatmifpdk;&JUvuf&mawGxJrSm tapmydkif; umwGe;f rsm; a&;qGJcJhwmudkvJ awGU&S&d ygw,f/ vlUb0&JU tEkynmavmuom;awG&UJ taMumif;udk oa&mfwJh ½kyaf jymifumwGe;f rsm;udk a&;qGJcJhovdk ]]pdwåZyef;csn D rsm;}} rl;,pfaq;0g;rsm;tajccHwhJ ½kyjf y (pmrsuEf mS aygif; 31 rsuEf mS ) udkvaJ &;om; xkwaf 0cJhbl;ygw,f/

1959ckESpf? 'DZifbmvxkwf jr0wDr*¾Zif;rS (tay:? ,m) jr0wDr*¾Zif; twGJ (8)? trSwf (5)rS(tay:? 0J) pd w å Z yef ; csD n rsm;½k y f j y yef;csDq&mydkydk ay;ydkYonf/ (atmuf? ,m) 86

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

ydk;ZmyHkEdSyfyef;csD

yd k ; ZmyH k E S d y f y ef ; csD ' D Z k d i f ; rsm;

ausmufpDyef;csD

&efukefNrdKU? jynfvrf; (,cif aq;wuúodkvf (1) taqmuftOD) rSm jyKvkyfxm;wJh mosaics ausmufpDyef;csDvuf&m? 1957ckESpf/ (18 _ 10 ay)

translate A*sD a tmif p d k ;

tcef; (4)

aq;pufus&m uRefawmfwkYd jrefrmvlrsK;d rsm; ajymavhajymx&Sw d Jh pum;wpfcGe;f &Syd gw,f/ vlwpfa,muf&JU t&nftcsi;f tpGr;f tpudk oabmus&if csD;rGr;f wifpm;xm;wJh pum;wpfckuawmh ]]'DarmifBuD;uawmh aq; pufus&m t½kyjf zpfwahJ rmify?J acyghrvm;}} vkYd ajymavh&MdS uygw,f/ aq;pufus&mt½kyfjzpfwJh yef;csD[m taemufurÇmrSmvnf; &Syd gw,f/ olwu Ydk awmh Automation, Action Painting pojzifh ac:a0: avh&SdMuygw,f/ uRefawmfa&;jycsiw f mu ta&SUwikd ;f ta&SUurÇmrSm puwnf;u &Sv d mcJw h hJ *E¨m&D? wEÅ&? raemr[d'¨d "mwfyef;csDwkYdeJY qufEG,v f mwJh ,aeY Automation vkYad c:wJh ½dk;&mopfyef;csDtaMumif;av; wcsKUd yg/ yef;csrD mS wefc;dk &Sif (Uper Natural Power) r&Sb d ;l vkYd taemufwidk ;f yef;csq D &mrsm;u qkMd uygw,f/ ,Hkvnf; r,HkMuygbl;/ yg&rDqw kd m awmif vufrcHcsiMf uygbl;/ tJ'D Automation qdkwhJ yef;csu D kd Hapd m;ygw,f/ pening vdkYvnf; ac:qkx tJ'g[m tjiif;yGm;p&mrvkb d ;l vkyY d J uReaf wmf ,lqrdygw,f/ taemuf u taemufy/J ta&SUu ta&SUy/J ta&SUurÇmuvlawG? tEkynm&Siaf wG usawmhvnf; ,HkMunfoltrsm;tjym;yg/ *E¨m&Dtwwfynm&Sit f csKUd ay:aygufczhJ ;l wmudkvnf; awGU&ygw,f/ olw[ Ykd m orx? a,m* usipfh Ofawmfrsm;udk tav;teufxm;NyD; orx bm0emrsm;udk jyif;jyif; xefxef avhusihf&mu tMum;tjrif&vmw,fqkw d mawG awGUcJh&zl; ygw,f/ uReaf wmfa&;csiw f mu tJ't D aMumif;awGtaMumif; r[kwyf gbl;/ yef;cseD YJ qufE, G af ewJh yef;csu D pd yö aJ jymyghr,f/ orxbm0emyGm;rsm;wJh yef;csDynm&SiBf uD;awGvnf; &Syd gw,f/ tJ'D yef;csq D &mBuD;awGuawmh *E¨m&DtwwfeJY tMum;tjrif&vmwmudk raemr[d'v ¨d kYv d nf; ac:a0: ygw,f/ 90

tJ'D yef;csDynm&SiBf uD; xdyaf cgifwpfOD;uawmh Edkiif Hausmf yef;csDq&mBuD; OD;aiGukdiyf gyJ/ q&mBuD;xHrmS yef;csyD nm qnf;yl;oifMum;cJMh u wJh wynfhrsm; yef;csDq&mawGuawmh rsm;vSygbd awmif;/ 'DtxJrmS awmh uReaf wmf rygçygbl;/ bmjzpfvYkd vJq&kd if uRefawmfeYJ q&mBuD; tap;ruyfMuvkyYd g/ q&mBuD;u bmoma&;orm;? w&m;orm;/ uReaf wmfu 'kp½du k o f rm;? t&uform;yJ/ b,fomG ; NyD; twl,OS af e? twlomG ;aevkYd rjzpfEikd yf g/ NyD; q&m BuD;u t&ufteHYukd vHk;0cHvkYdr&bl;/ tJ'Dawmh uReaf wmf t&ufrrl;wJt h csed rf mS ac:w,f? ajymw,f? qufqw H ,f/ 'gayr,fh yef;csaD wmh oifciG rhf &cJb h ;l / uReaf wmfuvnf; yef;cso D ifciG rhf &cJv h Ydk 0rf;renf; ygbl;/ oifvnf; roifcsiyf gbl;/ 'gayr,fh uRef awmfu q&mBuD;&JU Oy"d½kyBf uD;eJY pdw"f mwfukd odyf cspw f ,f? ½dkaoav;pm;w,f/ wpfO;D arwåm wpfO;D rSmqko d vkad ygh/ q&mBuD;uvnf; uReaf wmfu h kd csp&f mS ygw,f/ 'gayr,fh wlwl MumMumwGJaecsi[ f ef raygufb;l / wpfaeYawmh xl;xl;jcm;jcm; raemr[d'd¨ "mwfyef;cst D aMumif; pum;pyfrMd u&if; a&Tw*d kHuke;f awmfay:u t*Fgaxmifh acgif;avmif;BuD;&Sw d Jh wef aqmif;twGi;f rSm "mwfyef;csDawG udk,w f kid af &;qGJjy &if;eJyY J uRefawmf pdw0f ifpm;rSe;f odwmeJY bmoma&; xJ wjznf;jznf; odr;f oGi;f ,lvkduyf gw,f/ uReaf wmfu q&mBuD;xH yef;csyD nm r,lcsirf eS ;f vnf; odvkYdxifyg&JU/ yef;csDtaMumif; wpfcGe;f rS rajymcJhyg/ uReaf wmfuvnf; q&mBuD;&JU yef;csv D uf&m[m xdyw f ef;yJ/ odyaf umif;? odyt f qifjh rifv h aS Mumif; oday r,fh uReaf wmf0h oDtwkid ;f ysi;f wmeJY roifjzpfwmyg/ uRefawmf q&mBuD;xH yef;cso D if,&l &if q&mBuD;&JU

vuf&mudk tenf;tusO;f yJjzpfjzpf? &vmrSmuawmh aocsmw,f/ tJ'v D dk q&mBuD;vuf&mrsK;d rjzpfcsiw f m uRefawmfh&JU e*dkpw d "f mwfygyJ/ 'kw, d zk;d pderf jzpfcsif wmvnf; ygw,fxifyg&JU/ q&mBuD;OD;bMunfeJY twlaew,f/ wpftrd f wnf;aecJhw,f/ uRefawmf q&mBuD;OD;bMunf&JU yef;cst D jzpf rcHcyhJ gbl;/ q&mBuD;OD;tke;f vGief v YJ nf; 'Dvykd /J q&mBuD; OD;tke;f vGi&f UJ yef;csrD sK;d jzpfvmatmif roifcJhyg/ tck q&mBuD;OD;aiGukdief JYusawmh q&mBuD;&JU raemr[d'd¨ "mwfyef;csaD &;wmudk oabmusNyD;? q&mh vkyd J a&;wwfcsiv f mwmeJY t&ufjzwfyghr,f uwd ay;NyD;? q&mBuD; oGeo f ifñeT jf ywJt h wkid ;f yJ ykw;D pdy?f a,m*Dw&m; tm;xkwv f mcJw h m ,aeYtxd qkEd kid yf g w,f/ tJ'yD ef;csrD sK;d u oDt&dk aD wG odypf um;rajymyg/ tJ'yD ef;csv D rf;pOfuawmh 'Dvykd g/ acwfev YJ nf; avsmn f ND yD; tH0ifciG u f satmif uReaf wmf wifjyyghr,f/ zefwD;rItEkynmvkYad c:Edkiw f Jh aq;pufus&m t½kyf jzpfatmif a&;qGJEkdizf kYduawmh(u) okwr,ÓPf&S&d r,f/ acwfpum;eJYajym&if awmh (Past Experince) tMum;tjrifrsm; jym;wJh A[kow k tawGUtBuKrH sm;&S&d r,f? &So d ifh w,faygh/ (c) aemuf-pdEÅmr,ÓPf vkYdac:wJh acwfpum; Skillfulness uRrf ; usif v d r ® m NyD ; ? Speed vsijf refpmG wpfrk[kwjf cif;? csucf si;f a&;Edkipf rG ;f &Sv d monftxd avhusihf&rSmyg/ tJ ' gu a,m*D o rxbm0emawG [ m usihfpOfvnf; ygygw,f/ (*) tJ'gudk *syefvkd ]csi}f ? w½kwv f kd wmtk0d g'&JU awmufw,fusiaf c:ygw,f/ twkad umufu awmh ]awmuf} aygh/ a,m*Dqkw d muawmh 91

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

tdE´, d u pçygw,f/ tJ'Dvrf;pOfawGukd od atmifvnf; vky&f w,f/ p&Pqkw d Jh tusihf rsm;vnf; usihf,l&ygw,f/ tckaqmif;yg;eJt Y wl a&S;ujrefrmh½;kd &myef;csD aumifpDukd wm0ef&So d l wpfOD;taeeJYrkYd tpD&ifcHpm eJY wifjyvdku&f wmvnf; jzpfygw,f/ 1950-ckEpS f avmufu jrefrmh½k;d &myef;csD jyefvnfqef;opfa&; D kd q&maZmf*s?D q&m twGuf jrefrmEdik if yH ef;csaD umifpu rif;ok0PfwEYdk iS hf tjcm;vlBuD;rsm;u zGUJ pnf;NyD;? jrefrmh ½d;k &myef;csjD yyGBJ uD;wpfcu k kd zGiv hf pS Nf yD; jyyGBJ uD;wpfcu k kd jyocJhzl;Muygw,f/ yk*Hacwfutp tif;0acwf? uke;f abmifacwf? &wemyHkacwf ponhf acwftrsK;d rsK;d udk jynfot l rsm; tm; jyoonfh jyyGJBuD;yJ jzpfygw,f/

aemufwpfqifu h jrefrmh½k;d &m [efopf&mS yHkawmf &,fvYkd trnfwyfum yef;csq D &mrsm;uvnf; ½dk;&m opfukd enf;rsK;d pHkeJY &SmazGwifjyMuygw,f/ atmuf jrefrmjynfua&m txufjrefrmjynfua&m yef;csq D &m BuD;? i,fawGyJ jzpfygw,f/ tJ ½dk;&mopf jrefrmyef;csD ay:aygufzt Ykd a&; udk ESpaf ygif; 30 ausmf Mumjrifv h mwJh ,ckvuf&dS tcsed rf mS uReaf wmfta&SUwidk ;f ½d;k &m tEkynm,Ofaus; rIrsm;eJY jrefrmh½;kd &m ,Ofaus;rIrsm;udk a&m,Suaf vhvm a&;qGcJ w hJ hJ ]½d;k &mopf} yef;cs&D ,fvYdk uifyeG ;f wyfvu dk f NyD; a&;qGx J m;wmyJ jzpfygw,f/ jrefrmh&eH?Y jrefrmh ,Ofaus;rI trsK;d om;[efrsm;udk ckacwfopfeYJ qDavsmf atmif wwftm;&So d avmuf pl;prf;prf;oyfa&;qGJ Munfv h u kd w f myg/ jynfph NkH yv D aYdk wmh qkv d rYdk &ao;ygbl;/ rEÅav;om;awGeYJ twlwuG yl;aygif;BuHpnfavh vmMuwmyJ jzpfygw,f/ jrefrmtrsK;d om; jrefrmyef;csD opfukd &SmazGz?Ydk jyefvnfqef;opfzYdk qkw d mawGukd jrefrm Edik if yH ef;csaD umifpx D rJ mS tzGUJ 0ifwpfO;D yJ jzpfcyhJ gw,f/ 'gaMumifh uReaf wmft h ay:rSm wm0efawGyad eygw,f vkq Yd v kd ku d &f wmyg/ wpfcg ,ckacwfvil ,frsK;d quf opf armf'efyef;csq D &m vli,frsm;eJY wpfzef yl;aygif; ul;vl;qufqNH yD; twlwuG vkyaf qmifaeMu&jyefyg NyD/ acwfa&pD;aMumif;xJrSm twlwuG pD;0ifaewJh oabmygyJ/ tJ'D,Ofaus;rIawG[m uRefawmfwkYd ta&SUwpfvTm;rSmyJ &Syd gw,f/ tJ'Dvkd avhusihfay;ae&wm[m bm0emr, ÓPf 0ifpm;Edik af tmifvyYdk g/ tJ'gudk Modern acwf pum;eJY Creative Imagnation? pdEÅmr,ÓPf vkYd ac:wJh Third eye wwd,rsuv f ;kH vkYd qkyd gw,f/ tJ'v D kd aygif;pyfvku d w f hJ tcgusawmhrS pdwrf supf d qkv d nf; [kwyf gw,f/ tJ'gaygif;vkaYd wmh a&mufvm rSmu Creative Art ygyJ/ tcke azmfjycJhwJh acwf

eJrY avsmn f b D ;l vkyYd J qkcd siq f /kd Supernatural &vmrSm aocsmvSyg w,f/ 0d Z Æmenf ; eJ Y w G u f w G u f ? pdww f efck;d (raemr[d'¨)d enf;? od y Ü H e nf ; ususeJ Y y J a jymajym? zefwD;rItEkynm wpf&yf&vmNyD jzpfygw,f/ yef;csu D kd ½d;k &menf;eJyY aJ &;a&;? ½d k ; &mopf [ ef o pf e J Y y J qG J q G J ? 'D v k d i f ; xJ u rxG u f a wmh y g? rvGwaf wmhyg/ atmifjrifNyDvo Y dk m rSwyf g/ uRefawmf tdE´d,yef;csD&JU ½dk;&mopfjzpfxGe;f vmyHkukd erlem yef ; csD u m;csyf u av;awG e J Y jyovdkuf&ygw,f/ 0dZÆmqkdwJh t"dyÜm,fukdu NyD;jynfhpHkjcif;vkYd qkdygw,f/ 'Dvkd tpD&ifcHvku d &f jcif;u awmh uReaf wmfrh mS ydaewJh wm0ef udk ajyaysmufapjcif;iSm q&m aZmf*sD? q&mrif;ok0PfwkdYxH tpD&ifcH wifjyvku d &f jcif;yJ qk&d if rrSm;yg/ uRefawmf bmawGawGU cJhw,f? b,fvkjd rifw,f? tck bmawGvkyaf eovJ pojzifhaygh cifAsm/ 'gygyJ wynf h armif a tmif p d k ; (A*sD a tmif p d k ; ) pHy,fjzL? 1987? Zefe0g&D

see "aung soe family.pdf": dam - archives-manuscripts (56+dos) A*sD a tmif p d k ;

a0'vu©PmESifh raemr[d'd¨ "gwful;yef;csD ed ' gef ;

½k y f u d k ausmf v G e f í pd w f ( emrf ) e,f y ,f ü usupf m;aom raemr[d'¨d "gwfu;l yef;csD qdkonfrmS t*Fvdyfvdk (Ultra Modern) ]tm(vf)w&m rdk'gef} [k wifpm;ac:a0:ygw,f/ (Oyrm- ol&ówDr,fawmf[k ausmfMum; aom pE´Dr,fawmfBuD;rSm ½kyrf &Syd g/ emrf(0g)raem om&Sdonfudk yef;csDq&mrsm;? yef;ykq&mrsm;u xifay:atmif ½ky"f gwfa&;qGJí jyMu&ovdk) raemqdkonfrSm pdw/f ynwftm;jzifh raem [lívnf;ac:\/ raemr[d'd¨? pdwfpGrf;tif(0g) pdww f efck;d jzifh zefqif;jyKvkyaf om "gwfrsm;yifjzpfyg w,f/ pdwfwefcdk;(0g) pdwfpGrf;tifrsm; &&Sdatmif *E¨m&Dtwwfynm\ rlvtajccHw&m;jzpfaom orx(0g)a,m*DusihfpOfukd avhusihf,l&ygw,f/ tJ'Dvkd orxjzifh orm"d &vmaomtcg rdrw d kdY tMum;tjrif &vmwJt h cgrSmawmh (E.S.P) raemr [d'¨dwefckd;pGr;f tifjzifh "gwfyef;csDukd a&;qGJEkdiyf g w,f/ yef;csaD &;qGw J wfatmif yef;csyD nmudk oif,Nl yD; &ovdk? pdww f efckd; pdwpf Gr;f tifrsm; &&Sv d map&ef vnf; *E¨m&Dwk&Yd UJ pm&Pusiphf Ofrsm;udk avhusiNhf yD; jzpfap&ygr,f/ tJ'Dtydki;f u twefi,fcufcJNyD; BudK;pm;avhusihf,l&ygr,f/ 94

tJ ' D r S m (Faith) ,H k M unf r I u t"d u yg/ ,HMk unfrI (Devotion)? oEd|é mefcsr?I t"d|mef jyKvyk rf I wdkYpojzifh yg&Sad eygí tcsed t f awmfMum avhusihf oifMum;rIukd jyKvkyaf qmif&u G rf I jyK&rSmyg/ 'grS oDv? orm"d? ynmjynhfpHkvmrSmyg/ yef;csDrSm tvsm;? teH? xk? tjrifh? tvif;tarSmifawGukd jrifovdkaygh/ uRefawmf bdk;awmf*kdP;f 0ifwpfOD; r[kwo f vdk? 0dZÆmwpfa,mufvJ r[kwyf g/ aemuf NyD; olawmfpifvnf; r[kwaf o;yg/ edAÁmefeJY tvGef a0;uGmaeolyg/ 0dZÆmqdkonfrSm tvHk;pHk NyD;ajrmufjcif;yg/ uRefawmf omrefykxkZOf wpfOD;jzpfNyD; yef;csDa&; qGJwwfol rQomjzpfygw,f/ oufarG;0rf;ausmif; vkyu f kdiyf gw,f/ ,ckuRefawmf trnfcHxm;aom raemr[d'¨d "gwful;yef;csD qdkwmuawmh (1) raem - pdwf (2) r[d'¨d - pdww f efckd;jzifh &&Sv d maom tZÑwåtwGi;f pdwu f kd p&P avhusihfcef;rsm;jzifh zefwD;ygw,f/ 'DvkdtZÑwåukd jrifEkdi?f xifEkdiaf tmif oDv? orm"d? ynmudk xkw, f &l ygw,f/ 'gu zefw;D rI tEkynmw&yfom jzpfygw,f/ *E¨m&Dtwwf (Tatric Art) vdkYvJ ac:a0:yg w,f/ *E¨m&Dtwwfukd vdkupf m;cJhNyD; a&;qGJaom Ak'¨bmom tEkynmwpf&yfbJ jzpfygw,f/ 'g[m uRefawmf ½dk;om;pGm 0efcHcsub f J jzpfygw,f/

SYMBOL

(oauFwrsm; t"dyÜg,fzGihfqkdcsu)f ]0}vH k ; wpf v H k ; [m ok n t"d y Ü g ,f & S d o vd k ocsFmenf;jzifhvJ okn? Avm? ew¬d vdkYvJqkdyg w,f/ bdk;bdk;atmif oD0&Dt& olu 2 qwdk;vdkuf ygw,f/ 1+2= 1 (1 ck[m 2 ckaygif;)tpu ]0} wpfvHk;[m ESpv f Hk; jzpfvmw,f/ (ESpv f Hk; zsuv f kdujf yefawmh av;vHk;ay:cJhw,f/ ]ESpq f wdk; wm[mav Armhwefck;d ygAs} bdk;bdk;atmif yg&rDvkYd atmifyxrH atmift&[H vkYdbJac:qdk&rSmyg/ ]0} vH;k t"dygÜ ,frmS trsm;BuD; e,fus,0f ef; ygw,f/ ]0 vHk;eufus,?f okni,fukd e,fe,fr rSwEf Sih}f vdkYvJ pmcsKd ;xm;wmudk axmuf½Ijcif;tm; jzifh odEkdiyf gw,f/ aemufwjcm; oauFwrsm;udk qufygOD; r,f/ p"A0? "gwfBuD;av;yg; oD0&DrSm yx0D? tmayg? awaZm? 0ga,m wdkYyJjzpfygw,f/ - udk;e0if; - ei,fe0if;ydwf - t{"gwft0if? tyl"gwftxGu/f tjcm; tu©&mrsm;rSmvJ t0ifeJY txGuef nf;awG &Sad eyg w,f/ trsm;BuD;bJ &Syd gao;w,f/ vlwpfa,muf[m yef;csDqGJwwfzdkY yef;csD ynmudk ½kyyf kdi;f qdki&f m avhusihfcef;rsm; oif,l avhusi&hf ovdkb?J wu,fvkYd emrfyef;csD a&;qGaJ wmh vnf; emrfyikd ;f qdik &f m pdwaf pwoduaf wG&UJ taMumif; awGukd avhusihf,l&ygw,f/ ½kyu f odyÜHukdjrwfEkd; w,f/ pdwf? emrf? raem pwmawGudk vufawGU avhusi&hf r,f/ p&PawGbjJ zpfw,f/ raemupdwf e,fukd jrwfEkd;w,f/ pdw?f apwodu?f ½ky?f edAÁmef pwmawG xifay:vmonftxd oDv? orm"d?

ynmawGvnf; vdkvmygw,f/ Oyrm - vu©Pma&;oHk;yg;jzpfwhJ tedp?ö 'ku?© tewå (ud k , f r [k w f ) pwmawG u d k ausaus vnfvnfeJU raemtm½HkrSm xifvmatmif tavh tusiahf wG rsm;rsm;vkyaf y;&rSm jzpfwt hJ jyif? orkwd opömeJY y&rw¬opömudkvJ od&rSmjzpfygw,f/ tJ'D avhusifhcef;awG vkyf,lwJhtcgrSm? pdwfwefcdk; avhusihfay;wJh orm"dxlaxmif&mrSm t"dujzpfwJh (1) okwr,ÓPfeJU jynfhpHk&jcif;/ (2) pdEÅmr,ÓPfeJU jynfhpHk&jcif;/ (3) bm0emr,ÓPfeJY jynfpHkjcif;/ ponf w d k Y NyD ; jynf h p H k & ygr,f / tJ ' g[m pdww f efckd; raemr[d'¨d &&m &aMumif;awGbJjzpf w,f/ tJ'Dvkd NyD;jynfhpHkwJhtcg 0dZÆm jzpfvmNyD; udk,af &;csiw f hJ yef;csu D m;rsKd ;awG a&;qGEJ kid w f hJ Automation qdkwJh pdww f efck;d awG &vmygawmhw,f/ 'gawGeJUtwl ur®|mef;wdkY? uokdPf;trdsK; rsKd ;awGyg avhusihfNyD;wJhtcgrSmawmh pdww f efckd;eJU a&;qJGEkdiaf wmhrSm rkcsyJjzpfygw,f/ 'g[m raemr[d'¨d pdwpf Gr;f tif? pdww f efckd; &vmjcif;yJ jzpfygw,f/ Oyrm- tedp?ö 'ku?© tewå qdkwJh pdwaf pwoduaf wGukd a&;jyvku d w f myJjzpf ygw,f/ eHygwfrsm;eJY pum;ajymjcif;[m eu©wåynmeJY aA'ifwkdY&JUtpyifjzpfygw,f/ a0'vu©Pm raem r[d'yd¨ nm tusO;f csKyyf g/ uGejf rLepfjzpfwhJ ½koQEidk if H rSmawmif &yfpjyLwifqkdwJh raemr[d'¨d "gwfx;l yk*K¾d vfxl; Zmbk&ifvufxufrSm xif&Sm;ygw,f/ taemufwkdif;rSmvnf; 0dZÆmawG ay:xGufvm ygw,f/ tvGeaf cwfaemufuswhJ t,ltqvkY d taemuf wkid ;f om;awGu r,HkMuygbl;/ acwfeJYawmh tHr 0ifwm aocsmygw,f/ 95

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

*E¨m&DESihf *rÇD& twwfynm&yfrsm; avh u sih f t m;xk w f v Qif (AUTOMATION HAPPENING AISSTI)

pdwfwefcdk; raemr[d'd¨ &&SdvmapEkdifonfh p&Prsm; (earmwó b*0awm t&[awm or®m orÁK'¨ó) (1) rolawmfwkYdukd a&SmifMuOf&jcif;wpfyg;/ (2) olawmfaumif;ESihf aygif;azmf&jcif;wpfyg;/ (3) 0dZÆmrsm;ESifh xGuf&yfaygufyk*¾dKvfrsm;udk ylaZmfukd;uG,f tm;xm;&jcif;wpfyg;/ (4) teaEÅmteEÅ? rdb? q&m ponfwku Yd kd ½dkao av;pm; ylaZmfuefawmh&jcif;wpfyg;/ (5) oif h w if h a vsmuf y wf a om ae&mt&yf ü ae&jcif; wpfyg;/ (6) rdru d kd,u f kd rdrrd vdr&f jcif;wpfyg;/ (7) jyKcJNh yD;aom aumif;rI&jdS cif;wpfyg;/(pdEÅmr, ÚmPf&&Sjd cif;) (8) tMum;tjrifrsm;jcif;wpfyg;/ (okwr, ÚmPf&&Sjd cif;) (9) oif N yD ; tyf a omtwwf & S d j cif ; / (0d Z Æ m ÚmPf&&Sjd cif;) (10) 0denf; (udk,u f sihfw&m;) aumif;pGmwwf ajrmuf&jcif;wpfyg;/ (11) aumif;pGmajymqdktyfaom pum;wkYu d kd&jcif; wpfyg;/ (12) rdbudk auR;arG;jyKpk&jcif;wpfyg;/ (rdbudk bk&m;uJo h kYd MunfnKd yg/ bk&m;udk rdbuJo h kYd jrifí &if;ESD;cspcf ifMunfnKd yg/) (13) ZeD;om;orD;wdkYukd axmufyHh&jcif;wpfyg;/ (14) {aum"ar®m wpfcw k nf;aom xGu&f yf&&Sjd cif; wpfyg;/ (15) ESpcf kaygif; wpfckomjzpfjcif;wpfyg;/ (16) ay;urf;jcif;wpfyg;/ (17) aqGrsKd ;rsm;tm; axmufyHh&jcif;wpfyg;/ 96

(18) tjypfrJhaomvkyif ef;udkom vkyaf qmif&jcif; wpfyg;/ (19) raumif;rIukd a&SmifMuOfjcif;? txl;a&SmifMuOf &jcif;wpfyg;/ (20) rl;,pfapaom ,pfrsdK;aomufpm;jcif;rS a&SmifMuOf&jcif;wpfyg;/ (21) w&m;ü rarhravsmhjcif;wpfyg;/ (22) vlvljcif; ½dkaojrwfEk;d &jcif;wpfyg;/ (23) rdru d k, d u f kd ESrd hfcsjcif;wpfyg;/ (24) a&mifh&Jwif;wdr&f jcif;wpfyg;/ (25) aus;Zl;odwwfjcif;wpfyg;/ (26) onf;cH&jcif; (a'gouif;jcif;)wpfyg;/ (27) w&m;aqG;aEG;avh&Sjd cif;wpfyg;/ (28) NcdK;NcHaomtusihu f k&d jcif;wpfyg;/ (29) jA[®mpdk&w f &m;&S&d jcif;wpfyg;/ (30) opömav;yg;udk od&S&d jcif;wpfyg;/ (31) avmu"Hw&m;ü cHEkid &f nf&S&d jcif;wpfyg;/ (aomuuif;atmifaeEkid &f rnf) (32) edAÁmefukd odjrifrsuaf rSmufjyK&jcif;wpfyg;/ (33) ab;r&S&d jcif; (eb,H)wpfyg;/ (34) vkcd siaf om avmbuif;jcif;wpfyg; ponfh p&Ptusi&fh atmifusiBfh uHtm;xkwjf cif;jzifh raemr[d'¨yd k*¾dKvfrsm; jzpfvmEkid yf gw,f/ &wemBwd (bk&m;? w&m;? oHCm) 'D&wem oHk;rdsK;twGuf oDvapmifhyg/ 'gejyKyg/ bm0em yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfyg/ uRefawmfu ½kyfukdra&; emrfukda&;wJh yef;csDq&myg/ jrwfpGmbk&m;ocif &Sifawmfjrwfudk,fwkdifuvJ vl[m ½kyfeJYemrfbJ &Sw d ,fvkdY "r®w&m;awmfrSm a[mMum;awmfrlcJhyg w,f/ 'gaMumifh ½kyef mrf obm0 ocFg&w&m;yJ&Syd g w,f/ tJ'Dobm0awGudk yef;csDa&;qJGjywJhtcg t½kyfawGyJ jzpfygw,f/ t[kwfr[kwfygbl;/

orkwdopömyJjzpfygw,f/ y& rw¬opömawmh r[kwyf g/ y&rw¬ o pö m uk d a&;pG r f ; jyEkid w f muawmh emrfyef;cs?D pdwf (0g) raemyef;csu D kd toH;k cswmudk raemr[d'¨d ½kyef mrf"gwfyef;csDvkYd ac:Ekdifygw,f/ raemr[d'd¨vkdY qkv d u kd af wmh txuf*kP d ;f u vkd vkd *E¨m&Dq&mBuD;rsm; jzpfMuwJh bd;k bd;k atmif? atmifrif;acgifw&Ykd UJ tqG,t f yGm;awGyv J aYkd wmh rxif vdkuyf geJY/ 'gawG e J Y b mrS r qkd i f w J h yef;cs½D ;kd ½d;k yJjzpfygw,f/ 'gayr,fh a&S;uwnf;u &Sad ewJh tif;tkid f vufzJGY*gxm rsm;? rEÅ&m;awGukdawmh avhvm qnf;yl;NyD; tJ'DtajccHtcsuf awGudk acwfopfyef;csDenf;eJY toHk;csa&;qJGxm;wmyJ jzpfyg w,f/ tedpö? 'ku©? ocFg&awG udk t&if;wnfNyD; avmb? a'go w&m;awGukd tavmb? ta'g o? tarm[qkw d mjzpfvkYd opöm av;yg; ('k u © o pö m ? ork ',opöm? edaj*m'opöm? r*¾ opöm) awGukv d nf;aumif;? jA[® pdk&w f &m;rsm;jzpfwJh arwåm? *½k Pm? rk'w d m? Oayu©m pwm awGukd av;*Pef;taeeJY wpfpk taeeJY a&;qJjG ywmyJjzpfygw,f/ rqef;ygbl;/ a&S;a&S;uwnf;u &Scd Jhzl;ygw,f/ 'gawGukd a&S;u awmh tif;tkid v f ufzJGY taeeJYom prawG? tif;uGuaf wG taeeJY

translate

wpfrsKd ;? taqmifvufzYGJ oabm taeeJYom ,lqawG;jrifcJhMuvdkY acwfaemufusaecJhwm/ ,ck tDvufx½Ge;f epf uGejf yLwmacwf usawmh tJ'gawGuyJ acwfa&SU ajy;jzpfvm&jyefygw,f/ 'g pdwf e,fveG yf ef;csD&JU obm0wpfckyg

yJ/ qufNyD; raemr[d'¨d "gwf yef;csDukd avhvmMuygOD;pdkY/ uRef awmf eHygwf (NUMBER) awGeJY pum;ajymaewmjzpfygw,f/ atmifA*sD-udk; (9) A*sDatmifpdk; ½kyfyGm; 97

see "aung soe family": dam - archives-manuscripts (64) A*sD a tmif p d k ;

raemr[d'd¨ "gwfyef;csD Mysticism Art Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;ocif &Siaf wmfb&k m;u "gwfBuD;av;yg; yx0D? awaZm? tmayg? 0ga,m wdku Y kd tajcjyKaom ½kyef UJ emrfom tqHk;&Sw d ,fvkdY a[mMum;awmf rlcJhygw,f/ tJ'D "gwfBuD;av;yg; ½ky-f emrf ESpyf g;&JUtcsKyf (tedp?ö 'ku?© tewå)bJ&w dS ,f qdw k mudv k J a[mcJyh gw,f/ twå ig r[kwf emrf½yk b f jJ zpfw,f/ uReaf wmf[m Ak'¨bmom0if jrefrmvlrsKd ;ppfppf wpf a ,muf y g/ uRef a wmf h ,H k M unf c suf u awmh trsd K ;? bmom? omoem aumif ; pm;a&;yg/ uReaf wmf ½kyu f krd a&;? emrfudka&;wJh yef;csDq&myg/ tusn;f weftvSukdvJ &SmazGae ygw,f/ yef;csDq&m qdkayr,fh tvS u d k c snf ; a&;qG J a ewJ h yef;csDq&mawmh r[kwyf g/ ½kyf csn;f tm;jyKra&;qGyJ g/ emrf (0g) pdwf (0g) raemudk t"duxm;NyD; a&;qGJwJhyef;csDq&m wpfa,muf taeeJ U uawmh rpf ( pf ) wpf qpf Z J ( ef ) (Mysticism) \ oabmtusOf ; ajymjyvd k y g w,f/ 98

udk ygVdvkd *rÇD&ynmvdkYvJ ac:qdkEkdiyf gw,f/ *E¨m&D&JU oabmuJhokdYyif vQdKU0Suef ufeJaom? pdww f efckd;\ t&m jzpfaom? xl;jcm;eufeo J nhf ÓPftjrifukd tajccHaom? xl;jcm;qef;jym; aom? tqef;wMu,fjzpfaom? todÓPfxl;udk&aomyk*Kd¾ vf? em;vnf&ef cufcJaom... pojzifh teuft"dyÜg,f trsdK;rsdK;xGufygw,f/ uRefawmfwkYd jrefrmjynf yk*aH cwfuwnf;u a&mufvmwJh rZÑrd a'o tdE, ´d jynfBuD;rS r[m,eAk'¨bmomeJU twlygvmwJh Tantric 0g'eJU vnf;bJ ES;D ET,af eygw,f/ xdak cwfu t&nf;Bu;D rsm; trsm;qHk; vkyu f kid f toHk;cscJhygw,f/ olwu kYd bmoma&;pdwf tvGejf yif;xefo?l tpGe;f a&muf&aoh? &[ef;? y&dAkdZrf sm;? psmevmbD? wEÅ&0g'D (Tantric) rsm;bJ jzpfMu ygw,f/ tJ'Dacwf xGu&f yfayguf yk*¾dKvfrsm;yifwnf;/ &Sirf xD;? &Sit f ZÑa*gP? bm;rJph wJh &[ef;olawmfjrwfrsm; ay:xGe;f cJyh gw,f/ 0dZÆmjzpfwJh olawmfaumif; oljrwfavmif;rsm;ygbJ/ tJ'Dtcsed af vmuf u Mysticism 0g'udk jzefYjzL;ay;wJh yGJausmif;q&mrsm;u avmuudk wdku½f kduo f ad om pu©K? aomw? Cme? Zd0Sg? aAm|AÁ todrsm;udk rSeaf omtod? ppfaomtod[k r,lqMuyg/ r,lvkdMuyg/ xdktod wdkYukd ½ky[ f kom vufcHxm;Muygonf/ emrf? pdw?f raemponfukd orx? pm&P tusihfrsm;jzifh ormywf 0ifpm;jcif;tm;jzifhom avmu\ euf½Iid ;f vQdKU0Suaf om oabmwdu kY kd xdk;xGi;f odjrifatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwMf uygw,f/ 'g[m raemr[d'¨dyif jzpfygw,f/ tJ'gudk yef;csDoabmw&m;t& raemr [d'(¨ d Mysticism Art)vdYk ac:qdjk cif;bJjzpfygw,f/ &DavwpfAw D &D UJ oabmbJ jzpfygw,f/ tJ'D &DavwpfADwD (Relativevity) oabm? raemr[d'¨d yef;cs&D UJ oabmu tm½HkcH rsujf rifoabmtm;jzifv h nf;aumif;? qifjcif pOf;pm;aomtm;jzifhvnf;aumif;? odjrifcJhjcif;r[kwb f J xl;jcm;aom ocFPkyÜwåÓ d Pf Intuition or Automation jzifhom a&;qGJEkdijf cif;bJ jzpfygw,f/ Mysticism

Mysticism 0g'&JU

oufwrf;rSmvnf; renf;awmhyg/ a&S;ESpf aygif; ig;axmifausmu f mvuyif txift&Sm; &Scd Jhygw,f/ tJ'Dxl; aomÓPf? pdww f efck;d awmf &&Szd k&Yd mu rvG,u f v l yS g/ tD*sp?f yg;&Sm;? tdE, ´d rS a,m*D? qm'l;? zuD;BuD;rsm; pwJh olawmfpifawG[m awmxJ odkY {upm tusihfusihf&ef wpfOD;wnf;awmxGujf cif;? jA[®p&d, tusijhf zifah ,m* (wy) pwJh p&P tusix hf ;l rsm; usichf MhJ u&ygw,f/ 'DurS uH? ÓPf? 0D&, d awGeJU oDv? orm"d? ynm jynfhpHkuHkvHk <u,f0apygw,f/ tJ'gu raemr[d'¨d txuf*P kd ;f wpfcak wmhr[kwyf g/ xGu&f yfaygufyk*¾dKvf? 0dZÆmqdkwJh bdk;bdk;atmif? atmifrif;acgifqw kd hJ bd;k awmfBuD;rsm;eJUvJ rqufE, T yf g/ oD;jcm;yef;csD oufoufrQom jzpfyg w,f/ tJ't D xufvrf;wd?Yk bmwdkYqkd&ifvJ vdrw f m? nmwmawG ygvm Edkiv f kdY opömw&m; uG,af ysmufoGm;Edkiyf gw,f/ 'ghaMumifh uReaf wmf ½d;k ½d;k om;om;bJ ajymygw,f/ vlvrd ?f vlnm tjzpfawmh rcHEkdiyf g/ edAÁmef&csiyf gw,f/ edAÁmef&csi&f ifawmh b,folYukdrS rvdr&f ygbl;/ tqHk;pGeaf jym&&if udk,hfukdukd,af wmif rvdrrf zd kdYygbJ/ udk,hfukduk, d f 0dyóem xdkiMf unfhvkdu&f if rdru d kd,u f kdawmif vdrv f kdYr&wmawG awGUvm&vdrhfr,f/ tJ'Dvkdenf;vrf;aMumif;udk avQmufr&d if 'ge? oDv? bm0em? orm"d? ynm? arwåm? *½kPm? rk'w d m? Oyu©m? tedpö (rNrJwm? aowm? ysupf D;wm)? 'ku© (qif;&Jwm)? tewå (ud, k rf ydik ?f ud, k rf [kww f m) pwmawGukd awGUvmMuNyD; wjznf;jznf;eJU Ak'¨bmom0ifppfppf jzpfvmawmhrSm aocsmygw,f/ 'guavmuDa&m avmukwå&myg tusKd ;ay;Edkiw f Jh w&m;bJ/ uReaf wmfa&;wJh yef;csD (emrfyef;cs)D &JU tajccHtaMumif;bJ jzpfygw,f/ Third-eye wwd,rsuv f Hk; Creative Imagination p&PusihfpOf awmfrsm;[mjzifh pdww f efck;d awmf&iS f jzpfvmEdkiw f hJ taMumif;&if;rsm;bJ jzpfygw,fcifAsm;/ uRef a wmf armif a tmif p d k ; A*sD a tmif p d k ; (pd w å Z yef ; csD ) pd w å a A'yef ; csD q &m

[aemufqufwGJ] (t½l;) pd w f y nmt&qd k &if tMum;tjrif&Edkiw f mu tckvkd w&m;oabmawGUoGm;wJhol&,f? t½l ; &,f b J & S d y gw,f / t½l ; (t&ufaomufvGefwJholjzpfap? rl;,pfaq;0g;oHk;pGJrdvdkYjzpfap) acwå½l;oGm;wJholawGrSbJ tJ'D tMum;tjrif Hullusanation awG jzpfwwfavh&Syd gw,f/ eJeJawmh tEÅ&m,fBuD;ygw,f/ taemuf wdki;f uvlawGu uRefawmfwkdYvkd Ak ' ¨ b momawG r[k w f a wmh rl ; ,pf a q;0g; tEÅ & m,f w d k Y ? aq;ajcmuf? udkuif; pwJhypön;f awGukd oHk;pGJavh &SMd uwmbJjzpf w,f/ tJ'DtjrifawGukd Surreaism a&;qGJwJh yef;csDq&mrsm; &SmazGavh&v dS Ykd taoqd;k eJU aooGm; wJholawGvJ renf;awmhygbl;/ yef;csDrSmvJ ½kyu f kd rwlwlatmif qGJwwfzdkYudkbJ yef;csDausmif; rsm;utp &mpkawGcsND yD; oifMum; jyoay;cJhMuygw,f/ tJ'gu ½kyef JUqkdiw f Jh yef;csDoabm wpfck ygbJ/ emrfeJUqkdiw f Jhyef;csDukdawmh a&;qGMJ uwm tvGeb f eJ nf; aeyg w,f/ Mind udk bmoma&; e,f y,fxJrSm&Sad ewJh vlBuD;tcsd K UbJ pdwf0ifpm;Muygw,f/ orx? 0d y óem Concentration and Meditation ud k usif h B uH t m; xkwaf ewJh vlBuD;ydki;f u vlawG avmuf o m pd w f 0 if p m;avh &SMd uygw,f/uReaf wmf tJ'D p&P 99

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

see "aung soe family.pdf": dam - archives-manuscripts (18-27)

usihpf Ofukd vku d pf m;usihfBuH&if; eJUbJ emrfyef;csu D m;awGukd a&;qGJ cJhjcif; jzpfygw,f/ olu ½kyu f kd apcdkif;NyD; emrfoabmw&m; taMumif ; awG b J j zpf y gw,f / acwfpum;eJYqdk&if Dsychocology qd k i f u d k a vmf * sD a wG v J wydkif;wp yg0ifaeygw,f/ ork w d o pö m ynwf u d k r½I b J y&rw¬ o pö m y&rwf a wG b J jzpfygw,f/ 'gawGudk rlwnf NyD; uRefawmf yef;csDqGJaewmbJ jzpfygw,f/ tJ'Dvkd a&;qGJwJht cg w&m;xdki?f w&m;usih, f lrSbJ jrifEikd Mf um;Edik f a&;Edik v f mygw,f/ pdwfwefcdk;awG &vmygw,f/ pdwfwefcdk;&Sif Super Natural Power jzpfvmw,faygh/ tJ'g rsKd ;awG[m yef;cso D rdik ;f rSm xl;cRef atmifjrifwJh yef;csDq&mwdkif; vdkvkrd mS awGUae&ygw,f/ xl;&if xl; rxl;&if t½l;yef;csDq&m vd k Y b J ac:vk d u f M uygw,f / xl ; &if a wmh pd w f w ef c d k ; &S i f jzpfrSmbJ/ 0dZÆmbJqkdygawmhAsm/ 0dZÆm qdkwmu rdrv d kdupf m;usihf BuHwJh ynm&yfwpfckckrSm NyD; jynfhpHkatmifjrifjcif;udk qdkvkdwm yg/ wpfcgwpfavawmhvJ emrf tvdu k kd ½kycf E¨mu rvdu k w f mawG vJ &Sad vhjzpfavh &Syd gw,f/

100

raemr[d'¨d - "gwfyef;csD Automation

"gwfyef;csDqdkwm[m vltrsm;ESifhrqdkifyJ Automation (tZÑ wåtvS) wpfOD;wpfa,muf twGuf &nfpl;NyD; (um,od'¨?d yD,od'¨?d D m; "eod')¨d tp&So d w l keYd UJ oufqkid af om (Miniature)tao;pm; yef;csu av;awGyJ jzpfygw,f/ NyD;awmh avmuDtwGuyf J &nfpl;ygw,f/ tJ'gudk taqmifvufzGJUoabmeJYjzpfapjcif;tvdkYiSm? udk;uG,f&ef jzpfapjcif;tvkYid Sm a&;qGJxm;jcif;jzpfygw,f/ tJ'g[m "gwfyef;csDyJ jzpfygw,f/ ynmonf wefckd;(pdww f efckd;) jzpfygw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh "gwfyef;csD a&;r,fqkd,if tMurf;zsO;f tqifhoHk;qifh &Syd gw,f/ (1) okwr,ÓPf - qdkwmu olwpfyg;udkrSDí Mum;jrifrIjzifh jyKvkyaf &;qGJaom enf;yifjzpfygw,f/ wpftcsuu f awmh yef;csD ynmwwfpGr;f ol jzpfygw,f/ ESpt f csuu f awmh avmuDynm&yf *E¨m&Dtwwfukd avhvmqnf;yl;xm;jcif; jzpfygw,f/ Oyrm - 'l;*Pef;? aMu;*Pef;a&;enf;? e0if;Mwif;wdkY? pr t0iftxGujf zifh a&;enf;? tif;a&;enf; ponfjzihf Mum;jrifo&d Srd I &S&d ygr,f/ oH;k tcsuu f awmh yxrHxu G &f yfaygufy*k K¾d vrf sm;&JU prtpD&ifrsm; a&;qGJenf; ponfwkdYyifjzpfygw,f/ (2) pdEmÅ r,ÓPfuawmh olwyg;wd&Yk UJ enf;udk Mum;zl;onfjzpfap? rMum;zl;onfjzpfap rdr\ d yifukdpw d jf zifh tBuHtpnfwkdYukd pDrHEkdijf cif; yifjzpfw,f/ (3) bm0emr,ÓPf ynm&yfuawmh aemufqHk;ta&;BuD;qHk; tqifjh rifyh nmjzifh a&;qGaJ om "gwfyef;csDyifjzpfygw,f/ tm½Hkig;yg; &Sw d mjyif pdww f efck;d jzifh q|rtm½Hkyg cHpm;&wmudk pdwpf rG ;f tifyef;cs?D "gwfyef;csD&,fvkdY ,ckacwfrSm ydkrkdNyD;pdw0f ifpm;vm Muygw,f/ rdru d k, d w f kid t f m;xkwf a&;qGjJ cif;jzpfw,f/ orxaMumihf jzpfap? 0dyóemaMumifh jzpfap? wrsKd ;rsKd ;&&Sv d mwJh orm"dtm;aMumifjh zpfay: a&;qGJEkdipf Gr;f &Sv d mwJhtqifhukd a&muf&Sad ejcif;yif jzpfygw,f/

'kw, d tqifw h iG f rdrw d wfod NyD;aom ynmA[kokwudk tajc cHí Oyrm-aA'if? eu©w?f N*Kd [pf ;D N*dK[feif;? eu©wm&mESihf a0' ynmwdu Yk kd tajccHxm;NyD; xl;jcm; oGm;atmif? ydrk akd umif;rGef wd;k wuf atmif BuHpnfpw d u f ;l í "gwfyef; csDudk a&;qGJwm[m pdEÅmr, ynmom jzpfygw,f/ 'kwd,tqifhavmufawmh uReaf wmfu, kd w f idk yf J a&;qGEJ kid cf yhJ g w,f/ aemufqkH;tqifjh rifh ynm jzpfwJh bm0emr,ynm[m t cufcq J ;kH ESihf vlwikd ;f aygufa&mufzkYd rvG , f u l y g/ at;at;aeí atmifatmif usihf&ygw,f/ orxbm0emjzifh psmefur® |mef;yGm;rsm;jcif;? 0dyóem bm0 emjzifh r*fynm? zdv k yf nm&atmif odjrifvmwm[m bm0emr, ynmyif jzpfygawmhw,f/þodkY orm"djzpfay:&ef pdwu f ;l BuHpnf ½HkrQESihf r&Edkib f l;/ olwyg;udk twkjrif½HkrQESifhvnf; r&ay/ raemr[d'¨dynm [lívnf; ac: ygw,f/ rdru d kd,w f kdif bm0empD;jzef; rSom orm"dxlaxmif&rnf jzpf

see "dam - archivesmanuscripts (60)dos"

í orm"d&So d l? pdww f nf Munf aomolonf [kww f kid ;f rSe&f mudk odjrifvmygw,f/ y&rwfw&m; trSeo f abmudk xk;d xGi;f í odjrif vmrSom tqifjh rif"h gwfyef;csu D kd a&;qGEJ kid rf nf jzpfygw,f/ rdr&d UJ 101

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

orm"dtm;udk prf;oyf&efrSmum; EXIRA SENSORY PERCEPTION** (t? t? o) uwfjym;av; rsm;eJU yxrOD;qHk; avhvmprf;oyf,lvkdY&ygw,f/ t? t? o qdkwmu txl;tm½Hkojd rifrIukd qdkvkd&if; jzpfygw,f/ |U wdkYukd rMunfhbJ? 80s dam - works (67), 280x188

translate

102

rjrifbJojd cif;udk raemr[d'¨t d odÓPfjzifh cGJpw d f jzmí jrifatmif&atmiftxd usifhBuH&ygw,f/ uReaf wmfuawmh tJ'Dtjriftm½Hktxd tpGr;f rxuf ao;ygbl;/ 'kw, d tqifh "gwfyef;csaD vmufyJ a&;qGJ Edkiyf gw,f/ tJ'Dvkd tjriftm½Hk&vm&if orm"deJU jynfph kw H o hJ [ l m aemufqk;H tqif"h gwfyef;csu D kd a&;Edkif NyDvkdY ,HkMunf&ygawmhw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh oDv? orm"deJU jynfhpHkatmif orxbm0em pwifxikd Mf unfah eygw,f/ 'gaMumifh "gwfyef;csu D kd a&;qGEJ ikd o f [ l mvnf; tifrwef &Sm;yg; ygw,f/ ½kyef JUemrfukd ydkiEf kdiv f Qif raem"gwfpw d w f efckd; &ifhoefvmaom tMum;tjrif& yk*¾dKvf? edrw d zf wf twdwaf umufol? BudKwifxkwo f lawG[m {uef {u &Scd Jhwmawmh &mpkESpaf wGeJUcsDNyD; &Scd JhygNyD/ txl;ojzihf bmoma&; t,ltq OD;aqmif rIatmufrmS &Sw d hJ Edkiif aH wGrmS tawmfrsm;rsm; awGUc&hJ vdkY 'D"gwfyef;csDukd uRefawmf,Hkygw,f/ pdwu f kd (Auto Suggesstion)eJU cdki;f EdIi;f Edkiy f gw,f/ txl;ojzifh uRefawmfhudk,fawGUawGvnf; trsm;BuD;&Syd gw,f/ uRefawmfukd,w f kdiaf wmh rZdÑr a'o [dr0EÅmawmifajcrSm w&m;tm;xkwaf ewJh a,m*DBuD;awG? zuD;BuD;awGukd awGUc&hJ vdYk ydNk yD;pdwcf s ,HkMunfygw,f/ uRefawmfukd,w f kdiyf J olwkdYeJY twlpm;? twl tdyNf yD; ynmoifcJh&ygw,f/ t? t? o uwfjym; hJ m (25)Budrw f iG f av;rsm;eJU avhvmprf;oyfMunfch w (5)Budraf vmufreS v f Qiyf if wdkuq f kid rf I (5)Budrx f uf

ausmNf yD; (7)Budr?f (8)Budraf vmufrSev f mNyDqkd,if awmh tMum;tjrifeJU eD;pyfvmNyDqkdwm awGUvm& ygw,f/ orm"dpcef;udk vky&f if;eJUbJ tdyaf rGUcsjcif; (Mental Telpathy) udk odvmygw,f/ zuD;wpfa,mufu uReaf wmfa&;csiw f ma&;NyD; uReaf wmfv h ufeUJ qkyx f m;wmudk rMunfyh J ajymEdik w f mudk uReaf wmfawGU&awmh pdww f efc;kd &JU Bu;D rm;vSwhJ pGr;f tif udk ,HkMunfNyD; uRefawmfavhusichf yhJ gw,f/ tJ'v D kd "gwfyef;csaD &;enf;[m 20 &mpkaemufykid ;f yef;cs[ D ef wpfcktaeeJU taemufwkdi;f yef;csDa&;enf; jzpfvm w,f/ taemufwkdi;f u ydkYavmufwkdY? 'gvDwkYdvkd yk*K¾dvaf wG a&;qGw J mudk (Automation Action Daining) taeeJY ac:a0:Muygw,f/ aemufq;kH ay:wJh (Modern Arts) aygh/ rdrpd w d u f kd Avmxm;NyD; vufua&;csiw f m udk a&;wmyJ? 'gayr,fh jzpfcsif&mudk jzpfwmrdkYvdkY vlwkid ;f vdkvkd pdw0f ifpm;p&m wpfcktaeeJU "gwfyef; csD&,fvkdY ac:vdkuw f myg/ wpfckawmh &Sw d maygh? tJ'grsKd ;a&;r,fqkd&if (1) (Past Expennce) &S&d r,f/ (2) (Skilfull) jzpf&r,f (3) (Third Eye Creative Imagination) vdkYac:qdkwJh raemr[d'¨drsKd ; &Szd kdYvkdw,f/ ta&;BuD;qH;k uawmh pdww f efc;kd &Szd &Ykd mu orx 0dyóemenf;eJUrS&r,f/ b,favmuf vuf&m aumif;aumif; (Clever Hand) jzpfaeapumrI (Clever Mind) jzpfzkdY[mu raemudkykdir f S emrfykdi;f qdki&f m pdww f efckd; raemjzpfrS &Edkiyf gw,f/ 'g[m

"gwfyef;csDtaMumif; ed*Hk;csKyfukd uRefawmfwifjy vdkufwmyg/ aemufqufwGJtaeeJY uRefawmf prf;oyfa&;qGJxm;wJh (7)&ufom;orD;awGtwGuf atmifo'd ¨d taqmiftjzpf a&;jyxm;wJh yef;csyD kaH v; ygbJ/ tJ'gu raemr[d'¨t d aMumif;udk ,HkMunfwJh olawGtwGuo f m jzpfygw,f/ oluolUtwGuf *Pef;rsm;eJYa&;? preJU a&;qGJ ay;xm;w,f/ ,HkMunfro S m atmifo'd e¨d UJ jynfph kH rSmyg/ 'g[m (Auto suggesstion) taebJjzpfyg w,f/ ,Hk,HkMunfMunf olUukdaqmifxm;udk;uG,f xm;NyD; (atmift&[Ho'd )¨d qdkwhJ *gxmudk ykw;D pdyf ay;Edki&f ifawmh ydkNyD; atmif"gwfeJU eD;pyfygw,f/ r,HkMunf&ifaum... r,HkMunf&ifawmhvJ yef;csD um;wpfcsyv f kd tvScsw d x f m;wmbJaygh/ bmrSvJ xl;xl;jcm;jcm; rjzpfygbl;/ aemufqkH; udk,t hf wGuf tusdK;rjzpfxGef;½Hku vGJvdkY bmrSudpör&Sdygbl;/ rodol ausmo f Gm;? odol azmfpm;ygbJ/ arwåm"gwfjzifha&;qGJol A*sDatmifpkd;

103

translate A*sD a tmif p d k ;

raemr[d ' d ¨ y ef ; csD ½kyu f kdra&;emrfukda&;w,fqkdwJh A*sDatmifpkd;u .... ]]jrwfpmG bk&m;ocif &Siaf wmfjrwfuk, d af wmfwikd u f vnf; vl[m½kyef UJ emrfb&J w dS ,fvkUd "r®w&m;awmfrmS a[mMum;awmfrlcJhygw,f/ 'gaMumifh ½kyef mrfobm0awGukd yef;csDqGJjywJhtcg t½kyaf wGyJ jzpfygw,f? t[kwfr[kwfygbl;/ y&rwåopömudk a&;pGrf;jyEdkifwmuawmh? emrfyef;csD pdwf(0g) raemyef;csDudk toHk;cswmudk raemr[d'¨d? ½kyef mrf"gwfyef;csDvkdU ac:Edkiyf gw,f...}} A*sDatmifpkd;u "mwfyef;csDvkdYac:vdkuw f Jh yHkawG[m tqiftuGuf (Pattern) 'DZkdi;f awGvkdY xif& ayr,fhvJ olavhvmcJhwJh raemr[d'¨deJY a&S;u&Sad ewJh tif;tdki?f vufzGJU? *gxmrEå&m;awGukd tajccHNyD; Visual Art Form eJU acwfopfyef;csDenf;wdkYeJY a&;qGJcJhwmudkawGU&rSm jzpfygw,f/ 'Dvkdt,ltqrsKd ;eJU a&;qGJwJh jrefrmyef;csDuawmh A*sDatmifpkd;wpfa,mufom a&;qGJaz:xkwcf Jhw,fvkdU qdk&rSmjzpfygw,f/ ola&;qGJcJhwJh "gwfyef;csDum;aygif;ajrmufjrm;pGm[m ,HkMunfolrsm;u taqmifvufzGJUtjzpf csw d q f GJxm;Muovdk wpfcsKd UuvJ yef;csDum;taeeJU csw d q f GJMuygw,f/ 'Dvkd"gwfyef;csDum;rsm;xJu wcsKd Uukdazmfjyvdku&f ygw,f/

104

raemr[d'Â¨dyef;csD? felt-tip pen on paper (5.5 _ 8.5 vufr) OD ; qef e D n d r f ; pk a qmif ; onf 105

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

rPdyl&d (22 _ 13 vufr) 1985 (Acrylic on canvas) OD;qefeDndrf; pkaqmif;onf 106

raemr[d'Â¨dyef;csD? felt-tip pen on paper (5.5 _ 8.5 vufr) OD ; qef e D n d r f ; pk a qmif ; onf 107

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

tcef; (5)

A*sDatmifpdk;ESihf armf'efyef;csD ,Ofum (Yin Ker) (rod * Ð bmomjyef q d k o nf / ) &efukeNf rdKUwiG f aexdkio f l A*saD tmifpk;d (1923-1990)tm; jref r mjynf a rmf ' ef yef;csD\ OD;aqmifvrf;pazmufoltjzpf yef ; csD a vmuom;rsm;u cH , l x m;Mu ygonf/ olonf &Sefwdedauwefausmif;rS avhvmoifMum;cJ&h aom ynm\ vTr;f rd;k rIukd qifhyGm;&if;? Oa&myyef;csDenf;ynm? jrefrm yef;csDenf;ynmwdkYESihfwuG 20&mpkESpf taemufwdkif;yef;csD\ wDxGifrIrsm;udkyg wpfcpk D vH;k vH;k vsm;vsm; yHw k t l oH;k csjcif;rjyKbJ tm;vH;k rS enf;enf;pD,u l m a&marTy;l aygif;&if; ol\udk,fydkif[efESihf cGJxGufcJhol jzpfav onf/ jrefrmjynfwiG ;f ausmMf um;oljzpfaomf jim;vnf; jynfwiG ;f ESihf jynfywGiyf g ol\ yifu, kd yf ef;csrD aemudk em;vnfEikd rf I enf;yg; aeonfrSm ol\pdwfwGif; aphaqmfrIrS aygufzGm;vmaom zefwD;rIukd xJxJ0if0if od & S d E d k i f p G r f ; r&S d M uao;í[k ,l q Ed k i f ygonf/ þpmwef;rSm ol\yef;csDESihf pmay a&;om;csufrsm;udk avhvmpdwfjzm&if; A*sD a tmif p d k ; \ armf ' ef y ef ; csD tay: cH , l c suf u d k &S m azG w if j y&ef B ud K ;pm;rI wpf&yfomjzpfaMumif; OD;pGmwifjytyf ygonf/ 108

tzGihfrw d q f uf jrefrmjynf\ xHk;wrf;pOfvm½dk;&m"avhrsm;ESihf taemuf Edik if rH sm;rS 0ifa&mufc?hJ 0ifa&mufaeaom ,Ofaus;rItopfw\ Ykd y#dyu©onf vuf&adS cwf jrefrmwd\ Yk tajctaet&yf&yftay: oH;k oyfrw I ikd ;f wGif t"duusaom jyóemwpf&yf jzpfaeygonf/ jynfyae jrefrmjynfom;wpfOD;\ oHk;oyfcsufrSm ]]vlawGozd kYd ta&;BuD;wmu acwfrw D ,f (Modern) qdkwkid ;f taemufwkdi;f qefw,f (Westernized) vdkY ,lqvdkY rjzpfbl; qdkwmyJ}}[k jzpfygonf/ (atmifoGif 1997;43) þodYk jrefrmh½;kd &m ,Ofaus;rIEiS fh taemufwikd ;f \ acwfqef rIwkYd tm;NydKifveG q f jJG cif;onf jrefrmhyef;csaD vmuudk ESpaf ygif; 50ausmaf tmif vTr;f rdk;cJh vTr;f rdk;qJjzpfonf/ 1930ckEpS u f wnf;uyif q&mrif;ok0Pf (1909-2004) ESihf q&maZmf*sD (1907-1990)wdkYu pmayavmu\ armf'ef ajcvSrf;jzpfaom acwfprf;pmayudk pl;prf;aeMuNyDjzpf\/ (rif;Zif 2000)/ q&mrif;ok0PfuyifvQif xdkacwfumvu (acwfNydKif)yef;csD\ armf'efjzpfrIukd pwifpl;prf;cJholjzpf\/ jrefrmacwfprf;pmay\ OD;aqmifow l pfO;D vnf;jzpfaom q&m rif;ok0Pfu 20&mpktpydki;f wGif jyefvnfqef;opfcJhaom tdE´, d yef;csDukd ay:xGe;f apcJhol &mAifj'mewfw*dk; (18711951)udk tm;uscyhJ gonf/ Edkb,fqkykid &f iS f &mAifj'mewfw*dk; (1861-1941)ESifh awGUqckH &hJ m ¤if;\ tEkynmausmif;zGi&hf ef tpDtpOfukd od&Scd Jh&NyD; jrefrmjynfwGiv f nf; yef;csDynmwGif qef;opf&SifoefrIwpf&yfudk OD;aqmifEdkifrnfholwpfOD;tm;

xdkausmif;odkv Y w T &f ef tBuH&cJyh gonf/ (rif;ok0Pf 1991)/ 1951ckEpS f Zlvikd v f wGif o½kyaf zmfyef;csq D &m vli,f atmifpk;d (1923-1990)onf tdE, ´d Edkiif HrS cs;D jr§iahf om pmoifq&k &SNd yD; txufazmfjyyg tEkynm ausmif;odkY xGucf GmoGm;cJhygonf/ *kPjf yKEIwq f uf yGJwiG f jrefrmpmayavmu\ txifu&pma&;q&m BuD;rsm; wufa&mufMu&m q&maZmf*sv D nf; wpfO;D yg0ifcJhygonf/ jrefrmjynfodkY jyefa&mufNyD; rMumrD ½Ir0 r*¾ Z if ; ü Munf a t;\0w¬ K wd k w pf y k ' f t wG u f 1953ckEpS w f iG f atmifpk;d a&;ay;cJah om o½kyaf zmfykrH mS (yH-k 1) tkwaf tmfaomif;eif; jzpfapcJ½h rkH u pdwåZyef; cs[ D al om ynwfcsuf cdkicf kid Nf rJNrJ ay:aygufvmcJah p ygonf/ aemifay:xGuv f mcJhaom j'yfrJhESifh armf'ef yef;csDrsm;udkvJ pdwåZyef;csD[kom owfrSwMf uyg awmhonf/ þwGif jrefrmyef;csq D &mtrsm;pku atmifpk;d onf jrefrmyef;csu D kd zsuq f ;D onf[k pGypf MJG u½Hkru olv Y uf&mrsm;udkvJ 0dki;f y,fMu&efyif tBuHjyKolrsm; ay:aygufvmcJhygonf/ (aZmf[ed ;f 1998;8)

½dk;&mr[kwaf om yef;csD[efopfrsm;udk tmPm ydkirf sm;ESifh jynforl sm;u raxmufcMH uaomfvnf;1 A*sDatmifpkd;onf jrefrmqefí armf'efvJjzpfaom olv Y uf&mrsm;udk 1990 aoqHk;onftxd a&;qGcJ hJ ygonf/ þ&nfreS ;f csuu f kd 1978wGif ola&;om;í udk,w f kdix f kwaf 0cJhaom ½dk;&mrSonf acwfopfokdY pmtkyw f Giw f ifjycJhonf/ o½kyaf zmfyef;csDq&mrsm;taeeJY j'yfrJhyHkrsm;udk jyyGJwifyef;csDq&mrsm;xufykdí vGwv f Gwv f yfvyf 2 a&;qGJcGifh&aomfjim;vnf; pdppfa&;\cGifhjyKcsuf atmufwiG o f m vkycf iG &fh jcif;jzpfonf/ xdakY Mumifyh if tESp4f 0vHk; A*saD tmifpk;d onf armf'efyef;csu D kd ol\ o½kyaf zmfyHkrsm;rSwpfqifh ESpo f ufovdk zefwD;cGihf &cJhygonf/ ol\o½kyaf zmfyHkrsm;ESihf ola&;om;xm;aom pmrsm;onf vlxx k o H Ykd ysUH ysUH EEHYS aHYS &mufomG ;cJí h olt Y m; 3 armf'efyef;cs\ D zcif[k owfrw S jf cif;cHc&hJ onf/ wcsKd U uvJ rEÅav;rS bPfO;D cifarmif (1911-1983) ESiw fh í JG þodko Y wfrw S cf o hJ nf/ (rod*Ð 1996? aZmf [de;f 1998-1-10)/ ol\ajrmufjrm;pGmaom pmay a&;om;rI (1978wGif pmtkyEf pS t f yk Ef iS fh olaoqH;k csed f

Detractors of modern art argued that the preservation of traditional Burmese culture against “decadent” foreign influences should be the first priority. This fixation on keeping out external agents for change is apparently typical of Burmese political culture. In 1977 Silverstein wrote that despite a century of contacts with the West through war, commerce, and colonization, the sense of isolation and the desire to derive solutions to local problems from the Burmese tradition remained persistent (Silverstein 1977:4).

Artist Paw Oo Thett’s letter addressed to the Artists’ and Sculptors’ Council delivers a succinct and but vivid account of the artist’s struggles. It is translated and reproduced in a recent monograph (Ma Thanegi, 2004:117–18).

Interviews with both members of the art community and laypeople who know little about art suggest that Aung Soe is more well-known as the exponent of modern art. Khin Maung (Bank), despite his distinction, had little influence on fellow artistssave those who knew him personally, such as Win Pe (1936–) and Paw Oo Thett (1936–1993); most have never seen his work before. In the most recent publication on modern Burmese artists, the writer begins the book with a chapter on Bagyi Aung Soe (Khin Than Phyu 2005:11– 16). Aung Soe’s standing as the modern artist is also possibly due to his more arresting idiom, as well as his penury and reputation of being an enfant terrible, which caters to the general public’s imagination of the long-suffering eccentric artist—a stereotype of the artist not exclusive to the Burmese context.

109

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

wGif rNyD;qHk;ao;bJ use&f pfaom pdwåZnrsm;pm rl (&J&Sew f D 1991cefY) ESihfajrmufjrm;pGmaom ½kyyf Hk um;rsm; &Sad omfjim;vnf; olYukdaomfvnf;aumif;? olYtEkynmudkaomfvnf;aumif;? xJxJ0if0if em; vnfygonf[k ajymEdkio f lr&Sad y/ ,aeY t xd A*sD a tmif p d k ; ES i h f y wf o uf í aqmif;yg; 18yk'&f aSd omfvnf; oltm; *kPjf yKaom trSw&f aom pmrsm;omjzpfí olYvuf&mrsm;udk pl; prf; avhvmrIrsm;r[kwaf y/ xdkenf;wl jrefrmjynf wGi;f rS yef;csDynm&Sirf sm;ESihf pdw0f ifpm;olrsm; a&; om;aom pmtkyaf qmif;yg;rsm;pGm&Sad omfvnf; ynm &yfqkdi&f m okawoejyKrI r&Sad o;ay/4 jynfwiG ;f rS wifjyrIenf;yg;jcif;ESix fh yfwl jynfywGiv f J ½d;k &mtEk ynmESihf ordki;f qdki&f mawGU&Srd Irsm;rSty rMumao; aom umvrwdkicf iftxd jrefrmarmf'efyef;csDukd xJxJ0if0if okawoejyKrIenf;yg;cJhygonf/5 A*sDatmifpkd;\ tEkynmonf jrefrmarmf'ef yef;csD\ taumif;qHk;OyrmjzpfaomaMumifh ol\

yef;csD&nf&G,cf sut f &if;tjrpf (jrefrmarmf'efyef;csD arG;zGm;vmrI)udk em;vnfvmrSomvQif jrefrmEdkiif &H dS armf'efyef;csD pwifa&muf&Sv d maom a&pD;aMumif; rsKd ;pHkukd xifxif&Sm;&Sm; odEkdirf nf jzpfayonf/6 A*sDatmifpdk;tjyif vlxkxJokdY xJxJ0if0if a&mufcJhaom yef;csDq&mwpfOD;rSm ay:OD;ouf (1936-1993) jzpfayonf/ ol\jrefrm"avhESihf yHjk yifrsm;udk o½kyaf zmfonfh yef;csu D m;rsm;rSm vlxEk pS f oufaom vuf&mrsm;jzpfavonf/ A*saD tmifpk;d \ yef;csDukd xJxJ0if0if avhvmrIonf ,aeYjrefrm yef;csDq&mrsm;\ vrf;aMumif;ESihf cH,lcsurf sm;udk em;vnf&eftwGuv f nf; ta&;ygygonf/ ¤if;wdkY f pfct k jzpf owfrw S f onf armf'efjzpfjcif;udk yef;wdik w 7 Y xJrS A*saD tmifpk;d xm;olrsm; jzpfygonf/ ¤if;wdkt \ vTr;f rdk;rI&Syd gonf[k 0efcHolrsm;rSm xdev f if;? A*sv D if;0PÖEiS hf aersKd ;aq; (rod*Ð 2002) ponfwkYd jzpfonf/ rnfonh[ f efESihaf &;onfjzpfap jrefrm qefrIESihf armf'efjzpfrIESpcf kpvHk;udk wifjyEdkijf cif;rSm

Burmese manuals on contemporary artists are often narrative and carry a good number of factual errors. Some present contradictory information. Nonethelessthere have been theses on modern art by students from the University of Culture: “Contemporary Myanmar Painting as ‘Art in its Second Function’” in English by Zaw Lynn, and “Study on the Works of Bagyi Aung Soe, a Modern Painter in Burmese” by Zaw Hein (Min Zaw).

Noel Singer’s contribution to modern Burmese art in Turner’s Dictionary of Art ends with the 1970s. It notes the rivalry between the watercolorists and the oil painters, a revival in traditional values, and the experimentation and adoption of styles prevalent in the West—without reference to any specific artist or example of work (Singer 1996:246–47). All other existing sources in English on modern art in Burma are to be found in art journals targeted at amateurs and collectors. Tuyet Nguyet first reported on the contemporary Burmese art scene in Arts of Asia (1971). Also in Arts of Asia, Elizabeth Moore documented six figurative artists working in the western tradition of oil and watercolors, and a copyist of classical mural paintings (1992). More recently are several contributions in Asian Art News, especially in 2001 and 2002, by Ian Findlay, Sian Jay, Ma Thanegi, and Jill Sheng. We look forward to John Glass’ PhD dissertation on twentieth-century Burmese art (School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London).

The stylistic plethora observed in contemporary Burmese painting is the result of the way modern art has been introduced to artists in Burma. Due to the unavailability offormal training in modern art and the scarcity of reading material—and all the more so translated ones—artists assimilated “modernity” in each his (or her) own intuitive way, relying mainly on reproductions, rather than texts. This leads to the manifestation of diverse practices within the same generation of artists. I owe this insight toAhmad Mashadi and Joyce Fan of the Singapore Art Museum speaking in a panel discussion for the exhibition Cubism in Asia: Unbounded Dialogues (Singapore, February 17, 2006).

110

,aeYjrefrmyef;csaD vmu\ ta&;BuD;aom yef;wdkif jzpfayonf/ þpmwrf ; wG i f rnf o nf h y ef ; csD o rd k i f ; \ ]armf'ef} owfrSwcf suu f kdrSr,lbJ jrefrmEdkiif Hyef; csaD vmu\ ]armf'ef}udk em;vnfrI (rSeo f nfjzpfap rSm;onfjzpfap) vnf;r,lbJ A*saD tmifpk;d \ armf'ef ,lqcsuEf Sihf 1952 aemufykdi;f vkyaf qmifcsurf sm; oefo Y efu Y ko d m avhvm&ef&nf&, G yf gonf/8 þpmwrf;onf NyD;jynfhpHkNyD[k rqdkvdkyg/ aemufxyfay:xGuv f mEdkiOf D;rnhf A*sDatmifpkd;ESihf ol\tEkynmqdki&f m tcsut f vufrsm;aMumihf ,ck pmwrf;wGif xyfwk;d p&mrsm; &Sad umif;&SEd kid yf gonf/

ra&r&m i,fb0rS &Sew f ed ad uwef\ ynm awmfoifqk&ausmif;om; 1955 wGif atmifpdk;[laomtrnfa&SUwGif ]yef;csD}[k ½kyyf HkwpfckwGif qdki;f xdk;&mü wyfvkduf aomtcgA*saD tmifpk;d [lí ay:aygufvmcJyh gonf/ yef;csD[laom yHkrSepf mvHk;aygif; roHk;yJ toH xGuo f nfhtwdki;f A*sD [ka&;ygonf/ A*saD tmifpk;d onf tNidr;f pm;&JrSL;BuD;\ om;

jzpfí &efuek w f iG af rG;zGm;ygonf/ ¤if;zcif rEÅav;odYk tvkyaf jymif;&aomtcg i,fb0udk rEÅav;üyif jzwfoef;cJyh gonf/ aqGrsKd ;eD;pyfawmfol yef;csq D &m OD;bMunf (1912-2000) xHwiG f &Hzef&cH g yef;cso D if cJhaomfvnf; rxif&Sm;vSaom q&mOD;vSabmf (1904-1949) \ oifjyrIatmufwiG f pdwyf g0ifpm; pGmjzihf *syefacwfwiG f yef;cso D ifcyhJ gonf/ OD;vS abmfonf cifarmif&if (1936- ) \ q&mvJjzpf ygonf/ (aZmf[ed ;f -1998;21) OD;vSabmfxH wynhf rcHcif A*saD tmifp;kd onf yef;csq D &mrsm; atmuf'k;d xGuv f Qif pm;p&mrsm;? yef;csu D &d , d mrsm; o,f,al y; jcif;avmufom yg0ifco hJ nf/(rif;ok0Pf 1991cef)Y trSet f m;jzifh umwGe;f a&;í vlxkoabmxm;rsm; wifjyEdkiaf om xdktcsed u f mvwGif A*sDatmifpk;d u umwG e f ; q&momjzpf c sif c J h o nf / (aZmf [ d e f ; 1998;4)9 A*sDatmifpk;d yef;csDq&mjzpfvmcJhonfrSm 20 &mpktapmydki;f pma&;q&mrsm;aMumih[ f k ajymEdkiyf g onf/ olwku Yd yHkEydS jf cif;twwfEiS w hf uG yef;csyD kHpH

Regrettably, significant conceptual confusions—for which both artists and critics are accountable— continue to plague the comprehension of modern art in Burma today;it remains referred to as seik-ta-zapankyi or “mad art.” Writings on art by detractors of modern art who do not necessarily master the language of art have fueled conceptual misunderstandings. For many, including the senior artists, “expressionism” simply means an expressive style; “impressionism” could be used to refer to avant-garde styles in general (Hla Thamein 1994:339). Writings by local art critics and amateurs, as well as interviews with artists suggest that most are unaware of the difference in meaning between “abstract art” and “modern art.” Writer Dagon Taya identified this confusion when he acknowledged uncertainty as to whether the term “modern” or “abstract” should be applied to the Aung Soe’s work (Dagon Taya 1997). Misinterpretations of Western art concepts abound.

Technically speaking, it is not obvious as to whether the term “drawing” or “painting” should be used for Aung Soe’s oeuvre. When referring to his work, Aung Soe used the Burmese word bagyi, which means both “art of painting” and “painting” (Myanmar-English Dictionary 1993). That is, moreover, how he signed his illustrations:with bagyi as a prefix to Aung Soe. Nevertheless, the majority of his works, which employ felt-tip pen on paper, is technically closer to drawings. In this paper, I use the terms “art” and “painting,” as well as “painter” and “artist,” because that was how Aung Soe spoke about his own work and how he referred to himself.

On Burmese cartoons: Goux 1991:26 and Guillard 1990.

111

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

opfrsm;ESihf rdwq f ufay;cJhNyD; emrnf&yef;csDq&m rsm;ESiv hf nf; awGUay;cJo h nf/ t&mta&mufqkH;vkyf &yfrmS rif;ok0Pfu tdE, d´ tpd;k &ynmoifq&k atmif vkyaf qmifay;jcif;yifjzpfonf/ (rif;ok0Pf 1991cef)Y aemufwpfOD;rSm A*sDatmifpdk;ESifh rif;ok0Pfudk rdwfqufay;ol '*kefwm&m jzpfonf/ wm&m r*¾Zif;wGif pmayopf10udk tm;ay;aepOfumv atmifpk;d udk o½kyaf zmfyef;csq D &mtjzpf oHk;cJo h nf/ Paul Gauguin (1853-1890) ESifh Van Gogh (1848-1903)wdk\ Y rlykid [ f ef&ydS kH\ ta&;ygrIukd atmifpdk;tm; av;eufpGmoabmaygufatmif jyocJhonf/ atmifpkd;udk,w f kdiu f þyef;csDq&m ESpOf ;D udk twk,cl ahJ Mumif; ajymcJyh gonf/ (aumif;ñGeYf 1987cef)Y olwt Ykd aMumif;a&;om;aom Lust for Life ESihf The Moon and Sixpence 0w¬Krsm; zwf&í[k qdkygonf/ wm&mtwGuf ola&;cJhaomyHktcsKd Uukd Munhjf cif;tm;jzifh A*saD tmifpk;d \ tapmydki;f [efrmS OD;vSabmf\ obm0usaom tu,f'rpf yef;csyD pkH rH sm; jzpfaMumif; odEkid o f nf/(yHk-2) odkaY omf A*saD tmifpk;d \yHkrsm;wGif vlrsm;\obm0½kyyf Hk ydkíjrif&jcif;? vuf&mydkí &J&ifjh cif;ESifh wpfcgwpf&H obm0½kyrf S D ½kyaf zmfq&mrsm; cGx J u G jf cif;wdYk jrif&ygonf/ yef;cso jzpfaom OD;aiGuikd (f 1901-1967)? OD;bMunf (19122000)ESihf OD;b&ifav; (1919-1988)11 wdkYESifh 10.

pmvQif A*saD tmifpk;d \vuf&mrSm tawmfqkH;r[kwf aomfvnf; ol\zefwD;EdkifrIudk rif;ok0PfESihf '*kew f m&mwdu Yk jrifawGUEikd Mf uíom yef;csw D iG v f nf; acwfprf;ay:aygufvmap&ef olYtm;a&G;cJhjcif; yifjzpfonf/ xd k p ma&;q&mBuD ; rsm;\ tul t nD o nf eE´vmbdkpY (f 1882-1966)\ cdkirf maomvTr;f rdk;Edkirf I ESifh ,SOaf omtcg rajymyavmufawmhyg/ A*saD tmif d´ rSjyefvmNyD;aemuf eE´vmbkpYd Ef iS hf tquft pdk; tdE, oG,jf ywfomG ;onf/12 rif;ok0Pfu A*saD tmifpk;d jyefvmNyD; vuf&modoo d mom ajymif;oGm;onf[k rSwcf sucf sí jrefrmqefjcif;vnf; r&Sad wmh[kajymyg onf/ (rif;ok0Pf 1991cef)Y wjcm;q&mrsm;url ydkrkv d uf&maumif;vmonf[k ajymygonf/ (yg&*l 2000) o½kyaf zmfyef;csDyHkrsm;udkvJ tyfMuygonf/

&Sew f ed ad uwef uay;aomynm bmompum;jzihf ]Nidr;f csr;f jcif;}[k t"dyÜg,f&aom &Sefwdedauwefudk &mAifj'mewf w*dk;u wnfaxmifco hJ nf/13 tEkynmt&yf&yfukd obm0ywf0ef;usix f JwGif avhvmqnf;yl;Edki&f ef jzpfonf/ A*saD tmifpk;d u yef;csXD mewGif oifwef; wuf&onf/ olYq&mrsm;rSm Nandalal Bose, Sanskrit

This post-war literary movement meant “new literature” in Burmese. Her writers went a step beyond the writers of khitsan by introducing realism in literature. Their maxim was “art for the people.” Min Thu Wun recognized this movement as “the khitsan of khitsan” (Min Zin 2000).

11. It is common for artists in Burma to illustrate for magazines and books; the concomitant practice of fine art and illustration is not frowned upon. 12.

For diverse reasons, interaction between the artist and his first benefactors flagged over the years. Contact between Dagon Taya and Aung Soe became intermittent an they last met in 1983—seven years before the artist’s passing (Dagon Taya 1997). Min Thu Wun’s recollections of Aung Soe date back to the middle of the century (Min Thu Wun, personal communication, Rangoon, February 2001).

13. Situated in Bengal, Santiniketan is approximately 200 kilometers northwest ofCalcutta. The land was acquired in 1901 and the school became Vi[va-Bharati, a private institution, in 1922.

112

Abanindranath Tagore ESiq fh &m Ramkinkar Baij 14

wdkjY zpfonf/ aemufykid ;f A*saD tmifpk;d \ vuf&m rsm;onf olYq&mrsm;\vuf&mrsm;ESihf uGJjym; aomfvnf; olpY mayESio fh l toufBuD;vmaomtcg em;av;rIaMumifh pmjzifah &;aom pm&Gut f ptersm;ay: wGif &Sew f ed ad uwef\taMumif;t&mwcsKd Uukd wifjy cJo h nf/ t*Fvyd pf mvH;k jzihf olyY ef;cso D ½kyaf zmfyrkH sm;wGif SANTINEKETAN [kvnf; a&;avh&o dS nf/ xdkausmif;ü wpfESpfausmfausmfomwufNyD; 1952ckEpS f jrefrmjynfokYd jyefvmaomtcg oifwef; qH;k atmifraecJí h olu Y ykd ef;cst D odik ;f t0dik ;f u pdwq f ;kd Muonf/ tif'kdeD;&Sm;yef;csDq&m Rusli vJ &Sew f ed d auwefwGif wufa&mufpOfu q&mwpfOD;u rdrd wdki;f jynf\ ,Ofaus;rIESihf yef;csDtarGtESpw f kdYukd oHk;í rdru d kd,yf kdi[ f efwpfck&Sm,l&ef wdkuw f Ge;f cJh 15 ovdk A*saD tmifpk;d vnf; xdktBuHrsKd ; &aumif;&cJh Edkiyf gonf/ odkYr[kwf xdkvrf;pOfukd ñTejf yrIrsm; wpfpHkwpf&m BuHKcsiBf uHKcJhrnf/ þodkY,lq&jcif;rSm A*sDatmifpdk;onf jyef a&mufa&mufjcif; jrefrmEdkiif HtESHY c&D;xGucf Jh½Hkru þc&D;aMumifhom jrefrmrIukd ydkrkdjrwfEkd;aMumif; ajymcJyh gonf/ a&S;½dk;jrefrmyef;csu D krd l ,cifuxJu ESpo f ufcyhJ gonf/ (aZmf[ed ;f 1998; 5? 12) A*saD tmifpk;d onf aus;&Gm&Sd vufryI nmonfrsm;ESifh aexdkicf NhJ yD; opfom;yef;yk? ,Gef;yef;csD? pyfyef;csD? puúL½kyf (tyG½yk )f vkyif ef;rsm; oifMum;cJ½h rkH u puúL½kyrf sm;rS ta&mifrsm;udkvJ olYyef;csDxJwGif oHk;vmcJhygonf/ (yHk-3) 14.

15.

A*saD tmifpk;d tay: vTr;f rdk;cJah om eE´vmbdkYpf \ tdE, d´ ½dk;&mESifh acwfay:tEkynmrsm;tay: pdwf 0ifpm;rIonf pdw0f ifpm;rI oufoufomruyJ t"du tm;jzifh ¤if;wdk\ Y av;eufaom oabmobm0 rsm;udk &SmazGjcif;yifjzpfonf/ a&S;½dk;vlrq I ufqaH &; tpOftvmESiw fh uG ,if;\ywfouf,u S Ef , G &f mrsm; wjznf;jznf; aysmufu, G cf o hJ nfwiG f acwfopfyef;csD q&monf tqufquf vufqifu h rf;cJah om "avhwiG f ryg0ifEikd af wmhay/ xdu k iG ;f qufjywfrt I ay: eE´vmbdpYk f \ajz&Si;f rIrmS yef;csq D &mu rdrdtEkynmudkyifvQif qufoG,frIvrf;aMumif;wpfcktjzpf toHk;jyK&ef jzpfayonf/ xdkaY Mumifh acwfopfyef;csq D &monf zefwD;rItm;aumif;pGmjzihf enf;rsKd ;pHkoHk;í odEkdi?f BuHKawGUEkid o f rQudk wifjyEdki&f ayrnf/ xdkokYd jyKvkyf Edik &f ef Mum;cHtoH;k jyKypön;f medium rsKd ;pHu k kd toH;k cs &ayrnf/ (Kumar 1991) xdkYaMumihf &SefwdedauwefwGif tempera (MuufOESpjf zifh aq;a&mifa&mjcif;)? ygwdw?f om;a& n§yv f kyif ef;rsm;yg oifMum;½Hkru ausmif;om;rsm; uvnf; ESpo f uf&mq&mrsm;xH csO;f uyfoif,lEkdif onf/ xdkYaMumifhyif A*sDatmifpkd;\ a&;qGJyHkpwdkif rsKd ;pH&k jdS cif;ESifh jynfvrf;vdycf ;kH wGif jyKvyk cf ahJ om a<u jym;uyfyef;csD (mosaics) rsdK;jyKvkyfcJhjcif;wdkY\ tajccHrmS txufazmfjyyg t,ltqaMumih[ f k odEikd f onf/ eE´vmbdkYpf\t,ltqaMumifh A*sDatmifpdk; onf olt Y wåukd z,f&mS ;í y&dowfEiS hf qufo, G rf I vrf;aMumif;rsm;pGm zefwD;cJhjcif;rSm ol\ motif

For examples of works by Nandalal, Abanindranath, and Ramkinkar, see Santiniketan: The Making of Contextual Modernism, 1997. Jasdeep Sandhu (Gajah Gallery), personal communication, Singapore, September 2000.

113

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

yHkpw H pfckckukd txyfxyftcgcg yHkprH sKd ;pHkjzihf toHk;jyK jcif;ü awGUjrifEikd o f nf/ Oyrm &mr&mP orifvu kd f cef; (yHk-4) ESihf jrefrmh½kd;&mESihf"avhrS edrw d yf Hkrsm; toHk;jyKjcif; ponfwkdYyif/ tdE´d,rS jyefa&mufNyD; tESpf 20twGif; jrefrmherd w d yf Hkrsm; toHk;jyKrIonf tm;taumif;qHk; jzpfcJhonf/ trsm;qHk;a&;qGJcJhonfrsm;rSm ½kyaf o;? opfom;½ky?f zdk;0½ky?f ypfwkdi;f axmifESihf jyZmwf? Zmwfy?JG tNidrw hf jkYd zpfonf/ odakY omfa&S;½dk;jrefrmyef;csD enf;rsm;jzpfaom [oFm? e*g;? *VKef? bDv;l ? jcaoFh ponfwakYd &;qG&J mwGif 1980 uket f xd vuf&muGeYf jrL;wDxGirf Irsm; rjrif&ay/ aemufykdi;f o½kyaf zmfyHk rsm;wGif uEkwyf ef;udk toHk;jyKí vlyHkrsm;a&;qGJcJh onf/ (yHk-6) A*sDatmifpdk;\ a&S;½dk;yef;csDvuf&majrmufrI rnfrQ&Sdonfudk oHk;oyf&efvdkao;aomfvnf;? uEkw?f e&D? uyD ESihf *Zm paomyef;cso D abmwdu kY kd vHkavmufpGm oabmaygufNyD;jzpf\/ (at;jrifh 1993;238-39? wifviG f 1974? Wenk 1977;3)16 þodkYoabmaygufjcif;aMumifh zGJUpnf;yHkESihyf HkpH wdu kY kd rysurf ,Gi;f apbJ xyfqifw h x D iG rf rI sm; jyKvkyf Edkicf Jhjcif; jzpfonf/ jrefrmh½kd;&mtEkynmESihf a&S;yef;csDoabmrsm; udk rnfonht f cgrQ rypfy,fcJhí ydkrkdpl;&Saom wif jy rIrsm;tjzpf &J&ifah omvkid ;f ? qef;jym;aom ta&mif

rsm;udk oHk;ía&;qGJcJhonf/ 20&mpktapmydkif; taemufwkid ;f yef;csD wDxiG rf rI sm;onfvnf; tu,f JG u G v f mcJjh cif;yifjzpfonf/ 'rpf Realism yef;csrD cS x A*sDatmifpk;d twGuf [efopfymG ;apaomt&mrsm;rSm &Sefwdedauwefü awGUBuHKcJhrnfjzpfaom tdEd´, miniature yef;cs?D w½kwy f ef;csED iS fh *syefykEH ydS ½f kyyf krH sm; 17 jzpfayvdrrfh nf/ 1950ckEpS rf sm;tukew f iG f q&mOD; vSabmfxHrS oif,lcJhaom a&;qGJ[efrsm; aysmuf uG,foGm;NyDjzpfí rsOf;aMumif;rsm;oHk;jcif;udk ydktm;oefvmaMumif; jrif&ygonf/ 1978wGif A*sDatmifpdk;u pmrJhuAsmud k xkwaf 0cJyh gonf/ tjzLtrJ 47yHkukd acgif;pOfav;ck atmuf cGJxm;ygonf/ 1. jrefrmh½kd;&m,Ofaus;rItydki;f 2. obm0yef;csDtydki;f 3. tcspt f aMumif; 4. acwfopfyef;csDtydki;f eE´vmbdkpY \ f oifMum;rIykHpu H o hJ kYd o½kycf t JG pDt pOfcsxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ eE´vmbdkYp\ f tpDtpOfrSm yxr rdr\ d udk,yf kdi½f kd;&mtEkynmudk avhvmjcif;? 'kw, d rSm rdryd wf0ef;usiu f kd avhvmjcif;? wwd,rSm ausmif;om;\ yifukd,t f odukd Edk;Mum;apjcif;jzihf ol\udk,fydkif[efudk jzpfay:apjcif;? pwkw¬rSm ypön;f rsKd ;pHktoHk;jyKí pl;prf;&SmazGrjI yKvkyjf cif;wdkjY zpf onf/ aemufqHk;tcsufrSm vlom;wpfa,muf

16. The nari (human figure) and the gaja (monumental and stationary elements such as landscape features, buildings, or elephants) of classical Burmese painting do not seem to have captured the interest of Aung Soe. 17. Japanese and Chinese art were not foreign to Santiniketan (Appaswami 1969:38–44). Its Pan-Asian leanings had been largely inspired by the Japanese author of The Ideals of the East, Okakura Kakuzo (1863–1913), who met Rabindranath in 1902 (Santiniketan : The Making of a Contextual Modernism, 1997). At least Nandalal was versed in both Japanese and Chinese painting (Appaswami 1969:38; Elmhirst, 1968– 1969:10–14). In 1951, the year of Aung Soe’s arrival in Santiniketan, there was moreover a visiting professor from Japan by the name of Tetsuro Sugimoto (1899–1985) (Kenjin Miwa, The National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo, written communication, March 2006).

114

taeESihaf &m yef;csDynm&Sit f aeESihyf g xdkausmif; om;tm; vlYabmiftwGuf wm0efausrI&Sad pjcif; jzpfonf18/ eE´vmbdkYpf\ wwd,ESihf pwkw¬ tcsufrsm;udk A*sDatmifpdk;\ oHk;ESihf av;wGif awGUEdkifonf/ xdkpmtkyyf g vuf&mrsm;wGif aeYpGJa&;rxm; aomfvnf; a&mifpHkyHkrsm; r[kwaf omfvnf; þ pmrJhuAsmonf tzdk;wefvSonf/ yxrtcsurf Sm ESpf 30 txufu tdE, d´ ü oifMum;cJ&h onfrsm;udk quf v uf o d r f ; xm;jcif ; ES i h f 'k w d , tcsuf r S m ola&;qGJcJhorQxJrS olYpw d Bf udKufrsm;udk a&G;xkwf wifjyxm;jcif;aMumifh tzdk;wefjcif;jzpfonf/ ]ud k , h f t onf ; av;jyef a y;yg}]rd k ; rcyif a v; idkaew,f} ponfwdkYonf jrefrmhyHk&dyfrsm;udk taemufwikd ;f Surrealism, Cubism wdEYk iS fh aygif;pyf xm;(yHk-7)NyD; ]uAsm}ESihf ]psmef}wdkYu w½kwrf if yef;csDqefqef wifjyxm;onf/ (yHk-8) þpmrJhuAsmxJrS yHkrsm;onf A*sDatmifpkd;\ aemufqHk;zefwD;rI atmifjrifrIrsm;udk rSwfwrf; wifjcif;vnf;jzpfonf/ A*sDatmifpkd;\ pmrsm;wGif &Sew f ed ad uwefukd ydkíyif wdku½f ku d w f ifjyxm;onf/ '*kew f m&m\ tm;ay;rIaMumihf 1950ckESprf sm;wGif tdE´, d rS jyefvmtNyD; yef;csDaqmif;yg;rsm; pwif a&;cJhonf/ tapmqHk;rSm 1953wGif &Sew f ed ad u weftaMumif;udk aoG;aomufr*¾Zif;wGif a&;om;cJh onf/ xdkYaemuf ]½dk;&mrSonf acwfopfokdY}udk

xkwaf 0cJhonf/ ½Ir0r*¾Zif;wGif azmfjycJhNyD;aom aqmif;yg; 20 yg0ifonf/ jrefrmyef;cs?D *syefyef;csD ponfwkdYjzpfonf/ aqmif;yg;wpfckukd a'gufwm eE´vmbdkYpt f wGuf &nfñTe;f onf/ (A*sDatmifpkd; 1978;95-116) eE´vmbdkYp\ f oifMum;enf;udk tajccHí yef;csDq&mwpfOD;\ olYukd,o f l? olYywf 0ef;usi?f olYacwfESihf olY,Ofaus;rItarGwkdYtay: wm0ef&SdrIudkwifjyonf/ yef;csDq&mwpfOD;onf a&S;½dk;pOfvm wpfckwnf;udk pGu J kid x f m;p&m rvdko uJo h Ykd taemufEikd if H vTr;f rd;k rIatmufov Ykd nf; vH;k 0OóHk a&muf o G m ;p&mrvd k [ k wif j yonf / 19&S e f w d e d auwef\ oifMum;rIwiG f taemufwikd ;f yef;cs[ D efrsm; vTr;f rdk;rIukd rvdkvm;jcif;tm; wdwu d sus azmfxkwf roifaomfvnf; toHk;csypön;f rsKd ;pHkukd tm;ay;jcif; onf ta&SUwkdi;f taemufwikd ;f y#dyu©ukd ausmv f eG f aponf/ þoabmudk &Sew f ed ad uwefü rSw, f cl ahJ om A*saD tmifpk;d onfvnf; jrefrmjynf&Sd yef;csDq&m rsm;udk þtcsuf axmufjycsicf Jhonf/ trsKd ;om; &yfwnfcsufcGeftm;&Srd Som Edkiif Hwum0g'Dtjzpf yDjyifayrnf[k A*saD tmifpk;d u tNrJwrf;ajymcJo h nf/ (atmifpkd; 1978;217-22) &mAifj'mewfw*dk;\ vlom;qefrIpHrsm;udk tarGqufcHcJholjzpf½Hkru tm&StrsKd ;om;0g' ysHU yGm;rIukd udk,w f kid jf rifawGUc&hJ ol eE´vmbdpkY u f ajymcJh aom OyrmwpfckrSm vlord sm;cJhonf/

18. For further readings on Nandalal Bose’s teachings: Bose 1999; Santiniketan: The Making of Contextual Modernism 1997; Kumar 1991; Gangoly 1969; Mukherjee 1969. 19. Singaporean-Chinese artist Chen Wen Hsi (1906–1991) who was never in Santiniketan made a similar statement in writing that “I also believe that the true artist, while he absorbs the traditional and conventional values and merits, is not slavishly bound by them, but builds his own philosophy and style after he assimilates the good features of the past masters” (Chen 1976). The similarity in outlook suggests the presence of a zeitgeist.

115

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

]½dk;&m"avhxk;H pHqkw d m aemufaygufzmG ;vmr,fh ,Ofaus;rItopf&UJ rsKd ;aphukd rysuq f ;D rxdcu kd af tmif zH;k tkyx f m;wJh tcGrH mwpfcyk jJ zpfw,f/ tyifwpfyif&UJ rsKd ;aphvkyd aJ ygh/ aerxdatmif rdk;rpdkatmif tcGrH mu umuG,af y;xm;wm/ 'Dtwdik ;f yJ twGi;f u ,Ofaus;rI topf&JU tEkynmrsKd ;aphu tm;aumif;vmrSom 'DtcGHxJuae wGef;xGufNyD; &SifoefBuD;xGm;vm vdrhrf ,f} wenf;tm;jzifhqkd&aomf yef;csDq&m\ ½dk;&mtarGtESpo f nf tEkynmqufvuf wdk;yGm; &Sio f efzt kYd wGuo f m jzpf&rnf/ twm;tqD; ydwyf if rI wpf&yftaeESifh rjzpfap&/ ½dk;&m"avhukd tm;ay; axmufcjH cif;onf aemufwpfzeftopfrsm; arG;zGm; vm&eftwGujf zpfonf/ ta[mif;om&SNd yD; topf r&Sdap& (odkYr[kwf) topfom&SdNyD; ta[mif; r&Sdap&[k tpGef;ra&mufap&/ xdkonfyifvQif A*sDatmifpkd;\ tarGjzpfawmhonf[k olua&;om; cJhonf/ ta[mif;wdki;f ypfy,fí r&ovdk topf wdki;f vufcí H r&/ ta[mif;rSaumif;aomtarGEiS fh topfrSoefY&Si;f xufjrufrIukd obm0w&m;onf wm0efausyeG pf mG a&G;cs,o f mG ;NrJjzpfonf/ ta[mif; ES i f h t opf w d k Y r S taumif ; qH k ; ud k yl ; aygif ; NyD ; armf'efyef;csu D kd zefw;D aom A*saD tmifp;kd \ vkyaf qmif csurf Sm oabmxm;rsKd ;pHk? vky&f yfrsKd ;pHkukdpkpnf;í zef w D ; jcif ; yif j zpf \ / eE´ v mbd k Y p f \ oabm xm;vkyaf qmifcsuEf Sihf xyfwljzpf\/ 1950ckESpf rsm;xJu A*sDatmifpdk;\ o½kyfazmfyHkrsm;wGif þoabmudk awGUae&NyDjzpf\/ 1970ESpfrsm; tukew f Gif jrefrmESihf Edkiif Hjcm;? ta&SUESihf taemuf oabmw&m;yHk&yd w f kdYukd atmifjrifpmG pkaygif;toHk; csí ½kyyf Hkum;wpfckxJwGif wifjyEdkiNf yDjzpfaMumif; jrifae&NyD/ ta&SUwkdi;f (jrefrm? *syef? w½kw?f tdE, ´d )½dk;&mESihf acwfopfyef;csDwifrubJ 20&mpk 116

taemufEkdiif Hyef;csDukdyg A*sDatmifpkd;u aumif;pGm em;vnfNyD;jzpf\/ &mAifj'mewfw*dk; Oa&myrS 1921ckESpfwGif jyefa&mufpOfuxJu &Sefwded auwefwGif Oa&myyef;csDudk rSwfwrf;wifNyD; jzpfonf/ wuúov kd rf sm;pmMunfw h u kd Ef iS fh A*saD tmifp;kd tcsdefydkif;oifjyaeaom pufrIwuúodkvfpmMunhf wdkurf Swpfqihv f J yef;csDoabmrsKd ;pHk? [efrsKd ;pHkukd A*sD a tmif p d k ; avh v mEd k i f c J h o nf / uAsmq&m ajrcspo f u l ]]A*saD tmifpk;d odk}Y } pmwpfapmifxw J iG f atmifpkd;u olYtm;ajymjycJhbl;aom oabmw&m; wpfckukd ,ckuJhokYd jyefvnfwifjyygonf/ ]]acwfopfyef;csDrSmu [if;vif;jyifqdkwJh j'yf r J h a wmBuD ; Continum tpOf t wef ; BuD ; yJ ? 'Dtm½HkpOfwef;BuD;udk tqGcJ ?H tMunhcf ?H 0w¬Krsm;u ajymif;apw,f? awG;apw,f? 'gayrJh 'Dvkdajymif; apwm? awG;apwm[m 'DtpOfwef;BuD;udk jzwfypf vdkuw f mr[kwb f l;}} (ajrcspo f l - ½dk;&mrSonf acwfopfokdY? yxrtBudr)f þpmt& A*sDatmifpdk;onf acwfNydKift aemufwkdi;f yef;csDukd xJxJ0if0if em;vnfaMumif; odomonf/ ola&;cJah om um;wdkiw f ifc&H eD; a,½I ocif\ yHkESpyf HkukdMunhv f Qif yef;csDoabmw&m; wpfcrk S wjcm;wpfco k Ykd oufawmiho f ufom &J&w J if; wif; a&TUajymif;Edkiaf Mumif; jrif&rnf/ þwGiaf wGU &onfrSm vSyaom jyifopfacwfa[mif;[efESihf Surrealist \ayghyg;rIudk a,m,Sufí þav; eufaom taMumif;t&mxJwiG f toHk;jyKxm;onf/ (yHk-9?) yef;csDa&;&mwGif atmifpdk;u taemufwdkif; \vuf&mtwwfynmESihf ta&SUwkdi;f \ pdwyf kdi;f qd k i f & m twwf y nmES p f c k u d k aygif ; onf [ k qdkygonf/ &Sew f ed ad uwef\ oabmyifjzpfonf/

(aZmf[ed ;f 1998-14-15)/ yxrtcsurf mS vuf&m twwfynmrSm xyfwlatmif aooyfwu d satmif a&;EdkifpGrf;jzpfNyD; pdwfydkif;qdkif&mtwwfrSm vl odkYr[kwf t&m0w¬K wpfckck\ twGif;P²mef oabmobm0udk yef;csDa&;í azmfxkww f ifjyEdkif pGr;f jzpfonf/ A*sDatmifpkd;\oabmt& ESpcf kpvHk; ta&;ygonf/ (aumif;ñGefY? 1987cefY) &Sefwd f nmudkok;H í edauwefwiG f tm½Hkp;l pdkuaf om trSwo yef;csDa&;aomenf;udk A*sDatmifpkd; usiho f Hk;cGihf&cJh onf/ þenf;udk jrefrmjynfyef;csDq&mrsm;xJwGif OD;vGe;f <u,fESihf yef;csDq&mvufwpfqkypf mrSvGJí rodMuay/ OD;vGe;f <u,fu 1964ckEpS f cefaY vmufu w½kwjf ynfoYkd ynmawmfoifomG ;cJo h jl zpfonf/ (Jay, 2001:82) þenf;ynmonf 14&mpkEp S rf S 19&mpkEpS f txd Oa&myü wGiu f s,cf ahJ om yHkwu l ;l a&;enf;udk vHk;0ypfy,fcJhonf/ þenf;ynmudk toHk;jyK&mü pdwt f m½Hkpl;pdkuEf kdipf Gr;f ? eufeJpGm rSwrf Ed kdipf Gr;f ESihf azmufxiG ;f awG;awmEdkiaf om ÓPfynmESihf pdwu f ;l pdwo f ef;aumif;jcif;wdYk vdt k yfonf/ obm0\ toGif oP²mefukd xJxJ0if0if em;vnfNyD;rS yef;csDa&;jcif; twwfyifjzpfonf/ þynmudk avhusirfh o I if½k;d rSm ausmif;om;rsm;u c&D;xGuMf urnf/ awGU&aom obm0½Icif;rsm;wGif MunfE;l Murnf/ &Gmol&mG om; rsm;ESihf awGUMurnf/ awmolvyS sKd jzLrsm;udk ai;arm Murnf/ odkYaomf atmuf'dk;xGufjcif;r[kwfí bmwpfckrS ra&;qGJ&/ aemufwpfaeY ausmif;jyef a&mufrSom yef;csDqGJMurnf/ rSwfrdonfrsm; odkYr[kwf pdwu f l;,Ofonfrsm;udk a&;qGJMurnf/ (aZmf[ed ;f ? 1998;15) atmifpkd;\ wcsKd U sketch yHkrsm;rSm þodkYc&D;xGuí f tjyefrS a&;aomyHkrsm; jzpfavmufonf/ yxr qm&D0wfyHkrS aemuf jrefrmt0wftpm;ESihyf Hk jzpfonf/(yHk-10-11)

&Sefwdedauwef\ oifMum;rIrsm;onf A*sD atmifpdk;\ aemifvkyf&yfrsm;tay: awmfawmf vTr;f rdk;onf/ odkYaomf &Sew f ed ad uwefu twwf ynmudk ay;vdkuo f nfomru tEkynmvTr;f rdk; aom aexdkirf Ip½dkuu f kdyg ay;vdkuo f nfukd tjcm; jcm;aom ausmif;om;rsm;vJ 0efcHcJhonf/ Oyrm eE´vmbdkYpo f nf orm;½dk;usoifMum;ydkYcsjcif;xuf apmihfMunfhaomenf;udkoHk;cJhonf/ ausmif;om; rsm;u ¤if;wdkY oif½dk;rSty wjcm;ynm&yfrsm; udv k nf; avhvmMuonf/ A*saD tmifp;kd u tdE, d´ ½d;k &m tu oifco hJ nf/ (aZmf[ed ;f ? 1998;19) A*saD tmifp;kd u olv Y uf&mrsm;udk ckEpS rf a&;xd;k jcif;? tEkynmudk a&mif;ukefvdk oabmrxm;jcif;? wynfhrsm;ESifh vli,fyef;csDq&mrsm;udk qufqH&mü ]q&m} [kroHk;yJ? ]tpfuk}d [kok;H jcif;? atmifjrifr&I &Sad &;udk *½krpdkujf cif;wdkYrSm &Sew f ed ad uwefü olocd Jh BuHKcJh& onfrsm;yifjzpfonf/ &Sew f ed ad uwef oifMum;rI oabm\ Zpfjrpfjzpf[ef&adS om &mAifj'mewfw*dk;\ ]vlom;onf tedru hf sq;kH jrufyif odrYk [kwf ausmufcJ wpfvHk;ESiyhf if qufEG,af eonf}[laom 'óeudk A*saD tmifp;kd usio hf ;kH onf[k rqdEk ikd af omfvnf; &Sew f d edauwef\ oabmxm;rsm;udkawmh oloabm aygufy&kH onf/ xdo k abmxm;rSm tEkynmudk xJxJ 0if0if ,HkMunhfESpfoufNyD;rSom vuf&mtjzpf xkwv f kyEf kdio f nf [laomoabmjzpfonf/

117

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

qkyfudkifr&onfrsm;udk qufoG,fay;aom yef;csD 1960 ckEpS rf sm;tv,frpS í A*saD tmifpk;d onf pma&;q&m? uAsmq&mwpf p k E S i h f orx 20 w&m;usihfcJhonf/ orxrSm pdww f nfNidrrf I&&ef tm½Hkpl;pdkurf Ijzpfonf/ (azatmif? 1954;17)21 aemuftusq;kH 1980ckEpS t f apmydik ;f rSpí A*saD tmifp;kd u orxenf;udk yef;csaD &;&mwGif xnho f k;H aeNyDjzpf \/ A*saD tmifp;kd u ajymifajrmufaomyef;csw D iG f orx onf vdktyfaomt&m 4ckxJrS wpfckjzpfonf[k ,lqcJo h nf/ (tjcm;oHk;rsKd ;rSm vuf\ynm? pdw\ f

ynmESifh tawGUtBuHKwdkYjzpfonf/) (aZmf[def;? 1998;25) orxusiphf Ofrw S pfqif&h &Sad om tm½Hkukd toHk;jyKí Ak'\ ¨ op¨mö w&m;udk erdwyf krH sm;toHk;jyKí yef;csDtoGio f kdYul;ajymif; wifjycJhonf/ atmifpk;d u ol\enf;udk raemr[d'¨d22 [ktrnfwwfyg onf/ raemr[d'o d¨ nf ,cifu 0dZmÆ 23twwfusihf pOfrsm;ESio fh m ywfoufco hJ nf/ atmifpk;d url ol\ enf;vrf;onf 0dZmÆ &yfqikd &f mynmrsm;ESihf rqdik [ f q k kd 24 ygonf/ raemudk ]twGi;f rodpw d }f [kou l bmom jyefygonf/ olYpmtkyaf usmzHk;wGif ]'g[myef;csDyJ jzpfw,f/ armf'efyef;csu D kd [d;k a&S;uxJu&Scd w hJ hJ tif;?

20. Samatha meditation is one of the two aspects of meditation in Buddhism. The other technique is the vipassan. 21. Thamahta meditation leads to mental concentration (Pali: samdhi), which is one of the three prerequisites of nirvana (nibbana)—the other two being morality (sila) and wisdom (pañña). It is believed to be the only way to attain the highest mind development through visual and spiritual concentration on one of the forty objects of concentration (Pali: kamatthana). It begins with recitations that reinforce attention on the object; once concentration becomes complete, the devotee should be able to reproduce the image of the object— for example one of the discs (Pali: kasina)—in his “mind’s eyes.” Apparently, a very strong will is required to retain the image in mind (Hpe Aung 1954:17–18). 22. According to a Burmese informer, manaw refers to the mind. More specifically, Shway Yoe explains that manaw is the sixth sense, the heart, or faculty of knowing, on which meditation—the unique way to attain the higher realms—relies (Shway Yoe 1989:390). He specifies that this “seat of knowledge” is the equivalent of what is known as the soul in other systems of religion (Shway Yoe 989:391). Eikdi (Pali: iddhi) refers to “one of the six kinds of Higher Spiritual Powers” (Pali: abhiññ) (Nyanatiloka 2003). It is said to result from samatha meditation. 23. The Burmese word weikza is derived from vijj in Pali, meaning “(higher) knowledge” (Nyanatiloka, 2003). A weikza has been referred to as a “Buddhist wizard” (Pranke 1995) and a “Burmese Buddhist kind of superman” (une variété bouddhique birmane de superhomme) (Rozenberg 2005:93), among other things. However, as put forward by Rozenberg, “There is, indeed, not one but several possible conceptions of the weikza path and the vocation of its practitioners; accordingly, there is not one but several possible ways to define weikza (Rozenberg 2005:90). The findings of this author also suggest that weikza may “describe not only an attribute or a quality but also a state of being; it may both refer to a particular kind of knowledge and qualify the class of individuals who possess that knowledge and the supernatural powers pertaining to it” (Rozenberg 2005:93). 24. Aung Soe wrote, “In life, there are the body and the mind; that is what the Buddha said. The body may be smelt and touched but mind, it has to be felt. There are two kinds of mind: the exterior and the interior. The exterior mind, we call it the ‘CONSCIOUS MIND’ [written in English and in capital letters] in psychology. The interior mind, we call it the ‘UNCONSCIOUS MIND’ or the ‘SUBCONSCIOUS MIND;’ it is ‘manaw’ in Burmese.”

118

taqmif e JY tEÅ&m,f u if ; *gxmawGeJY a&;qGJjcif;jzpfw,f25/} trsm;oHk;avhr&Sad om felt-tip pen udk oHk;í A4, A3 pm&G u f r sm;ay:wG i f jref r mAk ' ¨ b mom oauFwrsm;udk atmifp;kd u a&;qGo J nf/ Ak'\ ¨ rsuEf mS awmf? rwfwyf&yfy?kH ab;wdu k yf EkH iS fh tdE, ´d ewfb&k m; rsm;ESifh jrefrmh½;kd &mewfyEJG iS fh ewfyrkH sm;udk aA'ifeu©wf ynm&yfqkdi&f m ½kyyf Hkrsm;ESihf yl;aygif;a&;qGJcJhonf/ (yHk-12) tif;? vufzGJU? ]OHK} [laompmvHk;26ESihf jrefrm ESifh em*&Dqefqef27 pmvHk;jzihaf &;aom *rÇ&D qefqef pum;rsm;? tEÅ&m,fuif;pmvH;k rsm; jzpfaom p?"?A?0 ESihf u?C?P?V rsm;ESihf "mwf*Pef;rsm;udkvJ a&;qGJonf/ (yHk-13)28 txufyg wdkY\ ]wefckd;} udkrSw, f ljcif;rjyKbJ opömw&m;? tedpöw&m;wdkY\

yHk&yd o f P²mefrsm;tjzpfom toHk;jyKjcif;jzpfonf/ &mpkESpfawmfawmfMumMum aysmufuG,foGm;NyD jzpfaom yHk&dyfoP²mefESihf oabmw&m;wdkY\ qufEG,frIudk jyefvnfazmfxkwf&ef atmifpdk;u BudK;pm;cJhjcif; jzpfonf/ Ak'¨bmomoauFwESifh oabmw&m;rsm;udk f iG t f oHk;jyKjcif;udk axmuf½í I Ak'¨ atmifpk;d u wGiw w&m;awmfrsm;udk av;av;eufeuf vufcaH Mumif; odomonf/29 Tantric ESihf r[m,eoauFw rsm;udk ydktoHk;jyKjcif;udkaxmufí atmifpkd;onf omrefum &Seu f m od&S½d Hkr[kwb f J? xJxJ0if0if avhvmcJhyHk&onf/ oauFwrsm;udk tvSqGJ&ef ouf o uf toH k ; jyKjcif ; r[k w f a y/ od k Y a omf ,ckxufwikd f atmifp;kd u rnfokdYaombmoma&; pmayrsm; avh v mcJ h o nf u d k rod & ao;ovd k

25. It is said that figurative oil-painter U Ngwe Gaing had previously applied the principle of manaw maheikdi to his work. It is, however, uncommon for craftsmen or artists to do so. Unlike the work of Aung Soe, esoteric symbols and formulae cannot be found in U Ngwe Gaing’s work. 26. “Om” or “Aum” incarnates the Veda and Supreme Knowledge. It is made up of three sounds: “A”, “U” and “M.” Being the “seed” of all mantras, its importance in the development of Tantrism is fundamental. It is the mantra attributed to the Hindu god, Gane[ha. Because it is considered the beginning of all creation, it is not only used for protection on its own alone, but also for intensifying the power of all other mantras (De Bernon 1998:54; Renou, Filliozat 1947; Robinne 2000:155). 27. Examples of these verses or formulae are aung arahan theikdi, namo buddhya, aung pataman, aung konawin arahan theikdi, aung pataman konawin, and Om mani padme hkm. They can be a combination of Burmese and Pali words and expressions, which makes them incomprehensible to the uninitiated. Aung Soe’s orthography of them is not always consistent. 28. Aung Soe held back the use of cabalistic designs and sacred formulae in his illustrations; the readers saw mainly runes. It is in his works not destined for public circulation that we witness the extensive use of these mystical instruments on the fringe of Theravada Buddhism, but integral to Buddhism as it is practiced in Burma. This is possibly due to the regime’s reservations about expressions of unorthodox beliefs like wizards. Fink provides an anecdote on a film-maker’s experience with the censors with regard to a scene figuring a puppet of a wizard (Burmese: zawgyi) (Fink 2001:199). 29. That Aung Soe’s drinking ran against the Buddhist precept of abstinence from alcohol should be interpreted as his incapacity to restrain himself, not his disregard for it; this is the opinion of the artist’s close friends. In an article he recounted how, in his desperation, he begged the Buddha and nat to help him abstain from alcohol (Aung Soe ca. 1987).

119

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

tcsed Mf umMumay;í w&m;usihrf I vkycf Jhjcif; &Srd &Sd udkvJ rod&ao;ay/30 pmrJu h Asm pmtkypf um;OD;wGif "r®u d OD;boef;u t*Fvyd v f kda&;ouJhokdY (not to refute the visible but make visible) (rjrif&onfudk ypfy,fjcif; r[kwfbJ jrif&atmifjyKvkyfay;jcif;) twdkif; atmifpkd;onf Moumoavmu\ erdwo f auFw w&m;udkoHk;NyD; bmoma&;oabmw&m;rsm;udk wifjyaejcif;jzpfonf/ olwifjycsiaf om oHo&m vnfywfyHk? Einstein \ E=mc2 ESihf olukd,yf kdif qkyu f ikd af om zero theory ESihf solar energy ponf wdu kY kd t*Fvyd ?f jrefrmtu©&mrsm;? odyo HÜ auFwrsm;? rsuv f kH;? rQm;? *Pef;ocsmF rsm;udk a&;qGí J wifjy&ef BudK;pm;cJo h nf/ (yH-k 12?14?15) þyef;csv D uf&mopf rsm;wGif oauFwrsm;onf yef;csDoabm &Si;f vif; wifjyrIoabmESihf 'óeduawG;ac:rIoabm rsm;yg yg0ifaeonf/ em*&DpmvHk;jzihf OHK [k teD teufa&;qGJxm;&mwGif vSypGmwnfaqmufrIomr u rsufvHk;udk abmifcwfay;xm;onfudkvnf; awGU&onf/ (yHk-16) udk,pf m;jyKonfrSm opöm w&m; yifjzpf\/ aemufwpfyHkrSm &Si;f vif;vSpGm a&;xm;NyD; puúLtjzLESifh atmufct H a&mifteDwku Yd kd upm;í OHKudk jrefrmvdka&m em*&Dvkdyg a&;xm; onf/ jrefrmvdk ]jzpf}]wnf}]ysu}f oHk;vHk;ESihf *Pef; 3?6?9 wdkYukda&;xm;onf/ tedpöw&m;udk azmfjyaomyHkjzpf\/ (yHk-17) þodkYoauFwrsm;udk tav;xm;toHk;jyK jcif;onf pmayta&;tom;udk yef;csDuJhokdYzefwD; 30.

120

jcif; caligraphic art [efEiS rfh sm;pGmwlonf/ odakY omf tu©&mrsm;uJhokdY a&;qGJaomfvnf; tu©&mrrnf aom yHkoP²mefrsm; jzpfay:vmcJhonf/(yHk-18) New Vision, New Art, New Thought pojzihf t*Fvdyfvdk urÜnf;xdk;aom atmifpdk;\ yef;csD [efopfudk ol\ zero theory uydkí xif&Sm; aponf/ ]ca&r*¾Zif;}ü atmifpkd;\ wynfhrsm; (1987) ajymjycsut f & atmifpkd;\ ,lqcsurf Sm tpufi,fav;wpfpufukd csJUvkduyf gu okn (0) jzpfomG ;í puf0kid ;f uJo h jkYd zpfonf/ (0) tao;rsm;u a&GUvsm;p&me,ferd w d f ydkus,u f s,0f ef;0ef;&So d nf/ (0)t&G,ftrsdK;rsdK;u t"du'DZdkif;wpfck jzpfEdkif aMumif;ajymonf/ a&;vJa&;onf/ atmifpdk;u oknonf rmefrmeuif;rIoauFw? avmuwGif ½dk;om;jcif;\ ta&;ygrIukjd yaom oauFwESihf ew¬d udkvJukd,pf m;jyKjcif;[k ,lqonf/ þod k Y j zifh ok n onf oH o &m\tqH k ;ud k ud k , f p m;jyKonf [ k atmif p d k ; ,l q yH k & onf [ k olYrw d af qG t,f'DwmwpfOD;u rSwcf sucf sonf/ atmifpdk;u olYvuf&mwpfcktaMumif; þodkY a&;om;onf/ ]0vHk;eufus,f? okni,fudk? ES,Ef S,rf rSwEf Si}hf / atmifpkd;u jrefrmtu©&m ]0} vHk;udkygpOf;pm;cJyh gu oknudk oltoHk;jyKaomtcg tajccHaumif;rIukd ud, k pf m;jyKaom ]0}vH;k \ ta&; BuD;rIukdvJ wifjyae[ef &So d nf/ tb,faMumifh qdkaomf uav;i,fwkdY pma&;oifvQif 0vHk;udk yxrqHk;a&;&aomaMumihf jzpfonf/

Aung Soe, however, did make at least one day trip to meditate at the Sonlon monasteryin the company of an editor and poet sometime in the 1970s.

uefYoufcsurf sm;ESihf ,SOw f GJaeaom vGwv f yfrI atmifpkd;onf rdrv d kycf siw f mudk tm½Hkpkdu&f if; vl Y a bmif \ ,Of a us;rI x H k ; pH E S i f h 0if a iG & &S d r I ponfwkdYukdvnf; *½krpdku/f &efukeNf rdKU tEkynm todki;f t0dki;f xJvnf; r0if/ w&m;0ifusi;f yaom jyyGJrsm;üvJ ryg0ifyJ wpfoD;wpfoefY vGwv f yfpGm 31 f kdif awGUBuHKcHpm;rIrsm; yef;csDa&;aecJhonf/ udk,w tpm; pdwf twGi;f oabm qifjcifp;l prf;rI? tm½Hpk u kd f rIESihf qkyfudkifjyír&onfh oabmw&m;rsm;udk yef;csjD zifh zefw;D &efom tm;pdu k cf o hJ nf/ þodYk oD;oefY aexdkiv f kyu f kid rf aI Mumifh olt Y ay:ESifh olv Y uf&mrsm; tay: vltrsm;em;vnfrI vGJcJhMuonfudkvJ *½krpdkuf32 / olYvuf&mtaMumif;ar;&ifvnf; jynfjh ynfph kpH kb H ,fawmhrrS ajz/ em;vnf&ef cufaom ajz&Si;f csurf sm;udkvnf; ay;wwfao;onf/ ]pmrJh uAsm}xJ&dS acwfopfyef;csD tydki;f acgif;pOfatmufrS yef;csDwpfckatmufwGif t*Fvyd v f kd "We see only what we know. When you call a thing mysterious, all that it means is that you don't under-

[ka&;xm;ygonf/ yef;csDESihf a0;uGm olrsm;u olt Y m; ]'g[m bmt"dygÜ ,f}vJ[k olv Y uf &mwpfckckukd ñTe;f íar;ygu ]cifAsm;odcsiv f kdYom stand it"

uRefawmfu tajzwpfckck &Smajym&wm/ trSerf Sm bmt"dygÜ ,frrS &Sb d ;l }[k ajzavh&o dS nf/(aumif;ñGe?Yf 1987) odkYaomf rdwaf qG&if;csmrsm;udkum; yef;csD um;wpfcsyrf Sm bm½kyyf HkoP²mefrS rjrif&ayr,fh ½kyfyHkoP²mefwpfckckawmh tNrJ&Sdw,f [kajym ygonf/ (aZmf[ed ;f ? 1998;30-31) ar;ol\ ÚmPfrDrIay: rlwnfítrsdK;rdsK; tajzay;wwfyHkaMumifh atmifpdk;\yef;csDESihf olY taMumif; olajymcJo h nfrsm;rSm ta&ma&mtaxG;axG; jzpfaeonf/ t&uf aomuf v Gef í ol\ZeD;u pd w f a &m*gtxl ; uk a q;½H k od k Y t&uf j zwf & ef yd k Y a omtcgwd k i f ; jyef x G u f v mvQif aq;½H k ü pdwf0ifpm;zG,fvlrsm; odcJhawGUcJhao;aMumif; jyefajymwwfonf/ qefYusifaomta&mifrsm;? felt-tip pen jzihf vdki;f rsm; nDnn D mnma&;jcif;jzih&f vmaom ta&mif ydef;{&d,mrsm;? cyfoGufoGufa&;csvdkufaom vdki;f rsm;ESifh ½Iyaf xG;pGm a&m,Sux f m;aom oauFw? tu©&m? eH y gwf p onf w d k Y aygif ; pnf ; rI o nf atmifpkd;\ rlykdiv f uf&myifjzpfonf/ txm;todk? t&G , f t pm; wG u f c suf r I r sm; rvk y f o nf u d k atmifp;kd u tcsed Ef iS fh [if;vif;jyif (Time & Space)

31.

Aung Soe was not enthusiastic about making oil paintings, despite friends’ continual encouragement. There were ample opportunities to exhibit, which he turned down. For example, U Ba Than (Dhammika), who founded the Lokanat Galleries, repeatedly solicited the artist’s participation to no avail. If he exhibited on several occasions at the Peacock Gallery during the 1980s, it was at least partly out of his affection for his one-time student who co-founded that gallery.

32.

There were many—including artists—who took Aung Soe for a mere drunkard; they only grew to respect him after his death in retrospect.

121

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

udktoHk;csjcif; [kajymonf/33 tcsdKUum;rsm;udk aoG;½l;aoG;wef; a&;qGJwwf[ef&Sí d wpfcsKd Uukdrl aocsmusepGm pDpOfí a&;yHk&onf/ wpfcgwpf&H enf;ESprf sKd ;udk a&mí oHk;xm;onf/ atmifpkd;onf olv Y uf&mrsm;udk tptqH;k pDpOfía&;onf r[kwb f J olt Y vdkvkd ajymif;vJomG ;rIukd tm;ay;yHk&onf/ Surrealism \ automatic yHka&;enf;qefqefwlonf/ þonfukd atmifpkd;ESpo f ufcJhonfrSm olYvuf&m tcsKd Uu oufaojyaeonf/ þenf;onf yef;csDjzpfjzpf pmjzpfjzpf a&;&m wGif pdwu f kv d w T í f pdwo f mG ;onfah emufu vufu vdkufaomoabmjzpfonf/ pOf;pm;pDpOfrIrygbJ Y ynfrh sm; psmef0ifouJo h kYd a&;qGjJ cif;jzpfonf/34 olw ajymjycsut f & atmifpkd;u aq; odkYr[kwf rifukd jzpfcsiaf omyHk jzpfatmifra&;bJ olYtvdkvkd pD;qif; í&aomyHkukd ESpo f ufonf[í l jzpf\/ apmihMf unhf vdkujf cif;uyif yef;csDwpfcsyf zefwD;rIwGif tBuHK; 0ifonf/ atmifpk;d twGuf a&;csuw f pfckck rSm;oGm; onf[k r&S/d rawmfwq usoGm;aom aq;puf wpfpufyifvQif zefw;D rIceG t f m;wpfcrk S xGuv f mjcif; jzpfí yef;csDvuf&mwpfck jzpfay:vmaponf/ qef;opfaomoP²mefrsm; &SmazG&mwGif vrf;topf wpfckyif jzpfEkdio f nf/ xdkYaMumihf yef;csDum;wpf csyu f kd ydkívSatmif jyKjyifjcif;udk atmifpk;d u vuf rcH/ orm;½dk;us vufcHxm;Muaom tvSukdvJ ol vufrcH/ orxusihpf OfrS&aom? tm½Hkpl;pdkurf I 33.

rSwpfqifh BudKwifBuHpnfrIrsm;rygaom ypöKyÜef wnfhwnfhwGiaf eí yef;csDa&;onf/ yef;csDa&;&mwGif umrudpö (eroticism) tyg t0if rnfonht f &mrqdk a&;Edkio f nf[k atmifpkd; ,lqonf/ uJ&h UJ aomrsuv f ;kH rsm;xuf ydrk í kd oef&Y iS ;f aomtjrifom vdktyfonf/ eE´vmbdkYpu f JhokdYyif atmifpk;d u yef;csu D kd tuJjzwf&mwGif tEkynmjynfh pkHrIu vlrIa&;t&aumif;onf? qdk;onf[laom ouf r S w f c suf r sm;xuf yd k t a&;BuD ; onf [ k ,lqonf/ (Bose, 1999;16) olYvuf&mrsm;u &efukeNf rdKUjyp½dku?f jrefrmh½kd; &myHkjyif? '@m&Drsm;? trsKd ;orD;rsm; (rdcifrSpí rde;f rysut f xd) tvTmrsKd ;pHk&adS om ½kyyf krH sm;udk wifjy onf/ þodkY us,jf yefYvSaom jrifuiG ;f onf ol\ pl;prf;vdkaompdwEf Sihf pl;&SaomtjrifwkdYrS jzpfay: vmonf/ ola&;qGJaom t&m0w¬Kwpfckckukdvnf; enf;rsdK;pHk?vuf&mrsdK;pHkjzifh wifjywwfjcif;onf tNrJwap topftopfaom wifjyrIoP²mefrsm;udk &SmazGvakd om pdwaf Mumifjh zpfonf/ vuf&myHo k P²mef trsKd ;rsKd ;oHk;aomfvnf; wpfrsKd ;rS wpfrsKd ;odkY a&Sma&Sm ½ª½ªajymif;oGm;Edkifonf/ atmifpkd;\ pwdkiv f rf sKd ;pHk oHk;pGJEkdirf Ionf tm&S wdkufom;rsm;\ taemufwdkif;pwdkifvfrsm;tay: xm;aom oabmxm;udk xifxif&Sm;&Sm; Oyrm ay;jcif;wpfckyifjzpfonf/ taemufwkid ;f \ Cubism, Expressionism, Surrealism ponfwdkYrSm

Aung Soe wrote, “Painters will say that this image of Buddha is not a correct DRAWING.’ If they were to evaluate it according to their vision and rule, it is perhaps true. On my part, I would not say that this image is not correct. Because there is ‘TIME AND SPACE,’ it is not wrong.”

34. Although this approach certainly explains his spontaneous technique of pouring and scraping during the few times he used oil paint, only further investigation may throw light on the specific part of surrealist influence on Aung Soe’s modern painting using manaw maheikdi.

122

tm&Swdkufyef;csDq&mrsm;twGuf enf;wpfenf; enf;udk wpfpu dk rf wfrwf vdu k &f efr[kwyf J b,fenf; udkjzpfjzpf vdkovdk ,loHk;&efom oabmxm;Mu onf/35 atmifpk;d u Cubism oabmrsm; oHk;aom tcg 'kw, d yDumqdkjzpf&ef &nf&G,jf cif;r[kw/f olu wpfynhw f pfa,mufukd ajymbl;onf/ ]tudkY udk ArmyDumqdkvkdYac:Muw,fqkdvkdY pdwrf aumif; jzpfrw d ,f? yg;½du k w f murS awmfO;D r,f? 'kw, d zd;k pdef 36 jzpfovdkrsKd ;yJ} tjcm;tm&Swdkufom;acwfNydKifyef;csDq&mrsm; jzpfaom pifumylrS Chen Wen Hsi, Cheong Soo Pieng, rav;&Sm;rS Datuk Syed Ahmad Jamal enf;wl atmifpkd;\pHkvifaom vuf&myHkpHrsm;onf ,Ofaus;rIEiS fh tEkynmqdik &f m vGwv f yfr?I taemuf wdki;f MoZm oufa&mufrIrsm;rS uif;vGwrf Irsm;udk Oyrm ay;aeonf/ rodem;rvnfjcif;aMumifh a,mif0g;0g; avQmufvkyaf ejcif; r[kwb f J vkyEf kid f orQaom oHk;EdkiforQaom enf;rsm;udkoHk;í yifukd,[ f efrsm; &SmazGjcif;yifjzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh atmifpkd;\vuf&mrsm;onf taemufwkdi;f yef;csDrS qif;oufonf [laomtqdkonf tBuHK;r0ifay/

qDaq;um;rsm; atmifpdk;ra&;cJhjcif;onf aiGa&;aMu;a&;aMumifhr[kw/f rdwaf qGrsm;u ay; aom yef;csDaq;ypönf;rsm;udk jiif;avh&Sdonf/ wrifwum olpY w d w f kid ;f us felt-tip pen ESihf rifokH; í puúLprsm;tay: a&;jcif;jzpfonf/ þodkjY yKvkyf jcif;rSm ol\cH,cl suaf &m tEkynm&nf&, G cf suaf &m ESprf sKd ;pvHk;aMumihjf zpfonf/ atmifpkd;vufcHaom eE´ v mbd k Y p f \ oabmxm;rS m &&mypö n f ; ES i h f zefwD;a&;qGJEkid &f rnf [líjzpf\/ eE´vmbdkYpo f nf rdrdudk,fwdkifyif pkwfwHrsm;jyKvkyfavh&Sdonf/37 xdkwifru 1950 ckESpfrsm;wGif eE´vmbdkYpfu aiG a Mu;t&wef z d k ; enf ; aom ypö n f ; rsm;yd k í toHk;jyKjcif;udk tm;ay;vmcJo h nf/ xdktcsed t f wGi;f &Sefwdedauwefudk atmifpdk;a&mufvmcJhonf/ atmifp;kd u wm0efausol yef;csq D &mwpfO;D taeESifh qDaq;oH;k &efukd aiGaMu;ukeu f srt I jyif Edik if jH cm;enf; jzpfaomaMumihf a&Smif&Sm;oifhonf[k ,lqaumif; ,lqcJah yrnf/38 odaYk omf wefz;kd Bu;D yef;csyD pön;f rsm;udk vHk;0roHk;[k rqdkvk/d atmifp;kd u olt Y em;&Sad om bmt&mudrk qdk oH;k wwfaomaMumiho f m olYvuf&m qDaq; tenf;i,fuse&f pfayonf/ aocsmonfrmS

35. Ahmad Mashadi and Joyce Fan, Cubism in Asia: Unbounded Dialogues, Singapore Art Museum, Singapore, February 17, 2006. 36. The reference to being the second Po Sein, who was a famous dancer of Myanmar, is an idiom meaning ‘copycat’. (edited) 37. Shyamali Khastagir, personal communication, Zntiniketan, February 2001. 38. In From Tradition to Modernity, Aung Soe also expressed sympathy with Japanese painter Shindo Domoto who deliberately worked in only ink on rice paper—readily available materials in Japan (Aung Soe 1978b:171–77). Reviewer Astri Wright signals that Thai artist Thawan Duchanee (1939–) also employs a similarly “poor” and unconventional medium: ballpoint pen.

123

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

rsm;u aps;csKd oavmuf vdki;f rsm;\ tvSukd yDyDjyifjyifzefwD;vdkY&onf/ vdki;f (rsO;f ) rsm;onfvnf; a&aq;? qDaq;wdkYESiphf mvQif tm&S yef;csD\ ta&;ygaom jy,k'w f pfckyifjzpfayonf/ atmifpkd;onf taemufwkid ;f qDaq;oHk;onft h cgyif olyY ifu, kd [ f eftwdki;f toHk;jyKrIukjd rif&onf/ Oyrm olyY ifu, kd af &;½kyyf kH (yH-k 19)/ felt-tip pen ESihf rifwu Ykd atmifpkd;pdwBf udKuf jrefjrefoGuo f Guaf &;vdkY&onf/ (aZmf[ed ;f ? 1998;25) atmifpdk;\ aemufydkif;vuf&mrsm;\toGif onf ol\qdk;&Gm;vmaom use;f rma&;tajctae? qkw, f kwo f Gm;aom pD;yGm;a&;wdkYESihf qufEG,af e onf/ t&ufaomufjcif;rsm;vmNyD; tjrifEiS fh tMum; tm½HkwkdY qdk;0g;vmonf/ 1983ckESpf avjzwfonfh aemufykdi;f pum;ajym&mwGif tcuftcJ&v Sd monf/ yef;csDum;rsm;udk wpfcgwpf&H vufzuf&nfqkdif rsm;wGif pm;p&mESihfvJcJhaomfvnf;39 yef;csDa&;í &aomaiGukd b,fwke;f urS tm;udk;cJholr[kwí f olrY o d m;pku wjcm;0ifaiGenf;vrf;rsm;jzifh tdrpf &dwf udk &SmazGMu&awmhonf/ 1980ck E S p f r sm;wG i f usef ; rma&;raumif ; onfuwpfaMumif;? i,fpOfu qdk;oGr;f cJí h emrnf qdk;&cJhaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;? pufrIwuúokdvf wGif pmoifjcif;ESihf ½ky&f Sirf sm;wGif o½kyaf qmifcGihf rsm; r&Edkiaf wmhay/ wufopfp vli,fo½kyaf zmf felt-tip pen

39.

124

yef;csDq&mrsm; ay:aygufvmaomaMumihfvnf; o½kyaf zmfyHka&;cGihf cufcJvmonf/ pD;yGm;a&;Muyfwnf;vmaomfvnf; atmifpk;d \ pdw"f mwfurajymif;? aiG&&efyef;csDqGJjcif;r[kw/f aiG&&Sad &;udk xnhpf Of;pm;aom yef;csq D &mrsm;udv k nf; tNrJ½Iwcf sonf/ ]qif;qif;&J&JeJY yef;csDa&;ae&wm udkaysmw f ,f? 'gtudkYb0yJ}[k ajymavh&So d nf/ þoabmxm;onf wpfpdwfwpfa'otm;jzifh &Sew f ed ad uwef\ vTr;f rdk;rIjzpfayrnf/ xdkausmif;wGif tEkynmvuf&majrmufrIu aiGaMu;xuf ydkta&;BuD;onf[laom cH,lcsu&f Sd onf/ &Sew f ed ad uwefrS q&mhq&mrsm; oifMum;cJh onfhrltwkid ;f ? pD;yGm;a&;qdk;&Gm;vmapumrl ol\ tEkynmESifh vlraI &;? bmoma&;qdki&f m t,ltq rsm; ydí k yif jyif;xefvmcJo h nf/ Ekid if aH &;rNidro f ufrI aMumihf 'kua© &mufc&hJ aom olw Y ynfrh sm;tay: pdwf qif;&JrIukd yef;csDyHkrsm;jzifh o½kyaf zmfcJhonf/ acwf ay: Break Dance \vIy&f Sm;rIrsm;udk olpw d 0f if pm;cJí h zGUJ pnf;rI½yk yf w kH pfck ola&;cJNh yD; olt Y i,fq;kH ESifh aemufqHk;wynfhvufxJwGif use&f pfcJhonf/ jrefrmyef;csDq&mwpfOD;\ armf'efjzpfwnfrI atmifpk;d \ vuf&mtm;vHk;onf Edkiif &H yfjcm;rS yef;cs[ D efrsm;ESifh wlnaD omyHkprH &S/d jrefrmjynfwiG ;f &Sd yef;csq D &mrsm;\ yHkpEH iS v fh nf;rwl/ olEiS fh acwfNydKif

It is recounted that Aung Soe always had his bag filled with felt-tip pens, as well as his favorite snacks, wherever he went. Be it at a teashop by the roadside or in a magazine’s editorial office, he was always ready to paint or draw on any piece of paper or cardboard at hand. The fresh works would either be exchanged against refreshments or given away on the spot.

jzpfol emrnfausmf yef;csDq&mBuD; OD;vGe;f <u,fu Impressionism [ef o H k ; onf / ¤if ; ES i h f p mvQif atmifpkd;\[efonf vrf;opfazmufjcif;jzpfonf/ atmifpdk;utvSukd r&Sm/ olYtwGuf yef;csDonf qufo, G af &; oufoufomjzpfonf/ oauFwrsm; oHk;í olajymcsio f nfrsm;udk yDyjD yifjyifajymqdkonf/ ½dk;&mjrefrmyef;csv D kid ;f udkvnf;aumif;? taemufwkid ;f f J olYywf0ef;usiw f Gif [efukdvnf;aumif; rvdkub jrifawGUae&aom t&mrsm;\ oP²mefuo kd ;kH í olrY yl ikd f [ef&cJhonf/ jrefrmh½kd;&myef;csDonfvnf;aumif;? taemufwkdi;f yHkpHonfvnf;aumif;? 20&mpkjrefrm jynf\ oabmobm0udk yDyjD yifjyif xif[yfEikd rf nf r[kw/f ol\Ak'b ¨ momcH,cl surf sm;jzpfaom oDv? 40 orm"d? ynm u &Sew f ed ad uwef vlom;qefrI obm0w&m;ESihf yl;aygif;NyD;oumv taemuf wdki;f \ artistic freedom oabmw&m; (yef;csD q&mwpfOD;\ vGwv f Gwv f yfvyf zefwD;Edkicf Gihf)udk a&S;½dk;wifjyrIwiG f xif[yfapNyD; zefw;D aomvuf&m rsm;jzpf\/ ta&SUEiS t fh aemufEpS cf kpvHk;\ yef;cseD nf; emrsm;ESifh atmifp;kd \ ud, k yf ikd cf , H cl suf 'óerSayguf zGm;vmaom vuf&mrsm;jzpfonf/ Ak'¨bmom\ oabmw&m;rsm;udk wifhw,f qef;jym;pGm wifjycJh½Hkru atmifpkd;vuf&monf kH mT udk xif[yfap 20&mpk 'kw, d ydik ;f jrefrmjynf\ ½kyyf v cJhonf/ a&S;usaom t,ltqrsm; rygaomfvnf; atmifpkd;u jrefrmh½kd;&m,Ofaus;rIukd vGepf Gmtm; 40.

xm;onf/ zefwD;rI tm;aumif;pGmjzifh rwlnD aom[ef? yHkoP²mef? oauFwrsm;udk pkpnf;í olu Y k, d yf kid [ f efukd qkyu f kdifco hJ nf/ rdryd wf0ef;usirf S taMumif;t&mrsm;? omref taMumif;t&mrsm;ESihf wpfavmuvHk;qdkif&m taMumif;t&mrsm; toD;oD;udk ta&;w,l wifpm; xif[yfrrI sm; jyKEdkijf cif;aMumihf atmifpk;d \tEkynm onf vGwv f yfaompdwEf iS fh vGwv f yfaom awG;ac: vkyaf qmifrIwkdYrS aygufzGm;vmaom ppfrSeaf om armf'efyef;csDtjzpf &yfwnfcJhonf/ þonfrmS atmifpk;d u urÇm½h k;d &m[k owf rSwaf omt&myifjzpfonf/ ¤if;udk tajccHxm;NyD; h &m ouf jrefrmh½;kd &mudk wifjyaomfvnf;? rnfonft oufukdrS udk,pf m;jyKaom yef;csDr[kwaf y/ þarmf'efenf;ynmudk vrf;jyolrSm atmifpk;d r[kwyf J &Sew f ed ad uwefausmif;rS q&mrsm;omjzpfonf/ txl;ojzifh eE´vmbdkYpfu vlom;qefrI oabm w&m;rsm;ESifh ta&SUwikd ;f t,ltqrsm;udk tdE, d´ armf'ef yef;csDay:xGe;f csed u f t,ltqrsm;ESihaf ygif;pyfí olYausmif;\obm0ESihf udkun f Drnfh oifMum;rI 41 oP²mefukd csrw S jf yKvyk cf o hJ nf/ atmifp;kd u oloif cJhorQudk tajccHí tjrifus,rf I? prf;oyfavhvm rIrsm;udk jyKvkycf Jhjcif;onf olYrlykdif xufjrufrI pGr;f tifyif jzpfayonf/ 1987 rwfv tawG;tjrifr*¾Zif; rsuEf Sm zH;k twGuf atmifp;kd u yef;oD;xJrS wd;k xGuv f maom

Aung Soe cited all three as the basis of art, custom, and culture in Burma (Aung Soe 1985).

41. A comparative study of the works of artists from India, Japan, Indonesia, and Thailand who lived and worked at Zntiniketan during the first two-thirds of the twentieth century would certainly provide a new dimension to our understanding of the gestation and genesis of modern art within the generic geographic confines of Asia.

125

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

ydk;avmufvef;aumifyHk a&;qGJcJhonf/ pmzwfol vli,fwpfOD;taejzifh ]wif;usyv f Ge;f aom urÇm jzpfonfh yef;oD;xJrS tjyifavmuxJ xGuv f kad om ydk;avmufvef;yif wdk;xGuEf kdio f nf}[k em;vnf Edik o f nf/ opömw&m;ESifh ynmvdv k m;jcif;udk ud, k pf m; jyKonfh oauFwedrw d f jzpfonf/ avmuBuD;udk Munhf½I&ef? em;vnf&efrSm enf;vrf;wpfcrk u &So d nf/ Munfw h wfot l zdYk pdw\ f vGwv f yfrEI iS hf pdwu f ;l pdwo f ef; jzefx Y w k pf &m vrf;awG&dS onf/ atmifpkd;\yef;csDonf topfarG;zGm;jcif;? u@rsKd ;pHkukd aygif;pyfjcif;om &nf&, G \ f / zsuq f ;D jcm;em;&efr[kw?f qkyu f ikd x f ed ;f csKy&f efr[kw/f wpfcsed u f jrefrmpma&;q&mBuD;wdkY\ arQmfvifhcsujf zpfaom acwfprf;pmayonf atmifjrifcJhayNyD/ ,Ofum (Yin Ker) (rod*Ð bmomjyefqkdonf/) The Journal of Burma Studies Volume 10, 2005/06. Northern Illinois University Illinois, USA

126

,Ofum (Yin Ker) ,Ofum (Yin Ker) \pmwrf;onf olr\ wuúodkvf r[m0dZÆm (Art History) bGUJ twGuf 2001ckEpS w f iG f Thesis udk twdck sKH ;xm;jcif; jzpfonf/ yg&*lbGJUtwGufvnf; A*sDatmifpdk; taMumif;yif pmwrf;wifrnfjzpfonf/ 2003ckEpS w f iG f jrefrmpmudk Institute national des languages et Civilisations Orientales ü wpf E S p f M um oifMum;avhvmcJhNyD; &efukefax&0g' omoemjyK wuúokdvüf 2009-2010wGif ax&0g'Ak'¨bmom udk wufa&mufoifMum; avhvmcJo h nf/ A*saD tmifp;kd taMumif ; ud k website wpf c k zef w D ; a&;om; x m ; y g o n f / www.bagyiaungsoe.com jzpfygonf/ Sorbonne

yHk-1/ aMumifeuf ? &lr0r*他Zif; ? Zefe0g&D 1953 Photo : Yin Ker

yH k - 3/

rsufESmzHk;o&kyfazmfyHk ? aiGwm&Dr*他Zif; ? Edk0ifbmv ? 1971 Photo : Yin Ker

yH k - 2/

o&kyfazmfyHk ? wm&mr*他Zif; ? azazmf 0 g&D 1950 Photo : Yin Ker

yH k - 4/

rsufESmzHk;o&kyfazmfyHk ? rdk;a0r*他Zif; ? Mo*kwf ? 1979 Photo : Yin Ker

127

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

yH k - 5/

uAsm 1000 rsuf E S m zH k ; o&k y f a zmf y H k ? 1968 Photo : Yin Ker

yHk-7/ rd k ; rcyif a v;.....id k a ew,f ? pmrJ h u Asmpmtk y f r S ? 1978 Photo : Yin Ker

128

yH k - 6/

o&k y f a zmf y k H ? ½l r 0r*¾ Z if ; ? *sLvd k i f ? 1985 Photo : Yin Ker

yH k - 8/

psmef ? pmrJ h u Asmpmtk y f r S ? 1978 Photo : Yin Ker

yH k - 9/

c&pf a wmf (Jesues Christ) Christian Art in Asia 1970 Photo : Moso Takenaka

yH k - 10/ td E ĂŠ d , trsd K ;orD ; (Indian Woman) (pencil, gouache,and felt-tip pen on paper) 228x298 mm Gajah Gallery Singupore rS p k a qmif ; onf /

yHk-11/ trnf a y;rxm; (gouache, Oil pastel marker and felt-tip pen on paper) 378x230 mm

OD ; qef e D n d r f ; pk a qmif ; onf / Photo : Yin Ker

Photo : Jasdeep Sandu

129

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

yH k - 13/ o&k y f a zmf y H k ? jr0wD r *他 Z if ; 1988 (marker and felt-tip pen on paper) 280x183mm

aersd K ;aq;pk a qmif ; onf / Photo : Yin Ker

yH k - 12/ trnf a y;rxm; (marker and felt-tip pen on paper) 275x195 mm Gujah Gallery,Singapore

rS p k a qmif ; onf / Photo: Jasdeep Sandhu

yHk-14/ o&kyfazmfyHk ? ca&r*他Zif;? 1985 Photo : Yin Ker

130

yH k - 15/ trnf a y;rxm; 1985 (maker and felt-tip pen on paper) 355x255 mm Gajah Gallery, Singapore

rS p k a qmif ; onf / Photo : Jasdeep Sandhu

yH k - 16/ o&k y f a zmf y H k t wG u f a &;qG J x m;wJ h rl & if ; vuf & m (maker and felt-tip pen on paper) 216x170 mm Gajah Gallery, Singapore

rS p k a qmif ; onf / Photo : Jasdeep Sandhu

yH k - 17/ trnf a y;rxm; (felt-tip pen on paper) 180x140 mm Photo : Yin Ker

yHk-18/ uAsmo&k y f a zmf y H k jr0wD r *他 Z if ; ?ar? 1988 Photo : Yin Ker

131

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

yH k - 19/ udk,fwdkifa&;yHkwl (Oil on board) 600x480 mm Singapore Art Museum,Singapore rSpkaqmif;onf/ Photo : Singapore Art Museum

yH k - 20/ rsuf E S m zH k ; o&k y f a zmf y H k tawG ; tjrif ? rwf f ? 1987 (maker and felt-tip on paper)

armif0Hopkaqmif;onf/ Photo : Yin Ker

132

References A Dictionary of Buddhist Terms. 2000. Rangoon: Ministry of Religious Affairs. Allott, A. 1993. Inked over, ripped out: Burmese storytellers and the censors. Bangkok: Silkworm Booksýÿ. Appaswami, J. 1969. Nandalal Bose and the Far Eastern tradition. The Vi[va-Bharati Quarterly: Nandalal Number (May 1968 - April 1969), XXXIV (1, 2, 3, 4):38–44. Calcutta: VisvaBharati. Aung Khin. ca. 1997. Reminiscences of Myanmar art, Mandalay. Aung Soe, Bagyi. 1978. Poetry without words [in Burmese]. Rangoon. ______.1978. From tradition to modernity [in Burmese]. Rangoon. ______.1953. Santiniketan [in Burmese]. Thway Thauk (May): 25 –29. ______.1985. The new style of Burmese art after the twentieth century [in Burmese]. ______. Bagyi Aung Soe mistaken [in Burmese]. (Reproduced in Ker, 2001: Appendix 24). Aung Soe, U [in Burmese]. (Reproduced in Ker, 2001: Appendix 28). Aung-Thwin, M. 1997. Foreigners & females in Burmese eyes. In Burma: Myanmar in the 21st century: Dynamics of continuity & change,35–44.Bangkok: Open Society Instituteýÿ. Aye Myint [translation by Thanoe, U]. 1993. Burmese design through drawings. Bangkok: Silpakorn University. Bizot, F. 1981.Notes sur les yantra bouddhiques d’Indochine. In Tantric & taoist studies in honour of R.A. Stein, 155 – 91. Bruxelles: Institut Belge des Hautes Études Chinoises. ______.1994. Itipisoratanamala: La Guirlande de Joyaux, [with O. von Hinüber]. Paris : Ecole Française d’Extrême-Orient. ______.1998. La pureté par les mots. Paris: Ecole Française d’Extrême-Orient. Bose, N. 1999. Vision and creation. Calcutta: Vi[va-Bharati. Burma Handbook: A handbook on Burma with special reference to Burmese customs, history, economic resources, education, famous pagodas and cities published on the occasion of the centenary of the founding of the royal city of Mandalay 1221–1321 B.E. (1859–1959 A.D.). 1959. Rangoon: Council of Information. Chen, Wen-Hsi. 1976. Half a century’s life of an artist. Chen Wen-Hsi Paintings (January). Singapore: International Press. Coomaraswamy, A.K. 1994. Art and Swadeshi. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. Dagon Taya. 1997. Fugitive images [in Burmese]. Yapyesa-ottait: 20 – 22, 243 – 52. Rangoon. De Bernon, O. 1998. Yantra and mantra. Phnom-Penh: Centre Culturel Français. Elmhirst, L.K. 1969. Nandalal Bose. The Vi[va-Bharati Quarterly: Nandalal Number (May 1968 – April 1969) XXXIV(1, 2, 3, 4):10 –14 Calcutta: Visva-Bharati.

133

A*sD a tmif p d k ; Findlay, I. 2002. Notes from Yangon: The recent Myanmar Art Exhibition and The Philip Morris Group of Companies Myanmar Art Awards for 2001/2002. Asian Art News XII (2), March – April 2002:94 – 99. Fink, C. 2001. Living silence: Burma under military rule. New York: Zed Books. Fraser-Lu, S. 1994. Burmese crafts: past and present. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press. Gangoly, O.C. 1969. Acharya Nandalal Bose. The Visva-Bharati Quarterly: Nandalal Number May 1968 – April 1969, XXXIV (1, 2, 3, 4):22 – 26.Calcutta : Visva-Bharati. Goux, G. 1991. La litér ature Birmane contemporaine: Les magazines en Birmanie. Paris: DREA, INaLCO, November.Unpublished. Guha-Thakurta, T. 1992. The making of a new ‘Indian’ art: Artists, aesthetics and nationalism in Bengal, c. 1850–1920, 226 – 325.New York: Cambridge University Press. Guillard, G. 1990. Essai sur le dessin humoristique birman. Paris: DEA, INaLCO, July. Unpublished. Hla Thamein (U Hla Tin) 1994.Tradition and modernity in Myanmar. Tradition & modernity in Myanmar: Proceedings of international conference held in Berlin from May 7th to May 9th, 1993 (Part 2: Culture and social life), 333 – 42. Münster: LIF. Hpe Aung. 1954. Clarification and critical analysis of the various processes involved in the attainment of Lokiyasamadhi through Samatha. Journal of the Burma Research Society (December): 17 - 23. Htin Aung, Maung. 1962. Folk elements in Burmese Buddhism. London: Oxford University Press. Jay, S. E. 1999. Other voices, other views. Asian Art News, IX (1), Januar – February: 52 – 53. ______.2001. Changing times. Asian Art News, XI (4), Julyýÿ– August: 76 – 80. ______.2001: In the footsteps of the masters: U Lun Gywe. Asian Art News, XI (4), July – August: 81 – 83. Kaung Nyunt. ca. 1987. The painter-illustrators of magazines: Bagyi Aung Soe [in Burmese]. (Reproduced in Ker, 2001: Appendix 30). Ker, Y. 2001. L’art moderne chez Bagyi Aung Soe. Paris: Maîtrise, University of ParisSorbonne. Unpublished. Khin Than Phyu. 2005. Myanmar modern artists [in Burmese]. Rangoon: Di Yay U. Kowshik, D. 1980. Blossoms of light: Some reflections on art in Zntiniketan. Calcutta: Visva Bharati. Kumar, S. 1991. Nandalal’s concept of the artist: an overview. Nandan: 34 - 40. Calcutta: Visva-Bharati. Kyaw Zwa Moe. 2004. The renaissance of Burmese art. The Irrawaddy Vol. 12 No. 2 (February). Ma Thanegi. 1996. Modern art. Unpublished manuscript [in English]. (Reproduced in Ker, 2001: Appendix 33).

134

______.1998. After the exile: Art in Myanmar. The Arts Magazine (January – February): 35 – 37. ______.2002. A bridge to the future. Asian Art News, XII (4),July – August: 70 – 73. ______.2002. A narrative of light: U Soe Moe. Asian Art News, XII (4), July-August 2002:84 – 86. ______.2002. Breaking free: Aye Ko. Asian Art News, XII (5), Septemberÿ– October: 90 – 93. ______.2002. An artist of motion. Asian Art News, XII (5),September – October: 104 – 07. ______.2004. Paw Oo Thett: His life and his creativity, Rangoon: Swiftwinds. Min Thu Wun (U Wun). ca. 1991. The beginning of the story of Bagyi Aung Soe [in Burmese]. Unpublished. (Reproduced in Ker, 2001: Appendix 34). Min Zin. 2000. The living history: Dagon Taya & modern Burmese literature. The Irrawaddy Vol 8. No. 7 (July). Mitter, P. 2001. Indian art. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Moore, E.H. 1992. Contemporary paintings in Burma. In Arts of Asia, XXII (5), SeptemberOctober 1992:150 – 154. Mukherjee, B. 1935. The Zntiniketan School of Art. Reprint [1st ed. Vi[va-Bharati Quarterly, I (1), 1935], Nandan. Calcutta: Vi[va-Bharati, 1982:6 – 11. ______.1969. Nandalal. The Vi[va-Bharati Quarterly: Nandalal Number (May 1968 – April 1969), XXXIV (1, 2, 3, 4). Calcutta: Visva-Bharati. Myanmar-English Dictionary. 1993. Rangoon: Department of the Myanmar Language Commission, Ministry of Education. Nyanatiloka. 2003. Buddhist dictionary: Manual of Buddhist terms and doctrines. Kuala Lumpur: Buddhist Missionary Society. Okakura, K.1903. The ideals of the East. London: John Murray. Paragu, U. 2000. Bagyi Aung Soe [in Burmese]. Mahaythi (November): 148 – 52. Pranke, P. 1995. On becoming a Buddhist wizard. Buddhism in Practice: 343–58. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Ramaghandran, G. 1969. Reminiscences. The Visva-Bharati Quarterly: Nandalal Number (May 1968-April 1969), XXXIV (1, 2, 3, 4):27- 29. Calcutta: VisvaBharati, 1969. Renou, L. 1947. L’Inde classique: Manuel des études indiennes (Vol.I). Paris: Payot. Robinne, F. 2000. Fils et maîtres du Lac : Relations interethniques 156 Journal of Burma Studies, Volume 10 Yin Ker dans l’État Shan de Birmanie. Paris: CNRS Éditions. Rozenberg, G. 2005. Renoncement et puissance: La quête de la sainteté dans la Birmanie contemporaine. Geneva: Editions Olizane. San San Tin. 2001. Culture & tormentor. The Irrawaddy Vol 9. No. 7 (August–September). Santiniketan: The making of contextual modernism. 1997. Exhibition catalog. New Delhi: National Gallery of Modern Art. Santiniketan 1901–1951. 1986 reprint [1st ed. 1951, 2nd ed. 1971]. Calcutta: Visva-Bharati.

135

A*sD a tmif p d k ; Shei-yo Myanma baji [in Burmese].1967. Rangoon: Ministry of Culture. Sheng, J. 1998. In a world of their own. Asian Art News VI (4), July-August: 52–55. Shwe Min Tha ca. 1991. Bagyi Aung Soe: The truth which touches [in Burmese]. (Reproduced in Ker, 2001: Appendix 35). Silverstein, Josef. 1977. Burma: Military rule and the politics of stagnation. London: Cornell University Press. Singer, N. 1995. Burmese dance and theatre. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press. ______.1996. Modern. In The dictionary of art X, ed. J. Turner. §V, 3, 246– 47. London: Macmillan Publishers New York. Subramanyan, K.G. 1982. Nandalal Bose. Nandan: Nandalal: 1–22. Calcutta: Vi[va-Bharati. ______1991. The aesthetics of a campus. Nandan: An Annual on Art & Aesthetics: 1-6. Calcutta: Visva-Bharati. Sullivan, M. 1996. Art and Artists of 20th Century China. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Takenada, M. 1975. Christian Art in Asia [ed. Christian Conference of Asia]. Kyoto: Kyo Bun Kwan. Tein Moe Hlaing. 2000. The Bagyi Aung Soe I know [in Burmese]. Thutitwairson (September):88–92. Thein Han (Zaw Kyi). 1961. Art in Burma. In Modern art of Asia: New movements & old traditions [ed. Japan Cultural Forum], 7– 11. Tokyo: Toto Shuppan Company. Tin Lwin. 1974. Old Burmese painting. Oriens Extremus [translated from Shei-yo Myan-ma baji, Rangoon: Ministry of Culture, Journal of Burma Studies, Volume 10 157 Modern Burmese Painting According to Bagyi Aung Soe 1967], XXI (2), December 1974:237–61. Tuyet Nguyet. 1971. The guided brush. Arts of Asia, I (3), May – June: 7 –12. Wenk, K. 1977. Murals in Burma: Paintings from Bagan of the late period—18th century. Zurich: Verlag Iñigo von Oppersdorff. Ye Shan Ti. ca. 1991. Poetry without words or Bagyi Aung Soe [in Burmese]. Zaw Hein (Min Zaw). 1998. Study on the works of Bagyi Aung Soe, a modern painter. Diploma of Painting, Yangon: University of Culture. July [in Burmese]. Zaw Lynn. 2000. Contemporary Myanmar painting as ‘art in its second function.’ Department of Philosophy, Yangon: University of Yangon.

136

usef;rmwJh tufqpf ajrcspfol ( 1 ) ajrcspo f lqkdaom vlwpfa,muf\ b0cE¨m emrf"mwfjym;csyu f kd trSww f rJjh zpfap? pdw&f n S , f , k pGmjzpfap? tm½Ho k ef&Y iS ;f pGm cPem;qifjcif; jyKMunfhyg rdwaf qG/ avmu"HrsOf;auG;aygif;pHkuae at;pufcufrmpGm xGufay: vmaeaomxdk ]ajrcspo f l "mwfjym;csy}f \ t"duusaom aw;oGm; tydki;f tprsm;rSm ]A*sDatmifpkd;} [laom vlom; tEkynmorm;BuD; wpfO;D &JU pdr;f vef;uGaJ MuqJ aoG;om;tydki;f tprsm;jzifh odompGm csKyfoD xm;onfukd jrif&ygvdrrhf nf/ 'grSr[kwf Mum;&ygvdrrhf nf/ 'grSr[kwf vnf; yGwo f yfcHpm;rdygvdrhfrnf/ yef;csD tEkynm wdro f m;rsm;jzifh csKyfoDaESmifzGJUxm;onfh uAsm *&yfzfwpfck\ vrf;avQmufatmf[pfaerI tjzpfvnf; jrifMunfh Edkifygonf/ ( 2 ) tpfukda& ..... uRefawmfawmhtJovdkyJ tpfukdY taMumif;udk pzGiv hf ku d rf yd gNyD/ wu,fawmh tpfukt Yd aMumif;awG uRefawmf a&;csif wmtrsm;BuD;yg/ ESvHk;aoG;om; oefrmqJumvwpfckupNyD;? uRefawmh&f ifxrJ mS tjrKawwnfaecJw h hJ csOjf cif;wyfrufrI *E¦0ifuAsm [m tpfukt Yd aMumif;udk uRefawmfa&;vdkjcif;ygyJ/ tpfuku Yd kd tEkynm aA'? &SwwJh &efckeo f Hrsm;eJU ylaZmfjcif;ygyJ/ wu,fawmh ]A*sDatmifpkd;} qdkwJhvl&JU ]uD;}udk uRefawmfh&JU tm;enf;vSwhJ ½kyef mrfo,HZmwrsm;eJU b,fvkrd S wl;qG&mS azG pdkux f v l kYd r&Edkiyf gvm;/ cGihfvTwyf g tpfukda&/

( 3 ) &efukefNrdKU? ausmufajrmif; &yfuGuf? o*F[vrf;rSm &SdwJh A*sDatmifpkd; aexdki&f m wJtrd f uav;rSm uRefawmftygt0if acwfay:tEkynmudk oHa,mZOf wG,Nf idol vli,fwpfcsKd U[m rdrd wd&kY UJ b0eJU aoG;om;ta&jym;rsm;? OD;aESmuf pufcvkyrf sm;? ,HMk unfrI (tEk y nm) acG ; oG m ;pd y f r sm;? avmutjrif qif,ifxHk;zGJUrI 'DZikd ;f rsm; . . . xl;qef;pGm ajymif;vJ cJ h M uygonf / uRef a wmf w d k Y & J U ajymif;vJrrI mS odraf rGUoavmuf od o mygonf / cg;oD ; aom aysm&f iT rf rI sKd ;rsm;jzifv h nf; Murf;&S qlyGufcJhygonf/ b0eJUpum; ajymqdyk rkH sm;rSm rvSypGmeJU/ 'gay r,fh ESpo f rd w hf yfrufrI BuD;pGmeJY 'Pf&m&Sad om rdik w f ikd rf sm;udk xdt k rd f uav;rS pwifNyD; um;vdyzf iG u hf m jzwfoef;cJhMuygonf/ xdktdrf uav;rSmawmh tpfukd A*saD tmifp;kd aeygonf/ ,ck umvtxdvnf; xdt k rd u f av;rSm olaeygonf/ olUtdrftem;rSm acwfawG? tcsdefawG jzwfoef;EIwfquf oGm;cJhMuygonf/ od k Y a omf orm;½d k ; usb0 oauFwrJhaom yef;csDESihf uAsm tEkynm "mwfaygif;wpfrsKd ;jzifh 137

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

pGwfpdkavmifjrdKufrI tNrJrjywf oD;yGifhaecJhaom A*sD a tmif p d k ; \ xd k t d r f u av;rS m rl &G J U apmif ; EGr;f vspGmyif touf&Sif wnf&Sad ecJhygonf/ ( 4 ) yef;csDtEkynmeJU ywfoufvm&if tpfudk a&mufcJhwJh tdE´, d u uAsmq&mBuD; &mAifj'mewf w*dk;&JU ]&Sefwdedauwef} ausmif;taMumif; pyfrdwdkif; ajymwwfygw,f/ ]&Sefwdedauwef} ausmif;&JU vGwv f yfrI rd;k aumif;uifeUJ vlUtMuiftem *DwoHpOfuav;rsm;? tvuFmuav;rsm; taMumif; tNrJvkdazmfñTe;f ajymqdkavh &Syd gw,f/ wu,fawmh tpfukdUtrd u f av; . . . / yufvuf ukvm;xdkiaf v;wpfvkH;om vlUy&dabm* taqmifta,mif&,fvdkY&SdwJh tJ'Dtdrfuav;[m uRefawmfwdkY Mum;emodrSwfMu&wJh tdEd´,u ]&Sew f ed ad uwef} ausmif;xuf? acwfay:tEkynm atmufpD*siaf wGeJU 0vifpkdjynfwJh aus;Zl;odu©m [if;vif;jyifeJU opfyifpdrf;jrav; wpfcktjzpf uReaf wmfwk&Yd ifrmS xGe;f opf jzpfcw hJ ,fvkYd uReaf wmf wdkYwpfawGu &dk;om;pGm ½dIuef rf;cHpm;rdygw,f/ uRefawmfwkdY&JU tZÑwå 'dki, f m&DxJu a0zefwD; cwf c suf u av;ud k tav;teuf em;qif y g cspaf om urÇmajrBuD;/

( 5 ) tpfukAd *saD tmifpk;d eJU uReaf wmfwkYd b,fEpS cf kEpS f umvavmufupNyD; &if;ESD;oduRrf;rdcJhMuonfukd ajymp&mvdkrnfrxifyg/ avmuxHk;pHt& ajym&&ifawmh? 1969-70 avmufu uRefawmhfrdom;pk ausmufajrmif; bkv d ed ;f vrf;? tcef;uav;wpfckrSm iSm;aeMupOf w&m;0if oduRrf;cifrifonf[k ajymEdkiyf gonf/ odkYaomf . . . . . / tpfukdESihf uRefawmfwkdYMum;wGif tcsed q f kdwJh þ'dkirf if;&Si;f rvdkyg/ ajymMu&ifvnf; csKd Nrdepf mG yif cH&ygawmhrnf/ uRefawmfwkdY tpfukdA*sDatmifpkd;wdkY onf qm&D&,fvpf (Surrealist) yef;csDq&m wpfOD;jzpfaom rwfcsma*g (Marc Chagall) ajymzl;ovdk tcsed Ef iS [ hf if;vif;jyifqw kd hJ urÇmUqt JG m; ESpf&yfrSuif;vGwfpGm (tJ'gudkvnf;rdrdwdkYudk,f wdkirf odpGm) aexdkiv f kd? aexdkicf JhMuolrsm; jzpfyg onf/ tpfukduawmh urÇmUqGJtm;rS vGwu f if;rI pGr;f tm; ('gudkaumif;onf qdk;onf uRefawmf rajymvdkyg/) uRefawmfwdkYxufydkjyif;wmaygh/ [kwyf gw,f/ tckae tpfuu kYd kad r;&ifawmh cHpm;rIrhJ wmvm;/ cHpm;rIta&mifrsm; yGww f ku d &f if; acsmajy oGm;wmvm; rodEkdiaf om rsuEf Smjzifh uRefawmfhukd bmrQrajymbJ jyefMunfhaerSm odyaf ocsmygonf/ ( 6 ) wu,fwrf; A*sDatmifpdk;udk podonfrSm r*¾Zif;yg jrefrmuAsmrsm;udk p zwfwwfw?hJ zwfcw hJ hJ 1950-ckESpv f eG f ESpu f mvrsm;wnf;u pcJhonf[k ajymrS uRefawmfhtwGuf ydkrSeyf gvdrhrf nf/ r*¾Zif;rS uAsmawGzwfjzpfcw hJ m tpfukd A*saD tmifpk;d &JU uAsm

138

o½kyfazmfyef;csDawGaMumifh[k aus;Zl;wifpGm qdkyg&ap/ tpfukdYyef;csD (r*¾Zif;uAsmo½kyaf zmf) vuf&mav;awGaMumifh uAsmudkzwfwJh O,smOf wpfck uRefawmfh&ifrSm odu©m&Spd mG jzpfwnf&onf/ uAsmudkcsprf S r*Fvmyef;yGihfuav;awG yGihfa0cJh &onf/ uAsma&;csiw f hJ ESvkH;om;tif*sipf ufwpfck ajrcspo f l udk,t f *FgrSm cdkirf mpGm vnfywfc&hJ onf/ tpfuu Ykd Asmo½kyaf zmf yef;csu D m;rsm;\ zrf;pm; rIaMumifh jrefrmuAsmavmutay: uRefawmfwkdY\ xkxnf&adS om Nidw, G rf v I ufrsm; aoG;om;vIy&f mS ; cJh&onf/ uAsmq&mawGukd pdw0f ifpm;cJMh u&onf/ aZmf*sD? rif;ok0Pf? '*kew f m&m? a'gif;EG,faqG? aeaoG;eD? armifav;atmif? armifMunfreG ?f wifrk;d ? Munfatmif/ 'Dbuf acwf..... armifoif;cdki?f f (l twå\ atmifcsrd ?hf azmfa0;? armifckid rf m? ajrcspo pkwcf suw f pfck[kom ,lqMuyg)ponf ... ponf rsm;txd oefrmaom BudK;wHwm;BuD;wpfcu k kd cspcf if wG,fwmaecJh&onf/ cifAsm;&JU ukodkvf'dkif,m&D pmrsufESmrSm xif&Sm;us,af vmifpGm a&;rSwx f m;yg urÇmBuD; cifAsm; ...../

( 7 ) 1970-vG e f E S p f wpf c k c k & J U aqmif ; eH e uf wpf&ufrSm uRefawmfhtdrfwHcg;udk vmacgufNyD; tJ'Dumvu ½Ir0r*¾Zif;xJygwJh uRefawmfh&JU ]aps;}qdkwJh uAsmav;udk oauFw o½kyaf zmf0g' (Expressionist Symbolism)enf;eJU a&;xm;wJh cspf p &m? ES v H k ; vS y Munf v if p &m yef ; csD u m; csyfuav; tpfudk uRefawmfhudk rxifrSwfbJ ay;oGm;&mu tp uReaf wmfwkYd vlom;tBuD;ti,f ESpOf ;D wd&kY UJ &if;ES;D cdkirf mrI rDwm[mvnf; t&Sed t f [kef ydkrkdjyif;xefcJhwm tpfukd trSw&f atmif uRefawmf uyJ wHcg;jyefacgufyg&ap tpfukd...../ a'guf.....a'guf/ tdk.....tjyifrmS vnf; t&ifvkyd J ESi;f aygufawG pdk&TJaeqJygvm;/ ( 8 ) uRefawmfhb0\ emrf"mwfjym;onf tpfudk A*saD tmifpk;d \ aoG;om;&eHU oHpOfrsm;jzifh yl;0if uGt J uf toHxu G af eonf[k qd&k jcif;rSm urÇmajrBu;D aumif;aumif; odonf]h &Srd I &Sq d }J jywif;wHcg;wpfcsyf jzpfygonf/ uReaf wmfw h iG &f o dS nfh tEkynm0dnmOf\ uckefrI uBudK;uuGuf wD;vHk;wD;uGufrsm;rSm A*saD tmifpk;d ESihf q,fpkEpS o f kH;ckrQ twlwuG eD;uyf wnf&aSd ecGih&f jcif;rS qif;oufvmaom pD;arsmrI t&dyrf sm;yif jzpfygonf/ tpfuo kd nf uReaf wmfwt Ykd m; tEkynmqdo k nfrmS b,fvk?d uAsmqdkonfrmS b,f[m? yef;csq D ko d nfrmS 'Dvdk? b0qdkonfrSm a[m'g? tEkynmorm; qdo k nfrmS 'grsKd ;..... [lí ocsmF qefaom? oifcef;pm avoHxu G af om ayGzY ufrrI sm;eJU wpfcgrQ aygif;oif; 139

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

ñTeMf um;jcif; r&Scd yhJ g/ q&mrvkycf yhJ g/ odaYk omf ..... tpfuo kd nf ocsmF udv k nf; cspyf gonf/ odyu HÜ v kd nf; cspyf gonf/ xdkx Y uf uAsmudk ydkcspyf gonf/ uAsm o½kyaf zmf&aom yef;csq D &mtjzpfukd oHo&mjrpfxrJ mS tcspq f kH;yJ jzpfygonf/ tpfuk\ d ajymqdkvyI &f mS ; jyKrl? aexdki?f zefw;D a&;qGrJ I tpkpku uReaf wmfw\ kYd OD;acgif;rsm;tm; wjcm;olrsm;twGuf cg;ouf oavmuf vSyaom tvif;"mwf zGUJ pnf;rI&w dS hJ acgif; rsm;tjzpf pl;pl;epfepf ajymif;vJapcJyh gonf/ tpfuu kd bmrQ roifyg/ 'gayr,fh tpfub Ykd 0eJU tEkynmu uRefawmfwdkY\ ta&jym;rsm;tm; ajymif;vJoGm; apcJo h nf[k qdkvkjd cif; jzpfygonf/ ( 9 ) ]udkjrifhoef;om rulnDcJh&if uRefawmf&JU a[m 'Dpmtkyfuav; jzpfvmrSmr[kwb f l;}qdkwJh trSm vufa&;eJU tpfukad y;xm;wJh tpfuk&Yd UJ ]½dk;&mrSonf acwfopfodkY...} qdkwJh pmtkyfuav;udkvnf; ydu k q f jH ywfwikd ;f pmtkyaf wG a&mif; a&mif;pm;avh&w d S hJ uRefawmf b,fawmhrS ra&mif;cJyh gbl;/ aemifvnf; tNrJord ;f xm;rSmyg/ ('gudkvnf; urÇmajrBuD;&JU oufaoxGucf suf pmtkyrf Sm rSwv f ku d yf gOD;aemf) 'Dpmtkyf[m uRefawmfwdkYESpfa,muf&JU raysmuf ysuEf kdiw f Jh tvif;ajymufuav; wpf0uf (AdkYtm; f av;rSm teEÅ.....)r[kwv f m; tpfuk/d tJ'pD mtkyu uRefawmhv f kdvlukd trSma&;cGihfay;cJhwmvnf; tNrJ pD;qif;aer,fh uRefawmfhb0&JU wkecf gcsuw f pf&yf ygyJ/ tJ'Dtcsdefavmufu (1976-77 avmuf xifyg&JU) uRefawmfwkdYwpfawG awmfawmfwGJjzpf cJMh uw,faemf/ (wGrJ ku d Mf uw,f ac:rvm;? wG, J u S f Muw,f ac:rvm;? rpOf;pm;eJUtpfuk)d nwdki;f vdkvkd 140

kYd rd rf mS aecJMh u uReaf wmfww kYd pfawG cyfr;l rl;eJU tpfut wmrsm;w,f/ ]pmrJhuAsm} pmtkyu f av;udkvnf; xkwfjzpfatmif xkwfcJhMuw,faemf/ uAsm&JU tcsdK&nfudk yef;csDcGufxJxnfhNyD; vlom;awGudk {nf h c H w J h u d p ö a v;ygyJ / ]yef ; csD o nf uAsm? uAsmonf yef;csD} qdkwJh tpfukdY&JU tJ'Dwke;f u aqmifyk'f[m urÇmY&oavmurSm trSwfrxif pGJxifuse&f pfaeawmhr,fh vlUavmu trSwt f om; ygyJ/ r*Fvmyg ....... tpfukda&/ ( 10 ) A*saD tmifp;kd taMumif; ajymvQif wm&mr*¾Zif;udk rajymí r&/ Munfat;udk rajymír&/ &mAif j'mewfw*d;k udk rajymír&/ &Sew f ed ad uwefukd rajym ír&/ olUoli,fcsi;f vSpkd;udk rajymír&/ tdE´d, u tr&pfwm&Sm*Jvf (Amirita Shargal)udk rajym ír&/ yef;csOD ;D pef;vGiu f kd rajymír&/ '*kew f m&mudk rajymír&/ armif't hD aMumif;udkvnf; rajymír&/ xdkYtwl t&ufukd rajymír&/ xyfajymyg &ap/ tpfudktaMumif;udk ajymvQiftpfudkeJU t&uf t aMumif ; ud k rajymír&/ tpf u d k e J U pdwfa&m*gtxl;ukaq;½HkHtaMumif; rajymír&/ twif; ajymwwfaom (EIwfzsm;udpö)tpfudkY yg;pyftaMumif; udk rajymír&/ pmayopfumvudk rajymír&/ av;wmvm;? av;csif a ,mif a qmif w mrS m tom; usaewmvm;rodwhJ tpfuk&Yd UJ em;&Gurf sm;taMumif; rajymír&/ xdkYxuf..... xdkYxuf..... tpfukdY&JU rdkurf JrI (uefawmhtpfukda&)twåBuD;rI? t0dZÆm aygufuGJrI? qdk;rsKd ; w&m;pyfcg;cg;rsm;udk b0wpfavQmufvHk;

½ke;f &if;uef&if; NyHK;umqJum cspcf Jh&SmwJh tpfukdY ZeD;onf ]tefwDrm} taMumif;udk rajymír&/ [kwu f Jh ..... rajymír&yg/ aMomf ..... ]vlwpfa,muf? arsmufwpfaumif eJU wa,mwpfvuf} yef;csDum;taMumif;udv k nf; rajymvdYk r&ygbl;aemf/

rsm;twGuf ]pOf;pm;jcif;aowåm}av; wpfck tjzpf aexdkicf Jhygonf)/ uRefawmfwkdY t&om&Scd JhonfrSm olU&JU tqdyf&SdwJh vSypl;&SwJh ]tEkynm}om jzpfygonf/ cifAsm;tay:rSm olay;qyfcJhwJh aus;Zl;w&m;uvnf; 'gyJ r[kwv f m; urÇmBuD; cifAsm; ....... /

( 11 )

( 13 )

wu,f a wmh tpf u d k Y t aMumif ; ajym&if jrefrmjynf&UJ acwfopf tEkynmavmueJU tEkynm orm;awG t aMumif ; ud k aq;om;txl q H k ; eJ U ajymMum;NyD; ovdkygyJ/ [kww f ,faemf/ aq;om; txlq;kH eJU&UJG apmif;rI t&Jwif;qH;k yef;csu D m;wpfcsyu f kd em;qifMu&ovdkygbJ/ cg;oavmuf rmeedrw d f odu©m&Sw d ,f ... odu©m&Sw d ,f/

tpfukda& ..... tpfukdwpfa,muf t&uf awGjyefaomufaew,fMum;vdkY pdwrf aumif;jcif; BuD;pGm rl;½l;&ifcek pf mG eJU uReaf wmftygt0if tpfuu Ykd kd cspw f Jh vli,ftEkynmorm;wpfpk [dkwpfaeYu tpfukdYtrd f tajy;tvTm; vmMuw,f/ vGecf JhwJh (2)&ufavmuf uReaf wmfvmMunfw h ke;f u t&ufr;l NyD; bHk;bHk;vJ? pum;vnf; oJou J u JG JG rajymEdkijf zpf aecJw h hJ tpfuk[ d m tJ'aD eYu uRefawmfwkYd vli,f awGwpftkyBf uD; tm;vHk;nDwn l rD Q rl;½l; &ifckev f m MuwJhaeYusrS tdrfacgif;&if;rSm oefYoefY&Sif;&Sif; use;f rmjcif;&Spd mG xdkiv f k/Yd ]tpfukad eaumif;oGm;NyDumG }vdkY ajymvdkuaf wmh acwfay:tEkynmykpämwdkif;rSm tpfudkYaemufu tNrJuseaf e&pfw?hJ cspw f hJ uRefawmfwkw Yd awG tJ'aD eY uvnf; tpfuk&Yd UJ ykpämwpfckrmS csKd jrpGm ½I;H cJMh u& jyefNyDav? csKd jrpGm tpfuaYkd emufrmS use&f pf&jyefNyDav/ tJ'DaeYntpfudkYtdrfu jyefvmawmh Mu,fa&mif [if;vif; jrpfwpif;u oDcsi;f qdkoaH wG Mum;ae cJyh g&Ut J pfukd ....... /

( 12 ) tpfudkA*sDatmifpdk;onf vljzpfonfhtwGuf? tvif;aoG;om;&Sdovdk tarSmif&Jwdkufrsm;vnf; &So d nf/ txl;ojzifh acwfopftEkynm0g'D wpf a,muf t jzpf &J & J t ouf ½ S L cJ h o l j zpf í vnf ; ol \ b0aumuf a Mumif ; rsm;ES i f h xH k ; pH u s vlyY wf0ef;usif rsuEf mS jyifonf tH0ifciG u f s rjzpfyg/ cif0rf; qdkwJh oD;csi;f wpfyk'v f kd olYrSm]ywf0ef;usif tay:wif a ewJ h a <u;}awG obm0uspG m rsm; vSygonf/ 'gudk'Dvdkjzpfatmif oloufouf pwefx Y iG zf efw;D cJjh cif; r[kwyf g/ oef&Y iS ;f aom tm½Hek UJ tEkynmorm;(Artist)ppfppf 0wf½Hkukd *kP, f lpGm ol0wfcw hJ hJ aeYupNyD; 'Dvjkd zpfcw hJ maygh/ b,fwek ;f u tEk y nmorm;0wf ½ H k u d k rd r d t ZÑwå vH k N cH K pG m 0wf q if c J h w ,f q d k w m uawmh uRef a wmf w d k Y jyóemr[kwyf g (tpfukduvnf; tJ'DvlrIOya'

ajrcspf o l (&eHYopfr*¾Zif;? 1980)

141

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

yef;csDarSmftwwfynmESifh zefwD;&Sif jrifhvGifcdkif(0dZÆm^odyÜH) vGecf JhwJh ESpyf wfausmaf vmufu r*Fvmaqmif wpfckutjyef trSw(f 11) o*F[vrf;? ausmufajrmif;rSm aexdkiaf om q&mA*sD atmifpk;d xH a&mufomG ;jzpfco hJ nf/ q&mhukv d nf; qdkuq f ku d Nf rKduNf rKduf awGUcJhonf/ q&meJY awGUqHkcef;wpfck a&;csiw f Jh taMumif;uav; ajymawmh em;u rMum;&bl;ajymw,f/ 'geJY vufESpzf ufukd uawmh vkv d kyNf yD; wtm;uke;f atmfajymaomfvnf; em;u rMum;&? cufacsNyD/ 'geJY pm&Guaf y:rSm pmeJYa&;jyrSyJ odawmhw,f/ 'DawmhrS 0rf;om MunfE;l pGm uRefawmfu h kd EIwq f ufNyD; tcsed rf a&G;vmar;yg/ vdu I v f pJS mG f kyd gajymum BuKdqkad eyghr,f Wellcome vdkY jrefrmvkad &m t*Fvyd v BuKdqkyd gw,fvkYd qkyd gw,f/ a&mufwke;f a&mufckduu f av;rSm q&meJY awmfawmfav; aqG;aEG;jzpfcJhygw,f/ ]]q&mhZmwd? q&mhrb d emrnfawG&,f? arG;csi;f b,fESpaf ,muf &So d vJqkw d mav;ajymOD;}} ]]uRefawmf &efukeo f m;yg? &efukeNf rKdU vrf;rawmfNrKdUe,f trSwf d uawmh tb (97) vrf;rawmfvrf;rSm arG;cJhygw,f? uRefawmfhrb OD;bcspw f if-trda':wift h kw H rYkd S 1923 ckEpS ?f 'DZifbmv (9)&ufaeYrmS arG;zGm;cJhygw,f/ arG;csi;f ESpaf ,mufyJ&Sw d ,fAs? tpfrjzpfol rwif&D uawmh tckr&Sad wmhbl;? jrefrmjynf vGwv f yfa&;&NyD;cgpu qHk;oGm; w,f? i,fi,fwke;f uawmh vrf;rawmfvrf;rSm&Sw d Jhtrd u f ysOaf xmif tdrEf pS x f yfygyJ/ atmufxyfu tiSm;xm;w,f? tay:xyfrmS aeMuyg hJ m MumygNyD? rdbawGvnf; w,f? tckawmh tJ't D rd v f nf; a&mif;ypfcw r&SMd uawmhb;l ? uReaf wmf wpfa,mufwnf; wpfaumif<uufayghAsm}} ]]i,fi,fwke;f u q&mhynma&;udk ajymygOD;}} ]]uRefawmf i,fi,fwke;f u ]NrKdUr trsK;d om;ausmif;} ,ckawmh tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;trSwf (2) '*Hkayghav? tJ'h aD usmif;rSm q,f wef;txd ynmoifczhJ ;l w,f? ppfBuD;jzpfNyD;wJah emufawmh ausmif;jyef qufrwufawmhygbl;}} 142

]]ppfBuD;twGif;rSm trsKd; om; pdw"f mwfeJY vIy&f Sm;cJhwm awGa&m &Scd Jhzl;vm;}} ]]i,fi,fwkef;u jynfolY &JabmfxyJ J 0ifczhJ ;l ygw,f/ *syef acwf? *syefawmfvSeaf &;wkY?d bm wkYdrSmawmh rygcJhygbl;}} ]]q&m tdraf xmifruscif uwnf;u A*saD tmifp;kd qkNd yD; a&; aewmvm;}} ]]uRef a wmf td r f a xmif ruscifuwnf;u yef;csDa&;ae wmyg? uRefawmf i,fi,fu a,muf z wpf 0 rf ; uG J a wmf w J h yef;csDq&mBuD; OD;bMunf-ZeD; a':wifarwkYdxHrSm twlae&if; yef;csyD nmudk avhvmcGi&h f cJh ygw,f? q&mBu;D OD;bMunf uawmh yef;csD ynmudk oifMum;ay;wm r[kwf bl;? trsKd;qkdawmh odyfvnf; roifay;csib f ;l ? 'gayr,fh rsupf d &nf0atmifawmh Munfch zhJ ;l w,f/ ]]A*sDatmifpdk;qkdNyD; uAsm o½kyfazmfudk pNyD;a&;wmvm;? 0w¬Ko½kyaf zmfyHkukd pNyD;a&; wm vm;? q&m tckvkd r*¾Zif;awG? pmapmifawGrSm a&;aewm ESpf aygif; 40 avmuf&NdS yDew YJ w l ,f}}

]][kwfw,fAs? uRefawmf pNyD;a&;aewm ESpaf ygif; 40avmuf&adS wmhr,f? uRefawmf pNyD;a&; wke;f u wm&mr*¾Zif;rSmyg? acgif;pnf;pmvHk;yJ pNyD; a&;cJw h ,f/ tJ'w D ke;f u acgif;pnf; pmvHk;wpfwef; udk ig;usyaf y;ygw,f? tJ'DaemufrS uAsmo½kyf azmfykHawG pNyD;a&;ygw,f? uAsmq&m Munfat;&JU o½kyaf zmfyHkukd pNyD;a&;cJhwmyg}} ]]q&mu yef;csDq&mawGxJrSm xl;jcm;wJh yk*¾Kv d w f pfOD;vkYd uRefawmf jrifygw,f? bmjyKvkYv d J qkad wmh olrsm;awGvkd ]yef;cs}D vkYd ra&;bJ pNyD;a&; uwnf;u ]A*sD} vkYad &;cJhw,f/ NyD;awmh qkid ;f xk;d wJhtcgrSmvnf; olrsm;vkd ½Iyf,Sufcwfraebl;? t*Fvyd v f kda&;a&;? jrefrmvkad &;a&; &Si;f &Si;f av;yJ? NyD;awmh emrnfxyd rf Sm ]0} vHk;BuD;BuD;wpfvHk;eJY 0vHk;ao;ao;av;awGu &Spv f ;kH tNrJygw,f? tJ'g b,fvk&d nf&G,cf suef JY a&;wmvJ q&m}} ]]uReaf wmfq h ikd ;f uawmh vufa&;ygyJ? ½Iy, f u S f cyfatmif ra&;vkb d l; ]yef;csD} vkYd ra&;bJ ]A*sD} Sd ,f? vkYd a&;wmuawmh 'gu Edkiif Hwkid ;f rSmvkv d k&d w pum;ajymovkd pma&;wmyg? uRefawmfwkYdacwf wke;f u pum;ajymeJYyJ a&;avh&Sw d ,f? pum;ajym xGuw f JhtoHukd a&;wmrkYd ]A*sD} vkYd jzpfaewmyg? ]0}vHk;BuD;eJY tao; &Spv f k;H &efxm;wmu tv,fu ]0}vHk;BuD;eJYygqk&d if udk;ck&Sw d ,f? udk;qkw d m Solar Enegy jzpfwJh aerdom;pk? pMu0VmxJuae tygt0if N*K[ d Bf uD;ud;k vH;k udk qkv d ydk gw,f? wpfenf; uawmh jrefrmqefwJh uav;awG yg;rSmuGux f m; wJh yg;uGuu f av;vkYdvnf; ,lqvkYd &ygw,f}} ]]q&mwkaYd cwfwke;f u acwfNyKdiyf ef;csq D &mawG &Sdao;vm;}} ]]&Sdwmayghav? OD;tkef;vGif? OD;udkav;? OD;bMunf? OD;bvHkav;wkdYayghav? w&if;wESD;

&S d w muawmh ud k v S p d k ; aygh ? tJ ' D w k e f ; uawmh uRefawmfwkYd a&;csuaf wGu wk;d vkYrd &cJhMuygbl;}} ]]q&myef;csDa&;&if;eJY tjcm;toufarG;0rf; ausmif;a&m &Sad o;ovm;}} ]]jrefrmjynf vGwv f yfa&;&NyD;aemuf 1948 ckESpaf vmufuayghav? rlvwef;ausmif;q&m? t v,fwef;jyausmif;q&m? aemufawmh tif;pdef tpd;k & txufwef;ausmif; (,ciftac: [du k pf ul;ausmif; (High School) awGrmS ausmif;q&mb0eJY vkyu f kid f cJhzl;ygw,f/ 1955 ckESprf Smuawmh yef;csDq&mBuD; OD;b Munf? jyifopfEkdiif Hukd ynmawmfoifoGm;aepOf? q&mBuD; OD;bMunf wm0efxrf;aqmif aeonfh ae&mjzpfw?hJ ynma&;wuúokv d rf mS acwå0ifa&muf NyD; trIxrf;cJhygao;w,f? 1954 ckESpaf vmufu pufrv I ufr0I efBuD;Xmevufatmuf&dS Testile Printing aq;qkd; yef;½dkufoifwef;ausmif;rSmvnf; vkyfzl;ygw,f}} ]]q&mh & J U td r f a xmif a &;taMumif ; av; ajymygOD;}} ]]uRefawmf apmapmu ajymcJhwJh pufrIvufrI 0efBuD;Xmevufatmuf&Sd Textile Printing aq;qk;d yef;½dkuo f ifwef;ausmif;rSm tvkyv f kypf Of wpfXme wnf; twlvkyaf zmfukdizf ufjzpfwJh a':oef;Munf (ac:)a':trm? uRefawmfhtac: ]trm} eJY 1953 ckESpu f yJ tdraf xmifuscJhygw,f/ tck om;orD; ig;a,muf xGe;f um;cJhygw,f/ yxr om;BuD; uawmh OD;jrifhpkd; (a':EG,Ef G,Of D;)? 'kw, d uawmh orD;yg/ a':oef;oef;pdk; (OD;cifarmifvwf)? wwd,uawmh om;yg/ OD;ol&pd;k (a':vGiv f iG jf rif)h ? aemuf pwkw¬ uawmh orD; ckid cf kdipf kd;? ti,fqHk; om;axG;uawmh armifarmifpk;d yg/ tckvuf&adS wmh 143

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

trSw(f 11) o*F[vrf;? ausmufajrmif;u tdrrf mS yJ aeygw,f/ tdrrf Sm twlaewmuawmh tBuD;qHk; om;BuD;&,f? tdrfaxmifrusao;wJh orD;i,f wpfa,muf&,f? om;i,fwpfa,muf&,f twlae ygw,f/ ]]q&m pufrIwuúokdvrf Smvnf; vkycf Jhzl;ao; w,faemf}} ]][k w f y gw,f / uRef a wmf &ef u k e f p uf r I wuúokdvf AdokumXmerSm tcsed yf kdi;f enf;jyq&m (Part Time Lecturer) vkyfcJhzl;w,f/ 17ESpf? 18ESpaf vmuf vkycf Jhzl;w,f/ 1970 ckESpaf vmuf urS usef;rma&;raumif;awmh tvkyfuxGufcJh wmyg/ ]]tckacwf yef;csDa&;aeMuwJh (m-t) rkwo f ke?f *&yfzpf'DZdkif; ausmfrif;armif? vSxGPf;atmif? jrifharmifausm?f atmifb? oQm;wJhatmif ponfjzifh ayghav/ tckacwf vuf&m&Siaf wGtay: b,fvkd ½Ijrif oHk;oyfygovJ/ ]]tck acwfay:yef;csDq&mav;awG ay:ayguf vmwm q&mtrsm;BuD; 0rf;omygw,f/ olwaYkd v; awG[m rnHhMubl;/ wcsKUd vlawG uRefawmfhxuf awmif omygw,f/ olwkYdav;awG&JU a&;csu[ f m jzpfovkda&;wm r[kwfbl;/ yef;csDenf;ynmudk aoaocsmcsmwwfwhJ uav;awGyg/ olwaYkd v;awG &S d a ewm uRef a wmf h t wG u f tm;wuf p &myg/ uRefawmfhtoufukd ydkNyD;&Snaf pygw,f/ olwkYad v; awGeJY twlwla&;ae&wm aysmyf gw,f? udk,w f pf a,mufwnf; a&;aewmeJpY m&if tazmf&wmayghav/ pmzwfy&dowfwcsKUd eJY acwfopfyef;csDq&mwcsKUd u uRefawmfhukd t½l;yef;csDvkYd ac:Muw,f/ ½Iwcf sMu w,f/ tck uRefawmf eJY a&;azmfa&;zuf yef;csq D &m av;awG &Sad eMuawmh olwkYad v;awG&JUt&Sed af Mumifh 144

uRefawmfhtay:udk rapmfum;&Jbl;/ rESrd &f JMuawmh bl;ayghAsm}} ]]q&ma&;wJyh akH wGu av;eufw,f/ uReaf wmfh tjrifawmh cHpm;Munfhwwf&if Double Image vdkY ac:rvm;yJ}} ]][kww f ,f/ cifAsm;ajymwm rSew f ,f/ tck vlawGem;vnfatmif ajym&&if Double Image qdkwJhpum;u ydkNyD;rSew f ,f/ a&;wJhtcgrSmvnf; owfrSwfxm;wJhrludk vGwfatmifvnf; a&;&yg ao;w,f/}} ]]q&mhvkd awmfwJhvl? q&mhvkd yef;csDynmrsK;d cH,lwwfwJhvl &Sm;ygw,f/}} ]]uRefawmfu cyfnHhnHhtaumifyg/ aemuf tckvq kd if;&JatmifyJ BuKd;pm;cJ&h wm ynm? BuKd;pm; &wm &Syd gw,f/ bmvkYdvJqkad wmh bmjzpfvkYdvJ qkad wmh ]qif;&JjJ cif;onf csr;f omvkyYd g}/ uRefawmf cifAsm;udk wpfckar;csifw,f/ cifAsm; a&S;u w½kwyf nm&SiBf uD;rsm; a&;oGm;cJhwJh I Chin wdkY Tai Ching wdkY zwfzl;cJhNyDvm;vkYdyg/ zwfzl;&ifvnf; NyD;a&mayghAsm? rzwfzl;ao;&if &SmazGNyD; zwfMunfh apcsiyf gw,f? 'gygyJ}} ]]Taoi (wmtd)k tbd"r®mudk ajymwmr[kwv f m;}} ]]uReaf wmf tJ't D bd"r®mtwkid ;f aew,f? odyf pdwfcsrf;omygw,f}} ]]q&mh&JU pdwåZqefwJh yef;csDawGukdMunfhNyD;? q&mhukd t½l;vkYd xifMuw,f? tJh'gav; &Si;f & atmif}} ]]uReaf wmf&h UJ vufO;D q&m ESpOf ;D u t½l;awGy?J t½l;awGxJrSm ynmqnf;yl;cJhwJhol[mvnf; t½l; ayghAsm? wpfOD;u a&S;acwfu t*FvefrSm Adokum ynmwwfwJh q&mwpfOD;yg? aemufwpfa,mufu uRefawmfhukd yef;csDynmoifay;ygvkYd ajymwJhtcg

*syefacwfrSm acs;usKH;ukvm;awG r&SMd uvkYd? at; yef;csD oifvo kd vm; acs;awGUNyD; trsm;'kua© &mufae MuNyD? tJ'h D acs;Zvm;awGxu J acs;usK;H ckid ;f wJh yef;csD q&mBuD;wpfa,mufygyJ? rif; acs;usKH;&if oifay; r,fvkYd ajymygw,f/ oluawmh tbk;d tkd w½kwf bke;f BuD;yg? w½kwt f bd"r®mawG ajymMum;oifay; cJhwmygyJ? ynmudkawmh oifray;vdkuyf gbl;}} ]]Edkiif Hjcm;udk ynmoif oGm;ao;ovm;}} d´ ? ygupöwefeYJ ½k&mS ;wkid ;f jynf ]]uReaf wmf tdE, awGukd oGm;cJzh ;l ygw,f/ uRefawmfu h kd tdE, ´d tpdk;& u ausmif;om;tjzpfeJY p&dwaf y;NyD; ac:wmyg/ uRefawmfhpw d x f if 1950 ckESpaf vmufu jzpfvrd hf r,f xifw,f}} ]]uRefawmfeJY q&meJY awGUqHkcef;twGuf q&m yef;csyD kw H pfykH a&;ay;vku d w f ,f? tJ'h yD ef;csyD ku H kd q&m b,fvkpd w d u f l;NyD; a&;vku d w f mvJ}} f Jhtcg]]tJ'Dvkd a&;qGJvkduw 1/ Automotion (odkYr[kw)f Action 2/ oljzpfcsio f vkd jzpfcsiw f m jzpfygap 3/ jrefrmvkd raemr[d'¨"d mwful;yef;csDvkYd ac:&if vnf;&ygw,f/}} ]]cifAsm;eJY uRefawmf? vlcsif;rqHkapumrl? cifAsm;udk awGUawGUcsi;f uRefawmfrh aemrSm xifrw S f ovk?d uRefawmf jrifvmovk?d cHpm;rdovk?d uRef awmf&JU raemu a&;ay;vdkuw f myg? tJ'g [kw?f r[kwu f kd (Phychology) qdkiaf umfavmf*sDenf; eJY prf;oyfMunfh&if &ygw,f? Oyrm- (Telepathy) w,fvDyoDenf;eJY prf;oyfovkdayghAsm? 'g[m tvG,u f lqHk;enf;eJY usihf,l&if wcPeJY &&SEd kdiyf g w,f}} ]]yef;csu D kd a&;ay;vku d w f t hJ cgrSm r*¾Zif;wku d f awG o½kyaf zmfcH&wJhum,uH&Si?f pmrl&Siaf wGu

uGeYñ f GeYNf yD; 'gav;jyifay;yg? [dk[mav; jznfhpGuf ay;ygqkd&ifaum? q&mvufcHNyD; jznfhpGufa&; ay;ygovm;}} ]]uRefawmfu wpfcgwnf;yJ a&;ay;w,f? BuKdu&f if,l? rBuKdu&f if r,lygeJY? b,folY[mrS jyifray;ygbl;? apmapmuajymovkd uRefawmfh raemrSm xifrSwo f vk?d uRefawmf jrifvmovk?d cHpm;rdovk?d uReaf wmf&UJ raemu a&;ay;vku d w f myg? 'gaMumifrh Ydk jyKjyifay;&&if uReaf wmfh tm½Hck t H "dymÜ ,f awG vGrJ mS ;Ekid yf gw,f? ,kwpf t G qHk; uReaf wmfv h ufeYJ xdrv d kYdayoGm;&ifawmif rzsub f l; 'Dtwkid ;f xm; w,f? t&Su d kd t&St d wkid ;f yJ xm;w,f}} ]]atmifA*su D ;kd qkNd yD;awmhvnf; a&;w,faemf/}} ]][kwfw,f? atmifA*sDudk;u raemr[d'¨d "mwfu;l yef;cst D aeeJY I Paint Solar Energy, tJ'"D mwfeYJ qufNyD;jzpfvmwJh yef;csDyg}} ]]q&mh&JU uAsmo½kyaf zmfyef;csDawGukd [dk;a&S; ,cifu r*¾Zif;BuD;awGrmS a&mifpkaH wG½ku d w f hJ tavh tx odyrf &Sv d Sbl;? rsm;aomtm;jzifh wpfa&mif wnf;yJ oHk;Muwmrsm;w,f? ,ckrsuaf rSmuf Offset acwfawGrSmvnf; r*¾Zif;BuD;awmfawmfrsm;rsm; rSm a&mifpHkeJY uAsmo½kyaf zmfwm odyrf &Syd gbl;? vkyw f Jhr*¾Zif;vnf; vkyyf gw,f? a&mifpHkrvkyw f Jh r*¾Zif;u rsm;w,f}} ]]uReaf wmf a&S;ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGmuyJ uAsmo½kyf azmfyHkawG awmfawmfrsm;rsm; a&;ay;cJhzl;ygw,f? rsm;aomtm;jzifh r*¾Zif;BuD;awGrSmyJMunfhMunfh wl awmfarmifwkYdvkd ½ky&f Sirf *¾Zif;awGrSmyJMunfhMunfh a&mifpkH uAsmo½kyaf zmfykaH wGukd tav;ay;NyD; azmfjy avhr&SMd uygbl;? omrefumvQHum uAsmyg&ifNyD; a&myJ vkyaf vh&ydS gw,f? tckacwfykid ;f rSmawmh Offset awGeJY ½dkuE f ySd w f JhacwfjzpfaevkYd tcsKUd r*¾Zif;BuD; 145

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

awGrSm a&mifpHkawG awGU&ygw,f? 'gawmif tcsKUd uAsmav;awGrmS pmom;yJygw,f? yHrk ygcJb h ;l ? uAsmeJY yHku txl;ta&;BuD;ygw,f? cHpm;rI&oESprf sK;d udk wpfNyKdifwnf; cHpm;Edkifygw,f? tJ'DvkdyHkrygbJ pmcsn;f oufoufazmfjywJh uAsmuawmh qm;rygwJh [if;udk pm;ae&ovkad yghAsm}} ]]apmapmu q&majymovkd yef;csyD ku H kd a&mifpkH azmfjywmeJY a&mifpHkrazmfjywmawG[m bmawGrsm; uGmjcm;ygovJ}} ]]uReaf wmf&UJ a&;csuaf wGrmS wcsKUd u wpfa&mif wnf;yJ Munfv h v Ydk aS tmif a&;ay;wmrsK;d &Sw d ,f? wcsKUd usawmh a&mifpkHrMS unfv h aYkd umif;wmawGukd a&mifpkH a&;ay;avh&w Sd ,f/ uRefawmfu wpfa&mifwnf;t wGuf a&;ay;vdkuw f mudk rdrpd w d u f l;eJY ESpaf &mif oHk;a&mifjzpfatmif ta&mifawGxyfay;&if uReaf wmf a&;xm;wJh uAsmo½kyaf zmfy&kH UJ qkv d &dk if;aysmufomG ; wwfygw,f? uReaf wmfu a&mifp½kH u kd af pcsiv f Ydk a&mifpkH a&;ay;vdkuw f Jh yef;csDukdvnf; wpfa&mifwnf;yJ azmfjyvdkufr,fqkd&if uRefawmfay:vGifapcsifwJh t"dyÜm,fawG[m aysmufoGm;Edkiyf gw,f? r*¾Zif; wdu k Bf u;D awG awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u olwaYdk iGawG ukeu f s r,fq&kd if aumif;aumif; raumif;aumif; 'DZikd ;f zk;d awG? yHkESyd cf zk;d awGukd odyt f uket f usrcHcsiMf uwJh "avh&SMd uw,f? aumif;atmifa&;ay;xm;ygvsuf NcKd;NcHacRwmvGe;f tm;BuD;NyD; raumif;&ifawmh tbk;d BuD;tkNd yD Out oGm;NyDvYdk vG,v f , G af jymwwfMuw,f? tJ'v D t dk ajymrsK;d awmh uReaf wmfrcHcsib f ;l / 'Dae&mrSm ta0;a&muf pma&;q&mBuD;udk twk,&l r,f? olu vky&f if taumif;qHk;rS vkyw f wfw,f? 'Dvykd J tb [m qif;&Jygw,f? 'gayr,fh aiGuko d yd Nf yD; udk,t hf Ek ynmxuf wefzk;d rxm;Edkib f l;/}} ]]0w¬KrsufESmzHk;awGusawmh ta&;usJw,f aemf}} 146

]][dk;vGecf JhwJh tESpEf Spq f ,fausmf avmufu awmh a&;ygw,f? apmapmuajymwJh pma&;q&m a&;wJh xrDrEdkif y0grEdkif acgif;uyef;cdkif jyKwfus& csnf&JUqkdwJh 0w¬KrsufESmzHk;rsKd;udkawmh a&;cJhzl; ygw,f? wjcm;rrSwfrdwmawGvnf; trsm;BuD; &Sad o;w,f? tckacwfykid ;f rSmawmh a&aq;yef;csaD wG ta&;rsm;Muw,f? uRefawmfwkdYeJY a&;csufcsif; rwlawmh 0w¬KtzHk;awGukd ra&;jzpfwmyg}} ]]cifAsm;tm;r,fq&kd if uReaf wmfeYJ vku d cf ?hJ uRef awmfhtrd af b;rSm tzDav;csNyD; taMumfa&mif;aewJh uRefawmfhZeD;onf ]trm}qDukd ac:oGm;csiw f ,f/ uRefawmfb h 0u tJ't D aMumfwaJ v;ygrS ydkNyD;jynfph kH ygw,f? uRefawmfhyef;csDynmav;eJY 0rf;r0ygbl;? 'gaMumifrh Ydk 'DtaMumfwaJ v;udk xnfNh yD;ajym&wmyg? tckacwfrmS yef;csw D pfykHa&;rS av;q,fusy&f ? ig; q,fusy&f eJY tdraf xmifpkpm;p&dwrf Sm 0,fjcrf;pm; &wm ravmufb;l ayghAsm? 'Dawmh wpfzufwpfvrf; u taMumfuav; a&mif;pm;&ygw,f}} q&mac:oGm;aom q&mhZeD;onf taMumf a&mif;onfw h o J kYd uReaf wmf a&mufomG ;cJo h nf? q&mh ZeD;onfESihfvnf; rdwq f ufay;ygw,f? uRefawmfh udk azmfa&GysLiSmpGm qufqí H vufzuf&nfMurf;ESihf taMumfpHk {nfhcHauR;arG;ygw,f/ a':oef;Munf (ac:) a':trmudk apmapmu rjrifz;l cJyh gbl;? q&m uawmf i,fi,fwke;f u rufrufpufpuf acsmr,fh yHkygyJ? tcktcsed t f xd tom;t&nfu vSyaeqJ ygyJ? odakY yr,fh yifyef;qif;&JpmG vkyu f kid pf m;ae&wm &,f? rdrcd ifyeG ;f onf&JU use;f rma&;udk pdwyf lyifwm &,f? om;orD;awGtwGu&f ,f? aomut&dyaf wGu rsuEf SmrSmay:aeygw,f? acR;uav;pdkpkdeJY ezl;a& wGeYfwGeYftay:rSm jymrIeaf wGa0aewJh rsuEf Smav;eJY {nfh0wfjyKaeaom q&muawmfu-

]]uRerf av yef;csq D &mud, k rl w d m uRerf twGuf trSm;BuD;rSm;cJw h myJ? uRerf b0wpfavQmufv;kH 'Dvydk J ½ke;f uef&SmazGae&wJhtwGuf uRefrom;orD;awGukd yef;csDq&mrjzpfapcsib f l;? olYtaz&JU tarGtESpu f kd r&,lapcsib f l;? uRefrom;orD;awG yef;csaD &;wm jrif&if ½dkufw,f? qlw,f? 'Davmuf ql½dkuf aewmawmif olwkYad v;awGu cdk;NyD;a&;ao;w,f? om;tBuD;qHk;qk&d if yef;cseD nf;enf;a&;wwfygw,f? 'gayr,fh yef;csDynmeJY toufarG;0rf;ausmif;jyKr pm;ygbl;}} ]]q&m½ky&f iS ½f ku d w f ke;f u acsmifacsmifvnfvnf &Srd Smayghaemf}} ]]tJ'w D ke;f uqk&d if ydkNyD;qk;d ygao;w,f? t&uf rl;aewke;f o½kyaf qmifc aiGajyr&ao;wmawmif aiGajy&&Sad Mumif; vufrSwx f k;d ckid ;f wJhvlu &Sad o; w,f? ½ky&f Sief JYu ydkNyD;tusK;d ray;ygbl;}} ]]½ky&f Siaf umifpDxJa&m r0ifbl;vm;}} ]]½ky&f Siaf umifpDvnf; r0ifcJhbl;? yef;csDyef;yk aumifpx D v J nf; r0ifcyhJ gbl;? bmtultnDrv S nf; r&cJyh gbl;? ,lvnf; r,lcyhJ gbl;? wpfcak wmh &Sw d ,f? rif;wkYdq&mudk ½dk½kdaoao tav;teufxm;wJhvl awGu pufrw I uúokv d u f ausmif;om;^ausmif;ol a[mif;awGygyJ? ESppf Of q&mhtwGuf vkt d yfr,fxif wJh ypön;f aumif;awGeJYcsn;f vmNyD;uefawmhMuyg w,f}} ]]q&muawmfeJY pum;vufqHkuswmawmh [kwyf gNyD? taMumfawGvnf; rD;uRrf;ukeOf D;r,f? aemufxyf pum;qufao;wmaygh? tcsed u f av;&Sd wke;f q&meJY qufNyD; pum;ajymvku d Of D;r,f}} ]]q&m ½ky&f iS ef ,fxaJ &mufvmawmh b,fZmwf um;eJY pNyD;a&mufvmwmvJ}} ]]'g½dkuw f m OD;ausmo f ef; ½dkuu f ;l wJh ]wpfred pf tvk}d Zmwfum;eJY ½ky&f iS ef ,fxJ a&mufvmwmyg}}

]][kwu f Jh . . tJ'D½ky&f Siu f m;udk uRefawmf i,fi,fwke;f u MunfhcJhzl;w,f? Detective vdkum; rsK;d q&mu vlq;dk cef;u ygwmyg? OD;xGe;f a0u rif;om; yg? tJ'ZD mwfum;u xl;jcm;ygw,f? wpfZmwfum; vH;k rSm vlq;dk ½kyu f kd rjrif&ygbl;? vlq;dk &JU vIy&f mS ;[ef awGudk ajcaxmufudkcsnf; ½dkufjyxm;w,f? aemufqHk;Zmwfum;NyD;cgeD;rSyJ q&mhrsufESmudk jrif&ygw,f? Murf;wrf;wJh o½kyaf qmifcsujf zpf ayr,fh ½ky&f iS Mf unfyh &dowfuawmh q&mhrsuEf mS udk jrifvkduf&awmh A*sDatmifpdk;u acsmom;yJvkdY rSwfcsufcsMuygw,f}} ]]q&m Zmwfum;aygif; b,favmufrsm; ½dkuu f l;cJh&ygovJ? aemufqHk; ½ku d u f l;cJhwJh Zmwf um;emrnfua&m}} ]]uRefawmf ½dkuu f l;cJhwJh Zmwfum;aygif;u av;q,fausmfavmuf&Sdr,fxifw,f/ rsm;aom tm;jzifh p½dkuMf urf;wJh vlqk;d cef;? ADved cf ef;awGrSm yg0if½ku d u f ;l cJyh gw,f/ q&m0eftcef;? tazcef;u enf;ygw,f/ aemufq;kH ½du k u f ;l wJh Zmwfum;uawmh 'g½dkufwmeD0if;xGef;&JU ]aywvl;} Zmwfum; jzpfygw,f/}} ]]rif;om;tjzpf wif½kduw f Jhum;a&m &Scd Jhao; vm;}} ]]rif;om;tjzpf wif½u kd cf zhJ ;l ygw,f/ uReaf wmfh udku yg&rDrygvkYd rif;om;rjzpfcyhJ gbl;/ uRefawmfh udk rif;om;tjzpf ½dkuu f l;wJhZmwfum;u ]rk;d vHk; ywfvnf} Zmwfum;yg/ 'g½dkuw f mu tckvuf&Sd tu,f'rDajcmufqk& 'g½dkuw f mBuD;yg/ uRefawmfh udk BuKd;pm;NyD; rif;om;tjzpfwifay;ayr,fh uRefawmfrh mS yg&rD rygvkYd rjzpfcw hJ myg/ uRefawmf yg&rDrygbl;vkYd bmjzpfvaYdk jym&vJq&dk if [dw k pfacwf u rif;om;cifarmif&ifukdvnf; rrDEkdicf Jhygbl;/ 147

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

qkv d kw d mu cifarmif&if ajymwJh pum;wpfvHk; &Sw d ,f/ olajymyHkenf;u ]]'guawmh ykvyd t f jrifukd; OD;bcsp&f JU? [J-[J-[J}} qkNd yD; ajymwJh Actor (tufwm) o½kya f qmifcsu&f ,f? toH&,f? wkvkYdr&bl;/ olYtoHu &ifxJujzpfvmwJhtoH? b,folrS vdkuw f kvkYdrrDbl; . . ./ b,favmufyJ ½kyaf csmacsm oDcsi;f qkcd kid ;f vkYd rqkEd kid &f if rif;om; aumif;wpfvuf jzpfrvmEdkib f l;/ Oyrm- 0if;OD; atmifjrifw,fqkw d m olt Y oHeYJ ol½Y ky&f adS evkYd atmif jrifwmyg/ ½ky&f iS ef ,fxu J kd uRefawmfeYJ udkjrwfav; ra&S;raESmif; a&mufMuwmyg/ udkjrwfav;u oli,fcsi;f &Jabmfy/J tifrwefcifwhJ udkjrwfav;u tifrwef atmifjrifwhJ ½ky&f iS rf if;om;jzpfomG ;w,f/ udkjrwfav;u jzpfcsiv f kYd jzpfoGm;wm/ wu,f jzpfcsi&f if wu,fjzpfoGm;wm/ 'gu atmifjrif w,fvYkd qk&d rSmaygh/ uReaf wmfu ½ky&f iS u f kd pdwrf 0if pm;bl;/ rif;om;vnf; rjzpfcsib f l;/ taysmt f ysuf wpfcgwpf&H 0ifNyD;vkyfwmyJ&Sdw,f/ ½kyfacsmrS rif;om;jzpfEkid w f mr[kwyf gbl;/ ½kyaf csmrS rif;om; jzpfr,fqk&d if udkjrwfav; rygbl;/ udkjrwfav;u ausmif;om;b0uwnf;u pum;ajym odyaf umif; w,f/ udkxGe;f a0vnf; xked nf;twl pum;ajym odyfaumif;ygw,f/ olwkdYajymwJhpum;qkd &if odypf GJNidw,f/ 'gu yg&rD"mwfcH t&nftcsi;f yJ}} ]]rk;d vHk;ywfvnf Zmwfum;rSm rif;om;tjzpf o½kyaf qmif&wJhtaMumif;av;udk ajymjyygOD;/}} ]]uRefawmfhtaeeJY tcspZf mwfvrf;eJY rudkun f D ygbl;? bmjzpfvkdYvJqkad wmh uRefawmf trsK;d orD; wpfa,mufukd MumMumrMunfhwwfbl;/ tJ'gcuf wmyJ/ tJ'ZD mwfum;rSm wifwifr&l ,f? MunfMunf aX;&,f ygw,f/ yef;NcHwpfckxJrSm wifwifrlu oDcsif;av;qkdNyD; &nf;pm;arQmfwJhtcef;udk ½dkuf 148

w,f/ uRefawmfu wifwifrlukd &nf;pm;pum; ajym&r,fh tcef;ygyJ/ 'g½du k w f mu ajym&r,fph um; avh u sif h usuf r S w f N yD ; oif a y;vd k u f w myJ / uRef a wmf u d k u wif w if r l t em;a&muf a wmh uReaf wmfu h kd &nf;pm;pum;ajymzkYd apmapmu oifMum; avhusiahf y;vdkuw f mawGu EIww f eG NYf yD; ajymrxGuf bl;As/ yef;NcHxJrSm yGihfaewJh yef;yGihfwpfyGihfukdom vufeq YJ yk ef ,fNyD; acsypfaewm/ pum;u t&Sed , f Nl yD; ajymvnf; ajymrxGucf Jhbl;/ tBudraf ygif;rsm;pGm jyef½ku d &f w,f/ uReaf wmfuvnf; t&ufawG tvGef tuRaH omufawmh 'g½du k w f m jzpfcsio f vkd jzpfrvm/ 'g½du k w f mu ajymapcsiw f hJ pum;awGuvnf; xGuf rvmawmh 'g½dkuw f mvnf; pdwn f pfoGm;w,f}} ]]½ky&f iS rf mS b,fvo kd ½kyaf qmifcsurf sK;d udk ydkNyD; ESpfoufygovJ}} ]]uReaf wmf apmapmuajymovkd vlq;kd cef;awG? ADved cf ef;awG rsm;rsm;½dkuaf wmh vlq;kd qdkwm towf tykwf txk;d tBudwaf wG ygwmaygh/ uRefawmf yef;csyD nmeJY ajymwke;f u raemr[d'w d¨ ?hJ pdwaf Mumifh jzpfvmwJh yef;csDrsKd;vkdyg/ pdwfaMumifhjzpfvmwJh o½kyaf qmifcsurf mS vnf; Oyrm-xk;d cef;? Budwcf ef; awGrSm wu,fxkd;wmawGcsnf;ygyJ/ aumvdyf *siaf e0if;qk&d if vufukd wu,fxk;d rdoGm;w,f/ aoG;awmifxGuo f Gm;w,f/ uRefawmfu wu,f cswm/ tJ'Dvkd towftykwf txk;d tBudwaf wGukd ydkNyD;ESpfoufw,f/ o½kyfaqmifcsuf ydkNyD;yDjyif w,f}} ]]q&m t&ufr;l &ifvnf; Murf;Murf;wrf;wrf; yJaemf/ wpfcgu q&ma'gif;EG,af qGev YJ nf; t&uf twlaomuf&if; &efjzpfcJhzl;ao;w,faemf}} ]][kww f ,fAs? MumygNyD? t&ifwke;f u vrf; 40 bufrSm Night Club (Edkuu f vyf) bm;wpfck

&Sw d ,f/ tJ'rD mS t&uftwlaomufzufjzpfwhJ q&m a'gif ; EG , f a qG e J Y t&uf t wl a omuf a e&if ; u rl;NyD;pum;rsm;Muw,f/ wpfa,mufeJYwpfa,muf xNyD;csMuwm/ q&ma'gif;EG,af qGu wpfvufr wkwef JYcsvkYd uRefawmf vufusK;d oGm;w,f/ q&m a'gif;EG,af qGvnf; rsuEf Sm'Pf&m&oGm;w,f}} ]]q&m ½ky&f Si½f kduu f Gi;f rSm t&uftvGet f uRH aomufawmh ½du k u f iG ;f rSm taESmift h ,Suaf wG jzpfrmS ayghaemf}} ]]½dkuu f iG ;f rSm taESmift h ,Suaf wG jzpfwmaygh/ usurf w S x f m;wJh Dialogue ('dik , f mavmh? awGvnf; arhukew f ,f/ pum;ajymwJt h cgrSmvnf; oGuv f uf rIr&Sb d J jzpfaeawmh ½dkuu f iG ;f rSm tqifrajywmawG &Sdygw,f}} ]]q&mhuse;f rma&;aMumifh ½ky&f iS rf ½dkujf zpfawmh wmvm;}} ]][kwyf gw,f? uRefawmf owdvnf; tvGef arhwwfygw,f/ 'g½dkuw f mu ajymcdki;f wJph um;vHk; tukeaf jymEdkizf kYd cufcJw,f/ wcsKUd vnf; arhNyD; usef & pf c J h w ,f / Dialogue ('d k i f , mavmh ) awG usurf Swv f kYd r&awmhvkYd ½ky&f Sirf ½dkujf zpfwmyg/ NyD;awmh 1970-jynfh ESpaf vmufu avjzwfcJhzl; w,f/ em;tm½HkaMum xdckduo f Gm;vkYd em;uvnf; raumif;awmhbl;/ awmf½Hkwef½Hkajym½HkeJY rMum;& awmhbl;/ tJ'DtcuftcJawGaMumifh ½ky&f Si½f kduu f l; jcif; rjyKawmhwmyg}} ]]tckawmh q&m w&m;"r®rmS yJ arGUavsmNf yDaygh}} ]]uRefawmfu vlwpfrsK;d yg/ t&ufaomuf&if vnf; t&ufyaJ omufw,f/ ykw;D rpdyb f ;l / ykw;D pdyf ae&if t&ufb,fawmhrS raomufygbl;/ ukokdvf tvkyv f ky&f if ukokdvyf J,lw,f . ./ tukokdvf tvkyv f ky&f if tukokdvyf J,lw,f}}

ZGev f xJrSm q&meJY awGUqHkcef;a&;zkYd yxrwpf Budrf awGUqHkcJhygw,f/ q&mhuse;f rma&;u em;odyf raumif;wmeJY pum;ajym&if vQmenf;enf;av;wm uvGJvkdY usefwmtm;vHk; yuwdtwkdif; usef; rmvsuf &Syd gw,f/ ZGev f xJrmS vnf; 'kw, d tBudrf awGUzkYd oGm;awmh q&meJY rawGUcJh&bl;/ t&ufawG tvGet f uRHaomufNyD; tdy&f mxJvJaeaMumif; od& w,f/ 'geJY aemufwpfywfavmufaeawmh wpf acgufa&muf oGm;ao;w,f/ q&mhukd tdrOf ;D cef;rSm rawGU&bl;/ q&muawmf a':oef;Munfuvnf; rsuEf SmrSm rsu&f nfawGeJY? om;orD;awGuvnf; rsuEf mS raumif;Mubl;/ bmrsm;jzpfvv Y dk v J Ydk pdwx f rJ mS xifo h mG ;rdw,f/ NyD;awmh q&muawmfu 'DaeYreufyJ q&m pum;ajymvkrYd &? ud, k v f ufvyI &f mS ;vkYd r&awmhyJ jzpfomG ;w,f/ ZGev f rSm rk;d uvnf;at;wmrk/Yd tat; rdomG ;[ef wlygonf/ om;orD;rsm;uvnf; 0dik ;f 0ef; jyKpkvsuf&Sdwmudk awGU&ygw,f/ aeYv,fydkif; avmufrSm tawmfav; oufomvkYd uRefawmfhukd pmESihfa&;NyD; pum;ajymygw,f/ ]]uReaf wmf 'DaeYreufapmapm tdy&f muEdk;awmh jAKef;ueJqkd ajcawG vufawG rvIy&f Sm;Edkiaf wmhbl;? yg;pyfvnf; rzGiEhf kid af wmhb;l / wpftrd o f m;vHk; idkMu ,dkMueJaY ygh/ ]0dbufrBuKH pdwrf vHk oknppfppfwnf;} qkdwJh pum;av;udk ESvHk;oGif;NyD;aevdkufwmeJY uRefawmf oufomvmygw,f}}[lí uRefawmfhukd pmav;eJaY &;NyD; pum;ajymjyygw,f . ./ q&mhuse;f rma&;uem&DeJYtrQ wdk;wufaumif;rGefvmojzifh uRefawmfvnf; pdwcf spGm jyefcJhygw,f/ Zlvikd v f xJrmS q&mhxH wpfacgufxyfa&mufjzpf jyefw,f/ q&m aq;½Hw k uf&aMumif; od&&dS í aq;½Ho k Yk d oGm;awGUjzpfygw,f/ orm;awmfBuD;rsm;&JU Muyfrwf ukorIaMumifh q&mtawmfav; oufomaMumif;? 149

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

1988 ckESpf? ,k0wD*sme,fwGif azmfjycJhonhf rl&if;yHk (9 _ 12 vufr) OD;jrwfcdkif (vQyfwjywf*sme,f) rS ay;ydkYonf 150

q&mESiht f wl aq;½HkwufNyD;ukowJh q&mOD;b&if uav;uawmh uG,fvGefoGm;aMumif; ajymjy ygw,f/ ]]q&m tckvkd use;f rm&Tiv f ef;pGmeJY awGU&wm 0rf;omygw,f/ q&m bmrsm;txl;vkt d yfygao; vJ}} ]]tckvkd use;f rmvmwmudkyJ aus;Zl;wifyg w,f/ rMumrDvnf; aq;½Hkrq S if;cGi&hf ygawmhr,f/ q&mh taeeJY aq;uko&mrSm aiGwpfaxmifusyf avmufukeo f Gm;ygw,f/ q&m aiGuke&f usK;d eyfyg w,f/ b,fu aiG&ovJqk&d if armifarmifokdu?f wifarmifrsihf? a&Trif;om;? pHwk;d ? azoef;? 0okef pwJh yef;csq D &mav;awGu tHkeu YJ si;f eJY wm0ef,Nl yD; aq;½H k w if a y;Muw,f / aiG u k e f a Mu;uscH N yD ; ukoay;Muwmyg/ xkwaf 0olqkw d Jh vlwcsKUd u awmh rodcsifa,mifaqmifaeMuygw,f/ 'geJY aq;½Hkvm&if; BuKHwke;f rdwq f uf ay;&OD;r,f/ 'gu uRefawmfh&JU yxrZeD;onf a':EkEk eJYarG;cJhwJh orD;tBuD;yg/ a':wifwifpdk;vkdY ac:ygw,f/ awmifOuúvmyrSm rlvwef;ausmif;tkyfvkyfae w,f/ olcY ifyeG ;f u OD;armifarmifBuD;yg/ 'Dbufu orD;u a':jrifhjrifhpkd;vkYd ac:ygw,f/ ppfrIxrf; a[mif;aq;cef;rSm tvkyv f kyyf gw,f/ olYcifyGe;f uawmh OD;armfyg/ aemuf 'Dbufu a':jrjrpdk;yg/ ausmif;q&mryJ vkyaf eygw,f/ 'Dom;orD;awGu vnf; tbudk 0dki;f 0ef;jyKpkMuygw,f/ olwkYd&JU jyKpk,k,rI aMumifv h nf; tb'Dtcsed x f d touf&iS f vsuf awGUae&wmyg}} wpfaecif; {nfch sed u f kev f Ykd aq;½HkrS vlemar;rsm; jyef&ef owday;onfhacgif;avmif;oHudk Mum;& onf/ q&mhukd EIwq f ufNyD; uReaf wmfvnf; tdro f kYd jyefco hJ nf/ tdrt f jyefvrf;rSm q&mhtaMumif;udkawG;

&if; q&majymaom pum;rsm;udk jyefvnfíowd&rd onf/ ]]tckacwfay:yef;csDq&mav;awG ay:ayguf vmwm q&mtrsm;BuD; 0rf;omygw,f/ olwaYkd v; awG[m rnHhMubl;/ wcsKUd olawG uRefawmfhxuf awmif omygw,f/ olwkYdav;awG&JU a&;csu[ f m jzpfovkda&;wm r[kwfbl;/ yef;csDenf;ynmudk aoaocsmcsm wwfwu hJ av;awGyg/ olwaYkd v;awG &S d a ewm uRef a wmf h t wG u f tm;wuf p &myg/ uRefawmfhtoufudk ydkNyD;&Snfapygw,f . ./ olwkYdav;awGeJY twlwl a&;ae&wm aysmyf gw,f/ udk,w f pfa,mufwnf; a&;aewmeJYpm&if tazmf &wmayghav/ pmzwfy&dowfwcsKUd ESihf acwfopf yef;csq D &mwcsKUd u uReaf wmfu h kd t½l;yef;csv D Ydk ac:Mu w,f? ½Iwcf sMuw,f/ tck uRefawmfeJY a&;azmfa&; zuf yef;csq D &mav;awG&adS eMuawmh olwaYkd v;awG &JUt&Sed af Mumifh uRefawmfhtay:udk rapmfum;&Jbl;? rESrd &f JMubl;ayghAsm/ / jrifhvGifckdif (0dZÆm^odyÜH) ½kyf&Sifaw;uAsmr*¾Zif;? 1988

151

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

A*sDatmifpkd; cifarmif&if

152

yef;csDq&mrsm;taMumif;udk pma&;q&mrsm;u a&;om;Muonf/ ,ckuRefawmfa&;rnfh yef;csDq&monf A*sDatmifpkd;jzpfonf/ olonf yef;csq D &mwpfa,mufjzpfygonf/ olonfi,fpOfuxJu yef;csaD &;cJo h nf/ ckvnf; a&;aeqJjzpfonf/ olonftoufBuD;vSNyD/ qHyifjzLaeNyD/ rkwq f w d v f nf;jzLaeonf/ em;vnf; odyrf Mum;&yg/ ½d k ; ½d k ; ajym&vQif ol t zd k ; BuD ; jzpf a eNyD / ol y ef ; csD q G J w k e f ; yif / yef;csDq&mqdkonfrSm aocgeD;txd yef;csDqGJol[k uRefawmfu owfrSwv f Qif uefYuGurf nfhol &Sv d rd hfrnfr[kwyf g/ tJonfawmh olonf yef;csDq&mwpfa,mufjzpfonf[k qdkonf udk jiif;rnfhol&Srd nfr[kw[ f k uRefawmf,lqrdygonf/ olUb0? olYtjzpftysuaf wG a&;wmxuf olYyef;csDtaMumif;udk a&;&wmu ydkíaumif;rnf xifygonf/ uRefawmfonf jynfvrf;&Sd wDwDpDausmif;uxGuNf yD; arNrdKUausmif;rSmoGm;aepOfu uRefawmf\ nDr0if;0if;u cPcPajymzl;onf ([dkwke;f u wDwDpDausmif;rSm Art Teacher tNrJwrf;&So d nf) tJonfwke;f u nDrav;u av;wef; vm;rodbl;/ olr ajymwmu olr&JUyef;csDq&mu odyfoabm aumif;wmyJw/hJ ol[mtvGeq f if;&Jw,fw/hJ tJonfwek ;f u yef;csq D &m qdk&if qif;&J&rSmyJvkUd pdwx f &J ydS gonf/ 'gayrJh olajymwmu vGeu f aJ e w,f/ b,fyef;csDq&mrSe;f vnf;rodbl;/ uRefawmftJ'D wDwDpDausmif;rSm aecJhpOfu (6 wef;txdaecJh bl;ygw,f) uRefawmfwkdY&JU Art Teacher [mOD;vSabmfjzpfygw,f/ olvnf;1949ckEpS ?f Zlvkid v f rSmqHk;oGm;w,f (tJ'q D &m&JUtaMumif;udk vnf; rMumcPa&;cJb h ;l ygw,f) ckawmh nDrwdkUrmS yef;csq D &mtopf wpfa,muf&Sad eNyDayghvkUd om pdwx f rJ mS rSwx f m;vdkuw f ,f/ b,fol rSe;f vnf; rodb;l / aemufrSo&d wmu ol[muRefawmfwkdY cifrif&if; ESD;xm;wJh A*sDatmifpkd;qdkwm od&w,f/ tJonfwke;f u olb*Fvm;u &mAifj'mewfw*dk;&JU &Sew f ed ad uwef ausmif;ujyefvmcJhwJh atmifpkd;jzpfrSmaygh/ tEkynmpdw?f tEkynmt awG;? todqE´awGjynfh0NyD; wDwDpDausmif;rSmvc&vdkUvkyfaewJh yef;csDq&mwpfa,mufjzpfrSmyJvkdU aemiftcgrSmawG;rdw,f/ tJonf wke;f u olYpw d af wGukd ckcgrSawG;awG;NyD;rauseyfcJhw,f/ A*saD tmifpk;d qdak om yef;csq D &monf olvyk cf siaf omtvkyu f kd rvkycf hJ &ygbl;/ 'golUukd ar;Munf&h ifo&d ygvdrrhf nf/ jrefrmEdkiif &H UJ tajctae

onf oluJhodkYaom vlwpfa,muftwGuf tajctaeray;cJhyg/ 'g[mvlwkid ;f vufc&H r,fh oabmyg/ olvnf;vufcyH gw,f/ olUtajc tae? ywf0ef;usit f ajctae aygif;pyfNyD; olvkycf o hJ rQ tvkyrf sm;onf jrefrmhyef;csaD vmutwGuf rSww f rf;wifp&maumif;wJh tvkyrf sm; jzpfygonf/ jrefrmEdik if rH mS yef;csq D &mwpfa,muf aqmif&u G cf o hJ nfh vkyif ef;udk d sus rvkyMf uao;yg/ rSww f rf;wifonfh tvkyt f m; rnforl Qwdwu vkyzf Ukd aumif;ygNyD/ 'gawGavQmufa&;NyD; olUyef;csD taMumif;rygyJeUJ awmh rjzpfb;l / A*sDatmifpdk;\yef;csDonf ol\qE´ay:rlwnfonf/ olY pdwf\ cdki;f ap&mtwdki;f olYyef;csu D q kd aJG om olwpfa,mufjzpfonf/ ('Dpum;udk ½dk;½dk;vlwpfa,muf b,fem;vnfyghrvJ/) olpY w d \ f vIy&f mS ;rItwdki;f olUpw k w f H (odUk) cJwH (odUk) rifwH (odkY) puúL (okUd ) uif;bwf ponfjzifh ay:rSm tvdt k avsmuf vIy&f mS ;oGm;apcJhonf/ 'gjzifh&if olqGJcsifwm olqJGwmayghvkYd ajymr,fholu&Sw d ,f/ [kww f ,f/ rSew f ,f/ olqcJG siw f m olqGJwm/ tJonfawmh bmjzpfovJ/ olUyef;csyD akH wGu aumif;vm; raumif;bl;vm;vkUd ar;p&m&Sw d ,f/ tajzu aumif;w,f/ wpfcgwpf&H odyaf umif;w,f/ b,fawmhrS raumif;wmr&S/d txufygpum;rsm; [kw?f r[kwu f kd olUyef;csu D m;? olqx JG m; wJhyHkawGukdMunfhNyD; ajymvkY&d w,f/ ,cktcg uRefawmfESpfaygif; oHk;q,fMumtwGi;f u qGx J m;onfh yef;csyD kHrsm;t& þpmudka&;&Jjcif; jzpfonf/ olUyef;csDrsm;[m raumif;bl;[kajymrnfholudk ,SOfí aumif;aMumif; ajymjyEdkio f nf/ vlwumajymaewJh bmtpfZif? nmtpfZifawGawmh rajymcsif awmhb;l / olU[mol bmtpfZpfeUJ yjJ zpfjzpf 'gu t"dur[kw?f tpfZif vkyaf e&if aemfrmuavcsmqdkwJh trnfwyfjcif;omjzpfonf/ ypön;f J rnfwyfwyf 'Dypön;f [m 'Dypön;f yJ/ &Sw d pf yD;,m; wpfckukd b,fvkyd t ajymwmawG bmawGvkyrf aeeJU/ A*sDatmifpdk; a&;qGJcJhaomyHkrsm;onf uRefawmfwdkYtwGuf tvGefjrwfEdk;zG,f&m? odrf;qnf;xm;&rnfh yHkrsm;jzpfonf/ uRef awmfwdkUyef;csDudk wefzdk;xm;zkdU vdktyfvmNyD/ uRefawmfwkdUrSm&SdwJh

todpw d f onf yef;csD\jrwfEkd; zG,&f mtaMumif;rsm;udk wwfod em;vnfatmif BudK;pm;NyD; wefzk;d xm;wwfzkdYaumif;NyD/ 20 &mpkyif ukeaf wmhrnf/ jrefrmawG yef;csDukd wefzkd;xm; wwfzUkd vNkd yD/ jrefrmhyef;csu D kd urÇm uodatmifwkUd ? bmwdkY ajymae p&mrvdkb;l / udk,hf wdki;f &if;om; udku udk,yhf ef;csu D kd wefzk;d xm;rS urÇmu wef z d k ; xm;rSmaygh/ *syefEkid if \ H yef;csu D kd Oyrmtjzpf MunfEh ikd Nf y/D 'gawGxm;vdu k Of ;D / atmifp;kd taMumif;quf&atmif ? A*saD tmifp;k d [m t½l;? xif&mvkyo f [ l k ,lq ol &SdMuygonf/ rSefygonf/ ½l;w,fvkdYajymwm tEkynm orm;twGuf *kP, f pl &m wpfck jzpf r S m yg/ rod v k d U ½l ; w,f ajymwmyg/ wu,fawmh xl;vkdU yg/ ajymwJhvlu ½l;wmeJU yef;csD \xl;wm a0zefykid ;f jcm;odzUkd vdk k qdjk yK&if; þ aqmif; vdrrhf nf[t yg;udk tqHk;owfvkduyf gonf/ rSwfcsuf/ atmifpdk;rqHk;cifu a&;xm;onf/ atmifpdk; 1990 rSmqHk;onf/ A*sDatmifpdk; (1923-1990)

cif a rmif & if tEkynmpH cifarmif&if? aZmfaZmfatmif Zlvdkif? 1997 153

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

atmifpdk;? A*sDatmifpdk;? a*smfeDatmifpdk;....

armif&efa0;

154

'DESpf Zlvkdiv f 6&ufaeUqk&d if q&mBuD; A*sD atmifpkd; uG,v f Gecf Jhwm 17ESpw f w d d &Scd JhygNyD/ wpf c k a omumvu uRef a wmf w d k U wpf a wG ausmufajrmif; o*F[vrf;xdyfu q&mBuD;A*sD atmifpkd;&JUtrd rf Sm pka0;cJhMuygw,f/ vli,fawG jzpfMuwJh uAsmq&majrcspo f l? udkAv(okarmif)? r,f'vifukdaX;atmif? yef;csDukdwifvS0if;? udk&J aomif;? udkjr0if; (rQm;eD)? udka&TMunf (udkoDwm)? udkoef;xG#pf wJholawG pka0;&mae&m jzpfcyhJ gw,f/ 'Dae&mav;udk tNrJwrf;vma&muf pka0;Muwm q&mBuD; A*sDatmifpkd;&JU tEkynmudk jrwfEkd;MuwJh twGuyf J jzpfygw,f/ q&mBuD;u b,fawmhrS olUukdq&mtac: rcHolyg/ BuD;olawGu tpfukd? i,folawGu OD;av;qdkNyD; ac:wmudkyJ ESpo f uf jrwfEdk;olwpfOD;yg/ uRefawmfuawmh tazhi,f oli,fcsi;f jzpfwhJ OD;atmifpk;d udk OD;av;vdkUyJ csppf Edk; ac:ygw,f/ OD;av;OD;atmifpdk;[m reufrdk;vif;wmeJU olUcspZf eD; a':trmauR;wJh vufzuf&nfeJUrkeUf ukd pm;NyD; olxkdiaf eus yufvufukvm;xdkiaf v;ay: rSmxdkiu f m yef;csaD &;jcif;vkyif ef;udk pawmhwmygyJ/ OD;av;u aeUpOfyef;csDa&;w,f/ tvkyt f yfwm &S d & S d r &S d & S d reuf r d k ; vif ; wmeJ U yef ; csD a &;wmyJ ? uRefawmfwdkUa&mufwJhtcg xkwfjyavh&Sdw,f/ jy&if;eJUvJ yef;csDoabmw&m;awGudk &Sif;vif; ajymavh & S d y gw,f / 'D e nf ; eJ U uRef a wmf w d k U ud k oifMum;ay;cJhwmyg/

OD;av;OD;atmifpk;d [m acwfay:yef;csD (Morden Art) tay:rSm txl;pdwf0ifpm;NyD; wdk;wufwJh t,ltqawG vufukdix f m;olwpfOD; yg/ ol[m tNrJ w rf ; yef ; csD p mtk y f a wG u d k zwf ½ I j cif ; ? bmomjyefjcif;eJU uRefawmfwdkU vli,fawGudk jyefvnfrQa0ajymMum;&if; yef;csDt,ltqopf awGudk oifMum;ay;avh&Sdovdk? &Sefwdedauwef ausmif;awmfBuD;&JU ta&SUwdkif;tEkynm&yfawG? uAsmu0dBuD; &mAifj'mewfw*dk;wdkUtaMumif;awGukd vGr;f armpGmeJU ajymMum;avh&Syd gw,f/ uRefawmf wdkUwpfawG pka0;Mu&wmvJ 'DvkdtopftopfawG udk ajymMum;avh&w dS hJ OD;av;&JU ajymMum;csuf awGukd em;axmifzkdU&m oGm;a&mufpka0;Mujcif;vJ jzpfyg w,f/ OD;av;u yef;csDqJGwJhae&mrSm ½dk;&mtaMumif; t&mawGukd tajccHNyD; acwfopfenf;awGeUJ a&;qJaG vh &Syd gw,f/ 'Dvakd &;qJ&G mrSm pdwv f yI &f mS ;rI (Emotional) t&Sed t f [kew f pfckeJU a&;qJGaewmudk uRefawmfwkdU ab;uMunf&h if; cHpm;&ygw,f/ ola&;p&m&SNd yDq&kd if &wJyh pön;f eJU a&;avh&ydS gw,f/ wpfcgwav vufzuf &nf arSmufusvku d s? yHkqrGJ ifykvif; arSmufvkad rSmuf? b,fvykd jJ zpfjzpf yHw k pfyu kH akd wmh NyD;atmif zefw;D oGm; Edkiw f m olU&JU BuD;rm;wJh tEkynmpGr;f &nfwpf&yf qdkwm uRefawmfwkdU awGUjrif&ygw,f/ OD ; av;u aeUpOf y ef ; csD q J G w J h a e&mrS m ol U psmefeUJ oal &;wm? olu vmtyfwt hJ vkyf txl;ojzifh uAsmo½kyaf zmfyHkawGa&;&mrSm wdki;f &if;om;awGeJU ywfouf&if wdik ;f &if;om; (mood) eJUa&;w,f? tvkyf orm;awG&JU b0eJUywfoufwmqdk tvkyo f rm;awG bufu a&;w,f? taemufqefwu hJ AsmawGqk&d ifvJ olu taemufwkdi;f om;wpfa,mufvkd a&;w,f/

yef;csDatmifpkd;vdkY vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;wJh o½kyaf zmfyHk 1977ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv? ½Ir0r*¾Zif; 155

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

'Dvdkajym&wmuawmh OD;av;&JU o½kyfazmf yHkawGrSm a&;xdk;cJhwJh vufrSwaf wGu oufaocH aeygw,f/ ol b,fvkdvufrSwaf &;xdk;xm;ovJ qdk&if atmifpdk;? pdkif;atmifpdk;? a*smfeDatmifpdk;? A*sDatmifpkd;(udk,yf Gm;)? atmifA*sDpkd;? OD;atmifpkd;? armifatmifpdk;? atmifA*sD9? &Jabmfatmifpdk;? ESi;f a[rmefpkd;...qdkNyD; a&;xdk;xm;wJh vufrSwf awGukd uRefawmfwkdU awGU&ygw,f/ ESif;a[rmefpdk;qdkwJh vufrSwfudkvJ a&;xdk; wmawGU&w,f/ 'D[mu olUajr;av;&JUemrnfyg/ om; armifol&uarG;wJh ajr;OD;yg/ 'Duav;udk tvGecf spyf gw,f/ olU&JUo½kyaf zmfyHkawGrSm cav; &JU emrnfukd xdk;ygw,f/ tJ'v D ykd J "mwfyef;csq D Nkd yD; yef;csu D m;i,fav;awG a&;ygw,f/ jrefrmtu©&mawGudk yef;csDtjzpf a&;zJGUwmyg/ 'Dyef;csDum;awGrSmawmh atmifA*sD9? A*saD tmifpk;d (udk,yf mG ;) pojzifh vufrw S af &;xdk;wm awGU&ygw,f/ OD;av;[m yef;csDa&;qJGwJhae&mrSm vufrSwu f kdawmif pdwcf Hpm;rItvdkuf a&;xdk;avh &Sdygw,f/ oluG,fvGefNyD; olUyef;csDum;awGudk pkaqmif;MuwJh Edkiif jH cm;om;awGtwGuf rsupf v d nf p&mjzpfNyD; 'gudk0kdi;f NyD; &Si;f Mu&ygw,f/ OD;av;OD;atmifpdk;u uAsmo½kyfazmf yef;csD awGukd trsm;qHk;a&;&wJh yef;csq D &mwpfO;D yg/ acwf tajctaet& olwifjyvdkwJh Modern Art t,l tqawGukd 'DuAsmo½kyaf zmfykaH wGuwpfqifh wifjy cJhygw,f/ OD;av;OD;atmifpdk;&JU armf'eft,ltqawGudk 1949ckEpS x f kwf wm&mr*¾Zif;utp 1990 olu, G f vGecf sed t f xd enf;trsK;d rsK;d eJU wifjycJhwJh yHkaygif; axmifcsD&Sdygw,f/ armf'efyef;csDeJU ywfoufNyD; ajrmufjrm;pGm zefw;D Edik cf w hJ m OD;atmifp;kd wpfa,mufyJ &Sw d ,fqkd&if rrSm;yg/ 156

OD;av;u vli,fawGukd tNrJarQmaf vh&ydS gw,f/ uRefawmfwkdU pka0;rdMuNyDqkd&if tEkynmeJU ywf oufwhJ taMumif;t&mawGukd ajymavh&o dS vdk wpf a,mufukdwpfa,muf aemufajymif ajymqdkavhvJ &Syd gw,f/ twlxkdiaf e&if;eJU xjyefoGm;NyDqkd&if OD;av;utp tJ'DvlukdusDp,fwJhoabmeJU twif; ajymNyD; [m;MuwmygyJ/ wpfcgwav OD;av;u udpö&Sv d kdU xjyef&wJhtcgrSmawmh at;...rif;wdkU ighraumif;aMumif; ajymMuayawmhvkdU &Twaf emuf aemufajymqdkNyD; xGuo f Gm;ygw,f/ wu,f a wmh tck t csd e f r S m uRef a wmf w d k U pum;0dki;f xJu tNyD;tydkix f Guo f Gm;wJh OD;av;&JU tEkynmvkyfaqmifcsufawG&JU aumif;aMumif; awGukdajym&if; wooeJU owd&aewmyg/ armif & ef a 0; tvif;wef;*sme,f? trSwf(461)? Zlvdkif(2)? 2007

tcef; (6) A*sD a tmif p d k ; &J U b0yH k & d y f r sm; A*sDatmifpdk;&JUrdom;pk0ifrsm;? b0wavQmuf awGUBuHKcJh&wJh yk * ¾ d K vf r sm;? tzG J U tpnf ; rsm;? yef;csv D yI &f mS ;rI? ½ky&f iS o f ½kyaf qmif pwJh b0&JUyHk&dyf"mwfyHkrsm;udk pkaqmif; wifjyxm;jcif; jzpfyg onf/

tNid r f ; pm;&J r S L ; OD ; bcspf w if (1900-1956)

A*sDatmifpdk; ouFef;0wfpOfu

a':wif h t H k

uif;axmufvli,f A*sDatmifpdk; 157

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

1946ck E S p f ? Nrd K if & d y f o m(A[ef ; )wG i f Armjynf y ef ; csD o r*他 [ k zG J U pnf ; vd k u f a om jref r myef ; csD q &mrsm; a&S U qH k ; wef ; / /OD ; vG i f ? OD ; ud k B uD ; ? OD ; jrwf a usmf yxrwef ; / /OD;odef;[ef? OD;xGef;&D? OD;aiGudkif? OD;pH0if;? q&mjr? OD;tkef;vGif? OD;ouf0if;? OD;[defpGef;? OD ; vS a rmif B uD ; 'k w d , wef ; / /? ?OD;udkav;? ? ? ? ? A*sDatmifpdk;? OD;cifarmif? OD;M.wifat;....ESifh tjcm;yef;csD ynm&S i f r sm; (0J r S , m)

1951ck E S p f ? &S e f w d e d a uwef oG m ;a&muf pOfu EdkifiHul;pmtkyfrS "mwfyHk (0J) 1952ck E S p f ? vD e if * &uf a &muf A*sD a tmif p d k ; (,m)

158

1951ckESpf? &SefwdedauwefrSm qHkawGUcJh&wJhtif'dkeD;&Sm; yef;csDausmf tmzef'D (Affandi)? ZeD; Maryati eJYorD; Kartika (Karitika Affandi - Kober rSm xif&Sm;wJh tif ' d k e D ; &S m ; trsd K ;orD ; yef ; csD q &mrwpf O D ; jzpf v mygw,f )

TTC ausmif;twGif;rS

OD;vSabmfa&;qGJwJh yef;csDum;eJY twlawGU&wJh A*sDatmifpkd;

OD;vSabmf (1904 - 1949)

tar&duef a&aq;yef;csDausmf 'Geu f if;rif;eJYtwl

Oa'gif;rif;yef;csDjycef;rS ay:odrf;? qefeDndrf;? A*sDatmifpdk;? rGef;vSMunf? jrihfpdk;? BuD;apmwdkY&JU Graphic Art Show trSwfw& (1982) 159

Photo: Tin Maung Aye

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

qef e D n d r f ; eJ Y A*sD a tmif p d k ; Oa'gif ; rif ; jycef ; (1983ck E S p f )

A*sD a tmif p d k ; eJ Y cif a rmif & if Oa'gif ; rif ; jycef ;

160

Photo: Tin Htike Win

Photo: Tin Maung Aye

om;BuD ; jrif h p d k ; &J U *&yf z pf v uf & mud k Munf h a ewJ h A*sD a tmif p d k ;

'g½d k u f w marmif 0 PÖ ½ d k u f u l ; wJ h ajcz0g;awmf E k E k ½k y f & S i f Z mwf u m;rS A*sD a tmif p d k ; ? a':arEG J U ? ½I r 0prf ; prf ; at;wd k Y e J Y o½k y f a qmif a eyH k

rd k ; vH k ; ywf v nf Zmwf u m;rS A*sD a tmif p d k ; (1965ck E S p f )

]cspf o l ? cif o l ? jrwf E d k ; ol } rS A*sD a tmif p d k ; eJ Y armif 0 if ;

A*sDatmifpdk;eJY ½kyf&Sifo½kyfaqmif at;at;oif ; ½k y f & S i f ½ d k u f u G i f ; wpf a e&mrS m 161

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

"mwfyHk nDnDrkd; (&efuif;) ½dkuu f l;xm;onfhyHkrsm;

162

163

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

A*sDatmifpdk;&JU trm

&ef u k e f N rd K U? wmarG N rd K Ue,f ? uif ; bJ v f v rf ; aomrwf p f ' D v m½l ; taqmuftODrSm urÇmhukvor*¾ESihf ICIO tdE´d,ukrÜPDwdkY yl ; aygif ; zG i h f v S p f o nh f txnf y ef ; yH k ½ d k u f o if w ef ; wuf a &muf c J h o nf h A*sD a tmif p d k ; ES i h f a':trm

A*sDatmifpdk;ESifh trm

A*sDatmifpdk;ESifh armifjrihfpdk; 164

jref r macwf a y:uAsmpmtk y f w G i f yg0if c J h a om a':Ek , Of ? q&mjrZif ? q&maZmf * sD ? q&mrif ; ,k a 0? q&ma'gif ; EG , f a qG ? jref r muAsmq&mrsm;ES i h f A*sD a tmif p d k ; (1978? {NyD )

pme,fZif;oÂ˝kyfazmf yef;csDq&mBuD;rsm;tm; *g&0jyKyGJrS OD;aomif;[ef? A*sDatmifpdk;? OD;b&ifav;? OD;tkef;vGif? OD;bMunf? OD;bvHkav;? OD;udkav;? OD;pdef (umwGef;armifpdef) (0JrS,m)

om;BuD; armifjrifhpdk;ESihf rEG,fEG,fOD;wdkY\ r*Fvmaqmif (1981) rvG i f v G i f j rif h ? a':trm? ES i f ; a[rmef p d k ; ? rEG , f E G , f O D ; ? armif a rmif p d k ; ? a':zG m ;pd e f ? roef ; oef ; pd k ; ? a':odef;ar? rcdkifcdkifpdk;? armifjrifhpdk;? A*sDatmifpdk;? armifol&pdk; (0JrS,m) 165

Photo: Tin Maung Aye

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

A*sD a tmif p d k ; (1923-1990)

166

A*sDatmifpkd;udk &efukeNf rdKUü tNidr;f pm;&JrSL; OD;bcspw f if (1900-1956)ESihf trd a':wift h w Hk u Ykd 1923ck? 'DZifbm 9&uf we*FaEGaeYwiG f arG;zGm;onf/ &efuek Nf rdKUrtrsKd ;om;ausmif;wGif ynmoifcNhJ yD; xdak usmif;rS yHq k q JG &m OD;vSabmfonf A*saD tmifp;kd \ yef;csyD nmoif vufO;D q&mjzpfonf/ aemufwiG f q&mOD;bÚmPfxHrSvnf; ynmqnf;yl;cJhonf/ *syefacwfu &efukeAf [ef;wdkuef ,f tm&S vli,ftpnf;t½Hk;ü ÚmPAvrª;tjzpf aqmif&u G cf hJ onf/ ppfNyD;umv 1947ckEpS üf wm&mr*¾Zif;wGif yef;csDpwifa&;qGJcJhonf/ vGwfvyfNyD;acwfwGif Armjynfyef;cso D r*¾zUJG pnf;onft h cg wGzJ uftwGi;f a&;rª;tjzpf aqmif&Gucf Jhonf/ rdr\ d t,ltq? ,HkMunfrIrsm;udk umwGe;f rsm;a&;ívnf; azmfjycJo h nf/ umwGe;f onf jynfol trsm;pkxHa&mufNyD; jynfolrsm;u tvG,w f ul em;vnfEdkifonfh jynfolYyef;csD (Mass Art) [k oabmaygufcH,loljzpfonf/ jrefrmh½kd;&myef;csDESihf aus;vufyef;csD (Folk Art) wdkYukd [efopfjzifha&;qGJcJhonf/ 1951ckESpfü tdE´d,EdkifiH &Sefwdedauwef wuúokv d o f kYd wufa&mufco hJ nf/ jyefvmaomtcg A*sDatmifpkd;wGif tdE´, d yef;csDtaiGUtouf ygvm aomfvnf; wDxGizf efwD;wwfrIESihf tdE, ´d yef;csD&eYH aygif;pyfí ol\udk,yf kdiaf rmf'efyef;csD jzpfay:vm onf/ 1952ckESpüf ygarmu©OD;atmifvS OD;aqmif aom ,Ofaus;rItzGUJ 0ifwpfO;D tjzpf qdAk , D uf,el , D H armfpudkEiS fh vDeif*&uf odko Y mG ;a&mufco hJ nf/ vrf; c&D;wGif tdE´, d Edkiif H e,l;a'vDNrdKU? ygupöwef vm[kNd rdKU? yuf&S0gNrdKU? tmz*efepöwefEkdiif H ubl; NrdKUrsm;wGif tm&Syef;csDukd avhvmcJhonf/

1953ck E S p f ü tpd k ; &aq;qd k ; yef ; ½d k u f o if w ef ; ausmif ; wG i f wGzJ ufoifwef;rª;tjzpf ceft Y yfjcif;cH&onf/ jrefrmh½;kd &m ypfwikd ;f axmif? zdk;0½ky?f 0g;vufcky?f qif? usm;? jrif;½kyf ponfrsm;jzifh aq;qdk; yef;½dku'f DZkid ;f rsm;udk wDxGiaf &;qGJcJh&m vlBudKufrsm;cJhonf/ &efukew f uúokdvf ynma&;r[mXmewGif yef;csDuxdutjzpf ,m,DtrIxrf;cJhonf/ &efukew f uúokdvf tif*sief D,m r[mXmeESihf &efukepf ufrIwuúokdvw f Gif 1978 txd *&yfzpfyef;csD (Graphic Art) ESihf yef;csDordki;f (History of Art) rsm;udk tcse d yf kdi;f ydkYcscJhonf/ 1978wGif pmrJhuAsmESihf ½dk;&mrSonf acwfopfokdY yef;csDpmtky?f 1979ckESpw f Gif pdwåZyef;csDnrsm; pmtkyx f Gucf Jhonf/ yef;csDtEkynm aqmif;yg;rsm;vnf; a&;cJhonf/ cJwHa&mifpHk? rifa&mifpHk? ½dI;uyf? aypw,f? yifw,f? wifyg&m? rSefum; ponfhenf;rsdK;pHkjzifh zefw;D a&;qGw J wfonf/ jrefrmh½k;d &m[efjzifh a&;qGx J m;aom ]]rdcifEiS hf uav;}} yef;csu D m;udk &efukeNf rdKU trsKd ;om;jywdkuw f iG f awGUEkid o f nf/ 1965ckESpfwGif 'g½dkufwmOD;okc ½dkuful;onfh ]]rdk;vHk; ywfvnf}} Zmwfum;wGif acgif;aqmifrif;om;tjzpf yg0ifcNhJ yD; ½ky&f iS f Zmwfum;aygif; rsm;pGmwGif yg0ifo½kyaf qmifcJhonf/ 1990jynfhESpf Zlvkid v f 6&ufaeYwGif &efukeNf rdKUü uG,v f Gef onf/ A*sDatmifpkd;wGif yxrtdraf xmif a':EkEkESihf orD; a':wif wifpkd;? a':jrihjf rihMf unf? a':jrjrpdk;wdkYuse&f pfNyD;? 'kw, d tdraf xmif a':trm (ac:) a':oef;MunfESihf om; OD;jrifhpkd;? a':oef;oef;pdk;? OD;ol&pdk;? a':cdkicf kdipf kd;ESihf OD;armifarmifpkd;wdkYuse&f pfonf/

167

A*sD a tmif p d k ;

A*sDatmifpdk;&JU pmpkpm&if; 1952 vDEkd 1953 &Sew f ed ad uwef 1954 jyefvnfqef;opf vmaomtdE´d,?yef;csD jrefrmrI-jrefrmhtoGif 1959 Armh,Ge;f xnf

Zlvkdif ar azazmf0g&D

1973 uAsmonf yef;csD

pufwifbm

jr0wDr*¾Zif; pm 103-109 txufArmEdkiif H yef;csDwkd;wufa&;toif; yef;csDr*¾Zif; pm 87-90 pm 134-137 ½lr0½kypf Hkr*¾Zif;

ar ZGef Zlvkdif pufwifbm azazmf0g&D atmufwdkbm

½lr0½kypf Hkr*¾Zif; ½lr0½kypf Hkr*¾Zif; ½lr0½kypf Hkr*¾Zif; ½lr0½kypf Hkr*¾Zif; ½lr0½kypf Hkr*¾Zif; pHy,fjzLr*¾Zif;

1974

1975 1985

1986

1987

1988 1991 1994

168

yef;csDonfyif uAsm tarvdkred ;f racsm yef;csDq&m\ oHa0* tkct d kdatU ta&SUukdcspo f lrsm; ½dk;&myef;csD ]]&SufvdkufwmAsm}} yef;csDq&mwpfOD;\ zGih[ f 0efcHcsuf &Sew f ed ad uwefrS yef;csD ynmoifb0 &mbifeif j'mewfw*dk; aq;pufus&m ygwdwf j'yfrJUyef;csD uAsmo&kyaf zmf yef;csD jrefrmhyef;csD tvdrcf H&jcif; ½ky&f SiEf Sihf qdkuu f kd 20 &mpkaemufykdi;f jrefrmh yef;csD [efopf vrf;vGJrvdkurf zd kdU

Edk0ifbm

½lr0½kypf Hkr*¾Zif; aoG;aomufr*¾Zif; jr0wDr*¾Zif;

pm 15-17 pm 25-29 pm 207-209

pm pm pm pm pm pm

22-25 20-24 22-25 28-23 45-47 51-53

atmufwdkbm pHy,fjzLr*¾Zif;

pm 68-71

Edk0ifbmv Zefe0g&D azazmf0g&D azazmf0g&D ZGef rwf

pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm

pHy,fjzLr*¾Zif; pHy,fjzLr*¾Zif; pHy,fjzLr*¾Zif; tawG;tjrifr*¾Zif; aEGOD;r*¾Zif; 0geDjymr*¾Zif; jzpf&yfrSerf *¾Zif; ½ky&f Siaf tmifvHr*¾Zif;

64-66 109-111 59-60 169-170 114-115 19-21 62-66 48