Research Thesis

M.DES RESEARCH THESIS

DETERMINING RELATION BETWEEN INDOOR AIR POLLUTANT & FUNCTION OF SPACE IN ATRIUM & CORRIDORS OF SHOPPING MALLS OF AHMEDABAD GUIDE - Ar. Arpan Johari CO-GUIDE - Amit Mehta

Submitted by NUPUR B. BHADRA (PD002416)

Submitted to Faculty of Design of CEPT University in partial fulfillment for the degree of Master in Interior Architecture and Design (MIAD) with specialization in Building Energy Efficiency (BEE)

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

Primary - How can micro-environment created due to near by or ongoing activities affect indoor air quality?

Main objective - To find the relation between indoor air pollutant and the function of space.

Secondary - What is the real-time measurement of PM2.5, PM10, CO2 in shopping malls?

Other specific objectives 1.

Identify framework to carry out the study.

2.

Evaluate the present level of PM2.5, PM10 and

CO2 in selected malls by carrying out a field

measurement using Airveda High Accuracy Smart

Air Quality Monitor.

3.

Comply obtained data with

Indian Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air

Conditioning Engineers (ISHRAE)

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

AIRVEDA HIGH ACCURACY SMART AIR QUALITY MONITOR Measurement parameters: PM2.5, PM10, CO2, Temp, Humidity

PM Range of PM2.5: 0-999 μg/m3 Range of PM10: 0-1999 μg/m3 Minimum resolution of < 0.3 μm Relative error Maximum of ±10% and ±10μg/m3 Response time: Less than 10 seconds when scene changes CO2 Range: 0 to 5000ppm Accuracy: 50ppm +-3% Response time: 2 minutes Self calibrating. Can be manually calibrated by taking device outdoors and long pressing Setup Button.

Temperature Range: 10 to 60 degrees C Accuracy: 1 deg C Resolution: 1 deg C Humidity Range: 0 to 90% RH Accuracy: 3% Resolution: 1%

M.DES RESEARCH THESIS

SPECIALIZATION: BUILDING ENERGY EFFICIENCY (BEE)

DETERMINING RELATION BETWEEN INDOOR AIR POLLUTANT & FUNCTION OF SPACE IN ATRIUM & CORRIDORS OF SHOPPING MALLS OF AHMEDABAD

OVERALL AIM To

determine the relation between Indoor air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10 and CO2) and the function of space in atrium and corridors of shopping malls of Ahmedabad.

According to ISHRAE IEQ Standard 10001-2016 IAQ monitoring is recommended to carry out at least 2 times a year (summer & winter).

CO2 - measured when there is 90% min. occupancy.

Shall be measured in at least in 1 location per floor & wing or in 1 location in each set of rooms with the same activity.

PM2.5 & PM10 - Shall be measured in at least in 1 location per floor & wing or in 1 location in each set of rooms with the same activity.

Temp. - Shall be measured at 0.1m, 0.6m, and 1.1m for seated occupants at plan level.

Shall be measured at 0.1m, 1.1m, and 1.7m for standing occupants.

Measurement procedure carried out for data collection IAQ monitoring is carry out for 2 summer months.

Thus data collection of one month includes measurement of 4 days (2 weekdays & 2 weekends).

Each spot is measured for 15 min. at the interval of 2 hours between (11am to 9pm).

CO2 - Measured when there is approx. 90% min. occupancy in atrium space and corridors.

PM2.5 & PM10 - Location decided according to max. footfall and long duration public resting space.

Temp. - Measured at 0.1m, 0.6m, and 1.1m for seated occupants near sitouts. Measured at 0.1m, 1.1m, and 1.7m for standing occupants at atrium

DATA COLLECTION BENCHMARK

RESEARCH FRAMEWORK

S4 Fast food shops & kids play zone

S3 Public sit out

S6 Corridor near food junction

S5 Toilet

S2 Authority sit out

S7 Corridor near jewellery S1 store Kids Game zone, Authority sit out

PM2.5 level EXCEEDS Class B & C (RTM>25 μg/m3)

• Corridor spots of level 2 - Spot 11 to 14 for 2 days.

• Spot 8 close to acceptable limit of Class B & C for 2 days.

PM10 level EXCEEDS Class B & C (RTM>100 μg/m3)

• Level 1 toilet spot 5 & Corridor spots of level 2 - Spot 11 to 14 for 2 days.

• Spot 9 & 10 close to acceptable limit of Class B & C for all 4 days of study.

LEVEL 1 SHOPPING MALL 1 (SM1) CO2 level BELOW Class B (Ambient 588 + 500)

• Atrium spots of level 1 spot 4 & 6 close to acceptable limit of Class B

Ambient temperature source Ahmedabad Airport Station

RH BELOW 30% to 70%

• On all 4 study days in max. all spots.

Operative Temperature (considered CLO value = 0.5)

• Temp. should be between 20o to 26o ,but higher temp. value can be seen on all 4 days in max. all spots.

REAL-TIME MEASUREMENT (RTM) DATA ANALYSIS FOR MARCH MONTH OF SM1 COMPARED TO ISHRAE BENCHMARK

PM2.5 level EXCEEDS Class B & C (RTM>25 μg/m3)

• Atrium and toilet spots of level 1- Spot 1 to 4 on 1 weekday only.

• Spot 5 close to acceptable limit of Class B & C for 2 days.

S8 Near escalator & men’s clothing store

S9 Sit out area

S10 Near foorwear store

S14 Near toilet & staircase

S13 Near clothing section

PM10 level EXCEEDS Class B & C (RTM>100 μg/m3)

• Level 1 artium spots 1 to 4 on 1 weekday only.

• Toilet spot 5; corridor spots of level 2 - Spot 9 to 13 close to acceptable limit of Class B & C for all 4 days of study.

S11 Near men’s clothing store

S12 Near entrance

LEVEL 2 SHOPPING MALL 1 (SM1)

RH BELOW 30% to 70%

• On all 4 study days in max. all spots.

CO2 level EXCEEDS Class B (Ambient 511 + 500)

• Atrium spots of level 1 spot 4 • Spot 2,3,9 12 close to acceptable • Temp. should be between 20o to limit of Class B 26o ,but higher temp. value can be seen on all 4 days in max. all spots.

Ambient temperature source Ahmedabad Airport Station Operative Temperature (considered CLO value = 0.5)

REAL-TIME MEASUREMENT (RTM) DATA ANALYSIS FOR MAY MONTH OF SM1 COMPARED TO ISHRAE BENCHMARK

S3 Kids Game zone, Food junction S4 Kids Game zone, Food junction

S2 Sit out for Public S1 Kids Game zone, Food junction

PM2.5 level EXCEEDS Class B & C (RTM>25 μg/m3)

• Atrium spots of level 1- Spot 1 to 4 for 3 days.

• Spot 8 to 13 observed high value for 1 weekdays.

PM10 level EXCEEDS Class B & C (RTM>100 μg/m3)

• Level 1 spots 1 to 4 for 3 days.

• Spot 8 to 13 observed high value for 1 weekdays.

S6 Toilet S5 Small retail shops LEVEL 1 SHOPPING MALL 2 (SM2)

CO2 level EXCEEDS Class C (Ambient 635 + 700)

• Atrium spots 7 of level 1 corridor spot 10 exceeds acceptable limit of Class C Ambient temperature source Ahmedabad Airport Station

S7 Food junction

RH BELOW 30% to 70%

• On all 4 study days in max. all spots.

Operative Temperature (considered CLO value = 0.5)

• Temp. should be between 20o to 26o ,but higher temp. value can be seen on all 4 days in max. all spots.

REAL-TIME MEASUREMENT (RTM) DATA ANALYSIS FOR APRIL MONTH OF SM2 COMPARED TO ISHRAE BENCHMARK

PM2.5 level EXCEEDS Class B & C (RTM>25 μg/m3)

• Atrium and toilet spots of level 1- Spot 1 to 7 on 1 weekend only.

• Spot 11 to 13 on 1 weekend & 1 weekday each.

S10 Near lift/staircase & footwear store

S11 Near escalator S12 Near escalator & women’s clothing

S9 Near entrance

PM10 level EXCEEDS Class B & C (RTM>100 μg/m3)

• Level 2 corridor spots - 12 & 13 on 2 days.

• Corridor spots of level 2 - Spot 10 & 11 close to acceptable limit of Class B & C for 2 days of study.

S13 Near escalator & toilet

S8 Near lift/staircase & clothing section LEVEL 2 SHOPPING MALL 2 (SM2)

RH BELOW 30% to 70%

• On all 4 study days in max. all spots.

Operative Temperature (considered CLO value = 0.5)

• Temp. should be between 20o to 26o ,but higher temp. value can be seen on all 4 days in max. all spots.

CO2 level EXCEEDS Class C (Ambient 783 + 700)

• Atrium spots 3 of level 1 exceeds acceptable limit of Class C. Ambient temperature source Ahmedabad Airport Station

REAL-TIME MEASUREMENT (RTM) DATA ANALYSIS FOR MAY MONTH OF S2 COMPARED TO ISHRAE BENCHMARK

MICRO ENVIRONMENT Here the term Micro-environment referes to a small, sometimes very small zone within the workspace which offers something different to other settings within the same ecosystem of interconnected spaces.

The activities carried out in these small zone for the smooth functioning of workspace contributes in formation of m i c r o - e nv i r o n m e n t which affects the overall Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) of the workspace.

RTM SPOTS - SM1 S1 Kids game zone S2 Authority sit out S3 Public sit out S4 Fast food shops and kids play zone S5 Toilet S6 Corridor near food junction S7 Corridor near jewellery store S8 Near escalator and men’s clothing S9 Sit out area S10 Near footwear store S11 Near men’s clothing store S12 Near entrance S13 Near clothing section S14 Near toilet and staircase RTM SPOTS - SM2 S1 Kids Game zone, food junction S2 Sit out for public S3 Kids Game zone, food junction S4 Kids Game zone S5 small retail shops S6 Toilet S7 Food junction S8 Near lift/staircase & clothing section S9 Near entrance S10 Near lift/staircase & footwear store S11 Near escalator S12 Near escalator & women’s clothing S13 Near escalator & toilet

ISHRAE BENCHMARK PM2.5 level EXCEEDS Class B & C (RTM>25 μg/m3)

PM10 level EXCEEDS Class B & C (RTM>100 μg/m3)

ONGOING ACTIVITIES & PRESENT STATUS OF MALL THAT INFLUENCES LEVEL OF POLLUTANTS

Movement of trampoline, toy train, toy car in kids zone Increase in public footfall and constant movement near entrance and in corridor Max. footfall in sit-out area

CO2 level EXCEEDS Class B

Cooking in food zone

CO2 level EXCEEDS Class C

Movement of public through staircase/ escalator

RH BELOW 30% to 70%

Improper HVAC system leading to infiltration of outdoor air Odor in toilet OTHER TEMPORARY ACTIVITIES IN MALL

TEMP. ABOVE 20OC to 26OC Operative Temp. (considered CLO value = 0.5)

Construction in some of the vacant space of mall Cleaning agent in toilets

COMPARING DATA ANALYSIS OF SM1 & SM2 TO THE ON-GOING SPOT ACTIVITIES IN EACH MALL

If the concentration of indoor air pollutants are higher than the recommended value in a building space along with drastic thermal comfort parameters, then it leads to “Sick Building Syndrome” (SBS) where occupants experience acute health and comfort effects that appear to be linked to time spent in a building.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study gives a first-hand data using Indian Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ISHRAE) Standard 10001:2016, First version 20162017.

Thus, providing a new lens to the study as till now all the studies done in Indian context used The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) for compliance.

The study adds more information to the second hand data i.e. the known primary source of pollutants.

FUNCTION OF SPACE

DETERMINES

ON GOING ACTIVITIES IN ATRIUM & CORRIDOR TO

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INDOOR AIR POLLUTANT

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MICROENVIRONMENT OF SPACE

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INDOOR AIR QUALITY

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RELATION BETWEEN INDOOR AIR QUALITY AND FUNCTION OF SPACE

FUNCTION OF SPACE

Movement of trampoline, toy train, toy car in kids zone causes resuspension of dust particles from floor thus indirectly leads to formation of PM particles.

DETERMINES

INDOOR AIR POLLUTANT PARTICULATE MATTER (PM) PM2.5 & PM10

ON GOING ACTIVITIES IN ATRIUM & CORRIDOR

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Fuel combustion products used in cooking contributes in formation of PM. Improper HVAC system not only leads to infiltration of outdoor air but also causes fluctuation in temperature & RH which contributes in rise of PM. Construction materials emmits PM to some rate.

RELATION BETWEEN INDOOR AIR POLLUTANT (PM2.5 / PM10) AND FUNCTION OF SPACE

FUNCTION OF SPACE

DETERMINES

INDOOR AIR POLLUTANT

ON GOING ACTIVITIES IN ATRIUM & CORRIDOR O ST

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Increase in public footfall and constant movement near entrance, sit outs and in corridor increase CO2 level in air.

Fluctuation in temperature & RH also contributes in rise of CO2.

According to ISHRAE, IAQ monitoring is recommended to carry out at least 2 times a year (summer & winter).

But, the current study is carried out for 4 days of 2 summer months only due to time constrain and unavailability of permission to carry out the study.

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CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2)

RELATION BETWEEN INDOOR AIR POLLUTANT CO2 AND FUNCTION OF SPACE

VACUUM REGULARLY TO REMOVE DUST

ON GOING ACTIVITIES IN ATRIUM & CORRIDOR THAT NEEDS TO BE RECTIFIED

LIMITATION & GAPS IN THE STUDY

IMPROVE HVAC SYSTEM

USE CLEANING PRODUCTS WITH LOW FUMES & NO FRAGRANCE

Avoid infiltration of outdoor air

Maintain temperature & RH range

Provide adequate supply of fresh air to control CO2 level

HOW TO IMPROVE INDOOR AIR QUALITY IN STUDIED MALL

Thus, the data collected seems to be insufficient to reach to a conclusion for deciding area of rectification in the studied mall.

The study measured thermal comfort with respect to real time RH & temperature in the mentioned study spots.

But, study of thermal comfort with respect to human satisfaction/dissatisfaction to the indoor micro-environment through a questionnaire may have given the study more depth and meaning.

Submitted by NUPUR B. BHADRA (PD002416) Submitted to Faculty of Design of CEPT University in partial fulfillment for the degree of Master in Interior Architecture and Design (MIAD) with specialization in Building Energy Efficiency (BEE)