Issue 7

Spring 2011

Issue 7 2

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The Year of Chemistry

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IN THIS ISSUE: 6

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Boston’s crazy winter climate this year, water safety, musical dopamine, medicinal marijuana, neat coop’s, bringing the mammoth back...

HOT CHEMISTRY CAREERS An inside look into an emerging field for new graduates

TRAPPING ANTIMATTER What the Large Hadron Collider is up to...

INTERVIEW WITH DR. HUH An in-depth conversation with the inventor of lung chips

E.COLI BIOENCRYPTION Who knew those buggers were so smart?

AND MUCH MORE...

Photo Courtesy of NASA Hubble Telescope

THE TEAM

KRISTINA

JAMES

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LIZZY

BRAD Who We Are: From the top weâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve got our President, Kristina Deak, Our Editor in Chief, James Peerless, our Reviews and Interviews Lead, Lizzy Gilbert, and VP/ Designer Brad West...

2 NU Science

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THE TEAM

ANDREA

MIKE Who We Are: From the top weâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve got our Editor/ Designer, Emily Snead, Editor Kyle Deerwester, Secretary, Andrea DeDonato, and our newest Editor, Mike Murray.

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NU Science 3

2011:

WALMART:

Chemistry

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Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s All About the W

elcome  to  the  International  Year  of  Chem-­ istry.  2011  is  intended  to  serve  as  a  year  of  ap-­ preciation,  outreach,  and  advancement  for  chemistry  in  all  its  forms.  The  decision  is  the  result  of  the  combined  efforts  of  both  the  International  Union  of  Pure  and  Ap-­ plied  Chemistry  (IUPAC)  and  a  proposal  to  the  United  1DWLRQV (GXFDWLRQDO 6FLHQWLÂżF DQG &XOWXUDO 2UJDQL]D-­ WLRQ 81(6&2 E\ (WKLRSLD 7KH GDWH DOVR FRLQFLGHV ZLWK WKH WK \HDU DQQLYHUVDU\ RI 0DULH &XULHÂśV ÂżUVW 1REHO 3UL]H IRU KHU ZRUN ZLWK UDGLDWLRQ Chemistry  earned  the  title  of  the  â&#x20AC;&#x153;central  scienceâ&#x20AC;?  well  before  2011.  It  has  connections  to  all  of  the  physical  and  life  scienc-­ es  down  to  their  atoms.   More  importantly,  chem-­ LVWU\ DOORZV D JUHDWHU XQ-­ GHUVWDQGLQJ RI RXU ZRUOG and  the  laws  of  nature  in  ¿HOGV YDU\LQJ LQ RUGHUV RI PDJQLWXGH IURP DVWURQ-­ RP\ WR QDQRWHFKQRORJ\ Its  beauty  lies  in  its  ubiq-­ uitous  and  universal  lan-­ JXDJH HYHU\WKLQJ IURP VWDUV URFNV DQG DQLPDOV can  be  described  and  in-­ YHVWLJDWHG ZLWK FKHPLV-­ try.  The  International  Year  of  Chemistry  was  instated  to  actively  spread  not  only  awareness  of  how  chemistry  affects  our  lives,  but  also  WR SURPRWH HQWKXVLDVP IRU WKH OHDUQLQJ DQG DGYDQFH-­ PHQW RI WKH ÂżHOG (YHU\ FHQWXU\ GHFDGH HYHQ FDQ FODLP LWV RZQ FKDOOHQJHV WKDW QHHG WR EH RYHUFRPH 7RGD\ ZH IDFH JOREDO FOLPDWH FKDQJH ORRPLQJ IRRG VKRUW-­ DJHV HQHUJ\ FRQFHUQV DQG VWLOO WKH FRPPRQ FROG 4 NU Science

Chemistry  creates  and  propels  solutions  to  all  WKHVH SUREOHPV DQG PRUH VRPH RI WKH PRVW SURPLV-­ LQJ FKHPLFDO WHFKQRORJ\ ÂżQGV D KRPH RQ RXU RZQ YHU\ Northeastern  University  campus  in  the  forms  of  fuel  FHOO WHFKQRORJ\ DQG WURSLFDO GLVHDVH ÂżJKWLQJ GUXJV $FWLYLWLHV UDQJH IURP LQFUHDVLQJ H[SRVXUH LQ ZD\V ERWK ODUJH DQG VPDOO 7KH $PHULFDQ &KHPLFDO 6RFLHW\ ZLOO EH SXWWLQJ RQ D *OREDO &KDOOHQJHV &KHPLVWU\ 6ROXWLRQV SDQHO DV ZHOO DV D GDLO\ H[DPSOH RI FKHPLVWU\ÂśV DSSOL-­ cations.   More  local  events  include  various  demonstra-­ tions  by  the  Northeastern  Uni-­ YHUVLW\ 6WXGHQW $IÂżOLDWHV RI WKH American  Chemical  Society  186$$&6 2Q WKH QG RI )HEUXDU\ 'U 1DQF\ -DFNVRQ the  President  of  the  American  &KHPLFDO 6RFLHW\ VSRNH DW Northeasternâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s  Chemistry  and  &KHPLFDO %LRORJ\ GHSDUWPHQW about  the  future  and  promise  RI FKHPLVWU\ FKHPLVWU\ VKRZV QR VLJQV RI VORZLQJ GRZQ DV WKH LQWHJUDO VFLHQFH WR H[SDQG KXPDQLW\ÂśV NQRZOHGJH DQG SURYLGH VROXWLRQV WR RXU JOREDO FKDOOHQJHV In  this  issue  we  present  ar-­ WLFOHV KLJKOLJKWLQJ FKHPLVWU\ ZLWK WRSLFV UDQJLQJ IURP VPDOO RUJDQLF PROHFXOHV OLNH GRSD-­ PLQH WR ODUJH SRO\PHUV ZLWK PLOOLRQV RI UHSHDWLQJ XQLWV VXFK DV WKH PDVVLYH ZRRO\ mammoth  DNA.  We  hope  to  show  you  some  of  the  his-­ WRU\ DQG IXWXUH RI FKHPLVWU\ HYHQ LW WDNHV DOO \HDU -­Nicholas  DeLateur,  Chemistry,  2014

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mental  complications.  With  such  evidence,  why  is  the  chemical  still  so  preva-­ lent  in  our  day-­to-­day  lives?   For  one,  the  chemical  poli-­ FLHV LQ WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV KDYHQœW FKDQJHG PXFK RYHU WKH SDVW \HDUV IDOOLQJ JURVVO\ EHKLQG RXU UDWH RI VFLHQ-­ WL¿F GHYHORSPHQW Today,  the  EPA  has  VXI¿FLHQW KHDOWK ULVN LQIRUPDWLRQ about  200  of  the  84,000  chemicals  used  commercially  in  our  country.   It  LV SHUKDSV D JUHDW EHQH¿W RI FDSLWDO-­ ism  that  corpo-­ rations  such  as  Walmart,  Whole  Foods  (banned  bisphenol  A  in  2008),  and  Sears  (banned  PVC),  have  addressed  the  concerns  of  their  customers  about  their  health  and  the  health  of  their  chil-­ GUHQ EHIRUH WKH JRYHUQPHQW FRXOG :HOFRPH WR $PHU-­ ica,  where  the  voice  of  the  public  may  not  be  heard  by  WKH JRYHUQPHQW DQG WKH (3$ EXW LW ZLOO EH KHDUG DQG DFWHG XSRQ E\ UHWDLO JLDQWV -­Kristina  Deak,  Biochemistry,  2012

NU Science 5

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jee.  NUCRET  allows  companies  in  the  area  to  come  in  and  use  the  equipment,  which  JHQHUDWHV UHYHQXH DQG KHOSV WKH RUJDQL]D-­ WLRQ EXLOG LWÂśV QHWZRUN 7KHUH DUH D QXPEHU RI SURMHFWV EHLQJ FRQ-­ ducted  at  NUCRET  that  are  currently  show-­ LQJ VWURQJ SURJUHVV 7KH FHQWHU FXUUHQWO\ has  a  project  from  the  Department  of  En-­ HUJ\ '2( WR GHYHORS QHZ FDWDO\VWV WKDW do  not  contain  noble  metals.  Noble  met-­ als  such  as  platinum  are  typically  used  in  IXHO FHOOV KRZHYHU ÂżQGLQJ DQ DOWHUQDWLYH WR QREOH PHWDOV ZRXOG EH H[WUHPHO\ EHQHÂżFLDO GXH WR WKHLU KLJK FRVW Âł,W LV YHU\ H[FLWLQJ because  it  allows  us  to  lay  the  foundation  RI VFLHQFH IRU VHYHUDO GHFDGHV´ VD\V 0XNH-­ UMHH 18&5(7 DOVR KDV D SURMHFW IRFXVLQJ on  the  electrolyte  aspect  of  the  Lithium  Air  %DWWHU\ LW LV WKH ÂłKLJKHVW FXUUHQW GHQVLW\ EDWWHU\ LPDJLQDEOH E\ ORRNLQJ DW WKH SH-­ ULRGLF WDEOH ´ 7KH\ DUH ZRUNLQJ RQ D QHZ based  upon  the  hard  acid  base  theory.  The  LGHD LV WKDW FUHDWLQJ GLIIHUHQW EOHQGV RI HOHF-­ trolytes  will  enable  different  levels  of  elec-­ WURQ WUDQVIHU Âł2[LGDWLRQ UHGXFWLRQ LQYROYHV IXOO > @ HOHFWURQ WUDQVIHU EXW LI \RX EOHQG DQ electrolyte  correctly,  you  can  stop  transfer  >DW LQWHUPHGLDWH VWHSV RI@ RU IXOO HOHF-­ tron  transfer.  'U 0XNHUMHH DOVR UHFHLYHG VHYHUDO JUDQWV WRWDOLQJ PLOOLRQ GROODUV LQ WKH IDOO RI 7KHVH JUDQWV KDYH KHOSHG 1RUWKHDVWHUQ JDLQ a  reputation  as  an  important  place  for  fuel  FHOO UHVHDUFK Âł,W LV JUHDW WR NQRZ WKDW SHR-­ SOH KDYH FRQÂżGHQFH LQ P\ DELOLWLHV ´ VD\V 0XNHUMHH 7KHVH JUDQWV DOORZ KLP WR KLUH the  best  students  and  post  docs  that  he  can  ¿QG DQG EX\ QHZ VXSSOLHV DQG HTXLSPHQW This  combination  allows  him  to  publish  in  the  best  journals  and  â&#x20AC;&#x153;shape WKH WHFKQRORJ\ for  the  futureâ&#x20AC;?.  Â

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THE FUTURE OF

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stations  will  be  able  to  switch  to  reformers,  ZKLFK ZLOO FRQYHUW QDWXUDO JDV WR K\GURJHQ ,W LV QRW DV KXJH RI D VWUHWFK DV VRPH SHRSOH PDNH LW RXW WR EH 7KH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV LV VLW-­ WLQJ RYHU WKH ODUJHVW QDWXUDO JDV UHVHUYH LQ the  world.  â&#x20AC;&#x153;It  is  the  Saudi  Arabia  of  natural  JDV ´ +\GURJHQ JDV LV YHU\ FOHDQ 7KLV ZLOO FHQWUDOL]H VRXUFHV RI SROOXWLRQ &DUERQ 'LR[-­ LGH ZLOO VWLOO EH SURGXFHG 7KH JRDO ZLOO EH WR ÂżQG D ZD\ WR FRQYHUW FDUERQ GLR[LGH LQWR useful  materials  and  recycle  them.  There  are  DQVZHUV WR WKH FRQFHUQV DERXW JOREDO ZDUP-­ LQJ DV ORQJ DV WKH &2 HPLVVLRQV FDQ EH FHQ-­ WUDOL]HG Âł<RX FDQÂśW FDSWXUH WKH &2 WKDW LV FRPLQJ RXW RI D FDU EXW WKHUH DUH VROXWLRQV that  can  be  put  in  place  if  the  emissions  are  FHQWUDOL]HG UDWKHU WKDQ GHFHQWUDOL]HG DV WKH\ are  now.â&#x20AC;?

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NU Science 7

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Looking  Towards  the  Future:  Alternative  Careers  in  Chemistry T

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Science  Artist :KHUH GR \RX WKLQN WKH LOOXVWUDWLRQV RQ WKH FRYHU RI ERRNV

and  hidden  inside  their  chapters  come  from?  For  those  with  a  more  steady  hand,  the  career  of  a  science  artist  allows  the  best  of  both  worlds  from  science  and  art  to  be  combined.  $ SOHWKRUD RI RSSRUWXQLWLHV H[LVW UDQJLQJ PXVHXP H[KLELWV WH[WERRNV QRYHOV DQG HYHQ FRPPLVVLRQHG GHVLJQV IRU WDWWRRV Â

-­Nicholas  DeLateur,  Chemistry,  2014

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XVLF LV KLJKO\ YDOXHG DFURVV DOO KXPDQ FXOWXUHV 7KH VSHFLÂżF VRXQGV YDU\ ZLGHO\ even  within  cultures.  My  mom  loves  to  listen  WR *UHJRULDQ FKDQWLQJ ,ÂśG UDWKHU EH LQYROYHG in  an  automobile  accident,  but  I  do  love  The  6WURNHV 7KH FRQFHSW LV WKH VDPH WKRXJK DQ DEVWUDFW VWLPXOXV LQYRNHV D SOHDVXUDEOH UHVSRQVH Â

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'XULQJ WKH SHDN SOHDVXUH VWDJHV PHDVXUHG E\ the  musical  frission  response),  dopamine  was  released  in  the  ventral  striatum.  It  is  not  clear  what  role  the  ventral  VWULDWXP SOD\V LQ WKH UHZDUG SDWKZD\ WKRXJK D SUHYLRXV VWXG\ VKRZHG LW LV VWURQJO\ OLQNHG WR VHQVDWLRQV RI HXSKRULD associated  with  amphetamine  use  in  non-­addicted  individuals.   Research  has  been  done  previously  on  the Â

topic.  In  2004,  researchers  showed  that  pleasant  music  ORZHUV EORRG SUHVVXUH LQ UDWV 7KH\ VXJJHVWHG WKLV UHVSRQVH PLJKW EH GXH LQ SDUW WR WKH GRSLPDQHUJLF V\VWHP Â

,Q D VWXG\ VXJJHVWHG WKDW DFWLYDWLRQ LQ WKH YHQWUDO striatum  correlated  with  intensity  of  self-­reported  pleasurable  response  to  music.  It  also  showed  that  the  nucleus  accumbens  DJDLQ LPSOLFDWHG LQ FRFDLQH DGGLFWLRQ ZDV DFWLYDWHG EXW WKHLU 3(7 VFDQV GLGQÂśW KDYH HQRXJK UHVROXWLRQ WR SLQSRLQW DFWLYLW\ Â

7KH DFFXUDF\ RI WKH GXDO LPDJLQLQJ XVHG LQ WKH Nature  Neuroscience LV D VLJQLÂżFDQW OHDS IURP VHOI UHSRUWLQJ DQG JHQHUDO mesolimbic  activity.  This  allowed  researchers  to  see  the  distinct  VWDJHV RI WKH SOHDVXUH UHVSRQVH ZLWKRXW WKH ELDV RI D VHOI UHSRUW The  pattern  of  anticipation  and  release  furthers  the  theory  that  WKHUH LV D ELRORJLFDO VLPLODULW\ EHWZHHQ GUXJ XVH DQG OLVWHQLQJ WR PXVLF ,W PDNHV VHQVH HVSHFLDOO\ LI \RXÂśYH HYHU WULHG WR WXUQ RII VRPHRQHÂśV IDYRULWH VRQJ ÂłULJKW DW WKH JRRG SDUW ´ 2QO\ DQ addict  could  respond  so  violently  to  a  60-­second  pleasure  delay.  Â

-­  Cat  Ferguson,  Behavioral  Neuroscience,  2013

NU Science 9

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10 NU Science

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Hopefully none of the 90+ contaminants that the Environmental Protection Agency regulates in drinking water.

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16 NU Science

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per  billion.

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DQG &DOLIRUQLD SSE DOWKRXJK WKHUH LV D PRYHPHQW LQ &DOLIRUQLD to  reduce  the  limit  to  just  1  ppb,  which  is  the  equivalent  of  a  half  RI D WHDVSRRQ LQ DQ 2O\PSLF VL]HG SRRO 7KH (3$ DOVR DQQRXQFHG WKDW WKH\ ZLOO EH UHJXODWLQJ DV D JURXS FDQFHU FDXVLQJ FKHPL-­ FDOV NQRZQ DV YRODWLOH RUJDQLF FRPSRXQGV ZKLFK DUH FKHPLFDOV that  include  trichloroethylene  (TCE)  and  tetrachloroethylene  (PCE)  as  well  as  other  industrial  contaminants  and  solvents.  In  WKH SDVW FKHPLFDOV KDYH EHHQ UHJXODWHG RQ DQ LQGLYLGXDO EDVLV EXW UHVHDUFK LV VKRZLQJ WKDW PDQ\ FRQWDPLQDQWV FDXVH FXPXODWLYH GDPDJH WR WKH ERG\ DQG WKH QHZ DSSURDFK LV WR DGGUHVV WKHP DV JURXSV  If  youâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re  curious  about  test  results  from  your  local  water  VXSSO\ \RX FDQ FKHFN LW RXW RQOLQH DW KWWS ZZZ HZJ RUJ WDS ZDWHU ZKDWV LQ \RXUZDWHU -­John  Jamieson,  Chemical  Engineering,  2015

Digging Out Taking a look back at the last winter that buried Boston

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Whats on Tap?

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Interview with I

Q:  What  applications  does  this  technology  have/will  it  KDYH LQ WKH IXWXUH"

Dan Dongeun Huh, Ph.D.

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Background  on  the  Wyss  Institute

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3KRWR (OL]DEHWK *LOEHUW

NU Science 19

Robert Burns Woodward

Giving Cancer Cells The Munchies

Chemist, Professor, Nobel Prize Winner

D

ebate  over  the  medicinal  uses  of  marijuana  and  its  active  com-­ SRXQGV KDV EHHQ JURZLQJ LQ WKLV FRXQWU\ RYHU WKH SDVW IHZ GHF-­ DGHV DOWKRXJK PDULMXDQD KDV EHHQ XVHG DV DQ KHUEDO WUHDWPHQW IRU centuries.  Use  of  the  marijuana  plant  for  its  practical  and  medicinal  XVH GDWHV DV IDU EDFN DV WKH VWRQH DJH LQ &KLQD DV DUFKDHRORJLVWV KDYH XQHDUWKHG IDEULFV PDGH RI KHPS DQG D PHGLFDO WH[W 3HQ 7VDœRV ZKLFK OLVWV PDULMXDQD DV D SRWHQW PHGLFLQH )LUVW WKH GUXJ ZDV XVHG LQ FHUHPRQLHV DV D IRUP RI PDJLF EXW DV LWV SRWHQF\ DV D WUHDWPHQW IRU DLOPHQWV VXFK DV UKHXPDWLVP JRXW DQG PHQVWUXDO SDLQV ZHUH GLVFRY-­ HUHG PDULMXDQD ZDV HOHYDWHG IURP PDJLF WR PHGLFLQH

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â&#x20AC;&#x153;Patients showed increased cancer cell death and reported no adverse side effects.â&#x20AC;?

20 NU Science

2

LQ PLFH DQG LQ WLVVXH VDPSOHV D ¿QDO H[SHULPHQW ZDV FRQGXFWHG with  two  human  patients  who  received  intracranial  injections  of  7+& WR WUHDW UHFXUULQJ JOLREODVWRPD PXOWLIRUPH WKH PRVW FRP-­ PRQ PDOLJQDQW DJJUHVVLYH DQG LQ¿OWUDWLYH SULPDU\ EUDLQ FDQFHU Patients  showed  increased  cancer  cell  death  and  reported  no  ad-­ YHUVH VLGH HIIHFWV :KLOH WKLV LV D VPDOO VDPSOH JURXS WKH UHVXOWV DJUHH ZLWK WKH PRXVH DQG SULPDU\ FHOO FXOWXUH UHVXOWV DQG RIIHU KRSH WR FDQFHU UHVHDUFKHUV H[SHULPHQWLQJ ZLWK FDQQDELQRLGV DV treatments.

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:KHWKHU PDULMXDQD VKRXOG EH OHJDO RU QRW LV D PDWWHU IRU WKH SROLWLFLDQV +RZHYHU DV IDU DV WKH VFLHQWL¿F FRPPXQLW\ LV FRQFHUQHG WKHUH LV PRXQWLQJ HYLGHQFH WKDW WKH DFWLYH LQJUHGLHQWV 7+& DQG &%' KROG WKHUDSHXWLF EHQH¿WV ,I WKH P\VWHULHV WKDW KDYH surrounded  this  plant  are  to  ever  be  unraveled,  research  must  con-­ WLQXH XQDEDWHG 3HUKDSV RQH GD\ DOO ZH FDQ DJUHH RQ WKH PHGLFLQDO EHQH¿WV RI PDULMXDQD DV ZH XVH LWV FRPSRQHQWV DV SRWHQW ZHDSRQV LQ WKH ZDU DJDLQVW FDQFHU  -­Alex  Sweeney,  Biochemistry,  2011

UJDQLF FKHPLVWU\ KDV D QHDUO\ \HDU KLVWRU\ VWHPPLQJ EDFN WR )UHGHULFK :RKOHUœV V\QWKHVLV RI XUDQH LQ 7KH ¿HOG UH-­ PDLQHG VRPHZKDW VWDJQDQW XQWLO WKH WZHQWLHWK FHQWXU\ ZKHQ D VXG-­ GHQ UDSLG LQFUHDVH LQ WKH V\QWKHVLV RI RUJDQLF FRPSRXQGV FDXVHG WKH VWXG\ RI RUJDQLF FKHPLVWU\ WR EORVVRP 5REHUW %XUQV :RRG-­ ZDUG D 1REHO 3UL]H ZLQQLQJ $PHULFDQ FKHPLVW XVKHUHG LQ WKH DS-­ SURSULDWHO\ QDPHG ³:RRGZDUGLDQ (UD´ LQ D WLPH WKDW WRWDO V\QWKHVLV RI RUJDQLF FRPSRXQGV ZDV XVHG WR SURYH WKHLU VWUXFWXUH 7RWDO V\QWKHVLV LV D PHWKRG RI FUHDWLQJ DQ RUJDQLF FRPSRXQG LQ D ODERUDWRU\ VWDUWLQJ IURP WKH VPDOO-­ est  possible  components.  Woodward  mastered  this  process,  determin-­ LQJ WKH VWUXFWXUH RI PDQ\ FRPSOH[ PROHFXOHV WKURXJKRXW WKH V 50s,  and  60s.  His  major  accomplish-­ ments  include  the  total  synthesis  of  cholesterol  and  cortisone  (1951),  terpene  lanosterol  (1954),  respine  (1956),  cholorophyll  (1960),  tretra-­ cycline  (1962),  colchicine  (1963),  and  cephalosporin  C  (1965).  In  addi-­ tion,  he  helped  determine  the  chemi-­ cal  structures  of  penicillin,  quinine,  strychine,  and  various  antibiotics  in  the  1940s  and  50s.

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-­Jessica  Melanson,  Journalism,  2014

NU Science 21

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Interview with an E Ink Co-op Student Color Your World

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How  many  places  did  you  apply  to  and  how  did  you  ultimately  GHFLGH WR ZRUN IRU ( ,QN" ( ,QN ZDV P\ ¿UVW FKRLFH JRLQJ LQWR WKH LQWHUYLHZ SURFHVV 7KH\ also  happened  to  be  the  only  company  to  contact  me  within  a  rea-­ VRQDEOH WLPH 6R , LQWHUYLHZHG ZLWK RQH FRPSDQ\ ,W ZDV ( ,QN 7KHQ , ZHQW WR ZRUN WKHUH 2QH RWKHU FRPSDQ\ GLG FRQWDFW PH LQ very  late  December,  but  that  was  obviously  way  too  late  to  even  FRQVLGHU IRU D FR RS , KDG ORQJ VLQFH VLJQHG DQ LQWHQW OHWWHU ZLWK ( ,QN )LUVW FKRLFH RQO\ FKRLFH 7KDW¶V KRZ , HQGHG XS ZRUNLQJ there.

                                      -­Jessica  Melanson,  Journalism,2014

Watson: The Next Big Leap for A.I.

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Contributors to this Issue: Nolan Carr, Kristina Deak, Kyle Deerwester, Nicolas Delatur, Tara Dhingra, Cat Ferguson, Lizzy Gilbert, John Jamieson, Jessica Melanson, Mike Murray, Edward Nunez, James Peerless, Emily Snead, Alex Sweeney, Brad West.

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