Luxurious Hotel in Jaisalmer

A LUXURIOUS HOTEL JAISALMER

A DESIGN THESIS Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of BACHELORS OF ARCHITECTURE

By NUPUR SHARMA 14GSOA101029

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE GALGOTIAS UNIVERSITY GREATER NOIDA UTTAR PRADESH

Certificate

This is to certify that the declaration of Nupur Sharma is true to the best of my knowledge.

Thesis Guide

Thesis Co- Ordinator Ar. Ruchi

Ar. Srishti Sagar Associate Professor School of Architecture Galgotias University Greater Noida, U.P India

Dean SOA Prof. Atul Setia

ii

Acknowledgment The completion of this thesis project has been one of the most significant academic challenges I have ever taken. I would like to acknowledge some people who have helped me throughout in accomplishing the Thesis Project.

At this moment of accomplishment, first of all I would like to thank my Thesis Guide, Ar. Srishti Sagar. This work would not have been possible without her guidance, support and encouragement.

Thanks to Ar. Preeti Nair and Ar. Abhishek Srivastava Under their guidance, I successfully overcame many difficulties and learned a lot. Their valuable suggestions helped me to make my work better.

Heartiest thanks to Ar. Ruchi Arora our Thesis Coordinator, for giving me the opportunity to do the thesis on this topic. Her constant guidance and support helped me to improve our work, with their suggestions and encouragement.

I am very thankful to the General Managers of JW Marriott (Jaisalmer) & Desert Resort, Mandawa for allowing the tour of their managed hotels.

Furthermore, I would like to thank my fellow batch mates. Their help and support have helped me throughout my Thesis work.

Last but not the least; I would like to thank my family for their unconditional support and Almighty for his blessings.

Nupur Sharma 1421101019 School of Architecture, Galgotias University Greater Noida June’19

iii

Declaration

I, Nupur Sharma (14GSOA101029) hereby declare that the thesis entitled ‘A LUXURIOUS HOTEL AT JAISALMER’, submitted by me in partial fulfilment for the award of degree of Bachelor of Architecture, in School of Planning and Architecture, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India, is a record of bona fide work carried out by me. The matter embodied in this thesis has not been submitted to any other University or Institute for the award of any degree or diploma.

NUPUR SHARMA 28/05/2019

iv

Dedication

I wholeheartedly dedicate this thesis report to my family, to all my professors, to my friends, and to Five years of Architecture.

v

ABSTRACT The history of hotels is intimately connected to that of civilizations. Or rather, it is a part of that history. Facilities offering guests hospitality have been in evidence since early biblical times. The Greeks developed thermal baths in villages designed for rest and recuperation. Later, the Romans built mansions to provide accommodation for travellers on government business. The Romans were the first to develop thermal baths in England, Switzerland and the Middle East. Later still, caravanserais appeared, providing a resting place for caravans along Middle Eastern routes. In the Middle Ages, monasteries and abbeys were the first establishments to offer refuge to travellers on a regular basis. Religious orders-built inns, hospices and hospitals to cater for those on the move. The industrial revolution, which started in the 1760s, facilitated the construction of hotels everywhere, in mainland Europe, in England and in America; and the Hotel industry has never looked back since.

The concerned design proposal here aims at creating an iconic Luxurious hotel for Jaisalmer which is a culturally rich city with a high tourist footfall.

The hotel design here not only concentrates on robust and efficient space planning, but also on the aesthetic values which define modern day hospitality ethos. The design idea revolves the concept of ‘TIME’ from which cues have been taken for planning as well form development of the building.

vi

Table of Contents List of Figures ........................................................................................................................... x 1.

INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................ 2 1.1

Aim.............................................................................................................................. 2

1.2

Objective .................................................................................................................... 2

1.3

Scope ........................................................................................................................... 3

1.4

Methodology .............................................................................................................. 3

.................................................................................................................................................... 5 2. Study...................................................................................................................................... 7 2.1 Etymology ....................................................................................................................... 7 2.2Types ................................................................................................................................ 7 2.3 Classification of hotels according to ministry of tourism ........................................... 8 2.4 Typical arrangement of hotel areas............................................................................ 10 2.5 Circulation Spaces ....................................................................................................... 11 2.6 Crucial Decisions .......................................................................................................... 12 2.6.1. Parking: valet or self-park .................................................................................. 12 2.6.2 Luggage handling: by guest or bellman .............................................................. 13 2.6.3 Front desk procedures: computers, room status ............................................... 13 2.6.5 Restaurant Service: Hours, Type of Service, Outdoor ...................................... 14 2.6.7 Recreation: Hours, Children, Safety ................................................................... 18 3.

Data Collection ............................................................................................................... 20 3.1

Governing Bye-laws ................................................................................................ 21

3.2 Norms ............................................................................................................................ 22 3.2.1

Basic Norms as per NBC ................................................................................. 22

3.2.2

Gerneral Facilities ............................................................................................ 22

3.2.3

Essential Services ............................................................................................. 23

3.2.4

Air Conditioning as per NBC.......................................................................... 23

3.2.5

Water Supply.................................................................................................... 24

3.2.6

Fire Fighting ..................................................................................................... 24

3.2.7

Landscaping Features ...................................................................................... 25

3.2.8

Site Planning as per NBC ................................................................................ 26 vii

4.

Case Study ...................................................................................................................... 28 4.1 JW Marriott Hotel (case study) .................................................................................. 28 4.1.1 About ...................................................................................................................... 28 4.1.2 Concept and Plan .................................................................................................. 30 4.1.3 Features .................................................................................................................. 31 4.2

4.2.1

Zoning ............................................................................................................... 37

4.2.2

Analysis ............................................................................................................. 42

4.3

5.

Hotel Oberoi Amarvilas, Agra (case study) .......................................................... 36

Desert Resort, Mandawa, Rajasthan (case study) ................................................ 42

4.3.1

About ................................................................................................................. 42

4.3.2

Design Philosophy: ........................................................................................... 43

4.3.3

Zoning ............................................................................................................... 44

4.3.4

Site Plan ............................................................................................................ 46

4.3.5

Design Concept ................................................................................................. 47

Literature study ............................................................................................................. 51 5.1

Lone Hotel, Rovinj, Croatia ................................................................................... 51

5.1.1

Introduction ...................................................................................................... 51

5.1.2

Development of Form ...................................................................................... 52

5.1.3

Space Planning ................................................................................................. 54

5.1.4

Overall Design Analysis................................................................................... 55

5.2

Ananta Resort, Udaipur (literature study) ........................................................... 57

5.2.1

About ................................................................................................................. 57

5.2.2

Rooms ................................................................................................................ 60

5.2.3

Other Spaces ..................................................................................................... 63

5.2.4

Concept ............................................................................................................. 63

5.2.5

Requirements.................................................................................................... 64

6

Comparative Analysis.................................................................................................... 66

7.

Site Analysis.................................................................................................................... 69 7.1

About the city ........................................................................................................... 69

7.1.1

Climatic Features ............................................................................................. 71

7.1.2

Geomorphology ................................................................................................ 72

7.2

Site Details ................................................................................................................ 73

7.2.1 Site Location .......................................................................................................... 73 7.2.2 Connectivity ........................................................................................................... 76 7.2.3 Immediate Site Context ........................................................................................ 77 viii

7.2.4 Site Area and Orientation .................................................................................... 78 7.2.5 Natural Vegetation ................................................................................................ 79 7.2.6 On site Services ..................................................................................................... 80 7.2.7 Micro Climate........................................................................................................ 81 8.

Area Chart ...................................................................................................................... 86

9.

Concept ........................................................................................................................... 90

10.

Design ........................................................................................................................... 96

11.

Bibliography ................................................................................................................ 98

ix

List of Figures Figure 1: site in master plan........................................................................... x Figure 2: Typical arrangements of major areas of hotel .............................. 10 Figure 3: Flow diagram of a typical hotel ................................................... 12 Figure 4: Typical Service Area .................................................................... 14 Figure 5: typical connection from lobby to other areas ............................... 14 Figure 6: JW Marriott .................................................................................. 29 Figure 7: JW Marriott Location ................................................................... 30 Figure 8: site plan ........................................................................................ 31 Figure 9: room ............................................................................................. 32 Figure 10: lobby ........................................................................................... 33 Figure 11: lounge ......................................................................................... 33 Figure 12: Reception.................................................................................... 33 Figure 13: central courtyard ......................................................................... 34 Figure 14: view from reception ................................................................... 34 Figure 15: courtyard .................................................................................... 34 Figure 16: central waterbody ....................................................................... 34 Figure 17: banquet ....................................................................................... 35 Figure 18: Restaurant ................................................................................... 35 Figure 19: Location pf Amarvilas................................................................ 36 Figure 20: amarvilas , Agra ......................................................................... 36 Figure 21: Amarvilas Pool ........................................................................... 37 Figure 22: Reception Area layout plan ........................................................ 37 Figure 23:entrance ...................................................................................... 38 Figure 24: reception lobby ........................................................................... 39 Figure 25: waiting ........................................................................................ 39 Figure 26: deluxe rom .................................................................................. 40 Figure 27: premium room ............................................................................ 40 Figure 28: bedroom...................................................................................... 41 Figure 29: arched window ........................................................................... 41 Figure 30: window ....................................................................................... 41 Figure 31: corridor ....................................................................................... 41 Figure 32: bathroom .................................................................................... 41 Figure 33: desert resort ................................................................................ 42 Figure 34: cottages ....................................................................................... 43 Figure 35: pool ............................................................................................. 43 Figure 36: cottage ........................................................................................ 43 Figure 37: wooden doors and window......................................................... 44 Figure 38: bamboo straws ............................................................................ 44 Figure 39: top view ...................................................................................... 44 Figure 40: site plan ...................................................................................... 45 Figure 41: zoning ......................................................................................... 45 Figure 42: site plan ...................................................................................... 46 Figure 43: plan ............................................................................................. 46 x

Figure 44: cottages elevation ....................................................................... 48 Figure 45: lighting ....................................................................................... 49 Figure 46: landscape .................................................................................... 49 Figure 47: Front Facade of LONE Hotel ..................................................... 52 Figure 48: Concept Development - LONE Hotel ........................................ 53 Figure 49: 3D form development ................................................................ 53 Figure 50: Site Plan- lone hotel ................................................................... 54 Figure 51:Ground Floor - LONE Hotel ....................................................... 54 Figure 52: Typical Floor Plan (Top) & Sections showing vertical planning (Bottom) ....................................................................................................... 55 Figure 53: Side Elevation showing Hull like Structure .............................. 56 Figure 54:View of Central Lobby (Up) & Terrace Garden at 4th Level (Down) ......................................................................................................... 56 Figure 55: top view- ananta resort ............................................................... 57 Figure 56: pool area - ananta resort ............................................................. 58 Figure 57: play ground- ananta resort .......................................................... 58 Figure 58: reception- ananta resort .............................................................. 58 Figure 59: kids plan area .............................................................................. 58 Figure 60: site plan- ananta resort ............................................................... 59 Figure 61: zoning ......................................................................................... 59 Figure 62: admin, kitchen and restaurant plan- ananta resort ...................... 60 Figure 63: 1 bhk room layout ...................................................................... 60 Figure 64: interior room............................................................................... 61 Figure 65: junior suite layout plan ............................................................... 61 Figure 66: junior suite interior ..................................................................... 61 Figure 67: 2 floor villa layout plan .............................................................. 62 Figure 68: villa interiors .............................................................................. 62 Figure 69: presindential suite interiors ............................................ 62 Figure 70: presidential suite layout plan ...................................................... 63 Figure 71: parking layout............................................................................. 63 Figure 72: amphitheatre ............................................................................... 64 Figure 73: swimming pool ........................................................................... 64 Figure 74: site google Earth ......................................................................... 74 Figure 75: view from site ............................................................................. 75 Figure 76: site view ..................................................................................... 75 Figure 77: Site connectivity ......................................................................... 76 Figure 78: Fort Rajwada .............................................................................. 77 Figure 79: Hotel Brys Fort ........................................................................... 78 Figure 80: plants on site ............................................................................... 79 Figure 81: plants on site ............................................................................... 80 Figure 82: drainage ...................................................................................... 81 Figure 83: transmission line......................................................................... 81 Figure 84: sun movement and wind direction ............................................. 81 Figure 85: temperature graph ....................................................................... 82 Figure 86: sunshade for sun protection ........................................................ 83 Figure 87: air movement .............................................................................. 84 xi

Figure 88: combination of both square ........................................................ 90 Figure 89: square ......................................................................................... 90 Figure 90: form development ...................................................................... 91 Figure 91: blocks placement ........................................................................ 91 Figure 92: swastik ........................................................................................ 92 Figure 93: water body .................................................................................. 92 Figure 94: air movement throught buildings ............................................... 93 Figure 95: jharokha ...................................................................................... 94

xii

1

CHAPTER 1

2

1. INTRODUCTION A hotel is an establishment that provides lodging paid on a short-term basis.

The provision of basic accommodation, in times past, consisting only of a room with a bed, a cupboard, a small table and a washstand has largely been replaced by rooms with modern facilities, including in-suite bathrooms and air conditioning or climate control. Additional common features found in hotel rooms are a telephone, an alarm clock, a television, a safe, a mini-bar with snack foods and drinks, and facilities for making tea and coffee. Luxury features include bathrobes and slippers, a pillow menu, twin-sink vanities, and Jacuzzi bathtubs. Larger hotels may provide additional guest facilities such as a swimming pool, fitness centre, business centre, childcare, conference facilities and social function services.

1.1 Aim The main aim is to achieve a fully functional luxurious Hotel design without any compromise to aesthetics and services.

1.2 Objective •

To design a hotel responding to the site conditions.

•

To follow the immediate urban context and design accordingly.

•

To create a structure which would reflect upon the values and feel of Jaisalmer.

•

To use the site views to the fullest and follow every byelaw that the site commands.

•

To create efficient service networks keeping in mind the highest standards of

•

hospitality industry.

Make analytical study of the functional requirements of hotel and implement efficient design to carry out the functions smoothly.

3

1.3 Scope •

To study the multi various spaces of a hotel and their inter dependencies and interaction with each other.

•

Study and incorporating of local materials which comply with the favourable conditions of the climate and enhance and the aesthetics.

•

Study of construction techniques to be applied keeping in mind the soil conditions.

•

To study and adhere the desert regulations to protect the environment and the guests. Landscaping complying with a deserted region and incorporating the various flora available locally.

1.4 Methodology Following is the methodology which was adopted while designing the fivestar hotel.

•

Make a list of the aims and objectives that have to be achieved in the entire design process. Also make small short-term goals for convenience.

•

Literature Survey that is basically gathering all information regarding five-star hotels and the codes that have to be followed during its entire execution.

•

Site Analysis - Choose a site and gather information on the chosen site regarding climate, soil quality, lifestyle, trending architecture and economy of the place

•

Case Studies and Desk Appraisals – Study about existing functioning buildings resembling the thesis project: in this case a five-star hotel.

•

Also, one of the case studies can be taken of an ongoing project to learn about the construction techniques adopted at site.

•

Compile entire space requirements into different categories according to the degree of their importance.

•

Prepare an entire list of requirements which is needed for the project.

•

Identify the scope and limitations of the work that can be done in the project and accordingly revise the list of requirements, Start with the conceptual design on the site.

4 •

Conceptual design is basically preparing sketches and probable designs and trying them out.

•

After finalization a certain design concept starts with the zoning which is dividing different departments according to their functionality.

•

Massing which is basically making a rough sketch of the 3D model of the building and placing it on the site just to get a hint of how it looks on the site.

•

Schematic Design which is the most important part that is the internals planning of each wall including walls, doors, windows, etc.

•

Check for service shafts and accordingly make revisions in the plan.

•

Prepare the interior designing details and the sections – elevations.

•

Prepare drawing for the advanced objective section.

1.5 Project Details •

Site Area: 44,515 Sq. M (11 Acres. Approx.)

•

Ground Coverage: 35% (15,580 Sq. M)

•

Site Location: No.2, Hotel Complex, Jodhpur Barmer Link Road, Indira Colony, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan 345001

•

Proposed Land Use: 4/5 Star Hotel

•

Proposing Authority: Rajasthan Tourism Board

5

Figure 1: site in master plan

Source: Rajasthan development board master plan

6

CHAPTER 2

7

2. Study

2.1 Etymology The word hotel is derived from the French hôtel (coming from hôte meaning host), which referred to a French version of a townhouse or any other building seeing frequent visitors, rather than a place offering accommodation. In contemporary French usage, hôtel now has the same meaning as the English term, and hôtel particular is used for the old meaning. The French spelling, with the circumflex, was also used in English, but is now rare. The circumflex replaces the 's' found in the earlier hostel spelling, which over time took on a new, but closely related meaning. Grammatically, hotels usually take the definite article – hence "The Astoria Hotel" or simply "The Astoria" (Various, 2013).

2.2Types A hotel is the most important unit of tourist accommodation. In brief hotel provides accommodation, refreshments, meals at different periods of time for those who stay on the premises and pay for the service provided. Today, the range of services provided by hotels and their standards are far beyond the general expectations of a tourist or resident. Each hotel has unique features associated with it. The diversity in features can be on the basis of infrastructure, facilities, and services provided by them, their location, tariffs, type of clientele, duration of stay of guests, etc. This is one of the main reasons that the hotel industry is now termed as the hospitality industry.

Classifying hotels thus is no easy task. In India, the government-formulated classification is also referred to as the standard classification, under which properties are awarded star categories depending on the size and facilities offered. They may also be categorized as heritage hotels depending on the period when they were constructed, and apartment hotels. In addition, various

8 criteria such as size, location, clientele, level of services, ownership, etc. have evolved over a period of time to enable people get an idea of what kind of services can be expected from various hotels.

Hotel operations vary in size, function, and cost. Most hotels and major hospitality companies that operate hotels have set widely accepted industry standards to classify hotel types. General categories include the following: •

Conference and resort hotels often contain full-sized luxury facilities with full-service accommodations and amenities.

Examples may include: Conrad Hotels, InterContinental Hotels, RitzCarlton, Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts, Dorchester Collection, JW Marriott Hotels, Starwood – Westin Hotels, Hilton, Marriott, and Hyatt

•

Historic Inns and boutique hotels often contain luxury facilities of varying size in unique or intimate settings with full-service accommodations.

•

Select Service.

Examples may include: Holiday Inn, Courtyard by Marriott and Hilton Garden Inn

•

Limited Service.

Examples may include: Hampton Inn, aloft, Holiday Inn Express, Fairfield Inn, Four Points by Sheraton, and Days Inn

•

Extended Stay Examples may include: Staybridge Suites, Homewood Suites by Hilton, Residence Inn by Marriott, element, and Extended Stay Hotels

•

Timeshare Examples may include: Hilton Grand Vacations, Marriott Vacation Club International, Westgate Resorts, Starwood Vacation Ownership, and Disney Vacation Club

•

Destination Club

•

Boatels – floating hotels

2.3 Classification of hotels according to ministry of tourism D- desirable, N- necessary

9 Table 1: Minimum requirement of five star hotel

FACILITIES AND SERVICES Full time operation 7 days a week Establishment to have all necessary trading license Establishment to have public facility insurance Minimum bed width for single 90 cm and double 180 cm Mattress thickness minimum 10 cm Minimum bedding 2 sheets, pillow and case, blanket, mattress, protector/bed cover Suites Number of rooms with attached bathroom Lounge or seating area in the lobby Reception facility Valet (parking) services to be available Availability of rooms, F&B and another tariff 24hrs lift for building higher than g+2 floor Bedroom, bathroom, public areas and kitchen fully serviced daily All floor surfaces clear and in good condition Minimum 10 lettable room, all rooms with outside windows/ventilation Minimum size of bedroom excluding bathroom in sq. ft.

Air-conditioning A clean change of bed and bath linen daily and between check ins

1*

2*

3*

4*

5*

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

D

D

N

N

N

D

N

N

N

N

D

D

D

D

D

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

ALL

ALL

ALL

ALL

ALL

N N

N N

N N

N N

N N

D

D

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

120

120

140

140

200

25% N

25% N

50% N

100% N

100% N

10

2.4 Typical arrangement of hotel areas Hotels provide a service to their customers whose requirements are: • • • •

Clean, quiet and comfortable rooms Good food Good service, and Value for money

The financial viability of the project depends on keeping capital requirements and operating costs to a minimum. This depends largely on the standards of planning, construction and equipment of the building. For the architect the two most important technical decisions are: •

Location of the main kitchen, and

•

Provision of an efficient duct system

Four distinct types of areas are involved: guest rooms, public areas, administration offices and ‘back-of-house’ facilities. Relationships between these areas must be planned to provide separation of customer and back-ofhouse areas but also allow efficient service without cross circulation or distraction.

Figure 2: Typical arrangements of major areas of hotel

11

2.5 Circulation Spaces Circulation spaces are the most important public spaces in a Hotel. Not only do they encompass general public inside, but also do the work of binding all the separate elements of the hotel into a single entity. Corridors, lobbies, etc. are the backbone of the Hotel circulation. Not only do the guests depend on them for transportation, the service personnel also depend on them for efficient service delivery.

Hospitality design nowadays has come a long way from medieval inns and rest houses. The level of sophistication demands a very efficient and robust mechanism so that the guests in a hotel do not come into contact with the internal service network or staff.

Hotel design basically works upon the segregation and efficient functioning of guest and service movement. Although, generally the form of a hotel is dominated by the guest room tower, the overall design is greatly affected by the circulation areas and the public spaces thus created.

A very crucial part of circulation space design is its integration with the service lines, i.e. various shafts for electrical and mechanical services, and fire escape staircases, etc.

Although the overall built form of the hotel is dictated by the room tower design, this seminar will try to find out the extent of circulation & service network design on the developed form.

As mentioned earlier, circulation spaces are vital in overall service network planning of a hotel, thus this chapter would be analysing the different types and the impact of these on the design of the built form. Guest rooms are sited to take advantage of the best views and orientation while minimizing noise and disturbance. This also applies to those public areas in which daylight is essential: from restaurants, small meeting rooms and foyers or lounge areas to larger convention halls.

12 The figure below gives a schematic layout of various spaces in a hotel and how

they

are

connected

by

service

networks.

Figure 3: Flow diagram of a typical hotel

Source – Pickard, Q., (2002), Architect’s Handbook, Malden, MA, U.S.A

2.6 Crucial Decisions Many crucial decisions are to be taken which eventually would come to dictate the arrangement of circulation networks which in turn would affect the overall built space design. Some decisions are mentioned below: 2.6.1. Parking: valet or self-park In valet parking, the user does not have to go to the on-site parking or basement level car park to park his car; a valet does that for him, whereas, if the user has to park a car himself then there has to be a separate lift for the guests to travel to the guest lobby. This poses more security issues as the safety of the basement would be compromised. Also, the guests have to be

13

guided every time to their respective vehicles, whereas the valets could locate the cars more easily and thus the circulation in the basement car park could be more efficient and swifter.

2.6.2 Luggage handling: by guest or bellman In case of luggage handling, the decision is generally dependent on the scale of the hotel. If it is budget hotel or up to a 3-star hotel, the general practice is to let the guests escort themselves to the guest rooms with their own luggage, whereas, in 4 Star and above hotels, bellboys are necessary to carry the luggage of the guests. Another decision to be taken here is if the luggage is to be carried in the public elevators or there would be specific luggage lifts near the guest lift lobby. This would need an alteration to both the guest circulation from the guest lobby and for the service personnel.

2.6.3 Front desk procedures: computers, room status These are a few questions which don’t necessarily affect the spatial design of the lobby but surely affect the furniture design and the related buffer space to be allotted for guests and staff movement. Depending on the kind of services provided the space arrangement of the lobby is decided.

2.6.4 Guestroom food service: cart or tray Guestroom food services are one of the most important factors to be considered while designing the service core of a hotel. As a thumb rule, 2.5 minutes is considered the optimum time for food to reach from the central kitchen to the guest room. Nowadays, though, cloches with burners in the trollies are being used. However, it is good practice to limit the distance, from service cores to guest rooms, to not more than 40 meters.

14

Figure 4: Typical Service Area

Source – Pickard, Q., (2002), Architect’s Handbook, Malden, MA, U.S.A

U.K Figure 5: typical connection from lobby to other areas

Source – Adler, D., (1999), Metric Handbook Planning and Design Data, London, U.K

2.6.5 Restaurant Service: Hours, Type of Service, Outdoor Restaurants are a major part of the hotel’s income from non-residential guests. Their designs and positioning depend on the above questions. The HRACC guidelines demand that every 5-Star hotel has a 24- Hour Coffee shop and an All-Day Dining facility for the guests (HRACC, 2011).

15

Table 2: Space Requirement in a Typical Restaurant

Typical areas High-class

M sq./cover 2.0-2.4

restaurant Coffee shop

1.6-1.8

Banquet

1.1-1.3

Smaller function

1.6-1.8

Foyer

0.3-0.5

Service Areas

M sq./cover

Main kitchen

0.9-1.0

Banquet kitchen

0.2-0.3

Satellite

service

0.3-0.4

stores

0.2

kitchen Furniture (ball room) Source – Pickard, Q., (2002), Architect’s Handbook, Malden, MA, U.S.A

Thus, it is quite evident from the requirements are for the guests who would not be living in the hotel but visiting for any or other purpose. So, the coffee shop is to be placed or just adjacent to the guest lift lobby so that the guests could be provided with an informal meeting space. The all - day dining should also be provided in maximum proximity to the main lobby, as it would be dedicated to the non-residential customers coming in every hour of the day. In general practice the all - day dining serves a buffet meal, thus altering the interior furniture placements and sometimes the overall design of the restaurant.

Checklist for effective design: •

The completed dining area has the proper appeal and ambience.

•

A minimal investment for dining service is made.

•

A maximum return on the investment in space is realized.

16

•

There is a practical layout to ensure an efficient flow of guests, employees, food products and equipment within dining areas.

•

Simplified procedures for performing required task is possible.

•

Dining areas provide safe work space for employees and public access space for guests.

•

Dining areas adhere to the high sanitation standard which the property requires.

•

Dining areas lend themselves to efficient employees’ work.

•

Dining areas lend themselves to low maintenance costs.

•

Dining areas are energy-efficient.

•

The design makes the supervision of dining service employees and other management activities easy.

•

The design provides guests with the ‘comfort zone' they desire Designing Tips

•

Avoid too much distance from the service counter and guest.

•

Too vast a menu causes delays on the part of customers in selecting their dishes.

•

Ensure proper size and positioning of service stations.

•

Lighting that falls on the ceiling makes spaces look larger.

•

Use of glass panels, mirrors, paintings with a deep perspective or sceneries on walls which suggest to the viewer something distant.

•

A lighted wall panel gives a feeling of spaciousness.

•

Use cool and light colours on walls, floors, and ceilings of the restaurant.

•

Clear plastic or glass tops of tables through which floors are visible make them appear larger instead of being cut into small segments with piece of furniture.

•

If floor coverings are continued over parts of walls, this also gives an impression of larger spaces because of continuity of floorings.

•

Use proper degree of illumination in different parts of an area.

17 2.6.6 Bar Design The design of the bar area is very important. A professional bartender and server know that the bar design and available equipment play a significant role in their productivity and performance, which, in turn, affects their service to a guest. Thus, when bar area is designed, those responsible should consider the sequence of the activity necessary to prepare drinks, properly locate equipment required for these tasks, design workstations so that employees can share expensive and space-consuming equipment, and provide ample space for drinks that are ready to be picked up.

Points to be considered while Planning a Bar Like a restaurant, a bar is also an important revenue generation facility of a hotel property. Clients, be they of any class, frequent bars for unwinding and cherishing their drinks. Bar designing, thus, has to be sensitive to their moods and preferences, while at the same time ensuring maximum returns on investment to the organization at minimal possible costs.

The following factors need to be considered while planning and designing a good bar.

•

Budget

•

Area

•

Clientele

•

Points of service

•

Shape and size of bar counter

•

Guest preferences

•

Seat turnover

•

Average spending power

•

Timings

•

Location and site

•

Décor, ambience, and colours

•

Style of service

18 2.6.7 Recreation: Hours, Children, Safety Recreation facilities are some of the major selling points of any hotel.

Recreation facilities include Discotheques, children’s playing areas, casinos, etc. The placement and design of these areas are very crucial as they are totally public in nature and require much more physical monitoring and security facilities. The ancillary services to these spaces have to be designed very carefully, so as to make the movement of guests and service personnel efficient and secure.

19

CHAPTER 3

20

3. Data Collection Relevant Standards and Codes Normally commercial hotels are most commonly present except at regions with scenic beauty where resort take the charge. Jaisalmer being a scenic place where resort hotels are present. A hotel is a complex building in itself.

It comprises of a number of departments, which are very different in character, and functioning, a very sincere coordination is required for meticulous and smooth functioning of the hotel. That is because perfect hospitality is the key to win the heart of guest staying in, and that is the path of growth. Because of that a carefully designed building which is not only functional but should also act as powerful medium to attract people and leave a strong impression in their mind and heart.

The chapter concerned here will deal with the relevant codes to be follows and the bye-laws to adhere to while designing a hotel. The regulations would consist of generic norms for hotel buildings as found in books like Architects’ Data, Time Saver Standards, etc. regulatory documents like National Building code and IS Codes for fire protection in buildings will also be studied. Then the local Bye-laws of Rajasthan and Jaisalmer are taken into consideration.

The list of documents referred in order to prepare this chapter is as follows: •

TIME SAVER STANDARDS

•

Building regulations- URBAN PORTAL, Rajasthan

•

NEUFERT’S ARCHITECTS’ DATA

•

IS 6074:1971 (code for functional requirements of hotels, restaurants and other food service establishments)

•

IS 13716 : 1993 (Fire Safety in Hotels – Code of Practice)

•

NATIONAL BUILDING CODE, 2005

•

Brand standard – COURTYARD MARRIOT

•

Brand standard- HYATT INTERNATIONAL

21

3.1 Governing Bye-laws •

Parking Standard: For four-wheeler as per NBC, 2016

2 Equivalent car space per 100 m2 of floor area.

1. Open car parking- 18 m2 per E.C.S 2. Ground floor parking (covered)- 23 m2 per E.C.S 3. For basement- 28 m2 per E.C.S •

Zone 3: north western area of jodhpur road, jodhpur-barmer bypass proposed circle’s southern area, eastern ridge of balashar pond.

•

Building height should not be more than 11 metres.

•

Front setback should not be less than 18 metres.

•

Rear setback should not be less than 9 metres.

•

Right and left setback should not be less than 9 meters each.

•

All plots front setback should be similar to the setback of the supporting plot with building.

•

Boundary wall should not be less distant than .45 m from the road edge.

•

Chimney should be 1.2m above the terrace for smoke exit.

•

Room height except terrace room shall not be less than 2.4m.

•

Window width shall be minimum .6 m.

•

If there is any room Infront of the other room then the open area between two shall be not less than 1:10 of the height of the taller building.

•

To exit bad air from the room some open space can be given on the upper part of every room.

•

The façade of all the blocks should be similar to the Jaisalmer style buildings (materials, architectural elements)

•

If front set back is more than 18 m then the porch can be made of 40 sqm and 6m broad.

•

In special case it can be more than 40 sqm and height 7 m.

•

11m open setback should be provided without any projection for fire tender movement.

•

Local building material i.e. yellow sandstone and architectural elements like jharokhas, jalis, chatri etc should be used on external façade.

•

No plastering of paint on façade.

22 •

Wooden doors and windows only.

•

No moderns’ elements like glass, rcc etc should be used for facade treatment.

•

For air circulation courtyards must be provided.

•

Drains should also be covered from the similar material and should not be visible from outside.

•

Ramp should not be more that 1.8 m

•

Rain water harvesting tanks should be provided.

3.2 Norms

3.2.1 •

Basic Norms as per NBC

There should be a lobby and ladies and gentlemen’s cloakroom equipped with fittings and furniture of the highest standard

•

The hotel should have at least 10 let able bedrooms, all with attached bathrooms with long bath or the most modern shower chambers.

•

All public rooms and private rooms should be fully air conditioned and should be well equipped with superior quality carpets, curtains, furniture, fitting etc. in good taste.

•

There should be an adequate number of efficient lifts in the building of more than two story’ including the ground floor with 24 hours service.

•

There should be well-designed and properly equipped swimming pool.

3.2.2 •

Gerneral Facilities

There should be a reception, cash and information counter attended by highly qualifies, trained and experienced personnel and conference facilities in the form of one each or more of the conference halls, banquet halls and private dining rooms.

•

There should be a book stall, salon, barber shop, recognized travel agency, money changing and safe deposit facilities, left luggage room, florist and a shop for toilet requisites and medicines on the premises.

23 •

There should be a telephone in each room and telephone for the use of guests and visitors and provision for a radio or relayed music in each room/ restaurant on the premises and wherever permissible by law.

•

There should be and elegant, well equipped bar.

•

The pantry and cold storage should be professionally designed to ensure efficiency or operation and should be well equipped.

3.2.3 •

Essential Services

The hotel should offer both international and Indian Cuisine and the food and beverage service should be of the highest standard.

•

There should be professionally qualified highly trained, experienced, efficient and courteous staff in smart, clean uniforms, and the staff coming in contact with guest should understand English, and one regional and continental language.

•

There should be 24 hours service for reception, information and telephones.

•

There should be provision for reliable laundry and dry-cleaning services.

•

Housekeeping at the hotel should be of the highest possible standard and there should be plentiful supply of linen, blankets, towel etc. which should be of the highest quality available.

•

There should be a special restaurant/dining room where facilities for bar, entertainment area are nearby provided.

3.2.4 •

Air Conditioning as per NBC

Most high-class hotels provide full air conditioning. Where air conditioning is used the pressure within various parts of the building are carefully balanced to ensure positive regulated distribution.

•

The main fresh air intake is preferably at roof level where air conditioning, refrigeration and cooling plant may also be conveniently grouped together.

•

To reduce excessive heat loss only sufficient fresh air is used to satisfy ventilation requirements, and this is mixed with re circulated air within building.

24 3.2.5 •

Water Supply

Large quantity of water is required in a hotel for personal use, food preparation, cleaning and general domestic purpose and possibly also for cooling and softening plant, boilers and air-conditioning.

•

Sufficient water must be stored to ensure continuity of supply

•

Separate provisions are made for drinking water supply either by direct service from main or from a cistern used only for this purpose.

•

Distribution of water: in bedrooms for hot and cold-water supplies are usually incorporated in vertical ducts between or adjoining the bedrooms

•

Short branch pipes extend to various appliances at each floor level

•

Secondary circulation is necessary in the main domestic hot water pipes to keep water constantly hot.

•

Where hot water and cold-water pipes occupy the same duct must be insulated.

•

Provision must also be made for working access to all enclosed pipes work and for the isolation and drainage of any section.

3.2.6

Fire Fighting

Physical components •

Factors affecting design of fire extinguishing system in building.

•

Type of building occupancy

•

Location of egress

•

Type of furnishing and materials

•

Location of building firefighting facilities.

Fire alarm system A typical fire alarm system consists of the following components: •

A central fire control station- displays zones in which any risk has occurred.

•

Two-way communication between the control stations and loud speakers on each floor.

•

A second panel- Visually display any alarm condition in the building.

25 •

Manual fire alarm stations- used for fire notification by the building occupants.

•

Smoke detectors

•

Ducted return air connections to the return airshaft in each floor in discharge of the supply fans located in elevator lobby provides a signal to elevator controllers to automatically return the cabs to their lowest terminal floors and should be used to control fans to minimize the propagation of smoke through the structure.

•

Complete monitoring system of water flow ties into the central control station.

•

Loudspeaker located on floor- for issuing instructions.

•

Amplifier cabinets- to contain redundant amplifiers and alarm signal generators.

•

Circuitry- required transmitting alarm signal to loud speakers, etc.

3.2.7

Landscaping Features

•

Landscaping is an important element for hotel building.

•

The environment should be such that the visitors feel close to nature and comfortable.

•

Landscaping spaces play an important role in human life.

•

Besides functioning as breathing spaces, they also provide an opportunity for man to come in contact with nature. It is conscious preventive functional design for the open space.

•

However good design of the surrounding building may be, if the ground spaces around them is not thoughtfully planned and properly treated, the overall character of the pace is affected and the site is made to use of its maximum.

•

Landscape design is complex procedure with many alternatives. It is a solution of serious problems defined by a designer to create a more usable physical environment.

•

A successful design will depend upon the understanding of the social behaviour and human need, the understanding of the function of the

26 landscape element, the selection and setting of the material, their technology, maintenance and the awareness and the care of those responsible using them.

•

Thus the responsibility with the designer and be treated as left over spaces in the site but should be given as much importance as the building itself so that the whole site looks like an integrated space and not an unbalanced composition, and since the value of land is so high, neglecting it can have no justification.

3.2.8

Site Planning as per NBC

•

In short, the main point of good site planning can be summarized as:

•

Extracting the site potential.

•

Elimination of negative aspects of site and accentuation of positive qualities.

•

Integration of design forms to achieve a pleasant composition in three dimensions.

•

Movement of vehicles, humans, services, goods, waste in an efficient manner.

•

This helps in increasing the productivity of the building while also avoiding the conflict zones to the maximum

•

Ultimately creating a healthy relationship between the site and its surrounding.

27

CHAPTER 4

28

4. Case Study The case studies have been done in different parts of India and the world in order to get a hint of the treading style of design and décor going around.

Also, it was important to find construction techniques applied. The live Case studies were done on: 1. JW Marriott Resort and Spa (Jaisalmer) 2. Hotel Oberoi Amravillas, (Agra) 3. Desert Resort, Mandawa, Rajasthan

The keys of these hotels were near to the proposal keys. This was done in order to get a fair idea about the scale of services and spaces provided for a similar sized Hotel. Both the case studies of Jaisalmer were done with a different intention, vis-à-vis, JW Marriott was studied to get an idea of form development, overall aesthetic qualities of a hotel, etc. whereas Suryagarh was studied to get the idea of the service networks and the efficient space planning needed for a viable commercial establishment.

4.1 JW Marriott Hotel (case study)

4.1.1 About A contemporary palace hotel inspired by the rich History of the ‘Golden City’.

Soak in the original architecture of a fascinating bygone era and discover rich history of Jaisalmer. One of the Rajasthan’s biggest tourist destinations, Jaisalmer with its resplendent fort, elaborate havelis and vast sand dunes is a gateway to the seemingly endless Thar Desert.

29

Figure 6: JW Marriott

Source: Jaisalmer Marriott

Jaisalmer Marriott is suitably located in just 3.3 km from the Jaisalmer Railway station, minutes away from Jaisalmer fort and other attractions of the city. This luxurious desert property offers 135 exquisitely designed rooms and suites. Known for Its Impeccable Hospitality, local Rajasthani Delicacy offerings and cultural Programs, this resort has everything you need for the ultimate destination celebrations. Start the day with an elaborate buffet breakfast at the Jaisalmer Kitchen or dine by the Magnificent central oasis around sparkling water bodies. Rejuvenate yourself with personalized therapies at the spa and simply unwind in the serene silence of poolside.

•

Predominant Use – Commercial

•

Period of construction- 2016

30 •

Architect – Ravi Gupta (Jaipur)

Figure 7: JW Marriott Location

Source: google maps

There is a certain form of Urban Control in terms of overall façade treatment.

The material used is same following the architecture style of Jaisalmer.

Yellow sandstone is used. Also, the vertical expanses of the building is similar, i.e. 2 floors which is well within the mandatory height restriction of 11 meters as mentioned in the Bye-Laws.

Site area

- 4.3 acres

Ground coverage

- 35%

Built up area

- 6090 sqm

Height restriction

-11 m

.

4.1.2 Concept and Plan Following the char bagh concept and providing central courtyard with rectangular shaped building.

31

Figure 8: site plan

Source: author

Source: author

4.1.3 Features •

Rooms Spacious and exquisitely designed rooms and suites offer every possible luxury, from deluxe bedding and marble bathroom.

Rooms: 126 | suite: 9

32

Table 3: rooms area

Room pool Deluxe room Oasis view room Fort view room Marriott Jaisalmer Suite Royal Suite •

Area (sq. ft) 344 344 344 786

Area (sq.m) 32 32 32 73

No. of rooms 45 44 33 9

452

42

4

Oasis view rooms overlook the palatial central courtyard and it’s shimmering, tranquil water bodies. The private Sanctum of our elegant Jaisalmer Suites Features a window bed and plenty of open space to unwind. Royal rooms offer stunning Views of the breath-taking sunsets and the world’s only living fort.

Figure 9: room

Source: JW Marriott Jaisalmer

•

The Vast lobby is an echoing hall of brass columns and gleaming marble complemented by the gentle sounds of local folk songs.

33

Figure 10: lobby

Figure 11: lounge

source: author

Figure 12: Reception

Source: JW marriott •

The courtyard located smack in the heart of the resort comes alive with the water channels in ‘char Bagh’ style.

34

Figure 13: central courtyard

Source: author

•

Built in haveli style, the chief Architect Ravi Gupta, consciously added a generous sprinkling of Jharokhas- a small window balcony – to the blend of Mughal and Rajput Architecture.

•

The Dunes Bar is dolled up in colourful Leather Seating with a custombuilt beverage section to give you an unabashed simulation of the legendary Luxury Train, Palace on wheels.

Figure 15: courtyard

Figure 14: view from reception

Source: author

Figure 16: central waterbody

35

•

Recreation and fitness Entertainment lounge, kids’ zone, spa and 24 hours fitness centre, swimming pool (heated during winter) steam, sauna and jacuzzi, cultural programs.

•

Meeting and event facilities 6220 sq. Ft of indoor meeting space and 50.000 sq.ft of outdoor space Lush outdoor lawns, three meeting rooms. All meeting rooms with natural daylight.

•

The property’s façade, including the grand central courtyard, is laced with jharokhas, jalis, chhatris of the kind seen in the region’s havelis.

Figure 17: banquet

source: JW mariott

Figure 18: Restaurant

36

4.2 Hotel Oberoi Amarvilas, Agra (case study)

Figure 19: Location of Amarvilas

Source: google Earth

Star category:

5-star

Total Area:

9 Acres

Total number of floors: Distance from railway station: From airport: From bus stand:

3 9 kms 222 kms 5 kms

Figure 20: amarvilas , Agra

37

Figure 21: Amarvilas Pool

Source: amarvilas agra

Figure 22: Reception Area layout plan

Source: author

4.2.1

Zoning

Zone 1 Public Spaces 1) Parking 2) Lobby - Reception - Waiting Area - Administrative Office - Stairs / Elevators 3) Corridors

38

Zone 2 Lodging Zone 1) Bedrooms - Luxury - Deluxe - Premium – Kohinoor Zone 3 Recreational Facilities 1) Lawn 2) Gym 3) Swimming Pool 4) Outdoor Seating ZONE 4 Restaurants 1) Banquets 2) Bar 3) Restaurant Circulation Space: Enough Adjoining Space: washrooms, bar, lift lobby Universal Access: Yes Lighting: Warm Light, Day Light, Artificial Light Style: Classical / Neo Classical Services: HVAC, Fire Fighting, Plumbing Accessories: Flower Vase, Lamps, No carpets Floor: Tiles (hexagon /triangle) Furnishings: Jute, silk, No curtains Wall: MDF & POP Ceiling: Chandelier, Glass Dome

Figure 23:entrance

39

Figure 24: reception lobby

Source: author

Figure 25: waiting

source: author

Table 4: rooms

Category Kohinoor Luxury Deluxe Premium (with balcony) Premium (without balcony

No, 2 2 3 30 65

Size (sq, ft.)

650 600 550 450 450

40 Deluxe room: Circulation: yes Furniture style: neo classical Colour scheme: brown and grey accessorized with turquoise Lighting: warm yellow lights, natural light Floor: wooden ceiling: cornices Upholstery: cotton silk

Figure 26: deluxe rom

Source: author

Premium room Circulation: yes Furniture style: neo classical Color scheme: brown and grey Lighting: warm and yellow Floor: wooden Ceiling: cornices Figure 27: premium room

Source: author

41 Figure 28: bedroom

Figure 29: arched window Figure 30: window

Figure 32: bathroom

Source: author

Figure 31: corridor

42

4.2.2 Analysis • Décor was majorly classical with a combination of different similar styles and movements.

•

Mughal architecture

•

Well planned space with utilization of each space

•

Well-designed flooring patterns

•

Concept was also visible through the staff uniform

•

Large arched windows and carved wooden doors

•

Sandstone and marble stacked pillars

•

Central golden domed ceiling with crystal chandelier in the centre.

•

Wall to wall glass windows for better view and natural light.

4.3 Desert Resort, Mandawa, Rajasthan (case study)

Figure 33: desert resort

Source: desert resort mandawa

4.3.1

About

Location: Mukandgarh Road, Mandawa- Bikaner Highway, Mandawa (Rajasthan) Distance from Delhi Airport: 245 kms Distance from Jaipur Airport: 180 kms Distance from Jaipur Railway station: 196 kms Distance from Mukundgarh railway station: 16 kms Distance from mandawa: 1.4 kms

43 The desert resort of Mandawa is built a top a magnificent sand dune flanking the acres of desert landscape. The desert resort, a unique and charming retreat, is a verdant oasis in the midst of start desert terrain that offers paranomic views of all around.

Figure 34: cottages

Source: desert resort mandawa

4.3.2

Design Philosophy:

This resort indicated that it is within the realms of possibility to effectively combine modern creature comforts with the very basic rural dwellings. The suites are designed in a cluster of building that constitute one house and are grouped around courtyard. These cluster then come together to form the main village street.

Figure 36: cottage

Source: desert resort mandawa

Figure 35: pool

Source: desert resort mandawa

44 In this project, mud was mainly used as the local material. Mud was not only cheaper but also the most appropriate both, climatically and aesthetically. Locally available materials were used for construction. For the structure sun dried brick were used.

•

The sun-dried mud bricks for the walls were made on site.

•

Local sandstone was used for door and window frames, brackets, lintels and roof slabs.

•

Concentric circle with bamboo strips holding the straw together.

•

Timber

•

Thatched roof

•

Stone slab polished and paint

•

Wooden door and windows.

•

The indigenous cooling systems, khas window unit system.

Figure 37: wooden doors and window

Source: desert resort mandawa

Figure 38: bamboo straws

Source: desert resort mandawa

4.3.3

Zoning

Figure 39: top view

Source: desert resort mandawa

45 The site is divided into two zones the built zone covering an area of 5 acres and the unbuilt zone covering an area of 33 acres.

Figure 40: site plan

Source: desert resort mandawa

Figure 41: zoning

Source: desert resort mandawa

46

4.3.4

Site Plan

Figure 42: site plan

Source: desert resort mandawa

Figure 43: plan

Source: desert resort mandawa

47 1. Entrance 2. Reception 3. Lounge 4. Bar 5. Kitchen 6. Dining room 7. Pool 8. Wedding pool 9. Sandpit 10. Lawn 11. Buffet 12. Bar 13. Toilets 14. Platform for performance 15. Farmers house 16. Bathak suite 17. Kitchen store unit 18. Weavers house 19. Kitchen unit 20. Store room 21. Room suite 22. Potters house 23. Workshop unit 24. Suite room 25. Water tank 26. Temple

4.3.5

Design Concept

In this project, mud was mainly used. The sun-dried bricks came from the bed of a dried-out tank, adjacent to hillock. The thatch came from the grass growing on the site itself, the stone for the foundation, sills, lintels brackets and roofing slabs and other built in furniture came from Ragunathgarh. The wooden lathe workers from laxmangarh were to make small fixtures. The

48 local village carpenters were to put together and then carve them, the local masons were to build the structures, and the women from the near by village were to hand plaster and finish the walls with mouldings, relief work, embedded mirror work and also mould in mud elements, such as choolas, platform, grain bins a stores etc. and finally draw on the walls.

Cottages: The huts/ cottages were actually supposed to form a cluster of 8 huts in which 2 huts are meant to represent the farmers’ huts, three weavers’ huts and three potters hut. They are not placed in a row nor do they share common walls.

Each unit is a separate unit and unique and yet a part of the whole cluster.

Spaces have been created for social interaction. The cottages are built on brick foundation. The walls, sleeping platform, etc are made of brick plastered with mud and covered with cow-dung. Outside the walls and windows are decorated with motifs painted.

Each huts are unique, what they have in common are creature comforts provided which are a bit incongruous with the surrounding. The walls have niches for old- lamps and very quaint mini-windows even have wire mesh to prevent insects from invading the interiors. Windows provide light as well as ventilation through they are small in size. Floors are plastered with cow-dung roofs of some of the huts are thatched while others have stone slab roof which have been left without polish and paint.

Figure 44: cottages elevation

Source: desert resort mandawa

49

Planning and Spatial Organisation: The entry to the complex is through a gateway sort of cut-out from where one can see the cluster of mud huts in the framework of a typical shekhawati style gateway. The 3m wide pathway leads to the huts. After one enters the entrance lobby, the reception and office are just adjacent to the main entry from where visitors can easily access the restaurant, bar and the huts.

Opposite the reception is a lounge that is sunk by 0.6m and the corridor passes along the lobby overlooking it.

Landscape: All the pathways are paved in brick and are flanked by hedges 3’height on each side. No big trees are seen in the resort due to poor soil conditions. Only old trees are present which give a feeling of being sculpted. An open dining area presents a magnificent view of the landscape stretching ahead for miles.

Light fixtures are placed in the garden and courtyards to sit and enjoy in night. A conical obri with thatched roof and small openings has been made as a landscape element to give a real effect of a village.

Figure 46: landscape

Source: desert resort mandawa

Figure 45: lighting

Source: desert resort mandawa

50

CHAPTER 5

51

5. Literature study Similarly, the literature studies were done for separate purposes. The two Hotels that were studied were.

1. Lone Hotel, Rovinj, Croatia 2. Ananta Resort, Udaipur As described in later parts of this chapter, Lone Hotel has been taken in order to study the importance of a central public core and the Ahmedabad Hotel In order to gauge the Emerging Trends in Indian Construction Industry.

The modus operandi of the study analysis will be first introducing the projects summarily and then analyse them according to various devised parameters, both in qualitative and quantitative aspects.

5.1 Lone Hotel, Rovinj, Croatia 5.1.1

Introduction

The lone hotel is located in the picturesque town of Rovinj, Croatia. Located on the mount mulini on the Adriatic Sea coast, site for the hotel is flanked by hotel Eden on one side of the Adriatic on the the placed amidst a thick forest cover.

52

Figure 47: Front Facade of LONE Hotel

Source: http://www.lonehotel.com/ as on 12/3/2019

Architects

– 3LHD Studio

Predominant Use

– Business Hospitality

Period of Construction

– 2006 - 2010

Client

– Maistra D.D

Site Area

– 22,157 m2

Built-up Area

– 29,476 m2

5.1.2

Development of Form

This is how three major site forces came into play while deriving both the orientation and curvature of the hotel walls.

53

Figure 48: Concept Development - LONE Hotel

Source: http://www.archdaily.com/155584/lone-hotel-3lhd/ as on 12/4/2019

Figure 49: 3D form development

Source: http://www.archdaily.com/155584/lone-hotel-3lhd/ as on 12/4/2019

Above figure shows the site plan of the hotel which depicts the overall site circulation and major entrances.

54 5.1.3

Space Planning

Figure 50: Site Plan- lone hotel

Source: http://www.archdaily.com/155584/lone-hotel-3lhd/ as on 12/4/2019

Figure 51:Ground Floor - LONE Hotel

Source: http://www.archdaily.com/155584/lone-hotel-3lhd/ as on 12/4/2019

The site’s complex terrain with dramatic altitude changes determined the locations of internal facility spaces through a dynamic interweaving of public

55 area and guest suites at all levels. The specific Y shaped ground plan enables the following: a rational and functional organizational scheme, quality views from all rooms and the grouping of public facilities around a central vertical lobby.

Figure 52: Typical Floor Plan (Top) & Sections showing vertical planning (Bottom)

Source: http://www.archdaily.com/155584/lone-hotel-3lhd/ as on 12/4/2019

5.1.4

Overall Design Analysis

56

Figure 53: Side Elevation showing Hull like Structure

Source: http://www.archdaily.com/155584/lone-hotel-3lhd/ as on 12/4/2019

The hotel’s identity is recognized through the external design of the building, with a façade that is defined by the dominant horizontal lines – terrace guards to evoke the image of slanted boat decks. The building’s floor plated contract from level to level going up, creating an elevation that is tapered at all angles.

Figure 54:View of Central Lobby (Up) & Terrace Garden at 4th Level (Down)

Source: http://www.archdaily.com/155584/lone-hotel-3lhd/ as on 12/4/2019

57

5.2 Ananta Resort, Udaipur (literature study)

Figure 55: top view- ananta resort

Source: https://www.google.com/search?q=ananta+resort+udaipur&rlz (08/05/19)

5.2.1

About

Location: Village Bujhda, Tehsil Girwa, Kodiyat road, Udaipur, Rajasthan.

Distance from Maharan Pratap airport: 35.5 kms Distance from Udaipur Railway station: 10.1 kms Distance from Udaipur City: 7 kms •

Spread across 75 acres of lush greenery the resort encompasses.

•

182 contemporary villas

•

Its premium gateway resort surrounded by the Aravalli

•

Ananta Udaipur has international standard spa naturopathy, Swedish spa therapies, oriental spa, yoga, meditation etc.

•

Two eclectic dining outlets

•

Special kids’ activity area

•

Outdoor swimming pool

•

Spa and fitness center

•

Largest divisible banquet halls in Rajasthan

58

Figure 56: pool area - ananta resort

Figure 57: play ground- ananta resort

Figure 58: reception- ananta resort

Figure 59: kids plan area

Source: https://www.google.com/search?q=ananta+resort+udaipur&rlz (08/05/19)

59

Figure 60: site plan- ananta resort

Source: https://www.google.com/search?q=ananta+resort+udaipur&rlz (08/05/19)

Figure 61: zoning

Source: https://www.google.com/search?q=ananta+resort+udaipur&rlz (08/05/19)

60

Figure 62: admin, kitchen and restaurant plan- ananta resort

Source: https://www.google.com/search?q=ananta+resort+udaipur&rlz (08/05/19)

5.2.2

Rooms

1 BHK

Figure 63: 1 bhk room layout

Source: https://www.google.com/search?q=ananta+resort+udaipur&rlz (08/05/19) -

Total area of single unit: 96.8 sq.m 1 bedroom: 27.3 sq.m Lounge: 27.3 sq.m Toilet: 7.7 sq.m

61

Figure 64: interior room

Source: https://www.google.com/search?q=ananta+resort+udaipur&rlz (08/05/19)

Junior suite

Figure 65: junior suite layout plan

Source: https://www.google.com/search?q=ananta+resort+udaipur&rlz (08/05/19) -

Total area: 133.9 sq.m 1 bedroom: 27.3 sq.m Toilet: 7.7 sq.m

Figure 66: junior suite interior

Source: https://www.google.com/search?q=ananta+resort+udaipur&rlz (08/05/19)

62 2 Floor Villa

Figure 67: 2 floor villa layout plan

Source: https://www.google.com/search?q=ananta+resort+udaipur&rlz (08/05/19) -

Total area: 142.6 sq.m 1 bedroom: 27.3 sq.m Lounge: 27.3 sq.m Toilet: 7.8 sq.m Balcony and veranda: 10.12 sq.m

Figure 68: villa interiors

Source: https://www.google.com/search?q=ananta+resort+udaipur&rlz (08/05/19)

Presidential suite

Source: https://www.google.com/search?q=ananta+resort+udaipur&rlz (08/05/19) Figure 69: presindential suite interiors

2-bedroom private villa:

63 -

Total area: 411.09

-

Swimming pool

-

3-bedroom toilet

-

Kitchen

-

Drawing and dining

-

Courtyard

-

Veranda

-

Private lawn

Figure 70: presidential suite layout plan

Source: https://www.google.com/search?q=ananta+resort+udaipur&rlz (08/05/19)

5.2.3 Other Spaces Parking Total numbers of cars that can be parked on site at a time are 712.

Figure 71: parking layout

Source: https://www.google.com/search?q=ananta+resort+udaipur&rlz (08/05/19) •

5.2.4 Concept The design concept of this resort is by G.M architects.

64 •

This resort has steep contours which allows a play of variable heights.

•

The Amanta Udaipur is beautiful and well maintained property where locally available stones are being used in the façade of the building making it very earthy.

•

Beautiful driveway to the reception having trees on either side of the wroads.

•

Road is made up of cobbled stones giving very earthy feeling to the visitors and the road flaws with the contours of the sites having natural slopes, turns and curves as of the site. The scenic beauty around it gives a very close to nature feel.

5.2.5

Requirements

•

Total area of site

- 40 acres

•

Total rooms

-182

•

Restaurant

- 500sqm

•

Admin block

-250sqm

•

Bar

-150sqm

•

Gymnasium

-180 sqm

•

Conference room

-120sqm

•

Deck area

-250 sqm

•

Banquet hall

-168 seats

Figure 73: swimming pool

Figure 72: amphitheatre

Source: https://www.google.com/search?q=ananta+resort+udaipur&rlz (08/05/19)

65

CHAPTER 6

66

6 Comparative Analysis

Table 5: comparative details

S. no 1

Requirements Site Location

Case study 1 JW Marriott, Jaisalmer

2 3

Site area Ground Coverage Climate

5 acres 1.7 acres

Accomm o-dation Building Material

4

5 6

Case study 2 Hotel Oberoi Amarvillas, Agra 9 acres 3 acres

Case study 3 Mandawa Resort, Mandawa

Literatur e study 2 Ananta Resort, Udaipur

33 acres 3 acres

75 acres 4.4 acres

Hot and dry

Hot and humid

Hot and dry

135 rooms

101 rooms

Yellow Sandstone

Sandstone, marble

Hot semi-arid climate 74 182 cottages villas Mudbrick, Sandston sandstones e, , cow cobbled dung, stone, thatched thatched roof, roof. bamboo

Luxurious hotel Maharawal palace, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan 28 acres 9.5 acres Hot and dry 172 rooms Yellow sandstone, Timber, Concrete, Thatched roof

67

Table 6: inferences from case study

S. no

Requirements

1

Reception and waiting Deluxe room Superior room Junior suite Grand suit Presidential suite Admin Kitchen Bar Banquet hall Toilets Lounge Spa Jacuzzi Restaurant area Swimming pool Staff quarters Electric substation Water tank and pump room Parking

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

20

Case study 1 (sqm) 120

Case study 2 (sqm) 100

Case study 3 (sqm) 120

Literature study 2 (sqm) 246.31

Luxurious Hotel 450

32 45 55 80 100

50 60 70 80 100

40-45 50-55 60 130 240

58 65 70 139 418

50 60 108 185 500

120 150 80 200 5 30 300 250 200

80 100 50 150 5 40 150

240 200-220 120 7 22 220

246.31 391.37 160 3126 7.8 27.3 1467 83 970.29

300 313 270 1500 67 150 1180

400

200

150

264.12

325

100 120

80 60

450 150

708 230

450 200

40

40

-

304

275

-

-

-

343

-

68

CHAPTER 7

69

7. Site Analysis The following chapter would be introducing the city and the site in detail.

7.1 About the city The Golden City of Jaisalmer in Rajasthan is simply unmatched. It was the part of the famous Silk Route during the days of yore. The splendid Jaisalmer Fort stands proudly on its land and narrates the stories of the valour and chivalry of the Rajput rulers. Jaisalmer still retains its medieval charm, which is evident in its colourful narrow streets, splendid forts and palaces of Rajasthan, opulent havelis and bazaars. The fort contains a royal palace and several ornate Jain temples. Many of the houses and temples of both the fort, and of the town below, are built of finely sculptured sandstone. The town lies in the heart of the Thar Desert (the Great Indian Desert) and has a population, including the residents of the fort, of about 78,000. It is the administrative headquarters of Jaisalmer District. Jaisalmer was once the capital of Jaisalmer State.

Jaisalmer, the largest district of Rajasthan state, covers an area of 38,401 sq. km., in the extreme western part of the State along Indo-Pakistan border.

While the district bas a common boundary with Jodhpur district in the east, in the north it is flanked by Bikaner district and in the south by Barmer district. In its west the district bas a long boundary with Pakistan (Fig. I).

Spanning about 2 degrees of latitude between 26째I'N and 28째2'12"N and about 3 degrees of longitude between 69째30'E and n020'30'E, the district experiences the most arid climate of the country. While its eastern margin receives about 200 mm of annual rainfall, the western margin receives less than 100 mm of it. The occurrence and distribution of the rainfall are highly erratic. Evaporation far exceeds the precipitation. The maximum temperature during the summer months often sores above 47째C, while during winter the daily minimum temperature sometimes goes down to the freezing point.

70

Under such extremely arid situation the terrain features assume a barren and faceted look. Streams are very few and insignificant. Water erosion is negligible. In contrast the aeolian processes are highly efficient, producing vast areas of sand dunes and sandy hummocks. In fact, sand dunes, interdune plains and other sandy undulating terrain cover more than 60% area of the district, except in the central tract where the terrain is distinctly rocky and shallow gravelly, with occasional hills, and in the southcentral part where there are vast stretches of gravel-strewed surfaces. Soil cover is generally very thin, except in the sandy terrain. Natural vegetation consists mainly of grasses and shrubs of 'poor' condition. Trees are rare. Yet, - some areas, especially in the north have excellent and almost undisturbed stands of Lasiurus grass, which suggests the potentiality of the land to sustain the types of vegetation which are highly adaptable to this xeric environment. It is but natural that availability of water is at a discount. Generation of surface runoff is unpredictably low and potable subsurface water sources are confined to a few aquifers.

Inspire of such harsh realities the district has a population of 243,082 (1981 census), the density of population being 6 per sq. kilometre. More than 85% of the total population is rural, inhabiting 515 villages under two tehsils, namely Jaisalmer and Pokaran (Fig. 2; Appendix I). Only 36.3% of the total population is considered as workers, engaged as cultivators (18.77%), agricultural labourers (1.07%), household manufacturers (O.83%)! other workers (11.42''/0, especially as livestock readers) and marginal workers (4.22%). The rest 63.69% population is considered as non' workers (1981 census).

The low percentage of cultivators and agricultural labourers in the district is due to the severe environmental constraints for agricultural operation. Much of the land is not fit for agriculture, because of climatic, terrain and soil constraints. Yet, over the centuries people have evolved a system of moisture and rainwater conservation for agriculture, locally known as Khadill. Animal husbandry is practised on a large scale, due to the capability of much of the

71

land to sustain grasslands alone. According to the 1983 livestock census the district harbours 1.6 million heads of livestock, mainly consisting of sheep and goats.

Since the environment is highly fragile and the resources are scarce and mostly in degraded state, introduction of any technology for development within the district should be preceded by an inventory of all its resources, both biotic and abiotic, and careful analysis of relationship between the resources, the state of their exploitation, the key problems and problem areas and the expected changes in the resources under induced conditions. To fulfil these objectives a multi-disciplinary resources survey was carried out by the Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, during 1982-85. The presevt report summarises the findings, supplemented by small-scale resources maps, and highlights the resource patterns, the problems and the recommended practices.

Additionally, the resource potentials and problems of Sam Panchayat Samiti, occupying the westernmost part of the district, have been highlighted in an appendix. The Samiti is in the extremely arid part of the district and has a sparse population.

7.1.1

Climatic Features

a) General climatic characteristics Climatically Jaisalmer district, with annual normal rainfall of 200 mm or less over much of its area and extremes of temperature comes under the extreme arid climate with mean moisture index of -90.7. The rainfall normal, based on the data for the years 1949-1980 at Jaisalmer is 188 mm. May and June are the hottest months with the mean maximum temperature of about 41°C. In some individual years the average may cross 45°C due to severe heat waves. Similarly, during winter, the average minimum temperature is less than 10°C. Occasionally, the minimum temperature is below freezing point under the influence ~f severe cold waves which cause frost damages.

Generally, the monsoon sets in during the first week of July and starts

72

receding by the end of August or in the first week of September. A strong wind regime prevails from March onwards, with average wind speeds of more than 10 kmph up to September and strong dusty winds during May, June and July. The peak values of potential evapotranspiration (PE) are observed during hot and windy periods. The annual PE values range from 1900 mm in the southeast of the district to more than 2200 mm in the west.

Relative humidity ranges between 60 and 66 per cent. Dust storms and dust raising wind due to seasonal low pressure over north India is a common feature during summer and the average number of dust storms that occur in Jaisalmer is two per year.

The extremes of monthly climatological data of Jaisalmer are presented in Rainfall in the area is recorded during the strong monsoon months of July and August. The highest recorded rainfall was 394 mm in the month of August. Mean monthly temperatures range between 4.6°C and 43.3°C and relative humidity between 5% and 93%. The monthly mean winds in certain years are as strong as 36 kmph. The lowest recorded monthly mean wind speed was 3 kmph.

7.1.2

Geomorphology

Jaisalmer district, because of its location in the extremely arid part of the Indian desert, has terrain features which are distinctly arid in nature, with areas of either dominantly sandy forms or the barren rocky-gravelly forms, punctuated with areas of shallow in situ/transported depositional forms.

Because of extreme paucity of rainfall, high insolation and higher wind speed the land forming processes are dominantly aeolian. Effects of fluvial processes are negligible, although the dry valleys in the central rocky part bear testimony to the efficacy of the spasmodic discharge during rare cloudbursts. In the central rocky part, the Tertiary and pre-Tertiary continental to marine sedimentary beds are also acted upon by numerous ground level weathering processes, although the effects of dominant aeolian processes are noticed in the typical modifications to the rock fragments.

73

Because of such climatic and terrain features the streams are very few, ephemeral in nature and confined mostly to the rocky part. The most notable among these are the Like, showing its appearance from a low rhyolite hill range near Bhaniyana and flowing southwards; the Sukri, having its distinct course from near Pokaran and flowing westward; another Sukri, originating from near Sankra and flowing northwestward to meet the other Sukri; the Ramgarh nala, originating from near Ramgarh and flowing northwards; and the Vikharan nai, originating from near Khuiyala and flowing northwestward. The streams hardly record any flow, have gravelly or coarse sandy bed, except in the case of the Like which has slightly finer sandy alluvium along its course, and are either truncated .by sand dunes or are desiccated by aridity. Broadly the area between Pokaran-Mohangarh-Ramgarh-SamFatehgarh-Rajmathai-Lawan is dominantly rocky-gravelly, while the area beyond is dominantly sandy with different types of sand dunes. The sandy forms, consisting of the dunes, interdunal plains and other undulating plains, cover the largest area of 23, 305.0 sq.km (or 60.68% of the total area). Other depositional plains cover 11,715.4 sq.km area (30.52% of the total area), of which only 6,94.2 sq. km (1.81%) area is under alluvial plains and the rest is shallow, associated with rocky/gravelly units. The exposed rocky/gravelly surfaces cover 3380.6 sq.km area (8.8% of the total area).

7.2 Site Details 7.2.1 Site Location

Site is located in No.1, Hotel Complex, Jodhpur Barmer Link Road, Indira Colony, Jaisalmer. The area is called as hotel complex because the complete area is dedicated for hotels seeing the increase in tourist rate in coming years.

74

Figure 74: site google Earth

Source: Google Earth, Illustration: Author

75

Figure 75: view from site

Source: Author

Figure 76: site view

Source: Author

76 7.2.2 Connectivity Site is connected by a sub-road to NH11 (Jaisalmer- Jodhpur road) and NH68 (Jaisalmer-Barmer road). Primary road North-South Orientation is 7m wide (each lane) and secondary sub path east-west orientation is 13 m wide which is on both side of the site.

•

Jaisalmer Airport 1.5 KM

•

Railway station

3.5 KM

•

Bus Stand

0.2 KM

Figure 77: Site connectivity

Source: Google map

77

7.2.3 Immediate Site Context The site id Flanked by 2 Hotels. Bothe are 4-star Hotels. •

Fort Rajwada

Figure 78: Fort Rajwada

Source: Author

A luxury hotel with 90 rooms, 4 mini suites and 5 suites, Fort Rajwada offers an unparalleled opportunity to experience Jaisalmer and The Thar Desert. An oasis of exclusive tranquillity five minutes away from the Jaisalmer fort, Fort Rajwada Welcomes you to experience the way of life of the Rajputana royalty. This Hotel rising up like a great fort of the time long past. It is such a beautiful setting and the hotel is magnificent. Elegant surroundings and the rooms are large and comfortable. Comfortable beds and adequate bathrooms and a nice dining area.

78

•

Hotel Brys Fort

Figure 79: Hotel Brys Fort

Source: Author Situated in the heart of Jaisalmer offering a rare view of the eponymous Golder Fort, BRYS FORT has been painstakingly recreated to transport you back into the halcyon times when words were commands and honour was something you died for. It is one of the Largest ultra-modern luxurious hotels constructed to evoke memories of Rajasthan’s medieval glory. Inspired by the sprawling ramparts of Jaisalmer fort, BRYS FORT carries forward the magnificent architectural legacy of Rajputana and offers you a rare blend of past glory and contemporary amenities. It combines the best of both worlds, medieval as well as modern and is an experience that elevates your visit to Rajasthan to the luxurious splendour.

7.2.4 Site Area and Orientation Total Area of Site: 1,13,312 m2 (28 Acres) Orientation - the site almost lines up along the East West axis,

79

7.2.5 Natural Vegetation As is evident from the site plan and supporting pictures there is not much vegetation in the site except for the occasional thorny bushes and few aakda trees. Also, there are Ber, Tula, Boldy, Tar Bawal, Bawal, Khajur, Tula and Kheeb.

This kind of vegetation on the site is due to the generic hot and dry climate od Bhopal but since the nearby sites have trees like Neem, Rohira, Peepal, Kumatiyo, Peelu. So, they can also be grown on the site.

Figure 80: plants on site

80

Figure 81: plants on site

7.2.6 On site Services •

As there is one main road on the N-S orientation, the most logical entry would be from the same direction and a single entry-exit point could be devised.

•

A sewer line runs through the western edge of the site and then joins the main municipal sewer line.

•

Currently there is no scope of water supply on the site. The adjoining sites draw water from the borewell 100 feet deep.

•

Natural drainage on the site is from east to west. The whole site is incline towards western side.

•

Electric line runs along the main road.

81

Figure 83: transmission line

7.2.7 Micro Climate

Figure 84: sun movement and wind direction

Source: author

Figure 82: drainage

82

Figure 85: temperature graph

Source: climate consultant

Jaisalmer is very hot in the summers. Summer season persists from April to August. The daytime temperature remains very high and touches around 55째C. Nights are relatively cooler typical of arid desert climate and the temperature comes down to as low as 25 째C. Winters in Jaisalmer are a lot cooler with day temperature remaining pleasant around 24째C.and nights are chilly with temperature getting as low as 7 to 8째C. The winter falls around Mid-November till February-End. As Jaisalmer is situated amid Thar desert monsoon is good as negligible.

Though western disturbance brings around 15 centimetres of annual rainfall, Jaisalmer remains dry for most of the past year.

Some of the inferences drawn from site analysis are as follows:

83 •

Since there is natural slope on the site, thus drainage services are alinges towards the western part of the site.

•

The 13-meter service road on the South-Eastern part of the site allows for a service entry.

•

The service road would connect to the service Yard and would act as a staff entry to the Hotel.

•

The landscape part of the site doubles up as a spill over space for Banqueting facilities, or as an outdoor event space.

•

The size and shape of the site pretty much makes it clear that the longer side of the footprint of the building would lie along the longer side of the site.

•

Traditional passive homes in hot windy dry climate used enclosed well shaded courtyards, with a small fountain to provide wind-protected micro climate.

•

Window overhangs (designed for this latitude) or sunshades can reduce or eliminate air-conditioning.

Figure 86: sunshade for sun protection

Source: climate consultant

84 •

Traditional passive homes in hot and dry climates used high mass construction with small recessed shaded openings, operable for night ventilation to cool the mass.

•

A radiant barrier (shiny foil) will help reduce radiated heat gain through the roof in the hot climates.

•

Humidify hot dry air before it enters the building from enclosed outdoor spaces with spray like fountains, misters, wet pavement, or cooling towers.

Figure 87: air movement

Source: climate consultant

85

CHAPTER 8

86

8. Area Chart

87

88

89

CHAPTER 9

90

9. Concept The Notion Architecture of Jaisalmer a perfect blend of Hindu and Mughal Architecture is often identified and illustrated by the visual entities of arches, courtyards, havelis, jalis, jharokhas, chattris.

METAPHOR

OF

METAPHYSICAL

MANIFESTATION

IN

ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN DESIGN ‘INDO-ISLAMIC’ REALM.

The concept for this hotel is derived from the ‘Hasht-Bahist’ which is a representation of Islamic Architecture. A hotel is a place where people generally come on vacations away from there busy life and they want the place where they stay to give them heavenly feeling.

Hasht-Bahist is a term literal for eight paradise. The symbolic representation is derived by intersecting two squares kept diagonally over one other resulting in the geometry of 8 pointing stars.

Figure 89: square

Figure 88: combination of both square

91

Design characteristic of the tradition lies in the conception of form as opposed to space which is main preoccupation of Modern Approach.

This form will provide two variation in external and internal enclosures.

The symbol of Hasht-Bahisht in both the variation of star and octagon is a geometrical entity with 8 sides. The significance of 8 in the literal sense, where to say that the symbol is a representation of 8 paradise.

The octagonal shaped courtyard with 8 blocks is completely in context with Jaisalmer’s architecture.

Figure 90: form development Figure 91: blocks placement

92

A water body in the central courtyard derived from Hindu symbol swastika.

Whose four sides depicts many things like: - Four cardinal directions east west north south.

- Dharma- religion, artha- success, karma- pleasure, moksha- release.

- air, water sky and fire.

Figure 92: swastik

Source: www.google.com/search?q=swastik

The water flowing in four directions will create a linkage with the other four elements of life. Air, soil, sky and fire.

Figure 93: water body

93 The blocks are placed in such a way towards prevailing wind direction N-W, S-W That they will create a venturi effect and will create a pleasant Micro climate. The cross ventilation will keep complete place airy throughout.

The air circulation will be for different functions.

- Supply of fresh air.

- Connective cooling - Physiological cooling

The funnel effect will add to the convective cooling. The funnel effect also known as double corner effect is where two adjacent spaces squeeze the air between them, resulting in an increase in wind space.

Figure 94: air movement throught buildings

Source: www.google.com/search?q=venturi+effect+in+building+diagram

94 - Orientation long axis parallel to the dominant wind.

- Avoid large flank walls facing dominant wind - Provide funnel like gaps in between buildings.

- Bevels incorporated to reduce turbulence and enhance wind capture

Factors affecting indoor air flow (both pattern and velocity) - Orientation - Position of openings - External features - Size of openings - Cross- ventilation - Controls of opening.

The geometry of the two variants is then assembled into numerous geometric patterns. These patterns extensively employed in the buildings as lattice screens, inlay works, landscaping pattern etc.

Figure 95: jharokha

95

CHAPTER 10

96

10. Design

Tanus4290@gmail.com 8377065806

Contact above for details and drawings.

97

CHAPTER 11

98

11. Bibliography 1. Abdullah, M.G. (2013) Encyclopaedia Brittanica, 12 February, (online) http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/64172/jaisalmer [12/02/19].

2. Allen, E. (2005) How building works: The natural order of Architecture, 3rd edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

3. Brawme, M. (2008) Architectural Thought: Th Design Process and The Expectant Eye, Oxford: Architectural Press.

4. Crosbie, M. and Chiara, J. (2014) Time Saver Standards- building type, Singapore: McGraw-Hill.

5. Cuttle, C. (2003) Lighting by Design, 1st edition, Oxford: Architectural Press.

6. Ganslandt, R. and Hoffman, H. (1992) handbook of Lighting Design, 1st edition, Braunschweig: ERCO Leuchten GmbH. 7. Gast, K.-P. (2007) Modern Traditions - Contemporary Architecture in India, 1st edition, Berlin: Berkhauser.

8. HRACC (2011) Guidelines for Star Rating of Hotels, New Delhi: Ministry of Tourism.

9. Banal, T. (2014) Hotel Facility Planning, Oxford: University Press.

10. Lawson, F. (1996) Hotels, Motels, and Condominiums, London: Architectural Press.

11. Merritt, F.S. and Ricketts, J.T. (2000) Building Design and Construction Handbook, 6th edition, New York: McGraw-Hill.

12. Mittal, K. (1990) History of Jaisalmer State: Development of Constitution, Administration and National Awakening, 1901–1949, South Asia books.

13. Neufert, P. and Neufert, E. (n.d) Architect's Data, 3rd edition, Oxford: Blackwell Science.

14. Pickard, Q. (2002) Architect's Handbook, 2nd edition, Malden, MA: Blackwell Science.

15. Poore, J. (1994) Interior Color By Design, 1st edition, Gloucester: Rockport Publishers Inc. 16. koenigsberger, o. Ingersoll, T. Mayhew, A. Szokolay, S. (1973) Manual of Tropical Housing and Building Climatic Design, Universities Press.

17. Matthews, J. (2000) Thermal Comforts in Havelis od Jaisalmer, 15 January, (online) file:///C:/Users/hp/Desktop/jaisalmer/study/report/ThermalComfortinthe HavelisofJaisalmer%20-%20Copy.pdf

99 18. Jaisalmer city official website, accessed on March 2019 19. https://weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-RainfallTemperature-Sunshine,Jaisalmer,rajasthan.